1
|
Donato J, Wasinski F, Furigo IC, Metzger M, Frazão R. Central Regulation of Metabolism by Growth Hormone. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010129. [PMID: 33440789 PMCID: PMC7827386 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the pituitary gland, and in addition to its classical functions of regulating height, protein synthesis, tissue growth, and cell proliferation, GH exerts profound effects on metabolism. In this regard, GH stimulates lipolysis in white adipose tissue and antagonizes insulin's effects on glycemic control. During the last decade, a wide distribution of GH-responsive neurons were identified in numerous brain areas, especially in hypothalamic nuclei, that control metabolism. The specific role of GH action in different neuronal populations is now starting to be uncovered, and so far, it indicates that the brain is an important target of GH for the regulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and glycemia and neuroendocrine changes, particularly in response to different forms of metabolic stress such as glucoprivation, food restriction, and physical exercise. The objective of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge about the potential role of GH action in the brain for the regulation of different metabolic aspects. The findings gathered here allow us to suggest that GH represents a hormonal factor that conveys homeostatic information to the brain to produce metabolic adjustments in order to promote energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Donato
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-1130910929
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Isadora C. Furigo
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Metzger
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (F.W.); (I.C.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Renata Frazão
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Quaresma PGF, Teixeira PDS, Furigo IC, Wasinski F, Couto GC, Frazão R, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Donato J. Growth hormone/STAT5 signaling in proopiomelanocortin neurons regulates glucoprivic hyperphagia. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110574. [PMID: 31494175 PMCID: PMC6814575 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several hypothalamic neuronal populations are directly responsive to growth hormone (GH) and central GH action regulates glucose and energy homeostasis. However, the potential role of GH signaling in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons has not been studied yet. Thus, we investigated whether POMC neurons are responsive to GH and if ablation of GH receptor (GHR) or STAT5 in POMC cells leads to metabolic imbalances. Approximately 60% of POMC neurons of the arcuate nucleus exhibited STAT5 phosphorylation after intracerebroventricular GH injection. Ablation of GHR or STAT5 in POMC cells did not affect energy or glucose homeostasis. However, glucoprivic hyperphagia was blunted in male and female GHR knockout mice, and in male POMC-specific STAT5 knockout mice. Additionally, the absence of GHR in POMC neurons decreased glycemia during prolonged food restriction in male mice. Thus, GH action in POMC neurons regulates glucoprivic hyperphagia as well as blood glucose levels during prolonged food restriction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula G F Quaresma
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Frederick Wasinski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gisele C Couto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Furigo IC, de Souza GO, Teixeira PDS, Guadagnini D, Frazão R, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Prada PO, Donato J. Growth hormone enhances the recovery of hypoglycemia via ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. FASEB J 2019; 33:11909-11924. [PMID: 31366244 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted during hypoglycemia, and GH-responsive neurons are found in brain areas containing glucose-sensing neurons that regulate the counter-regulatory response (CRR). However, whether GH modulates the CRR to hypoglycemia via specific neuronal populations is currently unknown. Mice carrying ablation of GH receptor (GHR) either in leptin receptor (LepR)- or steroidogenic factor-1 (SF1)-expressing cells were studied. We also investigated the importance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) signaling in SF1 cells for the CRR. GHR ablation in LepR cells led to impaired capacity to recover from insulin-induced hypoglycemia and to a blunted CRR caused by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) administration. GHR inactivation in SF1 cells, which include ventromedial hypothalamic neurons, also attenuated the CRR. The reduced CRR was prevented by parasympathetic blockers. Additionally, infusion of 2DG produced an abnormal hyperactivity of parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, whereas the 2DG-induced activation of anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis neurons was reduced in mice without GHR in SF1 cells. Mice carrying ablation of Stat5a/b genes in SF1 cells showed no defects in the CRR. In summary, GHR expression in SF1 cells is required for a normal CRR, and these effects are largely independent of STAT5 pathway.-Furigo, I. C., de Souza, G. O., Teixeira, P. D. S., Guadagnini, D., Frazão, R., List, E. O., Kopchick, J. J., Prada, P. O., Donato, J., Jr. Growth hormone enhances the recovery of hypoglycemia via ventromedial hypothalamic neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isadora C Furigo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel O de Souza
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pryscila D S Teixeira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dioze Guadagnini
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazão
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward O List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute and Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Patricia O Prada
- School of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas, Limeira, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oh TS, Cho H, Cho JH, Yu SW, Kim EK. Hypothalamic AMPK-induced autophagy increases food intake by regulating NPY and POMC expression. Autophagy 2016; 12:2009-2025. [PMID: 27533078 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1215382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) plays important roles in the regulation of food intake by altering the expression of orexigenic or anorexigenic neuropeptides. However, little is known about the mechanisms of this regulation. Here, we report that hypothalamic AMPK modulates the expression of NPY (neuropeptide Y), an orexigenic neuropeptide, and POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin-α), an anorexigenic neuropeptide, by regulating autophagic activity in vitro and in vivo. In hypothalamic cell lines subjected to low glucose availability such as 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG)-induced glucoprivation or glucose deprivation, autophagy was induced via the activation of AMPK, which regulates ULK1 and MTOR complex 1 followed by increased Npy and decreased Pomc expression. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of autophagy diminished the effect of AMPK on neuropeptide expression in hypothalamic cell lines. Moreover, AMPK knockdown in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus decreased autophagic activity and changed Npy and Pomc expression, leading to a reduction in food intake and body weight. AMPK knockdown abolished the orexigenic effects of intraperitoneal 2DG injection by decreasing autophagy and changing Npy and Pomc expression in mice fed a high-fat diet. We suggest that the induction of autophagy is a possible mechanism of AMPK-mediated regulation of neuropeptide expression and control of feeding in response to low glucose availability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Seok Oh
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Hanchae Cho
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Cho
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Seong-Woon Yu
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Kim
- a Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea.,b Neurometabolomics Research Center , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology , Dalseong-gun , Daegu , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gotthardt JD, Verpeut JL, Yeomans BL, Yang JA, Yasrebi A, Roepke TA, Bello NT. Intermittent Fasting Promotes Fat Loss With Lean Mass Retention, Increased Hypothalamic Norepinephrine Content, and Increased Neuropeptide Y Gene Expression in Diet-Induced Obese Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:679-91. [PMID: 26653760 PMCID: PMC4733124 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate alternate-day, intermittent fasting (IMF) protocols result in meaningful weight loss in obese individuals. To further understand the mechanisms sustaining weight loss by IMF, we investigated the metabolic and neural alterations of IMF in obese mice. Male C57/BL6 mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 45% fat) ad libitum for 8 weeks to promote an obese phenotype. Mice were divided into four groups and either maintained on ad libitum HFD, received alternate-day access to HFD (IMF-HFD), and switched to ad libitum low-fat diet (LFD; 10% fat) or received IMF of LFD (IMF-LFD). After 4 weeks, IMF-HFD (∼13%) and IMF-LFD (∼18%) had significantly lower body weights than the HFD. Body fat was also lower (∼40%-52%) in all diet interventions. Lean mass was increased in the IMF-LFD (∼12%-13%) compared with the HFD and IMF-HFD groups. Oral glucose tolerance area under the curve was lower in the IMF-HFD (∼50%), whereas the insulin tolerance area under the curve was reduced in all diet interventions (∼22%-42%). HPLC measurements of hypothalamic tissue homogenates indicated higher (∼55%-60%) norepinephrine (NE) content in the anterior regions of the medial hypothalamus of IMF compared with the ad libitum-fed groups, whereas NE content was higher (∼19%-32%) in posterior regions in the IMF-LFD group only. Relative gene expression of Npy in the arcuate nucleus was increased (∼65%-75%) in IMF groups. Our novel findings indicate that intermittent fasting produces alterations in hypothalamic NE and neuropeptide Y, suggesting the counterregulatory processes of short-term weight loss are associated with an IMF dietary strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliet D Gotthardt
- Department of Animal Sciences (J.D.G., J.L.V., B.L.Y., J.A.Y., A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program (J.D.G., B.L.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (J.L.V., J.A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (T.A.R., N.T.B.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 0890
| | - Jessica L Verpeut
- Department of Animal Sciences (J.D.G., J.L.V., B.L.Y., J.A.Y., A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program (J.D.G., B.L.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (J.L.V., J.A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (T.A.R., N.T.B.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 0890
| | - Bryn L Yeomans
- Department of Animal Sciences (J.D.G., J.L.V., B.L.Y., J.A.Y., A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program (J.D.G., B.L.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (J.L.V., J.A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (T.A.R., N.T.B.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 0890
| | - Jennifer A Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences (J.D.G., J.L.V., B.L.Y., J.A.Y., A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program (J.D.G., B.L.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (J.L.V., J.A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (T.A.R., N.T.B.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 0890
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences (J.D.G., J.L.V., B.L.Y., J.A.Y., A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program (J.D.G., B.L.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (J.L.V., J.A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (T.A.R., N.T.B.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 0890
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences (J.D.G., J.L.V., B.L.Y., J.A.Y., A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program (J.D.G., B.L.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (J.L.V., J.A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (T.A.R., N.T.B.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 0890
| | - Nicholas T Bello
- Department of Animal Sciences (J.D.G., J.L.V., B.L.Y., J.A.Y., A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program (J.D.G., B.L.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences (J.L.V., J.A.Y., T.A.R., N.T.B.), and New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition, and Health (T.A.R., N.T.B.), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 0890
| |
Collapse
|