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Ungureanu LB, Ghiciuc CM, Amalinei C, Ungureanu C, Petrovici CG, Stănescu RȘ. Antioxidants as Protection against Reactive Oxygen Stress Induced by Formaldehyde (FA) Exposure: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1820. [PMID: 39200284 PMCID: PMC11352058 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Formaldehyde induces oxidative stress and is carcinogenic, particularly squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharyngeal area. Around us, in exhaust gases, cigarette smoke, and various industrial products, FA primarily affects the respiratory tract and other organs like the cornea, liver, kidneys, brain, and cardiovascular system. This study aims to determine if antioxidants can mitigate FA's harmful effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Springer, and Wiley, were systematically searched. Research publications on antioxidants mitigating FA-induced oxidative damage were included, but reviews and articles lacking complete texts were excluded. SYRCLE's risk of bias tool for animal studies has been used. Tables were used for data synthesis. Out of 8790 articles, 35 publications detailing tissue homogenate for biochemical analysis, standard hematoxylin-eosin staining, and immunohistochemistry markers for histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnosis were selected. Most studies were case-control studies, utilizing rat or mouse models. Additionally, one cohort study on industrial workers was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Antioxidants, including plant extracts, vitamins, and pigments, can prevent or heal FA-induced lesions. However, human studies, particularly biopsies, remain challenging, and animal trials are limited. Further research is needed to confirm FA's long-term effects and optimize antioxidant dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Beatrice Ungureanu
- Morphopathology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.B.U.); (C.U.)
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Algeziology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cornelia Amalinei
- Histology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Ungureanu
- Morphopathology, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.B.U.); (C.U.)
| | - Cristina Gabriela Petrovici
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medical II, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Raluca Ștefania Stănescu
- Biochemistry, Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
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Aksu F, Akkoc RF, Savur E, Çelik C. Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Humanin and Endostatin in Rats Exposed to Formaldehyde. Cureus 2024; 16:e61354. [PMID: 38947691 PMCID: PMC11214271 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION People are constantly exposed to formaldehyde, a volatile and poisonous gas, in indoor environments. In particular, anatomists, pathologists, histologists, and those involved in embalming are exposed to higher amounts of formaldehyde continuously due to their work. This study aimed to investigate the effect of N-acetylcysteine on endostatin and humanin values in male rats exposed to experimental formaldehyde. METHODS In the study, 28 male Spraque-Dawley rats aged 12-14 weeks (seven animals in each group: control group, formaldehyde group, N-acetylcysteine group, formaldehyde+N-acetylcysteine group) were used. Four weeks later, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation. Following decapitation, endostatin and humanin levels in the serum of rats were studied by the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) method. In all analyses, p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS Humanin and endostatin values were checked in the serum of rats. When humanin levels were compared between groups, a statistically significant difference was found between the formaldehyde group and both the control group (p<0.05) and the N-acetylcysteine group (p<0.05). In the formaldehyde+N-acetylcysteine group, it was determined that the humanin level was impaired due to formaldehyde exposure, approaching the control group values with the administered N-acetylcysteine. When the endostatin level was compared between the groups, a statistical significance (p<0.05) was found only between the formaldehyde group and the N-acetylcysteine group. In the formaldehyde+N-acetylcysteine group, it was determined that the endostatin level was impaired due to formaldehyde exposure, approaching the control group values with the administered N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSION In this study, the effects of N-acetylcysteine on humanin and endostatin on rats exposed to formaldehyde were demonstrated for the first time. Formaldehyde exposure negatively affected humanin and endostatin levels in rat sera. N-acetylcysteine ameliorated the negative effects of formaldehyde, bringing humanin and endostatin levels closer to the healthy control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyza Aksu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
| | | | - Ezgi Savur
- College of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
| | - Celal Çelik
- College of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, TUR
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Emre E, Ogeturk M, Aydın S, Kuloglu T, Aksu F, Kavakli A. Carvacrol protects rat liver exposed to formaldehyde by regulating oxidative stress, and asprosin and subfatin hormones. Biotech Histochem 2023:1-10. [PMID: 36912062 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2187462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic doses of formaldehyde (FA) can cause oxidative damage and impair energy metabolism. Asprosin (ASP) and subfatin (SUB) are adipokines produced by adipose tissue that help regulate energy metabolism. We investigated the effects of carvacrol (CAR), an antioxidant with hepatoprotective properties, on ASP and SUB in rats exposed to FA using immunohistochemistry and biochemistry. We used 42 male Wistar albino rats divided into six groups of seven: group 1, untreated control; group 2, FA (10 ppm FA by inhalation 8 h/day, 5 days/week); group 3, CAR-20 (20 mg/kg); group 4, CAR-40; group 5, FA (10 ppm FA by inhalation 8 h/day, 5 days/week) + CAR-20 (20 mg/kg); group 6, FA (10 ppm FA by inhalation 8 h/day, 5 days/week) + CAR-40 (40 mg/kg). Levels of ASP and SUB, and total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) in blood and liver tissue were measured using ELISA. ASP and SUB immunoreactivity was assessed using immunohistochemistry. The number of apoptotic cells was determined using the TUNEL method. The number of apoptotic cells in group 2 was increased compared to group 1. TOS in group 2 was increased compared to group 1. The numbers of apoptotic cells and TOS in group 3 were decreased compared to group 1. TOS was decreased in group 6 compared to group 2, but TOS was increased compared to group 1. We found ASP and SUB immunoreactivity in the liver. All alterations were reversed by addition of CAR. It appears that FA disrupts energy metabolism and CAR ameliorates the destructive effects of FA when used at appropriate doses, although CAR might be harmful at high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Emre
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - M Ogeturk
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - S Aydın
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group) Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - T Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - F Aksu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
| | - A Kavakli
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkiye
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The potential role of FNDC5/irisin in various liver diseases: awakening the sleeping beauties. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e23. [PMID: 35695040 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) is a transmembrane protein and the precursor of irisin, which serves as a systemic exerkine/myokine with multiple origins. Since its discovery in 2012, this hormone-like polypeptide has rapidly evolved to a component significantly involved in a gamut of metabolic dysregulations and various liver diseases. After a decade of extensive investigation on FNDC5/irisin, we are still surrounded by lots of open questions regarding its diagnostic and therapeutic values. In this review, we first concentrated on the structure-function relationship of FNDC5/irisin. Next, we comprehensively summarised the current knowledge and research findings regarding pathogenic roles/therapeutic applications of FNDC5/irisin in the context of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, fibrosis, liver injury due to multiple detrimental insults, hepatic malignancy and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Moreover, the prominent molecules involved in the underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways were highlighted. As a result, emerging evidence reveals FNDC5/irisin may act as a proxy for diagnosing liver disease pathology, a sensitive biomarker for assessing damage severity, a predisposing factor for surveilling illness progression and a treatment option with protective/preventive impact, all of which are highly dependent on disease grading and contextually pathological features.
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Hegazy MA, Abdelmonsif DA, Zeitoun TM, El-Sayed NS, Samy DM. Swimming exercise versus L-carnosine supplementation for Alzheimer's dementia in rats: implication of circulating and hippocampal FNDC5/irisin. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:109-124. [PMID: 35091983 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-021-00845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that irisin may act as a potential neurokine. Exercise and L-carnosine supplementation showed neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like conditions. However, the regulation of irisin in the hippocampus of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced memory impairment and its relation to insulin signalling remain to be investigated. This study was designed to compare the effect of swimming exercise and L-carnosine intake on serum, CSF and hippocampal irisin in rats received intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of STZ. Rats were recruited in swimming paradigm, received oral carnosine (100 mg/kg/day) or vehicle treated. After 5 weeks, rats were sacrificed after neurobehavioural testing. CSF and serum irisin were determined. Hippocampal tissues were used to assess expression of FNDC5/irisin, BDNF and proteins related to insulin signalling, in addition to β-amyloid peptide and phosphorylated tau protein levels. We observed decreased hippocampal, but not CSF or serum, irisin in ICV-STZ-injected rats. Exercise and carnosine intake almost normalized hippocampal FNDC5/irisin expression which was associated with reduced soluble β-amyloid peptide and phosphorylated tau protein, improved BDNF and insulin signalling proteins, with corresponding mitigated cognitive impairments. However, hippocampal FNDC5/irisin was not correlated with serum or CSF irisin levels. Histologically, both interventions ameliorated the hippocampal damage in STZ-injected rats. The current study reveals that carnosine is equivalent to exercise in reversing cognitive decline and Alzheimer's biomarkers. In both interventions, enhancement of hippocampal FNDC5/irisin and insulin signalling may be involved in mediating these neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A Hegazy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mowassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abdelmonsif
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mowassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.,Molecular Biology and Nanomedicine Labs, Centre of Excellence for Regenerative Medicine Research & Applications, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Teshreen M Zeitoun
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mowassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Norhan S El-Sayed
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mowassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Doaa M Samy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Mowassat Hospital, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Yaqub LS, Ayo JO, Habibu B, Lawal M, Kawu MU, Rekwot PI. Thermoregulatory, oxidative stress and lipid responses in prepartum ewes administered with L-carnosine during the hot-dry season. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:388. [PMID: 34218302 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02832-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of L-carnosine administration to prepartum ewes on oxidative status, lipid profile and thermoregulatory responses in the tropics during the hot-dry season. Twenty pregnant ewes were allotted each into two groups of treated and untreated ewes. The untreated ewes received orally 10 mL of water, while treated ewes were administered orally with L-carnosine (100 mg/kg) daily during the last 3 weeks of gestation. Blood samples were obtained during pre-gestation on day 0, gestation days 136 and 143 and after lambing. Dry-bulb temperatures (DBTs) of the pen were measured once per week at 06:00, 14:00 and 18:00 h as well as the thermoregulatory responses of the ewes. Birth weights of the lambs were determined 2-3 h postpartum. The DBT (37.33 ± 1.20 °C) and temperature-humidity index (85.24 ± 1.91) were above the thermoneutral zone. The results revealed no significant effect of L-carnosine on thermoregulatory responses of ewes and on the live-birth weight of their lambs. Malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane and triglyceride concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in treated ewes than in untreated ewes, but superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were higher (P < 0.05) in treated ewes compared to untreated ewes. In conclusion, L-carnosine reduced lipo-peroxidative products and augmented antioxidant enzyme activities in prepartum ewes under hot-dry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Olusegun Ayo
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Buhari Habibu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Maruf Lawal
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammad Umaru Kawu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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7
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A brief overview about the physiology of fibronectin type III domain-containing 5. Cell Signal 2020; 76:109805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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8
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Kocaman N, Altun S, Bal A, Ozcan EC, Sarac M, Artas G, Demir B, Aydin S, Kuloglu T. Effects of Carnosine, Ankaferd, and Silver Sulfadiazine on an Experimental Burn Model: Roles of Irisin and HSP70. J Burn Care Res 2020; 42:408-414. [PMID: 32910166 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of carnosine, ankaferd, and 1% silver sulfadiazine applied topically on second-degree burns were investigated and the roles of irisin and Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in this healing process were evaluated. Ninety male albino rats were used and divided into five groups. The groups were classified as control, burn, burn + carnosine (CAR), burn + ankaferd (ABS), and burn + silver sulfadiazine (SS). It was found that level of irisin increased in the first week and decreased in the second week in the burn and CAR groups. In the ABS and SS groups, the level of irisin was determined that started to increase in the first week and continued to increase in the second week. The level of HSP70 was found to increased in the first week in burn and CAR groups and decreased in the second week, but started to increase in the second week in ABS and SS groups. Both levels of irisin and HSP70 were observed to decreased in all treatment groups in the third week. In this study, it was shown that ankaferd and silver sülfadiazine treatments cause an increase in the irisin levels in the early period and a gradually increase in HSP70 levels in the later period in burns. The inflammatory response was observed to be limited in the early period in the ankaferd and sulfadiazin groups. It was concluded that these findings were effective in early wound healing in burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevin Kocaman
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Serdar Altun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ali Bal
- Caddebostan, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erhan Cahit Ozcan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 18 Mart University School of Medicine, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sarac
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Firat University Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Gokhan Artas
- Department of Pathology, Firat University Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Betul Demir
- Department of Dermatology, Firat University Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Biochemistry, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Firat University School of Medicine, Elazig, Turkey
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9
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Bernardini L, Barbosa E, Charão MF, Brucker N. Formaldehyde toxicity reports from in vitro and in vivo studies: a review and updated data. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:972-984. [PMID: 32686516 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1795190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a xenobiotic air pollutant and its universal distribution causes a widespread exposure to humans. This review aimed to bring updated information concerning FA toxicity in humans and animals based on in vitro and in vivo studies from 2013 to 2019. Researches were carried out in Pubmed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases to determine the effects of FA exposure on inflammation, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in experimental studies with animals (rats and mice) and humans. Besides, in vitro studies assessing FA cytotoxicity focusing on cell viability and apoptosis in different cell line cultures were reviewed. Studies with humans gave evidence regarding significant deleterious effects on health associated to chronic FA occupational exposure. Evaluations carried out in experimental studies showed toxic effects on different organs as lung, upper respiratory tract, bone marrow and brain as well as in cells. In summary, this study demonstrates that knowing the mechanisms underlying FA toxicity is essential to understand the deleterious effects that this xenobiotic causes on biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Bernardini
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Barbosa
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, University Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Mariele Feiffer Charão
- Graduate Program on Toxicology and Analytical Toxicology, University Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Natália Brucker
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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10
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Akkoc RF, Ogeturk M, Aydin S, Kuloglu T, Aydin S. Effects of carnosine on apoptosis, transient receptor potential melastatin 2, and betatrophin in rats exposed to formaldehyde. Biotech Histochem 2020; 96:223-229. [PMID: 32580587 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2020.1783571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of exposure to formaldehyde on transient receptor potential melastatin 2, betatrophin, total oxidant status and total antioxidant status in rat liver and kidney tissues. We also investigated the effects of carnosine on formaldehyde treated animals. We used 28 male rats divided ramdomly into four groups of seven: untreated control group, carnosine treated group, formaldehyde treated group and formaldehyde + carnosine group. The experiment lasted for four weeks. Betatrophin levels in samples were measured uing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and total oxidant status and total antioxidant status were measured using REL assay diagnostic kits. We detected betatrophin and transient receptor potential melastatin 2 immunoreactivity using immunohistochemistry and assessed apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. The betatrophin and total antioxidant status levels decreased in kidney, liver and plasma following exposure to formaldehyde, while total oxidant status and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling positivity increased. Carnosine supplementation reversed histopathology and biochemical damage caused by formaldehyde. We suggest that carnosine treatment may be useful for protecting persons exposed to formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Akkoc
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - M Ogeturk
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - S Aydin
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Elazig Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Health Science University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - T Kuloglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - S Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical School, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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11
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Mohanty BP, Mahanty A, Mitra T, Mohanty S, Naik AK, Parija SC. Proteomic and transcriptomic changes in rat liver following oral feeding of formaldehyde. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125599. [PMID: 31855752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous volatile organic compound present in a wide range of resources, is a hazardous chemical and human carcinogen. Contamination of FA in food, especially perishable commodities like fish and meat, is a major source of exposure, although it is not recommended for use in food and food products owing to its carcinogenicity. Effects of oral feeding of FA have been studied by evaluating general health, haematology and clinical chemistry in rat. Recent studies have shown that FA exposure leads to detrimental cardiovascular effects. It regulates vascular tensions through nitric oxide-cGMP signalling pathway and ion channels in rats. Although FA is an established carcinogen, molecular studies on carcinogenic potential with dose dependency are meagre. In this context, the present study was undertaken to investigate the toxicogenomic and proteomic alterations in liver of rats fed FA through drinking water. By proteomic analysis, 621 proteins/protein-subunits showed differential abundance (proteome data available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010534), whereas 536 differentially-expressed-genes were identified by transcriptome analysis (data available via Sequence Read Archive with identifier SRR7974113). Gene ontology analysis showed that binding, catalysis, signal transduction were affected in formaldehyde-fed rats. Pathway analysis revealed that formaldehyde-exposure activated PI3K-AKT pathway that leads to inhibition of caspase activity thereby assisting cells to survive against apoptosis. Decreased abundance/down-regulation of ANGPT, eNOS, STAT3 proteins/transcripts and increased abundance of EDN1 indicated decrease in angiogenesis and vasodilatation that restricted hepatic cells from becoming tumorigenic; thus, indicating FA could be less toxic and non-tumorigenic at low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimal Prasanna Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, FREM Division, Biochemistry Laboratory- Proteomics Unit, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India.
| | - Arabinda Mahanty
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, FREM Division, Biochemistry Laboratory- Proteomics Unit, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India; ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Crop Protection Division, Cuttack, 753006, India
| | - Tandrima Mitra
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, FREM Division, Biochemistry Laboratory- Proteomics Unit, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Sasmita Mohanty
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rama Devi Women's' University, Bhubabeswar, 751022, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Naik
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Subas Chandra Parija
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
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12
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Irisin Contributes to the Hepatoprotection of Dexmedetomidine during Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:7857082. [PMID: 31191804 PMCID: PMC6525857 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7857082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), which is associated with high morbidity and mortality, is also accompanied with abnormal energy metabolism and liver injury. Irisin, a novel exercise-induced hormone, can regulate adipose browning and thermogenesis. The following study investigated the potential role of dexmedetomidine in liver injury during intestinal I/R in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 90 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Dexmedetomidine or irisin-neutralizing antibody was intravenously administered for 1 h before surgery. The results demonstrated that severe intestine and liver injuries occurred during intestinal I/R as evidenced by pathological scores and an apparent increase in serum diamine oxidase (DAO), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. In addition, the hepatic irisin, cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and NLRP3 inflammasome components (including NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1), protein expressions, apoptotic index, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and interleukin- (IL-) 6 levels increased; however, the serum irisin level and hepatic Bcl-2 protein expression and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decreased after intestinal I/R. Interestingly, dexmedetomidine could reduce the above listed changes and increase the irisin levels in plasma and the liver in I/R rats. Dexmedetomidine-mediated protective effects on liver injury and NLRP3 inflammasome activation during intestinal I/R were partially abrogated via irisin-neutralizing antibody treatment. The results suggest that irisin might contribute to the hepatoprotection of dexmedetomidine during intestinal ischemia/reperfusion.
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13
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Wang Y, Shi C, Chen Y, Yu L, Li Y, Wei Y, Li W, He R. Formaldehyde produced from d-ribose under neutral and alkaline conditions. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:298-304. [PMID: 31008059 PMCID: PMC6454226 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde is toxic and has been implicated in the pathologies of various diseases, such as cognitive impairment and cancer. Though d-ribose is widely studied and provided as a supplement to food such as flavor and drinks, no laboratories have reported that d-ribose is involved in the formaldehyde production. Here, we show that formaldehyde is produced from d-ribose in lysine or glycine solution and Tris-HCl buffer under neutral and alkaline conditions. Intraperitoneal injection of C57BL/6J mice with d-ribose significantly increased the concentration of brain formaldehyde, compared to the injection with d-glucose or saline. These data suggest that formaldehyde levels should be monitored for the people who take d-ribose as a supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chenggang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lexiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yiman Li
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences in Imperial College London, UK
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Integrated Laboratory of TCM and Western Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Decorin, Tenascin C, Total Antioxidant, and Total Oxidant Level Changes in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:7459496. [PMID: 30116633 PMCID: PMC6079450 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7459496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is an eye disease that develops under the influence of regional population differences, genetic factors, age, and environmental factors and is characterized by visualization of a gray-white fibrogranular substance in the lens anterior capsule and/or pupil margin during anterior segment examination. The underlying biochemical mechanisms of the disease have not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study was designed to show the changes in aqueous humor and blood serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases (decorin and tenascin C), total antioxidants (TAS), and total oxidants (TOS) in both cataract patients who have unilateral PEX material and cataract patients who do not have unilateral PEX material. Methods Biological samples were simultaneously collected from 22 cataract patients who had unilateral pseudoexfoliation (PEX patients) and 22 cataract patients who did not have unilateral pseudoexfoliation (control patients). From the collected biological samples, decorin (DEC) and tenascin C (TN-C) were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, and TAS and TOS were measured with an autoanalyzer. Results When decorin, tenascin C, and TOS values of PEX patients were compared with those of control patients, there was a statistically significant increase in all three parameters. Conversely, TAS values showed a statistically significant decrease in PEX patients compared to controls. DEC, TN-C, TAS values, and TOS values were significantly higher in aqueous fluid than in blood in both the PEX patient and control groups. Conclusions We suggest that parameters such as DEC, TN-C, TAS, and TOS play a role in the etiopathology of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Thus, bringing these increased levels of extracellular proteins and TOS and decreased levels of TAS back to within physiological limits can mediate the reorganization of the blood-aqueous fluid barrier and slow the progression of pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
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15
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Gür FM, Timurkaan S, Gençer Tarakçi B, Yalçin MH, Özkan ZE, Baygeldi SB, Yilmaz S, Eröksüz H. Identification of immunohistochemical localization of irisin in the dwarf hamster (Phodopus roborovskii
) tissues. Anat Histol Embryol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. M. Gür
- Department of Histology-Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Ömer Halisdemir University; Niğde Turkey
| | - S. Timurkaan
- Department of Histology-Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Fırat University; Elazığ Turkey
| | - B. Gençer Tarakçi
- Department of Histology-Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Fırat University; Elazığ Turkey
| | - M. H. Yalçin
- Department of Histology-Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Fırat University; Elazığ Turkey
| | - Z. E. Özkan
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Fırat University; Elazığ Turkey
| | - S. B. Baygeldi
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Fırat University; Elazığ Turkey
| | - S. Yilmaz
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Fırat University; Elazığ Turkey
| | - H. Eröksüz
- Department of Pathology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Fırat University; Elazığ Turkey
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16
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Polyzos SA, Anastasilakis AD, Efstathiadou ZA, Makras P, Perakakis N, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Irisin in metabolic diseases. Endocrine 2018; 59:260-274. [PMID: 29170905 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irisin is a myokine/adipokine induced by the exercise in mice and humans, which is proposed to induce "browning" of white adipose tissue, its primary target, thus increasing thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Since its identification, irisin has been linked to favorable effects on metabolic diseases, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and metabolic bone diseases. Generally, despite the promising profile of irisin in rodents, its effects on human are less recognized. REVIEW Most, but not all studies show a positive association between irisin and indices of adiposity. In T2DM, NAFLD, and CVD, most observational studies reported lower irisin levels in patients than controls. Regarding metabolic bone diseases, irisin is positively associated with bone mineral density and strength in athletes, and inversely associated with osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. In PCOS, data remain largely conflicting. Irisin does not seem to be further reduced when two metabolic diseases, e.g., T2DM and NAFLD, or obesity and NAFLD exist though more data are needed. Furthermore, it seems that diverse confounders may have affected the results of different clinical studies. CONCLUSION Irisin remains an appealing molecule from a pathophysiological point of view and an appealing therapeutic target for metabolic diseases, albeit much research is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- First Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Zoe A Efstathiadou
- Department of Endocrinology, Ippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Polyzois Makras
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Perakakis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Zhang Q, Tian P, Zhai M, Lei X, Yang Z, Liu Y, Liu M, Huang H, Zhang X, Yang X, Zhao Y, Meng Z. Formaldehyde regulates vascular tensions through nitric oxide-cGMP signaling pathway and ion channels. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:60-73. [PMID: 29126066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) has been linked to the detrimental cardiovascular effects. Here, we explored the effects and mechanisms of FA on rat aortas both in vivo and in vitro. The results presented that FA evidently lowered the blood pressures of rats. The expression levels of BKCa subunits α and β1 and iNOS of the aortas were up-regulated by FA in vivo. However, FA markedly reduced the levels of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3, which are the subunits of L-Ca2+ channel. Furthermore, the contents of NO, cGMP and iNOS in the aortas were augmented by FA. To further confirm these findings, the mechanisms accredited to these effects were examined in vitro. The data showed that FA contracted the isolated aortic rings at low concentrations (<300 μM), while it relaxed the rings at high concentrations (>500 μM). The FA-induced vasoconstriction at low concentrations was blocked partly by an inhibitor of ACE. The relaxation caused by FA at high concentrations was attenuated by the inhibitors of NO-cGMP pathway, L-Ca2+ channel and BKCa channel, respectively. Similarly, the expression of iNOS was strongly enhanced by FA in vitro. The effects of FA on the aortic rings with endothelium were significantly greater than those on the rings without endothelium. Our results indicate that the vasoconstriction of FA at low concentrations might be partially pertinent to endothelin, and the FA-caused vasorelaxation at high concentrations is possibly associated with the NO-cGMP pathway, L-Ca2+ channel and BKCa channel. This study will improve our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms for FA-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanxi Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Peiru Tian
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiaodong Lei
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhenhua Yang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xiri Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Laboratory of Environmental Biomedicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ziqiang Meng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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18
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He H, Qiao Y, Zhang Z, Wu Z, Liu D, Liao Z, Yin D, He M. Dual action of vitamin C in iron supplement therapeutics for iron deficiency anemia: prevention of liver damage induced by iron overload. Food Funct 2018; 9:5390-5401. [PMID: 30272083 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C, an excellent reducing agent, aids in increasing absorbable ferrous iron in iron deficiency anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Hypertension
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- China
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology
| | - Yang Qiao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology
- Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology
- Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Zelong Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology
- Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Dan Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology
- Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Zhangping Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology
- Nanchang University School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Dong Yin
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Ming He
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Hypertension
- the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- China
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Gür FM, Timurkaan S, Yalcin MH, Girgin A, Gençer Tarakçı B. Immunohistochemical localization of irisin in mole rats(Spalax leucodon). Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:245-251. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1303194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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20
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Hipkiss AR. Depression, Diabetes and Dementia: Formaldehyde May Be a Common Causal Agent; Could Carnosine, a Pluripotent Peptide, Be Protective? Aging Dis 2017; 8:128-130. [PMID: 28400979 PMCID: PMC5362172 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Hipkiss
- Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, U.K
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21
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Merzoug S, Toumi ML. Effects of hesperidin on formaldehyde-induced toxicity in pregnant rats. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:400-413. [PMID: 28507483 PMCID: PMC5427472 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This experimental study aimed to investigate the protective effect of a bioflavonoid, hesperidin (HP), on formaldehyde (FA)-related pathophysiological and behavioral outcomes in pregnant rats and developmental aspects in their offspring. Female Wistar rats were subjected to perigestational exposure to FA (2 mg/kg/day per os) with a concomitant treatment with HP (50 mg/kg/day per os). Pregnant rats were weighed throughout gestation and tested in two behavioral paradigms (elevated plus-maze and open field) at gestational days (GD) 1, 10 and 19 to evaluate the anxiety-like behavior and locomotive alterations. Another subset of rats was decapitated at GD19 to determine the hematological profile along with cortisol, 17β-estradiol, and progesterone plasma levels. Reproductive and fetal measures and observations were also performed to check for developmental deformities. Significant body weight loss, hemato-immune decline, hormonal changes, anxiety and lethargy signs, locomotor disabilities, reproductive failure and fetal weight decrease were observed in FA-exposed rats. Treatment with HP alleviated the reproductive and fetal weight defects. Its behavioral benefits were only seen at GD1 and 10. This flavanone ameliorated some hematological parameters, decreased cortisol levels and increased 17β-estradiol rates. A potential preventive impact of HP was found against FA toxicity in pregnant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameha Merzoug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid - El-Tarf, BP 73, 36000, El-Tarf, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Lamine Toumi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Chadli Bendjedid - El-Tarf, BP 73, 36000, El-Tarf, Algeria
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22
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Gençer Tarakçı B, Girgin A, Timurkaan S, Yalçın MH, Gür FM, Karan M. Immunohistochemical localization of irisin in skin, eye, and thyroid and pineal glands of the crested porcupine(Hystrix cristata). Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:423-7. [DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2016.1183820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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23
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Albayrak S, Atci İB, Kalayci M, Yilmaz M, Kuloglu T, Aydin S, Kom M, Ayden O, Aydin S. Effect of carnosine, methylprednisolone and their combined application on irisin levels in the plasma and brain of rats with acute spinal cord injury. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:47-54. [PMID: 26142757 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) might occur to anybody at any time and any age. In its treatment, methylprednisolone (MP) is a first choice worldwide, but there is still no significant breakthrough in truly beneficial treatment due to SCI's complex pathophysiology. We investigated the effect of carnosine, methylprednisolone (MP) and its combination on irisin levels in the plasma, brain and medulla spinalis tissues in SCI using a rat model. The rats were divided into 6 groups: I (Control, saline); II (sham animals with laminectomy without cross-clamping); III (SCI); IV (SCI treated with 150mg/kg carnosine); V (SCI treated with 30mg/kg methylprednisolone); and VI (SCI treated with a combination of carnosine and MP). The animals were given traumatic SCI after laminectomy, using 70-g closing force aneurysm clips (Yasargil FE 721). Irisin concentration was measured by ELISA. The distribution of irisin in brain and spinal cord tissues was examined by immunochemistry. Irisin was mainly expressed in the astrocytes and microglia of brain tissues, and multipolar neurones of the anterior horn of spinal cord tissue in rats of all groups, indicating that irisin is physiologically indispensable. MP and carnosine and the combination of the two, significantly increased irisin in plasma and were accompanied by a significant rise in irisin immunoreactivity of brain and spinal cord tissues of the injured rats compared with control and sham. This finding raises the possibility that methylprednisolone and carnosine regulate the brain and spinal cord tissues in SCI by inducing irisin expression, and may therefore offer a better neurological prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serdal Albayrak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Burak Atci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kalayci
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, Elazig 23100, Turkey
| | - Musa Yilmaz
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Kuloglu
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology&Embryology, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suna Aydin
- Cardiovascular Surgery- Anatomy, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kom
- Firat University, Veterinary of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Elazig 23119, Turkey
| | - Omer Ayden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, 23100, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Firat University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group), 23119 Elazig, Turkey.
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Irisin inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glycogen synthesis via the PI3K/Akt pathway in type 2 diabetic mice and hepatocytes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015. [PMID: 26201094 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased glucose production and reduced hepatic glycogen storage contribute to metabolic abnormalities in diabetes. Irisin, a newly identified myokine, induces the browning of white adipose tissue, but its effects on gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis are unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of irisin on gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis in hepatocytes with insulin resistance, and its therapeutic role in type 2 diabetic mice. Insulin resistance was induced by glucosamine (GlcN) or palmitate in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and mouse primary hepatocytes. Type 2 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin/high-fat diet (STZ/HFD) in mice. In HepG2 cells, irisin ameliorated the GlcN-induced increases in glucose production, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression, and glycogen synthase (GS) phosphorylation; it prevented GlcN-induced decreases in glycogen content and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p110α subunit level, and the phosphorylation of Akt/protein kinase B, forkhead box transcription factor O1 (FOXO1) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). These effects of irisin were abolished by the inhibition of PI3K or Akt. The effects of irisin were confirmed in mouse primary hepatocytes with GlcN-induced insulin resistance and in human HepG2 cells with palmitate-induced insulin resistance. In diabetic mice, persistent subcutaneous perfusion of irisin improved the insulin sensitivity, reduced fasting blood glucose, increased GSK3 and Akt phosphorylation, glycogen content and irisin level, and suppressed GS phosphorylation and PEPCK and G6Pase expression in the liver. Irisin improves glucose homoeostasis by reducing gluconeogenesis via PI3K/Akt/FOXO1-mediated PEPCK and G6Pase down-regulation and increasing glycogenesis via PI3K/Akt/GSK3-mediated GS activation. Irisin may be regarded as a novel therapeutic strategy for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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