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Chen YP, Li Y, Chen F, Wu H, Zhang S. Characterization and expression of fungal defensin in Escherichia coli and its antifungal mechanism by RNA-seq analysis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1172257. [PMID: 37389349 PMCID: PMC10306309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1172257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are fatally threatening to critical patients. The fungal defensin as an antifungal protein can widely inhibit fungi. Methods In this study, eight antifungal genes from different filamentous fungi were optimized by synonymous codon bias and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Results and discussion Only the antifungal protein (AFP) from Aspergillus giganteus was produced, whereas the AFP from its mutation of the chitin-binding domain could not be expressed, thereby suggesting the importance of the motif for protein folding. In addition, the recombinant AFP (rAFP, 100 μg/mL) pre-heated at 50°C for 1 h effectively inhibited Paecilomyces variotii CICC40716 of IFIs by 55%, and no cell cytotoxicity was observed in RAW264.7 cells. After being pre-heated at 50°C for 8 h, the fluorescence emission intensity of the rAFP decreased and shifted from 343 nm to 335 nm. Moreover, the helix and β-turn of the rAFP gradually decreased with the pre-heated treatment temperature of 50°C via circular dichroism spectroscopy. Propidium iodide staining revealed that the rAFP could cause damage to the cell membrane. Moreover, the corresponding differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for downregulation such as amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway involved in the cell wall integrity were found via the RNA-seq of rAFP treatment. By contrast, the upregulated DEGs were enriched in response to the oxidative stress of Biological Process by the Gene Ontology (GO) database. The encoding proteins of laccase, multicopper oxidase, and nitroreductase that contributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging could be recognized. These results suggested that the rAFP may affect the integrity of the cell wall and cell membrane, and promote the increase in ROS, thereby resulting in fungal death. Consequently, drug development could be based on the inhibitory effect of the rAFP on IFIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pei Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Fangfang Chen
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hongtan Wu
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shudi Zhang
- Department of Public Health and Medical Technology, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Cosmeceuticals College of Fujian Province, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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2
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Váradi G, Batta G, Galgóczy L, Hajdu D, Fizil Á, Czajlik A, Virágh M, Kele Z, Meyer V, Jung S, Marx F, Tóth GK. Confirmation of the Disulfide Connectivity and Strategies for Chemical Synthesis of the Four-Disulfide-Bond-Stabilized Aspergillus giganteus Antifungal Protein, AFP. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:782-790. [PMID: 36847642 PMCID: PMC10152477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Emerging fungal infections require new, more efficient antifungal agents and therapies. AFP, a protein from Aspergillus giganteus with four disulfide bonds, is a promising candidate because it selectively inhibits the growth of filamentous fungi. In this work, the reduced form of AFP was prepared using native chemical ligation. The native protein was synthesized via oxidative folding with uniform protection for cysteine thiols. AFP's biological activity depends heavily on the pattern of natural disulfide bonds. Enzymatic digestion and MS analysis provide proof for interlocking disulfide topology (abcdabcd) that was previously assumed. With this knowledge, a semi-orthogonal thiol protection method was designed. By following this strategy, out of a possible 105, only 6 disulfide isomers formed and 1 of them proved to be identical with the native protein. This approach allows the synthesis of analogs for examining structure-activity relationships and, thus, preparing AFP variants with higher antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Váradi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Hajdu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fizil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - András Czajlik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4010, Hungary
| | - Máté Virágh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kele
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Vera Meyer
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Sascha Jung
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin 13355, Germany
| | - Florentine Marx
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Gábor K Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary
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3
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Gandía M, Moreno‐Giménez E, Giner‐Llorca M, Garrigues S, Ropero‐Pérez C, Locascio A, Martínez‐Culebras PV, Marcos JF, Manzanares P. Development of a FungalBraid Penicillium expansum-based expression system for the production of antifungal proteins in fungal biofactories. Microb Biotechnol 2022; 15:630-647. [PMID: 35084102 PMCID: PMC8867986 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal antifungal proteins (AFPs) have attracted attention as novel biofungicides. Their exploitation requires safe and cost-effective producing biofactories. Previously, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium digitatum produced recombinant AFPs with the use of a P. chrysogenum-based expression system that consisted of the paf gene promoter, signal peptide (SP)-pro sequence and terminator. Here, the regulatory elements of the afpA gene encoding the highly produced PeAfpA from Penicillium expansum were developed as an expression system for AFP production through the FungalBraid platform. The afpA cassette was tested to produce PeAfpA and P. digitatum PdAfpB in P. chrysogenum and P. digitatum, and its efficiency was compared to that of the paf cassette. Recombinant PeAfpA production was only achieved using the afpA cassette, being P. chrysogenum a more efficient biofactory than P. digitatum. Conversely, P. chrysogenum only produced PdAfpB under the control of the paf cassette. In P. digitatum, both expression systems allowed PdAfpB production, with the paf cassette resulting in higher protein yields. Interestingly, these results did not correlate with the performance of both promoters in a luciferase reporter system. In conclusion, AFP production is a complex outcome that depends on the regulatory sequences driving afp expression, the fungal biofactory and the AFP sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Gandía
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
- Present address:
Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud PúblicaCiencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina LegalUniversitat de ValènciaVicente Andrés Estellés s/nValencia46100Spain
| | - Elena Moreno‐Giménez
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universidad Politécnica de ValenciaValenciaSpain
| | - Moisés Giner‐Llorca
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
| | - Carolina Ropero‐Pérez
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
| | - Antonella Locascio
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
| | - Pedro V. Martínez‐Culebras
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud PúblicaCiencias de la Alimentación, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina LegalUniversitat de ValènciaVicente Andrés Estellés s/nValencia46100Spain
| | - Jose F. Marcos
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
| | - Paloma Manzanares
- Food Biotechnology DepartmentConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA)Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7Paterna, Valencia46980Spain
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Antimicrobial Peptides from Plants: A cDNA-Library Based Isolation, Purification, Characterization Approach and Elucidating Their Modes of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168712. [PMID: 34445412 PMCID: PMC8395713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in a natural ecosystem, plants are continuously threatened by various microbial diseases. To save themselves from these diverse infections, plants build a robust, multilayered immune system through their natural chemical compounds. Among the several crucial bioactive compounds possessed by plants’ immune systems, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) rank in the first tier. These AMPs are environmentally friendly, anti-pathogenic, and do not bring harm to humans. Antimicrobial peptides can be isolated in several ways, but recombinant protein production has become increasingly popular in recent years, with the Escherichia coli expression system being the most widely used. However, the efficacy of this expression system is compromised due to the difficulty of removing endotoxin from its system. Therefore, this review suggests a high-throughput cDNA library-based plant-derived AMP isolation technique using the Bacillus subtilis expression system. This method can be performed for large-scale screening of plant sources to classify unique or homologous AMPs for the agronomic and applied field of plant studies. Furthermore, this review also focuses on the efficacy of plant AMPs, which are dependent on their numerous modes of action and exceptional structural stability to function against a wide range of invaders. To conclude, the findings from this study will be useful in investigating how novel AMPs are distributed among plants and provide detailed guidelines for an effective screening strategy of AMPs.
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Tóth L, Váradi G, Boros É, Borics A, Ficze H, Nagy I, Tóth GK, Rákhely G, Marx F, Galgóczy L. Biofungicidal Potential of Neosartorya ( Aspergillus) Fischeri Antifungal Protein NFAP and Novel Synthetic γ-Core Peptides. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:820. [PMID: 32477291 PMCID: PMC7237641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of enormous crop losses worldwide due to pesticide-resistant plant pathogenic fungi, there is an increasing demand for the development of novel antifungal strategies in agriculture. Antifungal proteins (APs) and peptides are considered potential biofungicides; however, several factors limit their direct agricultural application, such as the high cost of production, narrow antifungal spectrum, and detrimental effects to plant development and human/animal health. This study evaluated the safety of the application of APs and peptides from the ascomycete Neosartorya fischeri as crop preservatives. The full-length N. fischeri AP (NFAP) and novel rationally designed γ-core peptide derivatives (PDs) γNFAP-opt and γNFAP-optGZ exhibited efficacy by inhibiting the growth of the agriculturally relevant filamentous ascomycetes in vitro. A high positive net charge, however, neither the hydrophilicity nor the primary structure supported the antifungal efficacy of these PDs. Further testing demonstrated that the antifungal activity did not require a conformational change of the β-pleated NFAP or the canonically ordered conformation of the synthetic PDs. Neither hemolysis nor cytotoxicity was observed when the NFAP and γNFAP-opt were applied at antifungally effective concentrations in human cell lines. Similarly, the Medicago truncatula plants that served as toxicity model and were grown from seedlings that were treated with NFAP, γNFAP-opt, or γNFAP-optGZ failed to exhibit morphological aberrations, reduction in primary root length, or the number of lateral roots. Crop protection experiments demonstrated that NFAP and associated antifungal active γ-core PDs were able to protect tomato fruits against the postharvest fungal pathogen Cladosporium herbarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliána Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Váradi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Éva Boros
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hargita Ficze
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor K. Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Biomimetic Systems Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rákhely
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Florentine Marx
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - László Galgóczy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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6
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Shi X, Cordero T, Garrigues S, Marcos JF, Daròs J, Coca M. Efficient production of antifungal proteins in plants using a new transient expression vector derived from tobacco mosaic virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1069-1080. [PMID: 30521145 PMCID: PMC6523586 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungi that infect plants, animals or humans pose a serious threat to human health and food security. Antifungal proteins (AFPs) secreted by filamentous fungi are promising biomolecules that could be used to develop new antifungal therapies in medicine and agriculture. They are small highly stable proteins with specific potent activity against fungal pathogens. However, their exploitation requires efficient, sustainable and safe production systems. Here, we report the development of an easy-to-use, open access viral vector based on Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). This new system allows the fast and efficient assembly of the open reading frames of interest in small intermediate entry plasmids using the Gibson reaction. The manipulated TMV fragments are then transferred to the infectious clone by a second Gibson assembly reaction. Recombinant proteins are produced by agroinoculating plant leaves with the resulting infectious clones. Using this simple viral vector, we have efficiently produced two different AFPs in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, namely the Aspergillus giganteus AFP and the Penicillium digitatum AfpB. We obtained high protein yields by targeting these bioactive small proteins to the apoplastic space of plant cells. However, when AFPs were targeted to intracellular compartments, we observed toxic effects in the host plants and undetectable levels of protein. We also demonstrate that this production system renders AFPs fully active against target pathogens, and that crude plant extracellular fluids containing the AfpB can protect tomato plants from Botrytis cinerea infection, thus supporting the idea that plants are suitable biofactories to bring these antifungal proteins to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Shi
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAGCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain
| | - Teresa Cordero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCPCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de València)ValenciaSpain
| | - Sandra Garrigues
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA, CSIC)PaternaSpain
| | - Jose F. Marcos
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA, CSIC)PaternaSpain
| | - José‐Antonio Daròs
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCPCSIC‐Universitat Politècnica de València)ValenciaSpain
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAGCSIC‐IRTA‐UAB‐UB)Cerdanyola del VallèsSpain
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7
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Characterization of a novel cysteine-rich antifungal protein from Fusarium graminearum with activity against maize fungal pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 283:45-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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8
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New Antimicrobial Potential and Structural Properties of PAFB: A Cationic, Cysteine-Rich Protein from Penicillium chrysogenum Q176. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1751. [PMID: 29379111 PMCID: PMC5788923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Small, cysteine-rich and cationic proteins with antimicrobial activity are produced by diverse organisms of all kingdoms and represent promising molecules for drug development. The ancestor of all industrial penicillin producing strains, the ascomycete Penicillium chryosgenum Q176, secretes the extensively studied antifungal protein PAF. However, the genome of this strain harbours at least two more genes that code for other small, cysteine-rich and cationic proteins with potential antifungal activity. In this study, we characterized the pafB gene product that shows high similarity to PgAFP from P. chrysogenum R42C. Although abundant and timely regulated pafB gene transcripts were detected, we could not identify PAFB in the culture broth of P. chrysogenum Q176. Therefore, we applied a P. chrysogenum-based expression system to produce sufficient amounts of recombinant PAFB to address unanswered questions concerning the structure and antimicrobial function. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based analyses revealed a compact β-folded structure, comprising five β-strands connected by four solvent exposed and flexible loops and an “abcabc” disulphide bond pattern. We identified PAFB as an inhibitor of growth of human pathogenic moulds and yeasts. Furthermore, we document for the first time an anti-viral activity for two members of the small, cysteine-rich and cationic protein group from ascomycetes.
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9
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Garrigues S, Gandía M, Popa C, Borics A, Marx F, Coca M, Marcos JF, Manzanares P. Efficient production and characterization of the novel and highly active antifungal protein AfpB from Penicillium digitatum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14663. [PMID: 29116156 PMCID: PMC5677034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi encode distinct antifungal proteins (AFPs) that offer great potential to develop new antifungals. Fungi are considered immune to their own AFPs as occurs in Penicillium chrysogenum, the producer of the well-known PAF. The Penicillium digitatum genome encodes only one afp gene (afpB), and the corresponding protein (AfpB) belongs to the class B phylogenetic cluster. Previous attempts to detect AfpB were not successful. In this work, immunodetection confirmed the absence of AfpB accumulation in wild type and previous recombinant constitutive P. digitatum strains. Biotechnological production and secretion of AfpB were achieved in P. digitatum with the use of a P. chrysogenum-based expression cassette and in the yeast Pichia pastoris with the α-factor signal peptide. Both strategies allowed proper protein folding, efficient production and single-step purification of AfpB from culture supernatants. AfpB showed antifungal activity higher than the P. chrysogenum PAF against the majority of the fungi tested, especially against Penicillium species and including P. digitatum, which was highly sensitive to the self-AfpB. Spectroscopic data suggest that native folding is not required for activity. AfpB also showed notable ability to withstand protease and thermal degradation and no haemolytic activity, making AfpB a promising candidate for the control of pathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Garrigues
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mónica Gandía
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Crina Popa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Attila Borics
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Florentine Marx
- Biocenter, Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - María Coca
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB. Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose F Marcos
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Manzanares
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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10
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Tian Z, Wang R, Ambrose KV, Clarke BB, Belanger FC. The Epichloë festucae antifungal protein has activity against the plant pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa, the causal agent of dollar spot disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5643. [PMID: 28717232 PMCID: PMC5514056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epichloë spp. are naturally occurring fungal endophytic symbionts of many cool-season grasses. Infection by the fungal endophytes often confers biotic and abiotic stress tolerance to their hosts. Endophyte-mediated disease resistance is well-established in the fine fescue grass Festuca rubra subsp. rubra (strong creeping red fescue) infected with E. festucae. Resistance to fungal pathogens is not an established effect of endophyte infection of other grass species, and may therefore be unique to the fine fescues. The underlying mechanism of the disease resistance is unknown. E. festucae produces a secreted antifungal protein that is highly expressed in the infected plant tissues and may therefore be involved in the disease resistance. Most Epichloë spp. do not have a gene for a similar antifungal protein. Here we report the characterization of the E. festucae antifungal protein, designated Efe-AfpA. The antifungal protein partially purified from the apoplastic proteins of endophyte-infected plant tissue and the recombinant protein expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris was found to have activity against the important plant pathogen Sclerotinia homoeocarpa. Efe-AfpA may therefore be a component of the disease resistance seen in endophyte-infected strong creeping red fescue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipeng Tian
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Ruying Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Karen V Ambrose
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
- Indigo Agriculture, Charlestown, Massachusetts, 02129, USA
| | - Bruce B Clarke
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA
| | - Faith C Belanger
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901, USA.
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Wanka F, Arentshorst M, Cairns TC, Jørgensen T, Ram AFJ, Meyer V. Highly active promoters and native secretion signals for protein production during extremely low growth rates in Aspergillus niger. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:145. [PMID: 27544686 PMCID: PMC4992228 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus niger is used in many industrial processes for the production of enzymes and organic acids by batch and fed-batch cultivation. An alternative technique is continuous cultivation, which promises improved yield and optimized pipeline efficiency. Results In this work, we have used perfusion (retentostat) cultivation to validate two promoters that are suitable for A. niger continuous cultivation of industrially relevant products. Firstly, promoters of genes encoding either an antifungal protein (Panafp) or putative hydrophobin (PhfbD) were confirmed as active throughout retentostat culture by assessing mRNA and protein levels using a luciferase (mluc) reporter system. This demonstrated the anafp promoter mediates a high but temporally variable expression profile, whereas the hfbD promoter mediates a semi-constant, moderate-to-high protein expression during retentostat culture. In order to assess whether these promoters were suitable to produce heterologous proteins during retentostat cultivation, the secreted antifungal protein (AFP) from Aspergillus giganteus, which has many potential biotechnological applications, was expressed in A. niger during retentostat cultivation. Additionally, this assay was used to concomitantly validate that native secretion signals encoded in anafp and hfbD genes can be harnessed for secretion of heterologous proteins. Afp mRNA and protein abundance were comparable to luciferase measurements throughout retentostat cultivation, validating the use of Panafp and PhfbD for perfusion cultivation. Finally, a gene encoding the highly commercially relevant thermal hysteresis protein (THP) was expressed in this system, which did not yield detectable protein. Conclusion Both hfbD and anafp promoters are suitable for production of useful products in A. niger during perfusion cultivation. These findings provide a platform for further optimisations for high production of heterologous proteins with industrial relevance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0543-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wanka
- Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark Arentshorst
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy C Cairns
- Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Jørgensen
- Protein Expression, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Arthur F J Ram
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Meyer
- Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Tu CY, Chen YP, Yu MC, Hwang IE, Wu DY, Liaw LL. Characterization and expression of the antifungal protein from Monascus pilosus and its distribution among various Monascus species. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Tomé-Amat J, Herrero-Galán E, Oñaderra M, Martínez-Del-Pozo Á, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Preparation of an engineered safer immunotoxin against colon carcinoma based on the ribotoxin hirsutellin A. FEBS J 2015; 282:2131-41. [PMID: 25752204 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunotoxins are chimeric proteins composed of an antibody domain that specifically directs the action of the toxic domain, resulting in the death of the targeted cells. Over recent years, immunotoxins have been widely studied and the number of different constructions has increased exponentially. Protein engineering has allowed the design of optimized versions of immunotoxins with an improved tumor binding affinity, stability or cytotoxic efficacy, although sometimes this has compromised the safety of the patient in terms of undesirable adverse secondary reactions. A triple mutant at three Trp residues (HtA3ΔW) of the ribotoxin hirsutellin A retains its specific ribonucleolytic activity, although cell internalization capacity is lacking. This toxin variant has been fused to the single chain variable fragment A33 (scFvA33). This immunoconjugate (IMTXA33HtA3ΔW) was produced in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and purified using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Both target and toxic domains were characterized. The immunotoxin showed an exquisite specific binding against GPA33-positive culture cells, which results in the death of the targeted cells because of specific ribonucleolytic activity against ribosomes of the engineered hirsutellin A variant. IMTXA33HtA3ΔW represents a promising structure in the search for an improved immunotoxin without compromising the safety of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elías Herrero-Galán
- Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Oñaderra
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José G Gavilanes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Lacadena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Virágh M, Vörös D, Kele Z, Kovács L, Fizil Á, Lakatos G, Maróti G, Batta G, Vágvölgyi C, Galgóczy L. Production of a defensin-like antifungal protein NFAP from Neosartorya fischeri in Pichia pastoris and its antifungal activity against filamentous fungal isolates from human infections. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 94:79-84. [PMID: 24269762 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neosartorya fischeri NRRL 181 isolate secretes a defensin-like antifungal protein (NFAP) which has a remarkable antifungal effect against ascomycetous filamentous fungi. This protein is a promising antifungal agent of biotechnological value; however in spite of the available knowledge of the nature of its 5'-upstream transcriptional regulation elements, the bulk production of NFAP has not been resolved yet. In this study we carried out its heterologous expression in the yeast Pichia pastoris and investigated the growth inhibition effect exerted by the heterologous NFAP (hNFAP) on filamentous fungal isolates from human infections compared with what was caused by the native NFAP. P. pastoris KM71H transformant strain harboring the pPICZαA plasmid with the mature NFAP encoding gene produced the protein. The final yield of the hNFAP was sixfold compared to the NFAP produced by N. fischeri NRRL 181. Based on the signal dispersion of the amide region, it was proven that the hNFAP exists in folded state. The purified hNFAP effectively inhibited the growth of fungal isolates belonging to the Aspergillus and to the Fusarium genus, but all investigated zygomycetous strain proved to be insusceptible. There was no significant difference between the growth inhibition effect exerted by the native and the heterologous NFAP. These data indicated that P. pastoris KM71H can produce the NFAP in an antifungally active folded state. Our results provide a base for further research, e.g., investigation the connection between the protein structure and the antifungal activity using site directed mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Virágh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Dóra Vörös
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kele
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, Szeged H-6720, Hungary
| | - Laura Kovács
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fizil
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Gergely Lakatos
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Gyula Batta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - László Galgóczy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged H-6726, Hungary.
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15
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Parachin NS, Mulder KC, Viana AAB, Dias SC, Franco OL. Expression systems for heterologous production of antimicrobial peptides. Peptides 2012; 38:446-56. [PMID: 23022589 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) consist of molecules that act on the defense systems of numerous organisms toward multiple pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. These compounds have become extremely significant due to the increasing resistance of microorganisms to common antibiotics. However, the low quantity of peptides obtained from direct purification is, to date, still a remarkable bottleneck for scientific and industrial research development. Therefore, this review describes the main heterologous systems currently used for AMP production, including bacteria, fungi and plants, and also the related strategies for reaching greater functional peptide production. The main difficulties of each system are also described in order to provide some directions for AMP production. In summary, data revised here indicate that large-scale production of AMPs can be obtained using biotechnological tools, and the products may be applied in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in agribusiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Skorupa Parachin
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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16
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Tomé-Amat J, Menéndez-Méndez A, García-Ortega L, Batt CA, Oñaderra M, Martínez-del-Pozo A, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Production and characterization of scFvA33T1, an immunoRNase targeting colon cancer cells. FEBS J 2012; 279:3022-32. [PMID: 22748038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the last 10 years, the use of different RNases as therapeutic agents for various diseases has been pursued. Furthermore, the advancements of recombinant technology have allowed the assembly of proteins with different functions. In this regard, immunoribonucleases (immunoRNases) stand out as some of the most promising therapeutic candidates given their enzymatic and non-mutagenic character. Accordingly, the work reported here describes fusing RNase T1, one of the most studied members of the microbial RNase family, to the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of a monoclonal antibody that targets the glycoprotein A33 antigen (GPA33) from human colon cancer cells. A heterologous production system, which employs the yeast Pichia pastoris, has been optimized to produce this immunoRNase (scFvA33T1) with yields of ∼ 5-10 mg · L(-1). The purified protein appears to be correctly folded as it retains its antigen specificity and ribonucleolytic activity. Finally, it also shows specific binding to, internalization into and toxicity against GPA33-positive cell lines compared with the control, GPA33-negative cells. Overall, it can be concluded that scFvA33T1 is a promising therapeutic fusion protein with the additional advantage that presumably it can be produced and purified in large amounts using an easily scalable yeast-based system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Tomé-Amat
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Carreras-Sangrà N, Tomé-Amat J, García-Ortega L, Batt CA, Oñaderra M, Martínez-del-Pozo A, Gavilanes JG, Lacadena J. Production and characterization of a colon cancer-specific immunotoxin based on the fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:425-35. [PMID: 22718791 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A single-chain fusion protein that directed the cytolytic activity of α-sarcin to A33 tumor antigen expressing cells was constructed and shown to effectively kill targeted cells. Glycoprotein A33 (GPA33) is a well-known colon cancer marker and a humanized antibody against it was used to target the α-sarcin. The fungal ribotoxin α-sarcin is one of the most potent and specific toxins known. It is small, protease resistant, thermostable and highly efficient towards the inactivation of ribosomes. This work describes the production and characterization of an immunotoxin resulting from fusing the single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the monoclonal antibody that targets GPA33 to fungal α-sarcin. This chimeric protein (scFvA33αsarcin), produced in Pichia pastoris and purified in high yield was proven to be properly folded, active, specific and stable. It showed high specific toxicity against GPA33-positive tumoral cell lines providing scientific evidence to sustain that scFvA33αsarcin is a good immunotherapeutic candidate against GPA33-positive colon carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Carreras-Sangrà
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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López-García B, Hernández M, Segundo BS. Bromelain, a cysteine protease from pineapple (Ananas comosus) stem, is an inhibitor of fungal plant pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:62-7. [PMID: 22537505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bromelain, a cysteine protease isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus), on growth of several agronomically important fungal pathogens. METHODS AND RESULTS Purification of bromelain from pineapple stems was carried out by chromatography techniques, and its antimicrobial activity was tested against the fungal pathogens Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum by broth microdilution assay. A concentration of 0.3 μmol l(-1) of bromelain was sufficient for 90% growth inhibition of F. verticillioides. The capability of bromelain to inhibit fungal growth is related to its proteolytic activity. CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates that stem bromelain exhibits a potent antifungal activity against phytopathogens and suggests its potential use as an effective agent for crop protection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results support the use of a natural protease that accumulates at high levels in pineapple stems as alternative to the use of chemical fungicides for crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B López-García
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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19
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López-García B, San Segundo B, Coca M. Antimicrobial Peptides as a Promising Alternative for Plant Disease Protection. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1095.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. López-García
- CRAG-Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edificio CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B. San Segundo
- CRAG-Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edificio CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Coca
- CRAG-Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edificio CRAG, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Hegedus N, Leiter E, Kovács B, Tomori V, Kwon NJ, Emri T, Marx F, Batta G, Csernoch L, Haas H, Yu JH, Pócsi I. The small molecular mass antifungal protein of Penicillium chrysogenum--a mechanism of action oriented review. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:561-71. [PMID: 21780144 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-lactam producing filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum secretes a 6.25 kDa small molecular mass antifungal protein, PAF, which has a highly stable, compact 3D structure and is effective against a wide spectrum of plant and zoo pathogenic fungi. Its precise physiological functions and mode of action need to be elucidated before considering possible biomedical, agricultural or food technological applications. According to some more recent experimental data, PAF plays an important role in the fine-tuning of conidiogenesis in Penicillium chrysogenum. PAF triggers apoptotic cell death in sensitive fungi, and cell death signaling may be transmitted through two-component systems, heterotrimeric G protein coupled signal transduction and regulatory networks as well as via alteration of the Ca(2+) -homeostasis of the cells. Possible biotechnological applications of PAF are also outlined in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Hegedus
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Centre of Arts, Humanities and Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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