1
|
Steinhoff JS, Wagner C, Dähnhardt HE, Košić K, Meng Y, Taschler U, Pajed L, Yang N, Wulff S, Kiefer MF, Petricek KM, Flores RE, Li C, Dittrich S, Sommerfeld M, Guillou H, Henze A, Raila J, Wowro SJ, Schoiswohl G, Lass A, Schupp M. Adipocyte HSL is required for maintaining circulating vitamin A and RBP4 levels during fasting. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2878-2895. [PMID: 38769419 PMCID: PMC11239848 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) is distributed via the blood bound to its specific carrier protein, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4). Retinol-loaded RBP4 is secreted into the circulation exclusively from hepatocytes, thereby mobilizing hepatic retinoid stores that represent the major vitamin A reserves in the body. The relevance of extrahepatic retinoid stores for circulating retinol and RBP4 levels that are usually kept within narrow physiological limits is unknown. Here, we show that fasting affects retinoid mobilization in a tissue-specific manner, and that hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in adipose tissue is required to maintain serum concentrations of retinol and RBP4 during fasting in mice. We found that extracellular retinol-free apo-RBP4 induces retinol release by adipocytes in an HSL-dependent manner. Consistently, global or adipocyte-specific HSL deficiency leads to an accumulation of retinoids in adipose tissue and a drop of serum retinol and RBP4 during fasting, which affects retinoid-responsive gene expression in eye and kidney and lowers renal retinoid content. These findings establish a novel crosstalk between liver and adipose tissue retinoid stores for the maintenance of systemic vitamin A homeostasis during fasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia S Steinhoff
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Wagner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Henriette E Dähnhardt
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Košić
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Yueming Meng
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Laura Pajed
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Na Yang
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Wulff
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie F Kiefer
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Konstantin M Petricek
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roberto E Flores
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chen Li
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Dittrich
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Sommerfeld
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Center in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP- PURPAN, UMR 1331, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Andrea Henze
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle, Germany
- Junior Research Group ProAID, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sylvia J Wowro
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schoiswohl
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Schupp
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Max Rubner Center (MRC) for Cardiovascular-Metabolic-Renal Research, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Golczak M, Moise AR, von Lintig J. Expression and biochemical analyses of proteins involved in the transport of carotenoids and retinoids. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:447-480. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
3
|
Tan WY, Khoo BY, Chew AL. Optimization of Physical Parameters for the Enhanced Expression of Recombinant Chemokine Receptors D6 and DARC in Pichia pastoris. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Est CB, Murphy RM. Retinol binding protein IV purified from Escherichia coli using intein-mediated cleavage as a suitable replacement for serum sources. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 167:105542. [PMID: 31756375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retinol binding protein IV (RBP) functions as the principal carrier of retinol (Vitamin A) in the blood, where RBP circulates bound to another serum protein, transthyretin. Isolation of pure RBP from the transthyretin complex in human serum can be difficult, but expression of RBP in recombinant systems can circumvent these purification issues. Human recombinant RBP has previously been successfully expressed and purified from E. coli, but recovery of active protein typically requires extensive processing steps, such as denaturing and refolding, and complex purification steps, such as multi-modal chromatography. Furthermore, these methods produce recombinant proteins, often tagged, that display different functional and structural characteristics across systems. In this work, we optimized downstream processing by use of an intein-based expression system in E. coli to produce tag-free, human recombinant RBP (rRBP) with intact native amino termini at yields of up to ~15 mg/L off column. The novel method requires solubilization of inclusion bodies and subsequent oxidative refolding in the presence of retinol, but importantly allows for one-step chromatographic purification that yields high purity rRBP with no N-terminal Met or other tag. Previously reported purification methods typically require two or more chromatographic separation steps to recover tag-free rRBP. Given the interest in mechanistic understanding of RBP transport of retinol in health and disease, we characterized our purified product extensively to confirm rRBP is both structurally and functionally a suitable replacement for serum-derived RBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandler B Est
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Regina M Murphy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Young PA, Leonard S, Martin DSD, Findlay JBC. The effect of retinol binding protein on the proteome of C2C12 muscle cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:379-90. [PMID: 26556762 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinol binding protein (RBP) and its membrane receptor, STRA6, are vital for the management of vitamin A in the body. Recently, elevated serum RBP levels have been implicated as a contributing factor to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, conflicting opinions exist as to how these increased levels can cause insulin resistance. METHODS In order to better understand the influences of RBP, a proteomic study was devised to determine the direct effect of RBP on a mouse muscle cell line, because the muscle is the principal site of insulin induced glucose uptake. C2C12 cells were treated with RBP for 16 h and the proteome analysed for alterations in protein abundance and phosphorylation by 2-DE. RESULTS A number of changes were observed in response to retinol binding protein treatment, of which the most interesting were decreased levels of the phosphatase, protein phosphatase 1 β. This phosphatase is responsible for regulating glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, the rate-limiting enzymes involved in glycogen storage and utilization. Retinol binding protein treatment resulted in increased phosphorylation and inhibition of glycogen synthase, with detrimental effects on insulin stimulated glycogen production in these cells. CONCLUSION The results indicate that RBP may have a negative effect on energy storage in the cell and could contribute to the development of insulin resistance in muscle tissue. Understanding how retinol binding protein influences insulin resistance may reveal novel strategies to target this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Young
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Siobhán Leonard
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Darren S D Martin
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John B C Findlay
- Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Breen CJ, Martin DS, Ma H, McQuaid K, O'Kennedy R, Findlay JBC. Production of functional human vitamin A transporter/RBP receptor (STRA6) for structure determination. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122293. [PMID: 25816144 PMCID: PMC4376794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
STRA6 is a plasma membrane protein that mediates the transport of vitamin A, or retinol, from plasma retinol binding protein (RBP) into the cell. Mutations in human STRA6 are associated with Matthew-Wood syndrome, which is characterized by severe developmental defects. Despite the obvious importance of this protein to human health, little is known about its structure and mechanism of action. To overcome the difficulties frequently encountered with the production of membrane proteins for structural determination, STRA6 has been expressed in Pichia pastoris as a fusion to green fluorescent protein (GFP), a strategy which has been a critical first step in solving the crystal structures of several membrane proteins. STRA6-GFP was correctly targeted to the cell surface where it bound RBP. Here we report the large-scale expression, purification and characterisation of STRA6-GFP. One litre of culture, corresponding to 175 g cells, yielded about 1.5 mg of pure protein. The interaction between purified STRA6 and its ligand RBP was studied by surface plasmon resonance-based binding analysis. The interaction between STRA6 and RBP was not retinol-dependent and the binding data were consistent with a transient interaction of 1 mole RBP/mole STRA6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Breen
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Darren S Martin
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Hui Ma
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate McQuaid
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- National Centre for Sensor Research, Biomedical Diagnostics Institute, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John B C Findlay
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Valencia Jiménez A, Wang H, Siegfried BD. Expression and characterization of a recombinant endoglucanase from western corn rootworm, in Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:242. [PMID: 25434035 PMCID: PMC5633935 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The endoglucanase cDNA, Dvv-ENGase I, from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte was expressed using the GS115 methylotrophic strain of Pichia pastoris. The Dvv-ENGase I gene was cloned into the integrative plasmid pPICZαA under the control of AOX1, which is a methanol-inducible promoter. Positive clones were selected for their ability to produce the recombinant endoglucanase upon continuous methanol induction. The secreted recombinant insect endoglucanase Dvv-ENGase I has an apparent molecular mass of 29 kDa. The recombinant endo-1,4-β-glucanase (ENGase) was able to digest the substrates: hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and Whatman No. 1 filter paper. A higher accumulation of reducing sugar was evident when the P. pastoris expression medium contained HEC (1%) instead of CMC (1%). An enzymatic activity band was detected after performing electrophoretic separation under nondenaturing conditions. The biological activity of the recombinant Dvv-ENGase I was influenced by the presence of protease inhibitors in the culture medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnubio Valencia Jiménez
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de Caldas, Calle 6526-10, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Haichuan Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
| | - Blair D Siegfried
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chew AL, Tan WY, Khoo BY. Potential combinatorial effects of recombinant atypical chemokine receptors in breast cancer cell invasion: A research perspective. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:185-192. [PMID: 24648916 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from their major function in the coordination of leukocyte recruitment, chemokines, in cooperation with their receptors, have been implicated in the progression of various diseases including different types of cancer, affecting survival, proliferation and metastasis. A complex network of chemokines and receptors exists in the tumor microenvironment and affects tumor development in various ways where chemokines activate typical signalling pathways by binding to the respective receptors. The identification and characterization of a group of atypical chemokine receptors [D6, Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), ChemoCentryx chemokine receptor (CCX-CKR) and CXCR7] which appear to use unique biochemical properties to regulate the biological activities of these chemokines, is useful in the effort to therapeutically manipulate chemokines in a broad spectrum of diseases in which these chemokines play a critical role. The aim of this review was to investigate the combinatorial effect of two reported atypical chemokine receptors, D6 and DARC, on breast cancer cell invasion to understand their role and therapeutic potential in cancer treatment. In this regard, findings of the present review should be confirmed via the construction of recombinant D6 and DARC clones as well as the expression of the respective recombinant proteins using the Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) expression system is to be performed in a future study in order to support findings of the current review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai Lan Chew
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Wee Yee Tan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Boon Yin Khoo
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chuang CM, Chang CH, Wang HE, Chen KC, Peng CC, Hsieh CL, Peng RY. Valproic acid downregulates RBP4 and elicits hypervitaminosis A-teratogenesis--a kinetic analysis on retinol/retinoic acid homeostatic system. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43692. [PMID: 23028466 PMCID: PMC3446952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic and anti-migraine prophylactic drug. VPA exhibits two severe side effects, namely acute liver toxicity and teratogenicity. These side effects are usually seen at the genetic and somatic levels. The cited action mechanisms involve inhibition of histone deacetylase, hypofolatenemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, and reactive oxidative stress. The proteomic information associated with VPA teratogenicity is still unavailable. We hypothesized that proteomic analysis might help us identify functional proteins that could be relevantly affected by VPA, and this phenomenon could be very sensitive in early embryonic stage, resulting in VPA teratogenicity. Methodology/Principal Findings Proteomic analysis on the chicken embryos at Hamburger and Hamilton (HH) stage 28 showed that there were significant downregulations of ovotransferrins, carbonic anhydrase-2, retinol binding protein-4 (RBP4), NADH cytochrome b5 reductase 2 (CYB5R2), apolipoprotein A1, and protein SET, together with upregulation of 60S ribosomal protein L22. Among these, RBP4 was the most significantly downregulated (−32%). Kinetic analysis suggested that this situation could trigger hypervitaminosis A (+39.3%), a condition that has been well known to induce teratogenesis.. Conclusions/Significance This is the first report showing that VPA dowregulates RBP4. Our finding not only has led to a possible mechanism of VPA teratogenesis, but also has initiated new preventive strategies for avoiding VPA teratogeneis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Shalu County, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Purification and characterization of the recombinant human prostaglandin H synthase-2 expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 83:182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
11
|
Campos-Sandoval JA, Redondo C, Kinsella GK, Pal A, Jones G, Eyre GS, Hirst SC, Findlay JBC. Fenretinide derivatives act as disrupters of interactions of serum retinol binding protein (sRBP) with transthyretin and the sRBP receptor. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4378-87. [PMID: 21591606 DOI: 10.1021/jm200256g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Serum retinol binding protein (sRBP) is released from the liver as a complex with transthyretin (TTR), a process under the control of dietary retinol. Elevated levels of sRBP may be involved in inhibiting cellular responses to insulin and in generating first insulin resistance and then type 2 diabetes, offering a new target for therapeutic attack for these conditions. A series of retinoid analogues were synthesized and examined for their binding to sRBP and their ability to disrupt the sRBP-TTR and sRBP-sRBP receptor interactions. A number inhibit the sRBP-TTR and sRBP-sRBP receptor interactions as well as or better than Fenretinide (FEN), presenting a potential novel dual mechanism of action and perhaps offering a new therapeutic intervention against type 2 diabetes and its development. Shortening the chain length of the FEN derivative substantially abolished binding to sRBP, indicating that the strength of the interaction lies in the polyene chain region. Differences in potency against the sRBP-TTR and sRBP-sRBP receptor interactions suggest variant effects of the compounds on the two loops of sRBP guarding the entrance of the binding pocket that are responsible for these two protein-protein interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Angel Campos-Sandoval
- The Marie Curie Laboratory for Membrane Proteins, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Su DX, Zhang AL, Yi GH, Liu ZW, Luo JX, Rao LY, Zhang TY, Zhou ZJ. Inducible expression of calreticulin-N58 in Pichia pastoris by high density cell culture. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:5003-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|