1
|
Fleischer AW, Fox LC, Davies DR, Vinzant NJ, Scholl JL, Forster GL. Sub-region expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the dorsal hippocampus and amygdala is Affected by mild traumatic brain injury and stress in male rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23339. [PMID: 38169784 PMCID: PMC10758828 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The US population suffers 1.5 million head injuries annually, of which mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) comprise 75%. Many individuals subsequently experience long-lasting negative symptoms, including anxiety. Previous rat-based work in our laboratory has shown that mTBI changes neuronal counts in the hippocampus and amygdala, regions associated with anxiety. Specifically, mTBI increased neuronal death in the dorsal CA1 sub-region of the hippocampus, but attenuated it in the medial (MeA) and the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala nine days following injury, which was associated with greater anxiety. We have also shown that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonism prior to concomitant stress and mTBI extinguishes anxiety-like behaviors. Using immunohistochemistry, this study examines the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) following social defeat and mTBI, and whether this is affected by prior glucocorticoid receptor antagonism as a potential mechanism behind these anxiety and neuronal differences. Here, stress and mTBI upregulate BDNF in the MeA, and both GR and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism downregulate BDNF in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus, as well as the central nucleus of the amygdala. These findings suggest BDNF plays a role in the mechanism underlying neuronal changes following mTBI in amygdalar and hippocampal subregions, and may participate in stress elicited changes to neural plasticity in these regions. Taken together, these results suggest an essential role for BDNF in the development of anxiety behaviors following concurrent stress and mTBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Fleischer
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2441 East Hartford Ave., Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Laura C. Fox
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Daniel R. Davies
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Education, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nathan J. Vinzant
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jamie L. Scholl
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Gina L. Forster
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song Q, Huang W, Ye W, Yan H, Wang L, Yang Y, Cheng X, Zhang W, Zheng J, He P, He Y, Fang D, Han X. Neuroprotective Effects of Estrogen Through BDNF-Transient Receptor Potential Channels 6 Signaling Pathway in the Hippocampus in a Rat Model of Perimenopausal Depression. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:869274. [PMID: 35875795 PMCID: PMC9305198 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.869274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) has been proven to be effective in treating perimenopausal depression (PD); however, the downstream signaling pathways have not been fully elucidated. Transient receptor potential channels 6 (TRPC6) plays a vital role in promoting neuronal development and the formation of excitatory synapses. At present, we found that the serum levels of E2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) declined significantly in the women with PD compared to perimenopausal women, which was accompanied by a clear reduction in TRPC6 levels. To further reveal the effects of TRPC6 on neuronal survival and excitability, the PD-like rat model was established by the total removal of left ovary and 80% removal of right ovary followed by 21 days of the chronic unpredictable mild stress. Intragastric administration of E2 (2 mg/kg), intraperitoneal injection of BDNF/TrB signaling pathway inhibitor (K252a, 100 μg/kg) and TRPC6 agonist (OAG, 0.6 mg/kg), and intracerebroventricular infusion of anti-BDNF antibody for blocking BDNF (0.5 μg/24 μl/rat) daily for 21 days were conducted. The levels of BDNF and TRPC6 in rat serum were lower in PD rats compared to the control rats; the depression-like behavior was induced, the neuronal death rate in the hippocampus increased, and the thickness of postsynaptic density (PSD) and the number of asymmetric synapses decreased significantly in the PD group. E2 treatment greatly upregulated the serum levels of BDNF and TRPC6, the neuronal excitability indicated by an elevation in the PSD thickness and the numbers of asymmetric synapses, and these actions were reversed by K252a; co-administration of TRPC6 agonist and K252a improved neuronal degeneration and increased the neuronal excitability induced in the E2-treated PD rats. K252a or anti-BDNF antibody inhibited the increased neuronal BDNF and TRPC6 expression in E2-treated PD rats; co-treatment of TRPC6 agonist and anti-BDNF antibody reduced neuronal death and increased the BDNF and TRPC6 expression in the hippocampal CA1 neurons in the E2-treated PD rats. These results suggest that the neuroprotective role of E2 in PD is closely related to enhance the activity of BDNF/TRPC6 pathway and is helpful to provide new prevention and strategies.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abebe EC, Mengstie MA, Seid MA, Malik T, Dejenie TA. The evolving roles of alarin in physiological and disease conditions, and its future potential clinical implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1028982. [PMID: 36246892 PMCID: PMC9556965 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1028982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarin is a member of the galanin family of neuropeptides that is widely expressed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues in humans and rodents. It was initially isolated fifteen years ago in ganglionic cells of human neuroblastoma. Subsequently, it was demonstrated to be broadly distributed in the blood vessels, skin, eyes, peripheral and central nervous systems, thymus, gastrointestinal tract, and endocrine organs of different species. Alarin is a 25 amino acid neuropeptide derived from the alternative splicing of the GALP gene, missing exon 3. It is found to be involved in several physiological functions that include feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, glucose homeostasis, body temperature, and reproduction. It has also vasoactive, anti-inflammatory, anti-edema, and antimicrobial activities. However, the physiological effects of alarin have not been fully elucidated and the receptors that mediate these effects are not currently known. Unearthing the novel biological effects of alarin and its unidentified receptors will therefore be a task in future biomedical research. In addition, alarin is involved in various disease conditions, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension, cardiac fibrosis, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and depression. Thus, alarin may serve as a promising tool for future pharmacological treatment and diagnosis. But further research is awaited to confirm whether alarin has a protective or pathological role in these diseases. This article provides a comprehensive review on the evolving implications of alarin in a variety of physiological and disease conditions, and its future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Endeshaw Chekol Abebe,
| | - Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdu Seid
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abebe EC, Mengstie MA, Seid MA, Dejenie TA. Regulatory effects and potential therapeutic implications of alarin in depression, and arguments on its receptor. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1051235. [PMID: 36506414 PMCID: PMC9732279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1051235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarin is a pleiotropic peptide involved in a multitude of putative biological activities, notably, it has a regulatory effect on depression-like behaviors. Although further elucidating research is needed, animal-based cumulative evidence has shown the antidepressant-like effects of alarin. In light of its regulatory role in depression, alarin could be used as a promising antidepressant in future treatment for depression. Nevertheless, the available information is still insufficient and the therapeutic relevance of alarin in depression is still of concern. Moreover, a plethora of studies have reported that the actions of alarin, including antidepressant activities, are mediated by a separate yet unidentified receptor, highlighting the need for more extensive research. This review focuses on the current understanding of the regulatory effects and future therapeutic relevance of alarin on depression, and the arguments on its receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Endeshaw Chekol Abebe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Misganaw Asmamaw Mengstie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Abdu Seid
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Asmamaw Dejenie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu W, Fan X, Zhou B, Li L, Tian B, Fang X, Xu X, Liu H, Yang G, Liu Y. Circulating alarin concentrations are high in patients with type 2 diabetes and increased by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment: An Consort-compliant study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16428. [PMID: 31305464 PMCID: PMC6641675 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Alarin has been reported to be relative to food intake and an increase in body weight. However, to date, no report has demonstrated the relationship between circulating alarin and diabetes in humans. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to gain insight into the possible role of alarin in humans. DESIGN AND METHODS 164 patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (nT2DM), 112 IGT and 134 healthy subjects were recruited for this study. In an interventional study, 29 nT2DM patients were treated by a weekly GLP-1RA for 6 months. Plasma alarin concentrations were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Circulating alarin concentrations were significantly higher in both IGT and nT2DM subjects than in healthy individuals (0.40 ± 0.14 and 0.54 ± 0.24 vs 0.37 ± 0.10 μg/L, P < .05 or P < .01), whereas in T2DM patients, circulating alarin levels were higher than in IGT subjects. Circulating alarin positively correlated with FBG, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, AUCglucose and TNFα (P < .05 or P < .01). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that circulating alarin levels were correlated with IGT and T2DM. GLP-1RA treatment for 6 months increased circulating alarin levels in T2DM patients (from 0.34 ± 0.10 for baseline, to 0.39 ± 0.14 for 12 weeks, and finally to 0.38 ± 0.15 μg/L for 24 weeks; vs. pre-treatment P < .05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that alarin might be involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM in humans. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR-OCS-13003185 (18/03/2013 ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Hu
- Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases
| | - Xiaoyun Fan
- Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases
| | - Baoyong Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine (Ministry of Education) and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University
| | - Bo Tian
- Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases
| | - Xia Fang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University and Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University and Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gangyi Yang
- Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University and Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- Chongqing Prevention and Treatment Hospital for Occupational Diseases
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gołyszny M, Obuchowicz E. Are neuropeptides relevant for the mechanism of action of SSRIs? Neuropeptides 2019; 75:1-17. [PMID: 30824124 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs of first choice in the therapy of moderate to severe depression and anxiety disorders. Their primary mechanism of action is via influence of the serotonergic (5-HT) system, but a growing amount of data provides evidence for other non-monoaminergic players in SSRI effects. It is assumed that neuropeptides, which play a role as neuromodulators in the CNS, are involved in their mechanism of action. In this review we focus on six neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing factor - CRF, galanin - GAL, oxytocin - OT, vasopressin - AVP, neuropeptide Y - NPY, and orexins - OXs. First, information about their roles in depression and anxiety disorders are presented. Then, findings describing their interactions with the 5-HT system are summarized. These data provide background for analysis of the results of published preclinical and clinical studies related to SSRI effects on the neuropeptide systems. We also report findings showing how modulation of neuropeptide transmission influences behavioral and neurochemical effects of SSRIs. Finally, future research necessary for enriching our knowledge of SSRI mechanisms of action is proposed. Recognition of new molecular targets for antidepressants will have a significant effect on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for mood-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jabari S, Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Kofler B, Brehmer A. Alarin in different human intestinal epithelial cell types. Histochem Cell Biol 2019; 151:513-520. [PMID: 30612153 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1763-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alarin (AL), a new member of the galanin family, has been localized in various CNS regions, mainly in rodents. Among other effects, it modulates food intake. Therefore, we analyzed the immunohistochemical distribution pattern of AL in human intestinal epithelia. Cryosections of 12 human bowel samples were immunohistochemically double-stained for AL and α-defensin 5 (αD; first set). Two further sets of sections were quadruple-stained either (second set) for AL, chromogranin (CG), synaptophysin (SY), and somatostatin (SO) or (third set) for AL, CG, Peptide Y (PY), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Slides were digitized and quantitative analysis of co-localization rates was undertaken. Small bowel: most of AL-positive cells (56%) were αD-positive Paneth cells located within the base of the crypts (first set). In the second set, about 27% of AL-labeled cells were co-reactive for SY and CG, likely representing entero-endocrine cells. In the third set, the largest subpopulation of AL-positive cells was not co-reactive for other markers applied (89%); most of them were likely Paneth cells. Large bowel: co-localization of AL with αD was not detected (first set). In the second set, AL was frequently co-localized with the other three markers applied (68%). In the third set, AL was frequently co-localized with 5-HT and CG (31%) as well as with PY and 5-HT (22%). Due to its presence in various enteroendocrine as well as Paneth cells, AL may be involved in different physiological and pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Jabari
- Institute of Neuropathology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Falk Schrödl
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Department of Ophthalmology/Optometry, Research Program Experimental Ophthalmology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Axel Brehmer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang C, Gan D, Wu J, Liao M, Liao X, Ai W. Honokiol Exerts Antidepressant Effects in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress by Regulating Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Level and Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1519-1528. [PMID: 29855846 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Honokiol (HNK), the main active component of Magnolia officinalis, has shown a variety of pharmacological activities. In the present study, we measured the antidepressant-like effects of HNK in a rat model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and explored its possible mechanisms. The antidepressant-like effects of HNK were assessed in rats by an open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT) and forced swimming test (FST). Then, serum levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone (CORT) and hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) levels were assessed to explore the possible mechanisms. We identified that HNK treatment (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg) alleviated the CUMS-induced behavioural deficits. Treatment with HNK also normalized the CUMS-induced hyperactivity of the limbic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as indicated by reduced CRH, ACTH and CORT serum levels. In addition, HNK increased the expression of GRα (mRNA and protein) and BDNF (mRNA and protein) in the hippocampus. These data confirmed the antidepressant-like effects of HNK, which may be related to its normalizing the function of the HPA axis and increasing the BDNF level in the hippocampus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Canmao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Danna Gan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Jingang Wu
- The Second People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443000, China
| | - Minhui Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Xinghuan Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China
| | - Weipeng Ai
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bilobalide alleviates depression-like behavior and cognitive deficit induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 27:596-605. [PMID: 27509313 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bilobalide (BB), a unique constituent of Ginkgo biloba, has powerful neuroprotection and stress-alleviating properties. However, whether BB exerts a positive effect on depression and cognitive deficit induced by chronic stress is not known. The present study was designed to investigate the influence of BB on depression and cognitive impairments induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in mice. During daily exposure to stressors for 5 consecutive weeks, mice were administered BB at the doses of 0, 3, or 6 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally. We replicated the finding that CUMS induced depression-like behavior and cognitive deficits as the CUMS+vehicle (VEH) group showed a significant increase in immobility in the tail suspension test, a decrease in the discrimination index of the novel object recognition task, and increased latency to platform and decreased number of platform crossings in the Morris water maze compared with the control+VEH group. Chronic administration of BB effectively reversed these alterations. In addition, the CUMS+VEH group showed significantly higher levels of baseline serum corticosterone than those of the control+VEH group and BB dose-dependently inhibited this effect. Our results suggest that BB may be useful for inhibition of depression-like behavior and cognitive deficits, and this protective effect was possibly exerted partly through an action on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Mikó A, Füredi N, Tenk J, Rostás I, Soós S, Solymár M, Székely M, Balaskó M, Brunner SM, Kofler B, Pétervári E. Acute central effects of alarin on the regulation on energy homeostasis. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:117-122. [PMID: 27625299 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic neuropeptides influence the main components of energy balance: metabolic rate, food intake, body weight as well as body temperature, by exerting either an overall anabolic or catabolic effect. The contribution of alarin, the most recently discovered member of the galanin peptide family to the regulation of energy metabolism has been suggested. Our aim was to analyze the complex thermoregulatory and food intake-related effects of alarin in rats. Adult male Wistar rats received different doses of alarin (0.3; 1; 3 and 15μg corresponding approximately to 0.1, 0.33, 1, and 5 nmol, respectively) intracerebroventricularly. Regarding thermoregulatory analysis, oxygen consumption (indicating metabolic rate), core temperature and heat loss (assessed by tail skin temperature) were recorded in an Oxymax indirect calorimeter system complemented with thermocouples and Benchtop thermometer. In order to investigate potential prostaglandin-mediated mechanisms of the hyperthermic effect of alarin, effects of intraperitoneally applied non-selective (indomethacin, 2mg/kg) or selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor (COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam, 1; 2mg/kg) were tested. Effects of alarin on daytime and nighttime spontaneous food intake, as well as, 24-h fasting-induced re-feeding were recorded in an automated FeedScale system. Alarin increased oxygen consumption with simultaneous suppression of heat loss leading to a slow coordinated rise in core temperature. Both applied COX-inhibitors suppressed this action. Alarin failed to induce daytime food intake, but suppressed spontaneous nighttime and also fasting-induced re-feeding food intake. Alarin appears to elicit a slow anorexigenic and prostaglandin-mediated, fever-like hyperthermic response in rats. Such a combination would characterize a catabolic mediator. The potential involvement of alarin in sickness behavior may be assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mikó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Füredi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Judit Tenk
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Rostás
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Soós
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Margit Solymár
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Miklós Székely
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márta Balaskó
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Susanne M Brunner
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise - THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise - THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Erika Pétervári
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Du H, Zhao H, Lai X, Lin Q, Zhu Z, Chai Y, Lou Z. Metabolic profiles revealed synergistically antidepressant effects of lilies and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae in a rat model of depression. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 31. [PMID: 28009452 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Du
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
- Department of Pharmacy; Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital; Shanghai China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Xueli Lai
- Changhai Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Qishan Lin
- Proteomics/Mass Spec Facility, Center for Functional Genomics; State University of New York at Albany; New York USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Yifeng Chai
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Ziyang Lou
- School of Pharmacy; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Schisandra chinensis produces the antidepressant-like effects in repeated corticosterone-induced mice via the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway. Psychiatry Res 2016; 243:135-42. [PMID: 27387555 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the antidepressant-like effects and the possible mechanisms of Schisandra chinensis on depressive-like behavior induced by repeated corticosterone injections in mice. Here we evaluated the effect of an ethanol extract of the dried fruit of S. chinensis (EESC) on BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Three weeks of corticosterone injections in mice resulted in depressive-like behavior, as indicated by the significant decrease in sucrose consumption and increase the immobility time in the forced swim test, but without any influence on the locomotor activity. Further, there was a significant increase in serum corticosterone level and a significant downregulation of BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in CORT-treated mice. Treatment of mice with EESC (600mg/kg) significantly ameliorated all the behavioral and biochemical changes induced by corticosterone. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of BDNF signaling by K252a abolished entirely the antidepressant-like effect triggered by chronic EESC treatment. These results suggest that EESC produces an antidepressant-like effect in CORT-induced depression in mice, which is possibly mediated, at least in part, by rectifying the stress-based hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction paradigm and upregulation of BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
13
|
Liang Y, Yang X, Zhang X, Duan H, Jin M, Sun Y, Yuan H, Li J, Qi Y, Qiao W. Antidepressant-like effect of the saponins part of ethanol extract from SHF. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:307-314. [PMID: 27321411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Suanzaorenhehuan Formula (SHF) has been used for treating depression-like disorders for many years in China. The saponins part of the SHF (SSHF) extract was the antidepressant effective component. AIM OF STUDY To investigate the antidepressant-like effect of SSHF and its possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental approaches including the forced swim test (FST), the tail suspension test (TST) and unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) were used to evaluate the effects of SSHF. The possible mechanisms were explored by measuring monoamine neurotransmitter in mice frontal cortex and hippocampus, testing monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO) activities, antioxidant enzyme activities and free radicals levels in the brains of UCMS-exposed mice. RESULTS The results showed that SSHF (10, 20, 40mg/kg) significantly decreased the immobility period in FST and TST in mice after two-week treatment. Whereas, SSHF had no significant effect on locomotor activity in mice. It was also found that the serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NE) levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex were significantly increased only in 40mg/kg SSHF treated mice. In addition, SSHF (10, 20, 40mg/kg) significantly inhibited monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) after 21-day UCMS exposure. SSHF (10, 20, 40mg/kg) significantly decreased the nitrous oxide (NO) levels, and increased the activities of total antioxidant capability (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and catalase (CAT) in different degrees in the brains of UCMS-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that SSHF may effectively produce an antidepressant-like effect, which appeared to involve the serotonergic, noradrenergic, monoamine oxidase enzyme and antioxidant systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China
| | - Hongquan Duan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Meina Jin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Hengjie Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy/Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, PR China
| | - Junqiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Yuedong Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, PR China.
| | - Wei Qiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Barra de la Tremblaye P, Plamondon H. Alterations in the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurocircuitry: Insights into post stroke functional impairments. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 42:53-75. [PMID: 27455847 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well accepted that changes in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis may increase susceptibility to affective disorders in the general population, this link has been less examined in stroke patients. Yet, the bidirectional association between depression and cardiovascular disease is strong, and stress increases vulnerability to stroke. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is the central stress hormone of the HPA axis pathway and acts by binding to CRH receptors (CRHR) 1 and 2, which are located in several stress-related brain regions. Evidence from clinical and animal studies suggests a role for CRH in the neurobiological basis of depression and ischemic brain injury. Given its importance in the regulation of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral correlates of adaptation and maladaptation to stress, CRH is likely associated in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional impairments. The goals of this review article are to examine the clinical and experimental data describing (1) that CRH regulates the molecular signaling brain circuit underlying anxiety- and depression-like behaviors, (2) the influence of CRH and other stress markers in the pathophysiology of post stroke emotional and cognitive impairments, and (3) context and site specific interactions of CRH and BDNF as a basis for the development of novel therapeutic targets. This review addresses how the production and release of the neuropeptide CRH within the various regions of the mesocorticolimbic system influences emotional and cognitive behaviors with a look into its role in psychiatric disorders post stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Barra de la Tremblaye
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - H Plamondon
- School of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier, Vanier Building, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhuang F, Li M, Gao X, Wang Y, Wang D, Ma X, Ma T, Gu S. The antidepressant-like effect of alarin is related to TrkB-mTOR signaling and synaptic plasticity. Behav Brain Res 2016; 313:158-171. [PMID: 27374162 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alarin is a newly derived neuropeptide from a splice variant of the galanin-like peptide gene. We previously showed that alarin has an antidepressant-like effect by increasing the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) pathways, mediated by the tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor in the unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mouse model. Administration of rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, prevents the rapid antidepressant-like effect induced by ketamine in animal models, indicating a vital role of mTOR in depression pathophysiology. mTOR is a target of the ERK and AKT pathways that regulates the initiation of protein translation via its downstream components: ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). Therefore, we hypothesized that the antidepressant-like effects of alarin were achieved by activating ERK/AKT pathways, increasing the activity of mTOR and its downstream signaling components that contribute to protein synthesis required for synaptic plasticity. Our results suggest that intracerebroventricular administration of alarin significantly ameliorates depression-like behaviors in the UCMS mouse model. Furthermore, alarin restored UCMS-induced reductions of p70S6K and post-synaptic density 95 (PSD-95) mRNA levels, and of phospho-mTOR and phospho-4EBP1 in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb. Additionally, alarin reversed the UCMS-induced downregulation of PSD-95 and synapsin I protein expression in these brain regions. Thus, the antidepressant-like effects of alarin may be mediated by restoring decreased activity of the mTOR signaling pathway and expression of synaptic proteins. Our findings help advance the understanding of depression pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhi Zhuang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang, Suzhou 215200, China
| | - Mei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Jiangyin, Wuxi 214400, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Shuling Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Petschner P, Juhasz G, Tamasi V, Adori C, Tothfalusi L, Hökfelt T, Bagdy G. Chronic venlafaxine treatment fails to alter the levels of galanin system transcripts in normal rats. Neuropeptides 2016; 57:65-70. [PMID: 26891823 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that efficacy and speed of current antidepressants' therapeutic effect are far from optimal. Thus, there is a need for the development of antidepressants with new mechanisms of action. The neuropeptide galanin and its receptors (GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3) are among the promising targets. However, it is not clear whether or not the galanin system is involved in the antidepressant effect exerted by the currently much used inhibitors of the reuptake of serotonin and/or noradrenaline. To answer this question we administered the selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) venlafaxine (40mg/kg/day via osmotic minipumps) to normal rats and examined the levels of the transcripts for galanin and GalR1-3 after a 3-week venlafaxine treatment in the dorsal raphe, hippocampus and frontal cortex. These areas are known to be involved in the effects of antidepressants and in depression itself. Venlafaxine failed to alter the expression of any of the galanin system genes in these areas. Our results show that one of the most efficient, currently used SNRIs does not alter transcript levels of galanin or its three receptors in normal rats. These findings suggest that the pro- and antidepressive-like effects of galanin reported in animal experiments may employ a novel mechanism(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Petschner
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology & Neurochemistry Research Group, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology & Neurochemistry Research Group, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE-NAP B Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Hungary
| | - Viola Tamasi
- Department of Genetics-, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Adori
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary; Retzius Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laszlo Tothfalusi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Retzius Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary; MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology & Neurochemistry Research Group, H-1089, Nagyvarad ter 4., Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
ERK-dependent brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulation by hesperidin in mice exposed to chronic mild stress. Brain Res Bull 2016; 124:40-7. [PMID: 27018164 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A previous study found that the antidepressant-like effects of ethanolic extracts from Hemerocallis citrina are predominantly related to the flavonoid, hesperidin. The study herein aimed to explore the antidepressant-like mechanism of hesperidin in mice induced by chronic mild stress (CMS). The results indicated that hesperidin reversed the reduction of sucrose preference and the elevation of immobility time in mice induced by CMS. In addition, the increase in serum corticosterone levels and decrease in hippocampal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in CMS mice were also ameliorated by hesperidin treatment. In contrast, improvement by hesperidin was suppressed by pretreatment with ERK inhibitor SL327. Taken together, our findings confirmed the antidepressant-like effect of hesperidin and indicated that hesperidin-induced BDNF up-regulation was mediated in an ERK-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhuang F, Zhou X, Gao X, Lou D, Bi X, Qin S, Sun C, Ye P, Wang Y, Ma T, Li M, Gu S. Cytokines and glucocorticoid receptors are associated with the antidepressant-like effect of alarin. Peptides 2016; 76:115-29. [PMID: 26779986 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the physiological or pharmacological properties of alarin, a new neuropeptide belonging to the galanin family. We previously showed that alarin has an antidepressant-like effect and is associated with a decrease in the hyperactivity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that is observed in patients with depression using unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) mouse model of depression. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects have not been uncovered. Inflammatory cytokines are reportedly associated with depression. Animal studies and cytokine immune therapy in humans suggest that pro-inflammatory cytokines induce depressive symptomatology and potently activate the HPA axis, whereas anti-inflammatory cytokines may decrease activation. Thus, we first determined the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood and brain to evaluate whether the antidepressant-like effect of alarin in UCMS-treated mice is related to its regulation of these inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines disrupt the function and/or expression of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), which mediate the negative feedback of glucocorticoids on the HPA axis to keep it from being overactivated. We next explored the expression level of GRs in the brains of mice subjected to UCMS and to the administration of alarin. We found that intracerebroventricular administration of alarin significantly ameliorated depression-like behaviors in the UCMS-treated mice. Alarin restored the UCMS-induced an increase in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor α and a decrease in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 level in the blood, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus. Alarin also reversed the UCMS-induced down-regulation of GR expression in these brain regions. Thus, the antidepressant-like effects of alarin may be mediated by restoring altered pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels and GR expression to decrease HPA axis hyperactivity. Our findings provide additional knowledge to interpret the pathophysiology of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhi Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Dan Lou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Xuesheng Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Shoujun Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Chuxiao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Peng Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Mei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China
| | - Shuling Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou 221004, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang M, Zhou W, Zhou X, Zhuang F, Chen Q, Li M, Ma T, Gu S. Antidepressant-like effects of alarin produced by activation of TrkB receptor signaling pathways in chronic stress mice. Behav Brain Res 2015; 280:128-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|