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Rutledge CA. Molecular mechanisms underlying sarcopenia in heart failure. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR AGING 2024; 4:7. [PMID: 38455513 PMCID: PMC10919908 DOI: 10.20517/jca.2023.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle, also known as sarcopenia, is an aging-associated muscle disorder that is disproportionately present in heart failure (HF) patients. HF patients with sarcopenia have poor outcomes compared to the overall HF patient population. The prevalence of sarcopenia in HF is only expected to grow as the global population ages, and novel treatment strategies are needed to improve outcomes in this cohort. Multiple mechanistic pathways have emerged that may explain the increased prevalence of sarcopenia in the HF population, and a better understanding of these pathways may lead to the development of therapies to prevent muscle loss. This review article aims to explore the molecular mechanisms linking sarcopenia and HF, and to discuss treatment strategies aimed at addressing such molecular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A. Rutledge
- Acute Medicine Section, Division of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Bora RR, Prasad R, Khatib MN. Cardio-Protective Role of a Gut Hormone Obestatin: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e37972. [PMID: 37223200 PMCID: PMC10202687 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.37972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a gut hormone composed of 23 amino acids that play a role in protecting the heart. It is synthesized from the same preproghrelin gut hormone gene as another gut hormone. The function and receptor of obestatin remain controversial, despite being present in various organs such as the liver, heart, mammary gland, pancreas, and more. The activity of obestatin is opposite to that of ghrelin, another hormone. The GPR-39 receptor is used by obestatin to exert its effects. Obestatin's cardioprotective role can be attributed to its ability to affect various factors, including adipose tissue, blood pressure regulation, heart, ischemia-reperfusion injury, endothelial cells, and diabetes. Because these factors are related to the cardiovascular system, modifying them via obestatin can provide cardioprotection. Furthermore, ghrelin, its antagonist hormone, regulates cardiovascular health. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ischemia-reperfusion injury can all alter ghrelin/obestatin levels. Obestatin has also been shown to impact other organs, reducing weight and appetite, inhibiting food intake, and increasing adipogenesis. Obestatin has a brief half-life and is quickly degraded by proteases in the blood, liver, and kidneys after entering circulation. This article offers insights into the cardiac function of obestatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajal R Bora
- Physiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Roshan Prasad
- Medicine and Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
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The complex pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia: A review of current pathophysiology and implications for clinical practice. Am J Med Sci 2023; 365:9-18. [PMID: 36055378 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cachexia is a muscle wasting process that often develops in those with chronic heart failure resulting in weight loss, low levels of physical activity, reduced quality of life, and is associated with a poor prognosis. The pathology of cardiac cachexia is complex with new evidence emerging that implicates several body systems. This review describes the pathophysiology associated with cardiac cachexia and addresses: 1) hormonal changes- neurohormonal abnormalities and metabolic hormone imbalance; 2) mechanisms of muscle wasting in cardiac cachexia, and the integral mechanisms between changed hormones due to cardiac cachexia and muscle wasting processes, and 3) associated abnormalities of gastrointestinal system that contribute to cardiac cachexia. These pleiotropic mechanisms demonstrate the intricate interplay between the affected systems and account for why cardiac cachexia is difficult to manage clinically. This review summarises current pathophysiology of cardiac cachexia and highlights symptoms of cardiac cachexia, implications for clinical practice and research gaps.
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Cancer- and cardiac-induced cachexia: same fate through different inflammatory mediators? Inflamm Res 2022; 71:771-783. [PMID: 35680678 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is widely recognized as the driving force of cachexia induced by chronic diseases; however, therapies targeting inflammation do not always reverse cachexia. Thus, whether inflammation per se plays an important role in the clinical course of cachectic patients is still a matter of debate. AIMS To give new insights into cachexia's pathogenesis and diagnosis, we performed a comprehensive literature search on the contribution of inflammatory markers to this syndrome, focusing on the noncommunicable diseases cancer and cardiovascular diseases. METHODS A systematic review was performed in PubMed using the keywords ("cancer" OR "cardiac" cachexia AND "human" OR "patient" AND "plasma" or "serum"). A total of 744 studies were retrieved and, from these, 206 were selected for full-text screening. In the end, 98 papers focusing on circulating biomarkers of cachexia were identified, which resulted in a list of 113 different mediators. RESULTS Data collected from the literature highlight the contribution of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to cachexia, independently of the underlying condition. Despite not being specific, once the diagnosis of cachexia is established, CRP might help to monitor the effectiveness of anti-cachexia therapies. In cardiac diseases, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), renin, and obestatin might be putative markers of body wasting, whereas in cancer, growth differentiation factor (GDF) 15, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C seem to be better markers of this syndrome. Independently of the circulating mediators, NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling pathways play a key role in bridging inflammation with muscle wasting; however, therapies targeting these pathways were not proven effective for all cachectic patients. CONCLUSION The critical and integrative analysis performed herein will certainly feed future research focused on the better comprehension of cachexia pathogenesis toward the improvement of its diagnosis and the development of personalized therapies targeting specific cachexia phenotypes.
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Niknam M, Liaghat T, Zarghami M, Akrami M, Shahnematollahi SM, Ahmadipour A, Moazzen F, Soltanabadi S. Ghrelin and ghrelin/total cholesterol ratio as independent predictors for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Investig Med 2022; 70:759-765. [PMID: 35042826 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The present meta-analysis aimed to summarize the available data regarding the circulating levels of ghrelin in patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A comprehensive search was performed in electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to January 20, 2021. Since the circulating levels of ghrelin were measured in different units across the included studies, they were expressed as the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI (summary effect size). A random-effects model comprising the DerSimonian and Laird method was used to pool SMDs. Sixteen articles (20 studies) comprised of 1087 cases and 437 controls were included. The pooled results showed that there were no significant differences between cases and controls in terms of ghrelin levels (SMD=-0.61, 95% CI -1.38 to 0.16; p=0.120; I2=96.9%, p<0.001). The ghrelin concentrations in the CAD stratum were significantly lower than in controls, whereas they increased in other disease strata. New combined biomarkers demonstrated a significant decrease in the SMD of the ghrelin/total cholesterol (TC) ratio (-1.02; 95% CI -1.74 to -0.29, p=0.000; I2=94.5%). However, no significant differences were found in the SMD of the ghrelin/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, ghrelin/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and ghrelin/triglyceride (TG) ratio in cases with CVDs compared with the control group. Ghrelin was associated with CAD; therefore, it may be considered a biomarker for distinguishing between patients with and without CAD. Furthermore, the ghrelin/TC ratio could be proposed as a diagnostic marker for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Niknam
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Taraneh Liaghat
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Zarghami
- Cardiology Department, Fasa University of Medical Science, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mehdi Akrami
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ahmad Ahmadipour
- Student Research Committee, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moazzen
- Department of Hematology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sahar Soltanabadi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Chen Y, Zhou S, Zhang A, Huang J, Zhang G, Cui L. Temporal changes and prognostic value of plasma ghrelin level in patients with acute heart failure: a prospective study. Heart Vessels 2021; 37:419-425. [PMID: 34533592 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-021-01935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma ghrelin levels can be elevated in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). This study aimed to analyze the temporal changes and prognostic value of ghrelin levels in patients with AHF. METHODS This prospective study included patients with AHF at the Cardiology Department, Weifang People's Hospital (May 2018-October 2019), and age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Plasma ghrelin levels were measured. Multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate whether ghrelin levels could predict major cardiac adverse events (MACEs) during a 1-year follow-up. RESULTS Finally, 92 patients with AHF and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Ghrelin levels were higher in patients with AHF at 1, 3, 12, and 24 h compared with controls (all P < 0.01). Ghrelin levels in the AHF group were higher at 3 and 12 h than at 1 and 24 h (P < 0.001). Ghrelin level at 3 h in patients with AHF was negatively correlated with the left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and left ventricular ejection fraction (both P < 0.05). MACEs occurred in 48 patients with AHF. Ghrelin levels were higher in the MACE group than in the non-MACE group at 1 (P = 0.011) and 3 h (P = 0.034). Multivariable regression showed that ghrelin level at 3 h was independently associated with MACEs [OR = 0.629, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.515-0.742, P = 0.010], but the area under the ROC curve was only 0.629 (95% CI 0.515-0.742). CONCLUSIONS Plasma ghrelin levels are elevated in AHF and patients with MACEs during follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Cardioangiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Sani Zhou
- Central Sterile Supply Department, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Aiyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardioangiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Cardioangiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Guangfang Zhang
- Department of Cardioangiology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Lianqun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Gupta S, Mitra A. Heal the heart through gut (hormone) ghrelin: a potential player to combat heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:417-435. [PMID: 33025414 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-10032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a small peptide hormone (28 aa), secreted mainly by X/A-like cells of gastric mucosa, is also locally produced in cardiomyocytes. Being an orexigenic factor (appetite stimulant), it promotes release of growth hormone (GH) and exerts diverse physiological functions, viz. regulation of energy balance, glucose, and/or fat metabolism for body weight maintenance. Interestingly, administration of exogenous ghrelin significantly improves cardiac functions in CVD patients as well as experimental animal models of heart failure. Ghrelin ameliorates pathophysiological condition of the heart in myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, cachexia, and ischemia reperfusion injury. This peptide also exerts significant impact at the level of vasculature leading to lowering high blood pressure and reversal of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanism of actions elucidating the healing effects of ghrelin on the cardiovascular system is still a matter of conjecture. Some experimental data indicate its beneficial effects via complex cellular cross talks between autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular cells, some other suggest more direct receptor-mediated molecular actions via autophagy or ionotropic regulation and interfering with apoptotic and inflammatory pathways of cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Here, in this review, we summarise available recent data to encourage more research to find the missing links of unknown ghrelin receptor-mediated pathways as we see ghrelin as a future novel therapy in cardiovascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Triveni Devi Bhalotia College, Raniganj, Paschim Bardhaman, 713347, India
| | - Arkadeep Mitra
- Department of Zoology, City College , 102/1, Raja Rammohan Sarani, Kolkata, 700009, India.
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Chen Z, Feng Y, Zhang RB, Li X, Xu JB. Effect of grelin on TRX expression in chronic heart failure tissue: A protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20294. [PMID: 32481311 PMCID: PMC7249932 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to explore the effect of grelin on TRX expression (TRXE) in chronic heart failure tissue (CHFT). METHODS We will search electronic databases from inception to the March 1, 2020 in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, PEDro, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. We will not apply any limitations to the language and publication status. Any randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that studied the effect of grelin on TRXE in CHFT will be included. Study quality will be checked by Cochrane risk of bias and evidence quality will be appraised by Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation. All extracted data will be analyzed by RevMan 5.3 Software. RESULTS This study will summarize the present RCTs to assess the effect of grelin on TRXE in CHFT. CONCLUSION The results of this study will provide conclusive evidence of the effect of grelin on TRXE in CHFT. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION INPLASY202040078.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion
| | - Ru-bing Zhang
- Third Ward of Cardiology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Jiamusi University
| | - Xin Li
- Department of General Medicine, Jiamusi Central Hospital, Jiamusi, China
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Green BD, Grieve DJ. Biochemical properties and biological actions of obestatin and its relevence in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:249-259. [PMID: 29412827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was initially discovered in rat stomach extract, and although it is principally produced in the gastric mucosa, it can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide is derived from preproghrelin and has been ascribed a wide range of metabolic effects relevant to type 2 diabetes. Obestatin reportedly inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces food intake and lowers body weight and improves lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it appears to exert actions on the pancreatic β-cell, most notably increasing β-cell mass and upregulating genes associated with insulin production and β-cell regeneration, with relevance to type 2 diabetes. It is becoming evident that obestatin also exerts pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, possibly modulating blood pressure, endothelial function and triggering cardioprotective mechanisms, which may be important in determining cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it seems that like other gut peptides obestatin has neuroprotective properties. This review examines the biochemical properties of the obestatin peptide (its structure, sequence, stability and distribution) and the candidate receptors through which it may act. It provides a balanced examination of the reported pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of obestatin and evaluates its potential relevance with respect to diabetes therapy, together with discussion of direct evidence linking alterations in obestatin signalling with obesity/diabetes and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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Penna C, Tullio F, Femminò S, Rocca C, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Gallo MP, Gesmundo I, Fanciulli A, Brizzi MF, Pagliaro P, Alloatti G, Granata R. Obestatin regulates cardiovascular function and promotes cardioprotection through the nitric oxide pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3670-3678. [PMID: 28744974 PMCID: PMC5706590 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with ischaemic heart disease or chronic heart failure show altered levels of obestatin, suggesting a role for this peptide in human heart function. We have previously demonstrated that GH secretagogues and the ghrelin gene-derived peptides, including obestatin, exert cardiovascular effects by modulating cardiac inotropism and vascular tone, and reducing cell death and contractile dysfunction in hearts subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), through the Akt/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. However, the mechanisms underlying the cardiac actions of obestatin remain largely unknown. Thus, we suggested that obestatin-induced activation of PI3K/Akt/NO and PKG signalling is implicated in protection of the myocardium when challenged by adrenergic, endothelinergic or I/R stress. We show that obestatin exerts an inhibitory tone on the performance of rat papillary muscle in both basal conditions and under β-adrenergic overstimulation, through endothelial-dependent NO/cGMP/PKG signalling. This pathway was also involved in the vasodilator effect of the peptide, used both alone and under stress induced by endothelin-1. Moreover, when infused during early reperfusion, obestatin reduced infarct size in isolated I/R rat hearts, through an NO/PKG pathway, comprising ROS/PKC signalling, and converging on mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium [mitoK(ATP)] channels. Overall, our results suggest that obestatin regulates cardiovascular function in stress conditions and induces cardioprotection by mechanisms dependent on activation of an NO/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/PKG pathway. In fact, obestatin counteracts exaggerated β-adrenergic and endothelin-1 activity, relevant factors in heart failure, suggesting multiple positive effects of the peptide, including the lowering of cardiac afterload, thus representing a potential candidate in pharmacological post-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Tullio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Saveria Femminò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gallo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alloatti
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Zhang Q, Dong XW, Xia JY, Xu KY, Xu ZR. Obestatin Plays Beneficial Role in Cardiomyocyte Injury Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion In Vivo and In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:2127-2136. [PMID: 28472020 PMCID: PMC5426386 DOI: 10.12659/msm.901361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obestatin, primarily recognized as a peptide within the gastrointestinal system, has been shown to benefit the cardiovascular system. We designed this experiment to study the protective role and underlying mechanism of obestatin against ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) injury in myocardial cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS In an In vivo experiment, LAD was ligated for 0.5 h and then opened for reperfusion with obestatin for 24 h. Then, the infarction area was shown with TTC staining, and inflammation factors in serum were analyzed by qRT-PCR. In primary cultured cardiomyocytes, we measured the level of LDH, MDA, GSH, and SOD. Finally, we assessed cells apoptosis using flow cytometry and detected the concentrations of caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 using Western blot analysis. RESULTS TTC staining showed that in the 3 obestatin groups, the infarct area became smaller with the increase of obestatin concentration. Obestatin also inhibited LDH expression in rat serum and decreased mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, and iNOS in rat cardiomyocytes after reperfusion. In primary cultured cardiomyocytes, obestatin decreased LDH content and increased GSH level after I/R injury. Obestatin was also found to antagonize the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis showed that obestatin downregulated the expression of caspase-3 and Bax and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSIONS Obestatin can protect cardiomyocyte from I/R-induced injury in vitro and in vivo. This beneficial effect is closely related with its properties of anti-inflammation, anti-cytotoxicity, and anti-apoptosis. The protective effect of obestatin might be associated with activation of Bcl-2 and inhibition of caspase-3 and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Xin-wei Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jia-ying Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Ke-ying Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-rong Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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Cowan E, Burch KJ, Green BD, Grieve DJ. Obestatin as a key regulator of metabolism and cardiovascular function with emerging therapeutic potential for diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2165-81. [PMID: 27111465 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated gastrointestinal peptide derived from preproghrelin and which forms an α helix. Although obestatin has a short biological half-life and is rapidly degraded, it is proposed to exert wide-ranging pathophysiological actions. Whilst the precise nature of many of its effects is unclear, accumulating evidence supports positive actions on both metabolism and cardiovascular function. For example, obestatin has been reported to inhibit food and water intake, body weight gain and gastrointestinal motility and also to mediate promotion of cell survival and prevention of apoptosis. Obestatin-induced increases in beta cell mass, enhanced adipogenesis and improved lipid metabolism have been noted along with up-regulation of genes associated with beta cell regeneration, insulin production and adipogenesis. Furthermore, human circulating obestatin levels generally demonstrate an inverse association with obesity and diabetes, whilst the peptide has been shown to confer protective metabolic effects in experimental diabetes, suggesting that it may hold therapeutic potential in this setting. Obestatin also appears to be involved in blood pressure regulation and to exert beneficial effects on endothelial function, with experimental studies indicating that it may also promote cardioprotective actions against, for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This review will present a critical appraisal of the expanding obestatin research area and discuss the emerging therapeutic potential of this peptide for both metabolic and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cowan
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Kerry J Burch
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
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13
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Su XJ, Dong RX, Li YP, Yang SG, Li ZF. Obestatin and cardiovascular health. Peptides 2014; 52:58-60. [PMID: 24333655 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin, encoded by the same gene as ghrelin, was first described as a physiological opponent of ghrelin through an interaction with the orphan receptor GPR39. However, the effects of obestatin were not totally contrary to the effects of ghrelin in cardiovascular regulations based on the recent studies. We summarize here the current evidences surrounding the cardiovascular actions of obestatin, and the possible implications of obestatin as a therapeutic agent in common conditions such as hypertension and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jia Su
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, No. 88 Hospital of PLA, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Rui-Xin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, No. 88 Hospital of PLA, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Yan-Peng Li
- Department of Out-patient, No. 88 Hospital of PLA, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China
| | - Shu-Guang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, No. 88 Hospital of PLA, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China.
| | - Zhao-Feng Li
- Department of Cardiology, No. 88 Hospital of PLA, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271000, China.
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Lei Y, Liang Y, Chen Y, Liu X, Liao X, Luo F. Increased circulating obestatin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:5. [PMID: 24468053 PMCID: PMC3908911 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some peptides, which regulate the metabolic balance, are thought to play important roles in nutritional disorders and systemic inflammation in COPD. Treatment of rats with obestatin decreased body-weight gain. Obestatin was also found to be correlated with inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. The aims of this study were to investigate the level of circulating obestatin in COPD and to analyze the relationship among obestatin and nutritional status, and systemic inflammation. Methods 32 COPD patients with BMI less than 20 kg/m2 and 22 normal controls were included. Body composition was estimated using “foot-to-foot” BIA technology. Circulating obestatin was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pulmonary function, TNF-α and C reactive protein were also measured. Results The level of circulating obestatin was higher in COPD with underweight than that in normal control (5562.75 ± 3435.43 pg/ml in COPD, 3663.90 ± 2313.95 pg/ml in controls, p = 0.028). BMI, Waist circumference, hip circumference, bodyFAT and FAT% in COPD group were lower than those in normal control. Positive correlation was found among circulating C reactive protein, TNF-α and obestatin. There was no significant correlation among BMI, pulmonary function and obestatin. Conclusions This study shows that circulating obestatin is higher in underweight COPD patients, and positively correlated to systemic inflammation, but not to nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lei
- Department of Family Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yasha Liang
- Department of Family Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Family Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liao
- Department of Family Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fengming Luo
- Department of Family Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, China
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15
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Shi JB, Guo ZF, Zheng X, Wang ZB, Ma YJ. Circulating obestatin is increased in patients with cardiorenal syndrome and positively correlated with vasopressin. Peptides 2012; 38:377-80. [PMID: 23017530 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis mainly by opposing the action of vasopressin (AVP). We measured plasma concentration of obestatin and AVP in patients with cardiorenal syndrome (CRS). Plasma AVP and obestatin concentration were measured in 34 patients with type II CRS. The data were compared to that in 31 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), 41 patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and 30 healthy subjects. Obestatin was significantly higher in the patients with CRS (355.8 ± 85.1 pg/ml) than that in the healthy controls (212.3 ± 37.9 pg/ml, P<0.01), the patients with CKD (246.7 ± 34.3 pg/ml, P<0.01) and the patients with CHF (258.4 ± 112.1 pg/ml, P<0.01). AVP was also significantly higher in the patients with CRS (65.1 ± 36.0 pg/ml) than that in the healthy controls (38.5 ± 20.1 pg/ml, P<0.01), the patients with CKD (50.4 ± 24.8 pg/ml, P<0.01) and the patients with CHF (54.6 ± 16.3 pg/ml, P<0.01). Plasma concentration of obestatin was positively correlated with AVP plasma concentration in the overall analysis that included subjects from all disease categories (r = 0.219, P<0.05), but not within the CRS group. Plasma obestatin and vasopressin were elevated in patients with CRS. Plasma obestatin concentration seemed to be positively correlated with plasma AVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, China.
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16
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Research on cachexia, sarcopenia and skeletal muscle in cardiology. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012; 3:219-23. [PMID: 23160775 PMCID: PMC3505572 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-012-0090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The awareness of cardiac cachexia, i.e. involuntary weight loss in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease, has increased over the last two decades. METHODS AND RESULTS This mini-review looks at recent research in the cardiovascular literature that is relevant to the areas of interest of the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. It identifies significant research in the last 3 years on the obesity paradox, the causes and effects of skeletal muscle wasting, animal models of cachexia and emerging treatment ideas in cardiac cachexia. CONCLUSIONS Assuming a similar literature in the fields of cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure and chronic liver failure, the emergence of cachexia as a vibrant area of clinical and experimental research seems assured.
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17
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Aragno M, Mastrocola R, Ghé C, Arnoletti E, Bassino E, Alloatti G, Muccioli G. Obestatin induced recovery of myocardial dysfunction in type 1 diabetic rats: underlying mechanisms. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:129. [PMID: 23066908 PMCID: PMC3537569 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to investigate whether obestatin (OB), a peptide mediator encoded by the ghrelin gene exerting a protective effect in ischemic reperfused heart, is able to reduce cardiac dysfunctions in adult diabetic rats. Methods Diabetes was induced by STZ injection (50 mg/kg) in Wistar rats (DM). OB was administered (25 μg/kg) twice a day for 6 weeks. Non-diabetic (ND) rats and DM rats were distributed into four groups: untreated ND, OB-treated ND, untreated DM, OB-treated DM. Cardiac contractility and ß-adrenergic response were studied on isolated papillary muscles. Phosphorylation of AMPK, Akt, ERK1/2 and GSK3ß as well ß-1 adrenoreceptors levels were detected by western blot, while α-MHC was measured by RT-PCR. Results OB preserved papillary muscle contractility (85 vs 27% of ND), ß-adrenergic response (103 vs 65% of ND), as well ß1-adrenoreceptors and α-MHC levels in diabetic myocardial tissue. Moreover, OB up-regulated the survival kinases Akt and ERK1/2, and enhanced AMPK and GSK3ß phosphorylation. OB corrected oxidative unbalance, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α plasma levels, NFkB translocation and pro-fibrogenic factors expression in diabetic myocardium. Conclusions OB displays a significant beneficial effect against the alterations of contractility and ß-adrenergic response in the heart of STZ-treated diabetic rats, which was mainly associated with the ability of OB to up-regulate the transcription of ß1-adrenergic receptors and α-MHC; this protective effect was accompanied by the ability to restore oxidative balance and to promote phosphorylation/modulation of AMPK and pro-survival kinases such as Akt, ERK1/2 and GSK3ß.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Aragno
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 30, Turin, 10125, Italy.
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18
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Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Tziolas N, Georgoulias P, Skoularigis J, Mikhailidis DP, Triposkiadis F. Association Between Epicardial Fat Thickness and Weight Homeostasis Hormones in Patients With Noncachectic Heart Failure. Angiology 2012; 64:173-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319712447978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between echocardiographically measured epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and plasma concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin has not been evaluated in patients with noncachectic heart failure (HF). Patients with noncachectic HF and age- and sex-matched controls did not differ significantly in EFT, whereas EFT values showed significant positive correlation with body mass index (BMI) in both groups and were negatively related with brain natriuretic peptide and positively with log leptin values in the HF group. In the control group, a positive correlation with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and a negative correlation with log ghrelin were found. In multivariable analysis, log leptin was a significant predictor of EFT in patients with HF, but this effect was not retained after adjusting for BMI. In contrast, log ghrelin and hsCRP were significant predictors of EFT in controls even after adjusting for BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Karayannis
- Department of Cardiology, Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece
| | - Gregory Giamouzis
- Department of Cardiology, Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Tziolas
- Department of Cardiology, Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece
| | | | - John Skoularigis
- Department of Cardiology, Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitri P. Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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19
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Abstract
Cachexia is a metabolic syndrome that manifests with excessive weight loss and disproportionate muscle wasting. It is related to many different chronic diseases, such as cancer, infections, liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiac disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal failure and rheumatoid arthritis. Cachexia is linked with poor outcome for the patients. In this article, we explore the role of the hypothalamus, liver, muscle tissue and adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of this syndrome, particularly concentrating on the role of cytokines, hormones and cell energy-controlling pathways (such as AMPK, PI3K/Akt and mTOR). We also look at possible future directions for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Briggs
- a Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- a Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK
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20
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Gallas S, Fetissov SO. Ghrelin, appetite and gastric electrical stimulation. Peptides 2011; 32:2283-9. [PMID: 21672567 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced mainly by the stomach and has widespread physiological functions including increase in appetite. The stimulation of the ghrelin system represents a potential therapeutic approach in various disorders characterized by deficient ghrelin signaling or by low appetite. This stimulation may be achieved via pharmacological targeting of the ghrelin receptor with synthetic ghrelin or ghrelin mimetics or via increased endogenous ghrelin production. Recently, it was demonstrated that gastric electrical stimulation (GES) with Enterra parameters results in increased ghrelin production in rats. Furthermore, recent data revealed putative role of ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins in the modulation of the ghrelin signaling which can be also stimulated by GES. Here, we review the links between GES and ghrelin in existing GES experimental and clinical applications for treatment of gastroparesis, functional dyspepsia or obesity and discuss if GES can be proposed as a non-pharmacological approach to improve ghrelin secretion in several pathological conditions characterized by low appetite, such as anorexia nervosa or anorexia-cachexia syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Gallas
- Digestive System & Nutrition Laboratory, ADEN EA4311, Rouen University, IFR23, Rouen 76183, France
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21
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Seim I, Walpole C, Amorim L, Josh P, Herington A, Chopin L. The expanding roles of the ghrelin-gene derived peptide obestatin in health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:111-7. [PMID: 21459124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23 amino acid, ghrelin gene-derived peptide hormone produced in the stomach and a range of other tissues throughout the body. While it was initially reported that obestatin opposed the actions of ghrelin with regards to appetite and food intake, it is now clear that obestatin is not an endogenous ghrelin antagonist, but it is a multi-functional peptide hormone in its own right. In this review we will discuss the controversies associated with the discovery of obestatin and explore emerging central and peripheral roles of obestatin, which includes adipogenesis, pancreatic homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Seim
- Queensland University of Technology, Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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22
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DeBoer MD. Ghrelin and cachexia: will treatment with GHSR-1a agonists make a difference for patients suffering from chronic wasting syndromes? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 340:97-105. [PMID: 21354462 PMCID: PMC3114250 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a syndrome of wasting and anorexia that worsens the prognosis of many chronic diseases including cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Properties of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin-including appetite-stimulation, weight-gain production and increased cardiac output make it a logical treatment for cachexia. While endogenous ghrelin levels are increased in the setting of cachexia, treatment with ghrelin and other GHSR-1a agonists in animal models of cachexia and in humans with cachexia has demonstrated consistent effects of increased appetite and improved weight gain. These positive effects occur in multiple underlying diseases associated with cachexia and appear to be sustained over treatment duration of up to 12 weeks. The mechanism of action in producing these effects is likely related to stimulation of central appetite centers such as the central melanocortin system and to increased growth hormone release, though ghrelin's effects may also relate to decreased systemic inflammation and other direct and indirect actions. Questions regarding the long-term safety of ghrelin treatment are still unanswered, as is the important question of whether successful treatment of cachexia will improve the prognosis of the underlying disease itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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23
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Granata R, Isgaard J, Alloatti G, Ghigo E. Cardiovascular actions of the ghrelin gene-derived peptides and growth hormone-releasing hormone. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:505-514. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1976, small peptide growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) were discovered and found to promote growth hormone (GH) release from the pituitary. The GHS receptor (GHS-R) was subsequently cloned, and its endogenous ligand ghrelin was later isolated from the stomach. Ghrelin is a 28-amino acid peptide, whose acylation is essential for binding to GHS-R type 1a and for the endocrine functions, including stimulation of GH secretion and subsequent food intake. Unacylated ghrelin, the other ghrelin form, although devoid of GHS-R binding is an active peptide, sharing many peripheral effects with acylated ghrelin (AG). The ghrelin system is broadly expressed in myocardial tissues, where it exerts different functions. Indeed, ghrelin inhibits cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell apoptosis, and improves left ventricular (LV) function during ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. In rats with heart failure (HF), ghrelin improves LV dysfunction and attenuates the development of cardiac cachexia. Similarly, ghrelin exerts vasodilatory effects in humans, improves cardiac function and decreases systemic vascular resistance in patients with chronic HF. Obestatin is a recently identified ghrelin gene peptide. The physiological role of obestatin and its binding to the putative GPR39 receptor are still unclear, although protective effects have been demonstrated in the pancreas and heart. Similarly to AG, the hypothalamic peptide growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH release from the pituitary, through binding to the GHRH-receptor. Besides its proliferative effects in different cell types, at the cardiovascular level GHRH inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and reduces infarct size in both isolated rat heart after I/R and in vivo after myocardial infarction. Therefore, both ghrelin and GHRH exert cardioprotective effects, which make them candidate targets for therapeutic intervention in cardiovascular dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti, 14-10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Jörgen Isgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe Alloatti
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti, 14-10126 Turin, Italy
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24
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:83-98. [PMID: 21178692 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283432fa7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Müller TD, Perez-Tilve D, Tong J, Pfluger PT, Tschöp MH. Ghrelin and its potential in the treatment of eating/wasting disorders and cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010; 1:159-167. [PMID: 21475701 PMCID: PMC3060653 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-010-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal "hunger" hormone ghrelin is the only known circulating peripheral molecule with the ability to decrease body fat utilization and to increase body weight gain. Accordingly, due to ghrelin's effects to promote food intake while decreasing energy expenditure ghrelin may offer potential as a drug for treatment of eating/wasting disorders and cachexia. Therapeutic potential of ghrelin and ghrelin analogues to promote food intake and body weight gain was recently indicated in several clinical studies. The recent discovery of the ghrelin O-acyltransferase as the key enzyme responsible for ghrelin acylation has further deepened our understanding of ghrelin activation, thereby paving the way for more efficient targeting of the ghrelin pathway. Here, we summarize the current knowledge pertaining to the potential of the endogenous ghrelin system as a drug target for the treatment of eating/wasting disorders and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo D. Müller
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jenny Tong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Paul T. Pfluger
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Matthias H. Tschöp
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Metabolic Diseases Institute, Cincinnati, OH USA
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26
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:293-304. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e328340e983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Xu JP, Wang HX, Wang W, Zhang LK, Tang CS. Ghrelin improves disturbed myocardial energy metabolism in rats with heart failure induced by isoproterenol. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:392-402. [PMID: 20572026 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effects of ghrelin on disturbed myocardial energy metabolism during chronic heart failure (CHF). Rats were subcutaneously injected with isoproterenol (ISO) for 10 days with or without ghrelin for another 10 days. Enzyme immunoassay was to measure ghrelin concentrations. Compared with the control group, ISO-treated rats showed suppressed cardiac function with high ghrelin/GHS-R expressions. These rats also showed the decreases in food consumption and weight. The decreased levels of plasma glucose and myocardial glucogen, but the high lactate in blood and myocardium showed myocardial metabolic disturbance. Compared with the group given ISO alone, the rats with ghrelin (20 and 100 microg/kg/day) improved cardiac dysfunction and increased food intake by 13.5 and 14.2% (both P < 0.01), and rate of weight gain by 95% (P < 0.05) and 1.71-fold (P < 0.01), respectively. The plasma glucose were increased by 49.7 and 50.8% (both P < 0.01), and myocardial glucogen, by 40.5 and 51.7% (both P < 0.01), but blood lactate decreased by 1.56- and 1.96-fold (both P < 0.01), and myocardial lactate by 32.1 and 48.7% (both P < 0.05), respectively. Their MCT1 mRNA and protein expressions increased. The myocardial ghrelin/GHS-R pathway can be upregulated during CHF. The ghrelin can attenuate cardiac dysfunction and energy metabolic disturbance in CHF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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28
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Maier C, Riedl M, Vila G, Wolzt M, Clodi M, Ludvik B, Luger A. Differential regulation of plasma obestatin and ghrelin by meal intake and the cholinergic system in lean, but not obese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:E214-8. [PMID: 20660037 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obestatin is cosecreted with and stemming from the same precursor as ghrelin and is apparently involved in energy metabolism. Relatively little is known about the regulation of obestatin release. OBJECTIVE The regulation of obestatin release and obestatin-to-ghrelin ratios by meal intake and the cholinergic system were studied in lean and obese subjects. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS, AND SETTING We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study with 4 study days in eight obese (body mass index >30 kg/m(2)) and eight matched lean (body mass index <25 kg/m(2)) healthy subjects (two males and six females per group) at a University Clinical Research Unit. INTERVENTIONS Atropine (1 mg iv) was administered alone and in combination with breakfast (550 kcal) intake, or placebo (isotonic saline) alone and in combination with breakfast. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured plasma obestatin and obestatin/ghrelin ratios. RESULTS Both obestatin and ghrelin/obestatin ratios decreased significantly from baseline by either atropine or meal intake in lean individuals, with the two effects adding up on the combined atropine/breakfast day. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences in obese subjects, who also showed significantly greater association between ghrelin and obestatin values than their lean counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Obestatin and ghrelin release is differentially regulated by meal intake and the cholinergic system in lean individuals. This regulation is impaired in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Maier
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Clinics of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Cheung WW, Mak RH. Ghrelin in chronic kidney disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:567343. [PMID: 20721357 PMCID: PMC2915808 DOI: 10.1155/2010/567343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often exhibit symptoms of anorexia and cachexia, which are associated with decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Chronic inflammation may be an important mechanism for the development of anorexia, cachexia, renal osteodystrophy, and increased cardiovascular risk in CKD. Ghrelin is a gastric hormone. The biological effects of ghrelin are mediated through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). The salutary effects of ghrelin on food intake and meal appreciation suggest that ghrelin could be an effective treatment for anorexic CKD patients. In addition to its appetite-stimulating effects, ghrelin has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties. The known metabolic effects of ghrelin and the potential implications in CKD will be discussed in this review. The strength, shortcomings, and unanswered questions related to ghrelin treatment in CKD will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai W. Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code no. 0634, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
| | - Robert H. Mak
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail code no. 0634, La Jolla, CA 92093-0634, USA
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