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Zhang L, Wu G, Li D, Huang A, Wang X. Isolation and identification of milk-clotting proteases from Prinsepia utilis Royle and its application in cheese processing. Food Res Int 2024; 183:114225. [PMID: 38760144 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the main milk-clotting proteases from Prinsepia utilis Royle. Protein isolates obtained using precipitation with 20 %-50 % ammonium sulfate (AS) showed higher milk-clotting activity (MCA) at 154.34 + 0.35 SU. Two milk-clotting proteases, namely P191 and P1831, with molecular weight of 49.665 kDa and 68.737 kDa, respectively, were isolated and identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Bioinformatic analysis showed that the two identified milk-clotting proteases were primarily involved in hydrolase activity and catabolic processes. Moreover, secondary structure analysis showed that P191 structurally consisted of 40.85 % of alpha-helices, 15.96 % of beta-strands, and 43.19 % of coiled coil motifs, whereas P1831 consisted of 70 % of alpha-helices, 7.5 % of beta-strands, and 22.5 % of coiled coil motifs. P191 and P1831 were shown to belong to the aspartic protease and metalloproteinase types, and exhibited stability within the pH range of 4-6 and good thermal stability at 30-80 °C. The addition of CaCl2 (<200 mg/L) increased the MCA of P191 and P1831, while the addition of NaCl (>3 mg/mL) inhibited their MCA. Moreover, P191 and P1831 preferably hydrolyzed kappa-casein, followed by alpha-casein, and to a lesser extent beta-casein. Additionally, cheese processed with the simultaneous use of the two proteases isolated in the present study exhibited good sensory properties, higher protein content, and denser microstructure compared with cheese processed using papaya rennet or calf rennet. These findings unveil the characteristics of two proteases isolated from P. utilis, their milk-clotting properties, and potential application in the cheese-making industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Gaizhuan Wu
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Aixiang Huang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- College of Food Science & Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Balabova DV, Belash EA, Belenkaya SV, Shcherbakov DN, Belov AN, Koval AD, Mironova AV, Bondar AA, Volosnikova EA, Arkhipov SG, Sokolova OO, Chirkova VY, Elchaninov VV. Biochemical Properties of a Promising Milk-Clotting Enzyme, Moose ( Alces alces) Recombinant Chymosin. Foods 2023; 12:3772. [PMID: 37893665 PMCID: PMC10606240 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Moose (Alces alces) recombinant chymosin with a milk-clotting activity of 86 AU/mL was synthesized in the Kluyveromyces lactis expression system. After precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatographic purification, a sample of genetically engineered moose chymosin with a specific milk-clotting activity of 15,768 AU/mg was obtained, which was used for extensive biochemical characterization of the enzyme. The threshold of the thermal stability of moose chymosin was 55 °C; its complete inactivation occurred after heating at 60 °C. The total proteolytic activity of moose chymosin was 0.332 A280 units. The ratio of milk-clotting and total proteolytic activities of the enzyme was 0.8. The Km, kcat and kcat/Km values of moose chymosin were 4.7 μM, 98.7 s-1, and 21.1 μM-1 s-1, respectively. The pattern of change in the coagulation activity as a function of pH and Ca2+ concentration was consistent with the requirements for milk coagulants for cheese making. The optimum temperature of the enzyme was 50-55 °C. The introduction of Mg2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and Cu2+ into milk activated the coagulation ability of moose chymosin, while Ni ions on the contrary inhibited its activity. Using previously published data, we compared the biochemical properties of recombinant moose chymosin produced in bacterial (Escherichia coli) and yeast (K. lactis) producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina V. Balabova
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Belash
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Belenkaya
- State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Dmitry N. Shcherbakov
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
- State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Belov
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Anatoly D. Koval
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Anna V. Mironova
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Bondar
- JCF “Genomics”, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Volosnikova
- State Research Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Sergey G. Arkhipov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberan Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga O. Sokolova
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Siberan Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Varvara Y. Chirkova
- Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Altai State University, 656049 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Vadim V. Elchaninov
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, 656910 Barnaul, Russia
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Murashkin DE, Belenkaya SV, Bondar AA, Elchaninov VV, Shcherbakov DN. Analysis of Some Biochemical Properties of Recombinant Siberian Roe Deer (Capreolus pygargus) Chymosin Obtained in the Mammalian Cell Culture (CHO-K1). BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:1284-1295. [PMID: 37770395 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923090080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Structure of the chymosin gene of Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) was established for the first time and its exon/intron organization was determined. Coding part of the chymosin gene of C. pygargus was reconstructed by the Golden Gate method and obtained as a DNA clone. Comparative sequence analysis of the roe deer, cow, and one-humped camel prochymosins revealed a number of amino acid substitutions at the sites forming the substrate-binding cavity of the enzyme and affecting the S4 and S1' + S3' specificity subsites. Integration vector pIP1 was used to construct a plasmid pIP1-Cap in order to express recombinant roe deer prochymosin gene in CHO-K1 cells. CHO-K1-CYM-Cap pool cells were obtained, allowing synthesis and secretion of recombinant prochymosin into the culture fluid. As a result of zymogen activation, a recombinant roe deer chymosin was obtained and its total milk-clotting activity was estimated to be 468.4 ± 11.1 IMCU/ml. Yield of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 500 mg/liter or ≈468,000 IMCU/liter, which exceeds the yields of genetically engineered chymosins in most of the expression systems used. Basic biochemical properties of the obtained enzyme were compared with the commercial preparations of recombinant chymosins from one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and cow (Bos taurus). Specific milk-clotting activity of the recombinant chymosin of C. pygargus was 938 ± 22 IMCU/mg, which was comparable to that of the reference enzymes. Non-specific proteolytic activity of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 1.4-4.5 times higher than that of the cow and camel enzymes. In terms of coagulation specificity, recombinant chymosin of C. pygargus occupied an intermediate position between the genetically engineered analogs of B. taurus and C. dromedarius chymosins. Thermostability threshold of the recombinant roe deer chymosin was 55°C. At 60°C, the enzyme retained <1% of its initial milk-clotting activity, and its complete thermal inactivation was observed at 65°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E Murashkin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Belenkaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksandr A Bondar
- Genomics Core Facility, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vadim V Elchaninov
- Federal Altaic Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology, Barnaul, 656910, Russia
| | - Dmitrii N Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Koltsovo, 630559, Russia
- Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
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Balabova DV, Belenkaya SV, Volosnikova EA, Hermes T, Chirkova VY, Sharlaeva EA, Shcherbakov DN, Belov AN, Koval AD, Elchaninov VV. Can Recombinant Tree Shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) Chymosin Coagulate Cow (Bos taurus) Milk? APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683822060023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Genetically engineered chymosin from the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) has been obtained and partially characterized for the first time. The target enzyme was produced in Escherichia coli, strain BL21(DE3). It was shown that tree shrew recombinant chymosin coagulates cow milk (Bos taurus). The total and specific milk-clotting activity of the obtained enzyme was 0.7–5.3 IMCU/mL and 8.8–16.6 IMCU/mg. The nonspecific proteolytic activity of tree shrew recombinant chymosin in relation to total bovine casein was 30 and 117% higher than that of recombinant chymosin of cow and of single-humped camel respectively. It was found that in comparison with most of the known genetically engineered chymosins, the tree shrew enzyme showed exceptionally low thermal stability. After heating at 45°C, the coagulation ability of tree shrew recombinant chymosin decreased by more than 40%, and at 50°C the enzyme lost more than 90% of the initial milk-clotting activity. The Michaelis constant (Km), enzyme turnover number (kcat), and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for genetically engineered chymosin from the tree shrew were 6.3 ± 0.1 µM, 11 927 ± 3169 s–1 and 1968 ± 620 µM–1 s–1, respectively. Comparative analysis showed that the primary structure of the chymosin-sensitive site of cow kappa-casein and the supposed similar sequence of tree shrew kappa-casein differed by 75%. The ability of tree shrew recombinant chymosin to coagulate cow’s milk, along with a low thermal stability and high catalytic efficiency with respect to the substrate, imitating the chymosin-sensitive site of cow kappa-casein, suggests that this enzyme is of potential interest for cheese making.
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Wang N, Yang C, Peng H, Guo W, Wang M, Li G, Liu D. The introduction of an N-glycosylation site into prochymosin greatly enhances its production and secretion by Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:177. [PMID: 36042512 PMCID: PMC9429577 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01904-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-glycosylation is one of the most important post-translational modifications. Many studies have shown that N-glycosylation has a significant effect on the secretion level of heterologous glycoproteins in yeast cells. However, there have been few studies reporting a clear and unified explanation for the intracellular mechanism that N-glycosylation affect the secretion of heterologous glycoproteins so far. Pichia pastoris is an important microbial cell factory producing heterologous protein. It is of great significance to study the effect of N-glycosylation on the secretion level of heterologous protein. Camel chymosin is a glycoprotein with higher application potential in cheese manufacturing industry. We have expressed camel prochymosin in P. pastoris GS115, but the lower secretion level limits its industrial application. This study attempts to increase the secretion level of prochymosin through N-glycosylation, and explore the molecular mechanism of N-glycosylation affecting secretion. RESULTS Adding an N-glycosylation site at the 34th amino acid of the propeptide of prochymosin significantly increased its secretion in P. pastoris. N-glycosylation improved the thermostability of prochymosin without affecting the enzymatic activity. Immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry (IP-MS) analysis showed that compared with the wild prochymosin (chy), the number of proteins interacting with N-glycosylated mutant (chy34) decreased, and all differential interacting proteins (DIPs) were down-regulated in chy34-GS115 cell. The DIPs in endoplasmic reticulum were mainly concentrated in the misfolded protein pathway. Among the five DIPs in this pathway, overexpression of BiP significantly increased the secretion of chy. The knockout of the possible misfolded protein recognition elements, UDP-glycose:glycoprotein glucosyltransferase 1 and 2 (UGGT1/2) had no effect on the growth of yeast cells and the secretion of prochymosin. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, N-glycosylation increased the secretion of prochymosin in P. pastoris trough the adjustment of intracellular interacted proteins. The results of our study may help to elucidate the molecular mechanism of N-glycosylation affecting secretion and provide a new research method to improve the secretion of heterologous glycoprotein in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Caifeng Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huakang Peng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenfang Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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6
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Balabova DV, Rudometov AP, Belenkaya SV, Belov AN, Koval AD, Bondar AA, Bakulina AY, Rukhlova EA, Elchaninov VV, Shcherbakov DN. Biochemical and technological properties of moose (<i>Alces alces</i>) recombinant chymosin. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:240-249. [PMID: 35774365 PMCID: PMC9167822 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant chymosins (rСhns) of the cow and the camel are currently considered as standard milk coagulants for cheese-making. The search for a new type of milk-clotting enzymes that may exist in nature and can surpass the existing “cheese-making” standards is an urgent biotechnological task. Within this study, we for the first time constructed an expression vector allowing production of a recombinant analog of moose chymosin in the expression system of Escherichia coli (strain SHuffle express). We built a model of the spatial structure of moose chymosin and compared the topography of positive and negative surface charges with the correspondent structures of cow and camel chymosins. We found that the distribution of charges on the surface of moose chymosin has common features with that of cow and camel chymosins. However, the moose enzyme carries a unique positively charged patch, which is likely to affect its interaction with the substrate. Biochemical and technological properties of the moose rChn were studied. Commercial rСhns of cow and camel were used as comparison enzymes. In some technological parameters, the moose rChn proved to be superior to the reference enzymes. Сompared with the cow and camel rСhns, the moose chymosin specific activity is less dependent on the changes in CaCl2 concentration in the range of 1–5 mM and pH in the range of 6–7, which is an attractive technological property. The total proteolytic activity of the moose rСhn occupies an intermediate position between the rСhns of cow and camel. The combination of biochemical and technological properties of the moose rСhn argues for further study of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. P. Rudometov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”
| | - S. V. Belenkaya
- Altai State University; State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”; Novosibirsk State University
| | - A. N. Belov
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese-Making
| | - A. D. Koval
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese-Making
| | - A. A. Bondar
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A. Yu. Bakulina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”; Novosibirsk State University
| | - E. A. Rukhlova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”
| | - V. V. Elchaninov
- Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese-Making
| | - D. N. Shcherbakov
- Altai State University; State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”
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Challenging Sustainable and Innovative Technologies in Cheese Production: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that cheese yield and quality are affected by animal genetics, milk quality (chemical, physical, and microbiological), production technology, and the type of rennet and dairy cultures used in production. Major differences in the same type of cheese (i.e., hard cheese) are caused by the rennet and dairy cultures, which affect the ripening process. This review aims to explore current technological advancements in animal genetics, methods for the isolation and production of rennet and dairy cultures, along with possible applications of microencapsulation in rennet and dairy culture production, as well as the challenge posed to current dairy technologies by the preservation of biodiversity. Based on the reviewed scientific literature, it can be concluded that innovative approaches and the described techniques can significantly improve cheese production.
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Paolo D, Locatelli F, Cominelli E, Pirona R, Pozzo S, Graziani G, Ritieni A, De Palma M, Docimo T, Tucci M, Sparvoli F. Towards a Cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus var. altilis)-Based Biorefinery: A Case Study of Improved Cell Cultures via Genetic Modulation of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111978. [PMID: 34769407 PMCID: PMC8584892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. altilis L.) is a promising candidate species for the development of plant cell cultures suitable for large-scale biomass production and recovery of nutraceuticals. We set up a protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which can be used for the improvement of cardoon cell cultures in a frame of biorefinery. As high lignin content determines lower saccharification yields for the biomass, we opted for a biotechnological approach, with the purpose of reducing lignin content; we generated transgenic lines overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana MYB4 transcription factor, a known repressor of lignin/flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we report a comprehensive characterization, including metabolic and transcriptomic analyses of AtMYB4 overexpression cardoon lines, in comparison to wild type, underlining favorable traits for their use in biorefinery. Among these, the improved accessibility of the lignocellulosic biomass to degrading enzymes due to depletion of lignin content, the unexpected increased growth rates, and the valuable nutraceutical profiles, in particular for hydroxycinnamic/caffeoylquinic and fatty acids profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Paolo
- National Research Council—Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.L.); (E.C.); (R.P.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (F.S.); Tel.: +39-0223699407 (D.P.); +39-0223699435 (F.S.)
| | - Franca Locatelli
- National Research Council—Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.L.); (E.C.); (R.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Eleonora Cominelli
- National Research Council—Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.L.); (E.C.); (R.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Raul Pirona
- National Research Council—Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.L.); (E.C.); (R.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Pozzo
- National Research Council—Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.L.); (E.C.); (R.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy—University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy—University of Naples Federico II (UNINA), Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.G.); (A.R.)
| | - Monica De Palma
- National Research Council—Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Teresa Docimo
- National Research Council—Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Marina Tucci
- National Research Council—Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources (CNR-IBBR), Via Università 133, 80055 Portici, Italy; (M.D.P.); (T.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Francesca Sparvoli
- National Research Council—Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology (CNR-IBBA), Via Edoardo Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, Italy; (F.L.); (E.C.); (R.P.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (F.S.); Tel.: +39-0223699407 (D.P.); +39-0223699435 (F.S.)
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Filkin SY, Chertova NV, Zatsepin SS, Sadykhov EG, Fedorov AN, Lipkin AV. Production of Beluga Whale (Delphinapterus leucas) Chymosin in the Methylotrophic Yeast Komagataella phaffii and Characteristics of the Recombinant Enzyme. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821030029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Akishev Z, Kiribayeva A, Mussakhmetov A, Baltin K, Ramankulov Y, Khassenov B. Constitutive expression of Camelus bactrianus prochymosin B in Pichia pastoris. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07137. [PMID: 34113734 PMCID: PMC8170492 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Camel chymosin can be efficiently employed to produce cheese. Traditionally the rennet enzyme produced by the glands of the fourth stomach of ruminant animals (abomassum) is used in cheese making. Full-length Camelus bactrianus (Bactrian camel) prochymosin gene was synthesized and constitutively expressed in Pichia pastoris cells under glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP) promoter. It was purified by sequential anion and cation exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis resulted in two bands, approximately 42 and 35 kDa. The 42 kDa band vanished when the sample was treated with endoglycosidase H, indicating that the recombinant protein is partially glycosylated. Optimal pH for the activity of the highest-purity recombinant chymosin was pH 4.5 for cow's milk and pH 4.0 for mare's milk. The range 45–50 °C and 70 °C for cow's and mare's milk types, respectively, was found to be the most appropriate for maximal relative milk-clotting activity. Concentration of CaCl2 that ensured the stability of the chymosin milk-clotting activity was between 20 and 50 mM with an optimum at 30 mM. Milk-clotting activity of camel recombinant chymosin and ability to make curd was successfully tested on fresh mare's milk. Pichia pastoris strain with integrated camel chymosin gene showed high productivity of submerged fermentation in bioreactor with milk-clotting activity 1412 U/mL and 80 mg/L enzyme yield. These results suggest that the constitutive expression of the camel chymosin Camelus bactrianus in the yeast Pichia pastoris has good prospects for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiger Akishev
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoye Road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
- L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Kanysh Satpayev Street, Nur-Sultan, 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Assel Kiribayeva
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoye Road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
- L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, 2 Kanysh Satpayev Street, Nur-Sultan, 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Mussakhmetov
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoye Road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Kairat Baltin
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoye Road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Yerlan Ramankulov
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoye Road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Bekbolat Khassenov
- National Center for Biotechnology, 13/5 Kurgalzhynskoye Road, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
- Corresponding author.
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Ali Hanoğlu S, Ektiren D, Karaaslan M. Recombinant expression and characterization of Oryctolagus cuniculus chymosin in Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris). Protein Expr Purif 2021; 183:105874. [PMID: 33744413 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted for investigating expression and enzymatic characteristics of recombinant Oryctolagus cuniculus chymosin (ROCC) expressed in Pichia pastoris. SDS-PAGE of partially purified supernatant displayed two distinct molecular bands approximately at the sizes of 40 kDa and 45 kDa corresponding to chymosin and partially glycosylated chymosin, respectively. Proteolysis assay demonstrated that rabbit chymosin was more specific compared to bovine and camel chymosins when it comes to hydrolyzing α, β, and κ-casein. Rabbit chymosin kept its stability in a wide pH range (3.0-6.0) at 37 °C for 8 h. Active chymosin exhibited maximum enzymatic activity at 40 °C and pH 4.0 with the addition of 75 mM CaCl2. The ROCC clotting activity on donkey, cow, goat, lamb, camel milk was determined as 40, 10, 5.7, 3.07, and 2.66 IMCU/mL, respectively. These results revealed that ROCC might possess a potential for incorporation into cheese manufacture technology as a milk-clotting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Ali Hanoğlu
- Harran University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Demet Ektiren
- Harran University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Karaaslan
- Harran University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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Belenkaya SV, Bondar AA, Kurgina TA, Elchaninov VV, Bakulina AY, Rukhlova EA, Lavrik OI, Ilyichev AA, Shcherbakov DN. Characterization of the Altai Maral Chymosin Gene, Production of a Chymosin Recombinant Analog in the Prokaryotic Expression System, and Analysis of Its Several Biochemical Properties. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 85:781-791. [PMID: 33040722 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920070068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the chymosin gene (CYM) of a maral was characterized. Its exon/intron organization was established using comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequence. The CYM mRNA sequence encoding a maral preprochymosin was reconstructed. Nucleotide sequence of the CYM maral mRNA allowed developing an expression vector to ensure production of a recombinant enzyme. Recombinant maral prochymosin was obtained in the expression system of Escherichia coli [strain BL21 (DE3)]. Total milk-coagulation activity (MCA) of the recombinant maral chymosin was 2330 AU/ml. The recombinant maral prochymosin relative activity was 52955 AU/mg. The recombinant maral chymosin showed 100-81% MCA in the temperature range 30-50°C, thermal stability (TS) threshold was 50°C, and the enzyme was completely inactivated at 70°C. Preparations of the recombinant chymosin of a single-humped camel and recombinant bovine chymosin were used as reference samples. Michaelis-Menten constant (Km), turnover number (kcat), and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of the recombinant maral chymosin, were 1.18 ± 0.1 µM, 2.68 ± 0.08 s-1 and 2.27± 0.10 µm M-1·s-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Belenkaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia. .,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - A A Bondar
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - T A Kurgina
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - V V Elchaninov
- Federal Altai Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnologies, Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making, Barnaul, 656910, Russia
| | - A Yu Bakulina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - E A Rukhlova
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - O I Lavrik
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - A A Ilyichev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia
| | - D N Shcherbakov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk Region, 630559, Russia.,Altai State University, Barnaul, 656049, Russia
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Belenkaya SV, Shcherbakov DN, Balabova DV, Belov AN, Koval AD, Elchaninov VV. Production of Maral (Cervus elaphus sibiricus Severtzov) Recombinant Chymosin in the Prokaryotic Expression System and the Study of the Aggregate of Its Biochemical Properties Relevant for the Cheese-Making Industry. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Belenkaya SV, Balabova DV, Belov AN, Koval AD, Shcherbakov DN, Elchaninov VV. Basic Biochemical Properties of Recombinant Chymosins (Review). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683820040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ersöz F, İnan M. Large-scale production of yak (Bos grunniens) chymosin A in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 154:126-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Belenkaya SV, Rudometov AP, Shcherbakov DN, Balabova DV, Kriger AV, Belov AN, Koval AD, Elchaninov VV. Biochemical Properties of Recombinant Chymosin in Alpaca (Vicugna pacos L.). APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683818060054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Feijoo-Siota L, Rama JLR, Sánchez-Pérez A, Villa TG. Expression, activation and processing of a novel plant milk-clotting aspartic protease in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2018; 268:28-39. [PMID: 29339117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Galium verum, also known as Lady's Bedstraw or Cheese Rennet, is an herbaceous perennial plant traditionally used in cheese-making. We used RACE PCR to isolate novel enzymes from Galium verum with the ability to clot milk. This approach generated two cDNA sequences (named preprogaline A and B) encoding proteins displaying the typical plant aspartic protease primary structure. Preprogaline B was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, after deleting and replacing its original signal peptide with the yeast α-factor signal peptide from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The secreted recombinant protein was obtained by growing P. pastoris in YPD medium and had the ability to clot milk. The mature form of progaline B is a heterodimeric glycosylated enzyme, with a molecular weight of approximately 48 kDa, that contains a heavy (30.7 kDa) and a light (13.5 kDa) polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Western blot analysis revealed that progaline B is activated by the acidification of the yeast culture medium and that enzymatic activation requires two steps. First the precursor protein is cleaved into two polypeptide chains by partial removal of the plant-specific insert (PSI) present in plant aspartic proteases; this is later followed by propeptide removal. By altering the pH of the P. pastoris culture medium, we were able to obtain either active or inactive forms of the enzyme. Recombinant progaline B displayed a κ-casein hydrolysis pattern analogous to those produced by the animal and microbial coagulants currently used in the dairy industry, but it exhibited a different digestion profile on α- and β-caseins. The plant protease progaline B displays milk-clotting activities suitable for the production of novel dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Feijoo-Siota
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - José Luis R Rama
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain
| | - Angeles Sánchez-Pérez
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tomás G Villa
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnology Unit, University of Santiago de Compostela 15706, Spain.
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Ogel ZB. Microbial Production of Recombinant Rennet. MICROBIAL CULTURES AND ENZYMES IN DAIRY TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-5363-2.ch012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Rennet, traditionally obtained from calves, is non-vegeterian and unethical due to the slaughter of unweaned animals. Chymosin is highly specific to the Phe105-Met106 bond of κ-casein and has low proteolytic activity. Microbial aspartic proteases can partly replace chymosin. However, recombinant DNA technology has allowed chymosin itself to be produced by bacteria, yeast, and molds. Not only rennet from calf, but from animals like goat kid, lamb, buffalo, camel, and others can be used in cheesemaking. Chymosins of these animals can be cloned and successfully expressed in microorganisms and can be employed in the production of novel as well as traditional cheese products from the milk of camel, goat, and even horse and donkey. This chapter outlines the recombinant DNA techniques applied over the past few years to improve the microbial production of recombinant rennet, from animals and plants.
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Tyagi A, Kumar A, Mohanty AK, Kaushik JK, Grover S, Batish VK. Expression of buffalo chymosin in Pichia pastoris for application in mozzarella cheese. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Rengifo AFC, Ferreira GMD, Ferreira GMD, da Silva MCH, de Paula Rezende J, dos Santos Pires AC, da Silva LHM. Driving forces for chymosin partitioning on the macromolecule-salt aqueous two phase system. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yang H, Zhu Q, Zhou N, Tian Y. Optimized expression of prolyl aminopeptidase in Pichia pastoris and its characteristics after glycosylation. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:176. [PMID: 27628336 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Prolyl aminopeptidases are specific exopeptidases that catalyze the hydrolysis of the N-terminus proline residue of peptides and proteins. In the present study, the prolyl aminopeptidase gene (pap) from Aspergillus oryzae JN-412 was optimized through the codon usage of Pichia pastoris. Both the native and optimized pap genes were inserted into the expression vector pPIC9 K and were successfully expressed in P. pastoris. Additionally, the activity of the intracellular enzyme expressed by the recombinant optimized pap gene reached 61.26 U mL(-1), an activity that is 2.1-fold higher than that of the native gene. The recombinant enzyme was purified by one-step elution through Ni-affinity chromatography. The optimal temperature and pH of the purified PAP were 60 °C and 7.5, respectively. Additionally, the recombinant PAP was recovered at a yield greater than 65 % at an extremely broad range of pH values from 6 to 10 after treatment at 50 °C for 6 h. The molecular weight of the recombinant PAP decreased from 50 kDa to 48 kDa after treatment with a deglycosylation enzyme, indicating that the recombinant PAP was completely glycosylated. The glycosylated PAP exhibited high thermo-stability. Half of the activity remained after incubation at 50 °C for 50 h, whereas the remaining activity of PAP expressed in E. coli was only 10 % after incubation at 50 °C for 1 h. PAP could be activated by the appropriate salt concentration and exhibited salt tolerance against NaCl at a concentration up to 5 mol L(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Qiang Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Nandi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yaping Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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