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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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Green BD, Grieve DJ. Biochemical properties and biological actions of obestatin and its relevence in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:249-259. [PMID: 29412827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was initially discovered in rat stomach extract, and although it is principally produced in the gastric mucosa, it can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide is derived from preproghrelin and has been ascribed a wide range of metabolic effects relevant to type 2 diabetes. Obestatin reportedly inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces food intake and lowers body weight and improves lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it appears to exert actions on the pancreatic β-cell, most notably increasing β-cell mass and upregulating genes associated with insulin production and β-cell regeneration, with relevance to type 2 diabetes. It is becoming evident that obestatin also exerts pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, possibly modulating blood pressure, endothelial function and triggering cardioprotective mechanisms, which may be important in determining cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it seems that like other gut peptides obestatin has neuroprotective properties. This review examines the biochemical properties of the obestatin peptide (its structure, sequence, stability and distribution) and the candidate receptors through which it may act. It provides a balanced examination of the reported pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of obestatin and evaluates its potential relevance with respect to diabetes therapy, together with discussion of direct evidence linking alterations in obestatin signalling with obesity/diabetes and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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3
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Changes in Behavior and Blood Corticosterone Level in Male and Female Rats after Single Administration of Obestatin Fragment 1-4. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:218-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cowan E, Burch KJ, Green BD, Grieve DJ. Obestatin as a key regulator of metabolism and cardiovascular function with emerging therapeutic potential for diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2165-81. [PMID: 27111465 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated gastrointestinal peptide derived from preproghrelin and which forms an α helix. Although obestatin has a short biological half-life and is rapidly degraded, it is proposed to exert wide-ranging pathophysiological actions. Whilst the precise nature of many of its effects is unclear, accumulating evidence supports positive actions on both metabolism and cardiovascular function. For example, obestatin has been reported to inhibit food and water intake, body weight gain and gastrointestinal motility and also to mediate promotion of cell survival and prevention of apoptosis. Obestatin-induced increases in beta cell mass, enhanced adipogenesis and improved lipid metabolism have been noted along with up-regulation of genes associated with beta cell regeneration, insulin production and adipogenesis. Furthermore, human circulating obestatin levels generally demonstrate an inverse association with obesity and diabetes, whilst the peptide has been shown to confer protective metabolic effects in experimental diabetes, suggesting that it may hold therapeutic potential in this setting. Obestatin also appears to be involved in blood pressure regulation and to exert beneficial effects on endothelial function, with experimental studies indicating that it may also promote cardioprotective actions against, for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This review will present a critical appraisal of the expanding obestatin research area and discuss the emerging therapeutic potential of this peptide for both metabolic and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cowan
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Kerry J Burch
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
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Khirazova EE, Maslova MV, Motorykina ES, Frid DA, Graf AV, Maklakova AS, Sokolova NA, Kamenskii AA. Effects of single intranasal administration of obestatin fragments on the body weight and feeding and drinking behaviors. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2014; 453:336-7. [PMID: 24385164 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496613060070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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De Ricco R, Valensin D, Gaggelli E, Valensin G. Conformation propensities of des-acyl-ghrelin as probed by CD and NMR. Peptides 2013; 43:62-7. [PMID: 23470254 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Des-acyl-ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide secreted by both human and rat stomach. Together with ghrelin and obestatin, it is obtained by post-translational modification of a 117 aminoacid prepropeptide mainly expressed in distinct endocrine cell type in the stomach. Although its receptor has not been unambiguously identified so far, des-acyl-ghrelin is considered one of the strongest antagonists of ghrelin in activating the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Here the secondary structure of des-acyl-ghrelin in different experimental conditions has been investigated and compared with that of obestatin, a bioactive peptide having similar biological functions. CD and NMR techniques have been combined for gaining the desired conformational features. The obtained structures support a steady alpha-helix structure spanning residues from 7 to 14, very similar to that observed for obestatin at the same experimental conditions, leading to suggest that a similar secondary structure can be associated with the similar biological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo De Ricco
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Alén BO, Nieto L, Gurriarán-Rodríguez U, Mosteiro CS, Álvarez-Pérez JC, Otero-Alén M, Camiña JP, Gallego R, García-Caballero T, Martín-Pastor M, Casanueva FF, Jiménez-Barbero J, Pazos Y. The NMR structure of human obestatin in membrane-like environments: insights into the structure-bioactivity relationship of obestatin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45434. [PMID: 23056203 PMCID: PMC3464274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for therapeutic applications of obestatin involves, as a first step, the determination of its 3D solution structure and the relationship between this structure and the biological activity of obestatin. On this basis, we have employed a combination of circular dichroism (CD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and modeling techniques to determine the solution structure of human obestatin (1). Other analogues, including human non-amidated obestatin (2) and the fragment peptides (6–23)-obestatin (3), (11–23)-obestatin (4), and (16–23)-obestatin (5) have also been scrutinized. These studies have been performed in a micellar environment to mimic the cell membrane (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). Furthermore, structural-activity relationship studies have been performed by assessing the in vitro proliferative capabilities of these peptides in the human retinal pigmented epithelial cell line ARPE-19 (ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, Ki67 expression, and cellular proliferation). Our findings emphasize the importance of both the primary structure (composition and size) and particular segments of the obestatin molecule that posses significant α-helical characteristics. Additionally, details of a species-specific role for obestatin have also been hypothesized by comparing human and mouse obestatins (1 and 6, respectively) at both the structural and bioactivity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña O. Alén
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lidia Nieto
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CIB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Uxía Gurriarán-Rodríguez
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos S. Mosteiro
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan C. Álvarez-Pérez
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Otero-Alén
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús P. Camiña
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosalía Gallego
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás García-Caballero
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Martín-Pastor
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Unidad de Resonancia Magnética, RIAIDT, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Yolanda Pazos
- Área de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (CHUS), SERGAS, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Agnew AJ, Robinson E, McVicar CM, Harvey AP, Ali IHA, Lindsay JE, McDonald DM, Green BD, Grieve DJ. The gastrointestinal peptide obestatin induces vascular relaxation via specific activation of endothelium-dependent NO signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:327-38. [PMID: 22035179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Obestatin is a recently discovered gastrointestinal peptide with established metabolic actions, which is linked to diabetes and may exert cardiovascular benefits. Here we aimed to investigate the specific effects of obestatin on vascular relaxation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cumulative relaxation responses to obestatin peptides were assessed in rat isolated aorta and mesenteric artery (n≥ 8) in the presence and absence of selective inhibitors. Complementary studies were performed in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). KEY RESULTS Obestatin peptides elicited concentration-dependent relaxation in both aorta and mesenteric artery. Responses to full-length obestatin(1-23) were greater than those to obestatin(1-10) and obestatin(11-23). Obestatin(1-23)-induced relaxation was attenuated by endothelial denudation, l-NAME (NOS inhibitor), high extracellular K(+) , GDP-β-S (G-protein inhibitor), MDL-12,330A (adenylate cyclase inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), KN-93 (CaMKII inhibitor), ODQ (guanylate cyclase inhibitor) and iberiotoxin (BK(Ca) blocker), suggesting that it is mediated by an endothelium-dependent NO signalling cascade involving an adenylate cyclase-linked GPCR, PI3K/PKB, Ca(2+) -dependent eNOS activation, soluble guanylate cyclase and modulation of vascular smooth muscle K(+) . Supporting data from BAEC indicated that nitrite production, intracellular Ca(2+) and PKB phosphorylation were increased after exposure to obestatin(1-23). Relaxations to obestatin(1-23) were unaltered by inhibitors of candidate endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) and combined SK(Ca) /IK(Ca) blockade, suggesting that EDHF-mediated pathways were not involved. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Obestatin produces significant vascular relaxation via specific activation of endothelium-dependent NO signalling. These actions may be important in normal regulation of vascular function and are clearly relevant to diabetes, a condition characterized by endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Agnew
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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De Spiegeleer B, Van Dorpe S, Vergote V, Wynendaele E, Pauwels E, Van De Wiele C, Garcia-Solis P, Solis-Sainz JC. In vitro metabolic stability of iodinated obestatin peptides. Peptides 2012; 33:272-8. [PMID: 22222609 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Different iodinated mouse obestatin peptides have been characterized toward their in vitro stability in the main metabolic compartments plasma, liver and kidney. Using HPLC-UV for quantification, significant differences in the degradation kinetics of the iodinated peptides, arising from both enzymatic proteolysis and dehalogenation, were found when compared to the native, unmodified peptide. HPLC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated that the cleavage sites were dependent upon the biological matrix and the location of the amino acid residue incorporating the iodine atom(s). The degrading proteases were found to target peptide bonds further away from the iodine incorporation, while proteolytic cleavages of nearby peptide bonds were more limited. Diiodinated amino acid residue containing peptides were found to be more susceptible to deiodination than the mono-iodinated derivative. In plasma, the percentage of peptide degradation solely attributed to deiodinase activity after 20 min incubation reached up to 25% for 2,5-diiodo-H(19)-obestatin compared to 20% and only 3% for (3,5-diiodo-Y(16))- and (3-iodo-Y(16)) obestatin, respectively. Hence, our results demonstrate that the different iodinated peptides pose significantly different metabolization properties and thus, also different biological activities are expected for peptides upon iodination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Spiegeleer
- Drug Quality and Registration Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Agnew A, Calderwood D, Chevallier OP, Greer B, Grieve DJ, Green BD. Chronic treatment with a stable obestatin analog significantly alters plasma triglyceride levels but fails to influence food intake; fluid intake; body weight; or body composition in rats. Peptides 2011; 32:755-62. [PMID: 21167891 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin (OB(1-23) is a 23 amino acid peptide encoded on the preproghrelin gene, originally reported to have metabolic actions related to food intake, gastric emptying and body weight. The biological instability of OB(1-23) has recently been highlighted by studies demonstrating its rapid enzymatic cleavage in a number of biological matrices. We assessed the stability of both OB(1-23) and an N-terminally PEGylated analog (PEG-OB(1-23)) before conducting chronic in vivo studies. Peptides were incubated in rat liver homogenate and degradation monitored by LC-MS. PEG-OB(1-23) was approximately 3-times more stable than OB(1-23). Following a 14 day infusion of Sprague-Dawley rats with 50 nmol/kg/day of OB(1-23) or a N-terminally PEGylated analog (PEG-OB(1-23)), we found no changes in food/fluid intake, body weight and plasma glucose or cholesterol between groups. Furthermore, morphometric liver, muscle and white adipose tissue (WAT) weights and tissue triglyceride concentrations remained unaltered between groups. However, with stabilized PEG-OB(1-23) we observed a 40% reduction in plasma triglycerides. These findings indicate that PEG-OB(1-23) is an OB(1-23) analog with significantly enhanced stability and suggest that obestatin could play a role in modulating physiological lipid metabolism, although it does not appear to be involved in regulation of food/fluid intake, body weight or fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agnew
- School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
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