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Wang B, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and its receptors in teleosts: Physiological roles and mechanisms of actions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 350:114477. [PMID: 38387532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) was the first reported hypothalamic neuropeptide inhibiting reproduction in vertebrates. Since its discovery in the quail brain, its orthologs have been identified in a variety of vertebrate species and even protochordates. Depending on the species, the GnIH precursor polypeptides comprise two, three or four mature peptides of the RFamide family. It has been well documented that GnIH inhibits reproduction at the brain-pituitary-gonadal levels and participates in metabolism, stress response, and social behaviors in birds and mammals. However, most studies in fish have mainly been focused on the physiological roles of GnIH in the control of reproduction and results obtained are in some cases conflicting, leaving aside its potential roles in the regulation of other functions. In this manuscript we summarize the information available in fish with respect to the structural diversity of GnIH peptides and functional roles of GnIH in reproduction and other physiological processes. We also highlight the molecular mechanisms of GnIH actions on target cells and possible interactions with other neuroendocrine factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China; Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain
| | - José A Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain
| | - José A Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain.
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Narwal R, Laxmi RK, Rawat VS, Sehgal N. Molecular cloning and bioinformatic characterization of Gonadotropin Inhibitory Hormone (GnIH) and its receptors in the freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus (Bloch, 1793). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:711-736. [PMID: 37462854 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone belonging to the RFamide peptide family, a hypothalamic neuropeptide, regulates Hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and inhibits gonadal development. GnIH polypeptide precursor has an Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide) motif at the C-terminal, which has LPXRF (X = Q or L) domain. The actions of GnIH are mediated through G-protein coupled receptors and upto three receptors have been characterized in many teleosts. GnIH exerts its inhibitory effect on the HPG axis through direct interaction with GnRH and Kisspeptin neurons in the brain and acts directly on the pituitary gonadotrophs. To decipher the role of GnIH in Indian freshwater murrel, Channa punctatus, we sequenced the cDNA encoding GnIH and its two receptors. The identified GnIH mRNA encodes three RFamide peptides having -MPMRF, -MPQRF, and -LPQRFamide motifs. In silico analysis of the amino acid sequence of GnIH exhibits its molecular and functional properties and the protein-protein interaction with significant factors regulating the HPG axis. The 3-D structure of GnIH and its receptors, provides more relevant information about the active residues of these proteins which might be involved in their functioning and interaction with other proteins. Molecular dynamic simulation of GnIH protein has provided more insight into its dynamic behavior. The expression of GnIH and its receptors, shows an inverse correlation with gonadal development during the annual reproductive cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Narwal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India, 110007
| | | | | | - Neeta Sehgal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India, 110007.
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Wang B, Cui A, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Liu X. Food deprivation differentially modulates gene expression of LPXRFa and kisspeptin systems in the brain-pituitary axis of half-smooth tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1099832. [PMID: 37033260 PMCID: PMC10081681 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1099832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
LPXRFa, also known as gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), and kisspeptin (Kiss) are two major hypothalamic peptides that modulate the reproductive axis of vertebrates, including teleosts. However, little information is available regarding the actions of nutritional status on the regulation of these two neuroendocrine systems in fish. Herein, we assessed the effects of starvation and refeeding on the expression of lpxrfa, kiss2 and their receptors (lpxrfa-r and kiss2r respectively) at the brain-pituitary level of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Food deprivation for 4 weeks induced a rise in brain lpxrfa as well as brain and pituitary lpxrfa-r mRNA levels, and refeeding restored brain lpxrfa and lpxrfa-r expression back to normal. However, pituitary lpxrfa-r mRNA levels still remained high after 1 week of refeeding. Neither lpxrfa nor kiss2 transcripts in the pituitary were altered by fasting, but their mRNA levels increased significantly after 1 week of refeeding, and declined back to the control levels after 2 weeks of refeeding. None of brain kiss2 and kiss2r along with pituitary kiss2r transcripts were modified by the nutritional status. In summary, our results revealed an interaction between energy status and the elements of LPXRFa and Kiss systems in the brain-pituitary axis of half-smooth tongue sole. Food deprivation and refeeding differentially regulated the two systems, which provided additional evidence for the involvement of the LPXRFa and Kiss systems in the regulation of reproduction by energy balance in non-mammalian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Aijun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Yongjiang Xu,
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Xuezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Joint Laboratory for Deep Blue Fishery Engineering, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
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Wang B, Mechaly AS, Somoza GM. Overview and New Insights Into the Diversity, Evolution, Role, and Regulation of Kisspeptins and Their Receptors in Teleost Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:862614. [PMID: 35392133 PMCID: PMC8982144 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.862614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, kisspeptin (Kiss) has been identified as an important player in the regulation of reproduction and other physiological functions in vertebrates, including several fish species. To date, two ligands (Kiss1, Kiss2) and three kisspeptin receptors (Kissr1, Kissr2, Kissr3) have been identified in teleosts, likely due to whole-genome duplication and loss of genes that occurred early in teleost evolution. Recent results in zebrafish and medaka mutants have challenged the notion that the kisspeptin system is essential for reproduction in fish, in marked contrast to the situation in mammals. In this context, this review focuses on the role of kisspeptins at three levels of the reproductive, brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis in fish. In addition, this review compiled information on factors controlling the Kiss/Kissr system, such as photoperiod, temperature, nutritional status, sex steroids, neuropeptides, and others. In this article, we summarize the available information on the molecular diversity and evolution, tissue expression and neuroanatomical distribution, functional significance, signaling pathways, and gene regulation of Kiss and Kissr in teleost fishes. Of particular note are recent advances in understanding flatfish kisspeptin systems, which require further study to reveal their structural and functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang, ; Alejandro S. Mechaly, ; Gustavo M. Somoza,
| | - Alejandro S. Mechaly
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Mar del Plata, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang, ; Alejandro S. Mechaly, ; Gustavo M. Somoza,
| | - Gustavo M. Somoza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang, ; Alejandro S. Mechaly, ; Gustavo M. Somoza,
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Wang B, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Vergès-Castillo A, Gómez A, Muñoz-Cueto JA. Signaling pathways activated by sea bass gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone peptides in COS-7 cells transfected with their cognate receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:982246. [PMID: 36051397 PMCID: PMC9424679 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.982246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Results of previous studies provided evidence for the existence of a functional gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) system in the European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, which exerted an inhibitory action on the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis of this species. Herein, we further elucidated the intracellular signaling pathways mediating in sea bass GnIH actions and the potential interactions with sea bass kisspeptin (Kiss) signaling. Although GnIH1 and GnIH2 had no effect on basal CRE-luc activity, they significantly decreased forskolin-elicited CRE-luc activity in COS-7 cells transfected with their cognate receptor GnIHR. Moreover, an evident increase in SRE-luc activity was noticed when COS-7 cells expressing GnIHR were challenged with both GnIH peptides, and this stimulatory action was significantly reduced by two inhibitors of the PKC pathway. Notably, GnIH2 antagonized Kiss2-evoked CRE-luc activity in COS-7 cells expressing GnIHR and Kiss2 receptor (Kiss2R). However, GnIH peptides did not alter NFAT-RE-luc activity and ERK phosphorylation levels. These data indicate that sea bass GnIHR signals can be transduced through the PKA and PKC pathways, and GnIH can interfere with kisspeptin actions by reducing its signaling. Our results provide additional evidence for the understanding of signaling pathways activated by GnIH peptides in teleosts, and represent a starting point for the study of interactions with multiple neuroendocrine factors on cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - José A. Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Cádiz, Spain
- The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Alba Vergès-Castillo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Cádiz, Spain
- The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez
- Institute of Aquaculture of Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - José A. Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Cádiz, Spain
- The European University of the Seas (SEA-EU), Cádiz, Spain
- *Correspondence: José A. Muñoz-Cueto,
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Zahangir MM, Shahjahan M, Ando H. Kisspeptin Exhibits Stimulatory Effects on Expression of the Genes for Kisspeptin Receptor, GnRH1 and GTH Subunits in a Gonadal Stage-Dependent Manner in the Grass Puffer, a Semilunar-Synchronized Spawner. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:917258. [PMID: 35909525 PMCID: PMC9334799 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.917258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin has an important role in the regulation of reproduction by directly stimulating the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, there are multiple kisspeptins (Kiss1 and Kiss2) and kisspeptin receptor types, and the two kisspeptins in teleosts have different effects depending on fish species and reproductive stages, serving reproductive and non-reproductive functions. In the grass puffer, Takifugu alboplumbeus, which has only a single pair of kiss2 and kissr2, both genes display seasonal, diurnal, and circadian oscillations in expression in association with the periodic changes in reproductive functions. To elucidate the role of kisspeptin in this species, homologous kisspeptin peptide (gpKiss2) was administered at different reproductive stages (immature, mature and regressed) and the expression levels of the genes that constitute hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis were examined in male grass puffer. gpKiss2 significantly elevated the expression levels of kissr2 and gnrh1 in the brain and kissr2, fshb and lhb in the pituitary of the immature and mature fish. No noticeable effect was observed for kiss2, gnih, gnihr, gnrh2 and gnrh3 in the brain and gpa in the pituitary. In the regressed fish, gpKiss2 was ineffective in stimulating the expression of the gnrh1 and GTH subunit genes, while it stimulated and downregulated the kissr2 expression in the brain and pituitary, respectively. The present results indicate that Kiss2 has a stimulatory role in the expression of GnRH1/GTH subunit genes by upregulating the kissr2 expression in the brain and pituitary at both immature and mature stages, but this role is mostly ineffective at regressed stage in the grass puffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahiuddin Zahangir
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Md. Shahjahan
- Department of Fisheries Management, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Hironori Ando
- Marine Biological Station, Sado Island Center for Ecological Sustainability, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hironori Ando,
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Kumar P, Wisdom KS, Kumar Ram R, Gireesh-Babu P, Kumar Nayak S, Nagpure NS, Sharma R. Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone receptors (GnIHRs): Molecular characterization and synergistic effect of different drugs in Indian major carp, Labeo catla. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 314:113904. [PMID: 34530001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
After the discovery of Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in birds in 2000, it showed different roles in different vertebrate classes and even in different species of same classes. In birds and mammals, GnIH inhibits the expression of gonadotropins during reproduction, while in fishes it exerts both inhibitory and stimulatory effect on reproduction. The current study evaluates the role of GnIH during reproduction in Labeo catla. The partial cDNA sequence of GnIHR1 and GnIHR3 receptor genes was identified by degenerate PCR. The mRNA expression analysis of GnIHRs during different reproductive phases showed that the expression of all three GnIH receptor genes is highest during spawning phase. The expression of GnIH receptors is detected in both brain and gonads except for GnIHR3 which only expressed in gonads. The in vivo experiments with GnIH antagonist, RF313 drastically reduced the expression level of reproduction related genes like LH, FSH, and GnRH at 1 h post-injection. In another experiment the surge induced by cGnIH-III peptide on gonadotropins gene expression is further increased when co-injected with LHRHa. However, co-injection of melatonin along with cGnIH-III peptide had opposite effects. These results showed that the GnIH/GnIHRs system has positive effect on reproduction in L. catla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Kumar
- College of Fisheries, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India.
| | - K S Wisdom
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Roshan Kumar Ram
- College of Fisheries, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India
| | | | | | - N S Nagpure
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
| | - Rupam Sharma
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai 400061, India
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Unusual mtDNA Control Region Length Heteroplasmy in the COS-7 Cell Line. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060607. [PMID: 32486194 PMCID: PMC7348793 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COS-7 cell line is a workhorse of virology research. To expand this cell line’s utility and to enable studies on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription and replication, we determined the complete nucleotide sequence of its mitochondrial genome by Sanger sequencing. In contrast to other available mtDNA sequences from Chlorocebus aethiops, the mtDNA of the COS-7 cell line was found to contain a variable number of perfect copies of a 108 bp unit tandemly repeated in the control region. We established that COS-7 cells are heteroplasmic with at least two variants being present: with four and five repeat units. The analysis of the mitochondrial genome sequences from other primates revealed that tandem repeats are absent from examined mtDNA control regions of humans and great apes, but appear in lower primates, where they are present in a homoplasmic state. To our knowledge, this is the first report of mtDNA length heteroplasmy in primates.
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Kumar P, Wisdom KS, Kumar G, Gireesh-Babu P, Nayak SK, Nagpure NS, Sharma R. Ontogenetic and tissue-specific expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) and its receptors in Catla catla. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3281-3290. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Distribution of Kiss2 receptor in the brain and its localization in neuroendocrine cells in the zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 379:349-372. [PMID: 31471710 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin is a hypothalamic neuropeptide, which acts directly on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neurons via its cognate receptor (GPR54 or Kiss-R) to stimulate GnRH secretion in mammals. In non-mammalian vertebrates, there are multiple kisspeptins (Kiss1 and Kiss2) and Kiss-R types. Recent gene knockout studies have demonstrated that fish kisspeptin systems are not essential in the regulation of reproduction. Studying the detailed distribution of kisspeptin receptor in the brain and pituitary is important for understanding the multiple action sites and potential functions of the kisspeptin system. In the present study, we generated a specific antibody against zebrafish Kiss2-R (=Kiss1Ra/GPR54-1/Kiss-R2/KissR3) and examined its distribution in the brain and pituitary. Kiss2-R-immunoreactive cell bodies are widely distributed in the brain including in the dorsal telencephalon, preoptic area, hypothalamus, optic tectum, and in the hindbrain regions. Double-labeling showed that not all but a subset of preoptic GnRH3 neurons expresses Kiss2-R, while Kiss2-R is expressed in most of the olfactory GnRH3 neurons. In the posterior preoptic region, Kiss2-R immunoreactivity was seen in vasotocin cells. In the pituitary, Kiss2-R immunoreactivity was seen in corticotropes, but not in gonadotropes. The results in this study suggest that Kiss2 and Kiss2-R signaling directly serve non-reproductive functions and indirectly subserve reproductive functions in teleosts.
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Wang B, Yang G, Xu Y, Li W, Liu X. Recent studies of LPXRFa receptor signaling in fish and other vertebrates. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 277:3-8. [PMID: 30465768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a major role in coordinating the reproduction of fish and other vertebrates. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the primary stimulatory factor responsible for the hypothalamic control of gonadotropin secretion. In 2000, a previously unidentified hypothalamic neuropeptide was isolated from the brain of Japanese quail and termed gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) based on its ability to directly inhibit gonadotropin release from the cultured quail anterior pituitary gland. One year later, the cDNA sequence that encodes the quail GnIH precursor polypeptide was cloned and was found to encompass two further peptides (GnIH-related peptide (RP)-1 and GnIH-RP-2) besides GnIH. To date, GnIH orthologous have been detected in a variety of vertebrates from fish to humans. These peptides possess a characteristic-LPXRFa (X = L or Q) motif at the C-terminus and are designated as LPXRFa peptides. It is generally accepted that LPXRFa peptides act on GnRH neurons in the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropin synthesis and release in addition to affecting the pituitary function in birds and mammals. However, the exact physiological role of LPXRFa is still uncertain in fish and dual actions of LPXRFa on the HPG axis have been observed. Research aiming to elucidate the detailed signaling pathways mediating the actions of LPXRFa on target cells may contribute to understanding the functional divergence of the LPXRFa system in teleosts. Accordingly, this review will discuss the recent advances in LPXRFa receptor signaling, as well as the potential interactions on cell signaling induced by other factors, such as GnRH and kisspeptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guokun Yang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Collaborative Innovation Center, Research Institute of Sun Yat-Sen University in Shen Zhen, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China.
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Kumar P, Wisdom KS, Bhat IA, Pathakota GB, Nayak SK, Reang D, Nagpure NS, Sharma R. Molecular characterization of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) gene and effect of intramuscular injection of GnIH peptide on the reproductive axis in Catla catla. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 31:335-349. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1597730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Kumar
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, India
| | - K. S. Wisdom
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Irfan Ahmad Bhat
- College of Fisheries, Birsa Agricultural University, Gumla, India
| | - Gireesh-Babu Pathakota
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Nayak
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Dhalongsaih Reang
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - N. S. Nagpure
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Rupam Sharma
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
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Wang B, Yang G, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Liu X. In vitro effects of tongue sole LPXRFa and kisspeptin on relative abundance of pituitary hormone mRNA and inhibitory action of LPXRFa on kisspeptin activation in the PKC pathway. Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 203:1-9. [PMID: 30797596 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Results of previous studies indicated the existence of LPXRFa, the piscine ortholog of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), and kisspeptin (Kiss2) in tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), and that LPXRFa exerts an inhibitory effect on Kiss2 activation in the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The functions in the control of reproduction and whether LPXRFa antagonizes the action of Kiss2 by inhibiting the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, however, are still unknown. In the present study, there was an initial investigation of the direct effects of LPXRFa and Kiss2 on relative abundance of pituitary hormone mRNA transcripts using a whole pituitary culture system. Results indicated that LPXRFa-1 specifically functioned to increase relative abundance of lhβ mRNA when there were comparisons with the control, without any effect on relative abundance of gh, gthα and fshβ mRNA. Treatment with LPXRFa-2 resulted in a reduction in relative abundance of gthα and lhβ mRNA, and did not alter relative abundance of fshβ mRNA. Treatment of LPXRFa-2 resulted in a greater relative abundance of gh mRNA. Treatment with Kiss2, however, resulted in an increase in relative abundance of gthα and fshβ mRNA transcripts, without altering relative abundances of gh and lhβ mRNA. Subsequently, there was valuation of the potential interaction between LPXRFa and kisspeptin in COS-7 cells transfected with the cognate receptors. Both LPXRFa-1 and LPXRFa-2 suppressed serum responsive element-dependent luciferase (SRE-luc) activity when compared to stimulation with Kiss2 alone, indicating an inhibitory effect of LPXRFa on kisspeptin activation on the PKC pathway. Overall, data from the present study provide novel evidence for differential actions of LPXRFa and kisspeptin on pituitary hormone synthesis as well as for the interaction between LPXRFa and kisspeptin systems in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Guokun Yang
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Cultivation, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yaxing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xuezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Di Yorio MP, Muñoz-Cueto JA, Paullada-Salmerón JA, Somoza GM, Tsutsui K, Vissio PG. The Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormone: What We Know and What We Still Have to Learn From Fish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:78. [PMID: 30837949 PMCID: PMC6389629 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone, GnIH, is named because of its function in birds and mammals; however, in other vertebrates this function is not yet clearly established. More than half of the vertebrate species are teleosts. This group is characterized by the 3R whole genome duplication, a fact that could have been responsible for the great phenotypic complexity and great variability in reproductive strategies and sexual behavior. In this context, we revise GnIH cell bodies and fibers distribution in adult brains of teleosts, discuss its relationship with GnRH variants and summarize the few reports available about the ontogeny of the GnIH system. Considering all the information presented in this review, we propose that in teleosts, GnIH could have other functions beyond reproduction or act as an integrative signal in the reproductive process. However, further studies are required in order to clarify the role of GnIH in this group including its involvement in development, a key stage that strongly impacts on adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P. Di Yorio
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José A. Muñoz-Cueto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real, Spain
| | - José A. Paullada-Salmerón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cádiz, Puerto Real, Spain
- Marine Research Institute (INMAR), Marine Campus of International Excellence (CEIMAR) and Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Gustavo M. Somoza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Department of Biology and Center for Medical Life Science, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Paula G. Vissio
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Paula G. Vissio
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Wang B, Yang G, Liu Q, Qin J, Xu Y, Li W, Liu X, Shi B. Characterization of LPXRFa receptor in the half-smooth tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis ): Molecular cloning, expression profiles, and differential activation of signaling pathways by LPXRFa peptides. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 223:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kriegsfeld LJ, Jennings KJ, Bentley GE, Tsutsui K. Gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone and its mammalian orthologue RFamide-related peptide-3: Discovery and functional implications for reproduction and stress. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12597. [PMID: 29624758 PMCID: PMC6263162 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At the turn of the millennium, a neuropeptide with pronounced inhibitory actions on avian pituitary gonadotrophin secretion was identified and named gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). Across bird species, GnIH acts at the level of the pituitary and the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system to inhibit reproduction. Subsequent to this initial discovery, orthologues of GnIH have been identified and characterised across a broad range of species. In many vertebrates, the actions of GnIH and its orthologues serve functional roles analogous to those seen in birds. In other cases, GnIH and its orthologues exhibit more diverse actions dependent on sex, species, season and reproductive condition. The present review highlights the discovery and functional implications of GnIH across species, focusing on research domains in which the significance of this neuropeptide has been explored most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Corresponding Author: Lance J. Kriegsfeld, Ph.D. Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1650, USA, Phone: (510) 642-5148; Fax: (510) 642-5293;
| | - Kimberly J. Jennings
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - George E. Bentley
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Kazuyoshi Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Sciences, Department of Biology, Waseda University, and Center for Medical Life Science of Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
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Wang B, Liu Q, Liu X, Xu Y, Shi B. Molecular characterization and expression profiles of LPXRFa at the brain-pituitary-gonad axis of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) during ovarian maturation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 216:59-68. [PMID: 29223873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) has been characterized by its ability to inhibit either basal or gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced gonadotropin synthesis and release in birds and mammals. However, the physiological role of GnIH on the reproductive axis in fish remains inconclusive, with most studies focusing on the orders Cypriniformes and Perciformes. To gain insight into the role of GnIH in the regulation of reproduction in the order Pleuronectiformes, we first cloned the LPXRFa gene, the piscine ortholog of GnIH, in the half-smooth tongue sole. The full-length cDNA of LPXRFa was 918bp in size with an open reading frame (ORF) of 585bp that encoded a 194 amino acids preprohormone with a calculated molecular mass and isoelectric point of 21.73kDa and 6.52, respectively. The LPXRFa precursor encoded two putative peptide sequences that included -MPMRF or -MPQRF motifs at the C-terminal. Tissue distribution analysis showed that LPXRFa transcripts could be detected at high levels in the brains of both sexes and to a lesser extent in the ovary, heart and stomach of females, while a noteworthy expression was observed in the kidney and muscle of males. Furthermore, the expression patterns of LPXRFa mRNA during ovarian maturation were also investigated. In the brain, the mRNA expression of LPXRFa increased significantly at stage III, declined at stage V and reached a maximum at stage VI. In the pituitary, the levels of LPXRFa mRNA remained stable during ovarian maturation and increased significantly to the top level at stage V and then declined back to basal levels. In contrast, the ovarian LPXRFa mRNA levels declined sharply at stage III and remained depressed over the course of ovarian maturation. Taken together, our results provide further evidence for the existence of LPXRFa in the order Pleuronectiformes and suggest its possible involvement in the regulation of reproduction in the female tongue sole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xuezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Wang B, Liu Q, Liu X, Xu Y, Song X, Shi B. Molecular characterization of kiss2 and differential regulation of reproduction-related genes by sex steroids in the hypothalamus of half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 213:46-55. [PMID: 28822779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss) plays a critical role in mediating gonadal steroid feedback to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in mammals. However, little information regarding the regulation of kisspeptin gene by sex steroids is available in teleosts. In this study, we examined the direct actions of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) on hypothalamic expression of kisspeptin and other key factors involved in reproductive function of half-smooth tongue sole. As a first step, a partial-length cDNA of kiss2 was identified from the brain of tongue sole and kiss2 transcript levels were shown to be widely expressed in various tissues, notably in the ovary. Then, the actions of sex steroids on kiss2 and other reproduction-related genes were evaluated using a primary hypothalamus culture system. Our results showed that neither kiss2 nor its receptor kiss2r mRNA levels were significantly altered by sex steroids. Moreover, sex steroids did not modify hypothalamic expression of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (gnih) and its receptor gnihr mRNAs, either. However, E2 markedly stimulated both gnrh2 and gnrh3 mRNAs levels. Overall, this study provides insights into the role of sex steroids in the reproductive function of Pleuronectiform teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xuezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yongjiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuesong Song
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Bao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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