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Reed J, Bain SC, Kanamarlapudi V. The Regulation of Metabolic Homeostasis by Incretins and the Metabolic Hormones Produced by Pancreatic Islets. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:2419-2456. [PMID: 38894706 PMCID: PMC11184168 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s415934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In healthy humans, the complex biochemical interplay between organs maintains metabolic homeostasis and pathological alterations in this process result in impaired metabolic homeostasis, causing metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity, which are major global healthcare burdens. The great advancements made during the last century in understanding both metabolic disease phenotypes and the regulation of metabolic homeostasis in healthy individuals have yielded new therapeutic options for diseases like type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, it is unlikely that highly desirable more efficacious treatments will be developed for metabolic disorders until the complex systemic regulation of metabolic homeostasis becomes more intricately understood. Hormones produced by pancreatic islet beta-cells (insulin) and alpha-cells (glucagon) are pivotal for maintaining metabolic homeostasis; the activity of insulin and glucagon are reciprocally correlated to achieve strict control of glucose levels (normoglycaemia). Metabolic hormones produced by other pancreatic islet cells and incretins produced by the gut are also crucial for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Recent studies highlighted the incomplete understanding of metabolic hormonal synergism and, therefore, further elucidation of this will likely lead to more efficacious treatments for diseases such as T2D. The objective of this review is to summarise the systemic actions of the incretins and the metabolic hormones produced by the pancreatic islets and their interactions with their respective receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Reed
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen C Bain
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
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2
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Xia W, Yu H, Wen P. Meta-analysis on GLP-1 mediated modulation of autophagy in islet β-cells: Prospectus for improved wound healing in type 2 diabetes. Int Wound J 2024; 21:e14841. [PMID: 38512120 PMCID: PMC10956537 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus refers to a significantly challenging health disease due to its high prevalence and risk of other chronic diseases across the world. Notably, GLP-1 has been recognized to enhance the treatment of T2DM, along with this, GLP-1 is also involved in autophagy modulation. However, ineffectiveness of few analogue types can limit the efficacy of this treatment. This study particularly aims to elucidate the influence of GLP-1 receptor analogues on wound infection and patients with type 2 diabetes. To conduct the meta-analysis, an expansive literature survey was conducted to unveil the studies and research conducted on T2DM patients that revealed whether the adoption of any GLP-1 analogue in the form of specific interventions impacts the type 2 diabetes mellitus. The literature was searched using multiple search terms, screened and data were extracted to conduct the meta-analysis and it was conducted using metabin function of R package meta. A total of 800 patients consisting of the both intervention and control groups were employed to carry out the meta-analysis to analyse and evaluate the impact of GLP-1 mediated modulation to improve wound healing in the T2DM patients. The results revealed that GLP-1 mediated modulation considering one type of analogue was an effective intervention to patients suffering from T2DM. The variations in these results depicted insignificant outcomes with the values (risk ratio [RR]: 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.90-1.18, p > 0.05) and enlightened the fact that adopting different GLP-1 analogues may significantly improve the efficacy of wound healing in T2DM patients. Hence, interventions of GLP-1 mediated modulation must be utilized in the clinical practice to reduce the incidence of T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xia
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiang CityChina
| | - Hua Yu
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiang CityChina
| | - Pengcheng Wen
- Department of CardiologyAffiliated Hospital of Jiujiang UniversityJiujiang CityChina
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3
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Elsaeed EM, Hamad AGA, Erfan OS, El-Shahat MA, Ebrahim FAE. Exenatide promotes the autophagic function in the diabetic hippocampus: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2022; 9:229-238. [DOI: 10.1080/2314808x.2022.2067388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omnia S. Erfan
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah, Egypt
| | - Mona A. El-Shahat
- Human Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Al Mansurah, Egypt
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da Cruz LL, Vesentini G, Sinzato YK, Villaverde AISB, Volpato GT, Damasceno DC. Effects of high-fat diet-induced diabetes on autophagy in the murine liver: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci 2022; 309:121012. [PMID: 36179817 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate whether diabetes induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) has the potential to alter the process of autophagy in the murine liver. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed with electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science). Study design, population, intervention, outcome, and risk of bias were analyzed. Given the availability of studies, a quantitative meta-analysis including 23 studies was performed. KEY FINDINGS The search found 5754 articles, with 48 matching the eligibility criteria, comprising of 1033 animals. The meta-analysis showed that diabetic murines fed with HFD presented an absence of p62 degradation (SMD 4.63, 95 % CI 2.02 to 7.24, p = 0.0005; I2 = 77 %), higher expression of p-mTOR/mTOR (SMD 5.20, 95 % CI 1.00 to 9.39, p = 0.01; I2 = 78 %), and a decreased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio (SMD -2.02, 95 % CI -3.96 to -0.09, p = 0.04; I2 = 85 %) when compared to nondiabetic murines. When associated with streptozotocin, the animals presented decreased ATG-7 and LC3-II. The meta-regression results showed a decrease in autophagy responses due to increased glycemic levels, fat content, and long-term exposure to HFD, and advanced animal age. The common and species-specific protein responses were also consistent with the inhibition of autophagy. SIGNIFICANCE The normal process of autophagy mechanisms in the liver is less competent after HFD consumption. The destabilization of (auto)phagolysosomes contributes to the perpetuation of diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lopes da Cruz
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil; Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Giovana Vesentini
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.
| | - Yuri Karen Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Ana Izabel Silva Balbin Villaverde
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Postgraduate Course on Tocogynecology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
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5
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Reich N, Hölscher C. The neuroprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease: An in-depth review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:970925. [PMID: 36117625 PMCID: PMC9475012 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.970925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no disease-modifying treatment available for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (AD and PD) and that includes the highly controversial approval of the Aβ-targeting antibody aducanumab for the treatment of AD. Hence, there is still an unmet need for a neuroprotective drug treatment in both AD and PD. Type 2 diabetes is a risk factor for both AD and PD. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone and growth factor that has shown neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies, and the success of GLP-1 mimetics in phase II clinical trials in AD and PD has raised new hope. GLP-1 mimetics are currently on the market as treatments for type 2 diabetes. GLP-1 analogs are safe, well tolerated, resistant to desensitization and well characterized in the clinic. Herein, we review the existing evidence and illustrate the neuroprotective pathways that are induced following GLP-1R activation in neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The latter include synaptic protection, improvements in cognition, learning and motor function, amyloid pathology-ameliorating properties (Aβ, Tau, and α-synuclein), the suppression of Ca2+ deregulation and ER stress, potent anti-inflammatory effects, the blockage of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis pathways, enhancements in the neuronal insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism, functional improvements in autophagy and mitophagy, elevated BDNF and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) synthesis as well as neurogenesis. The many beneficial features of GLP-1R and GLP-1/GIPR dual agonists encourage the development of novel drug treatments for AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Reich
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niklas Reich,
| | - Christian Hölscher
- Neurology Department, Second Associated Hospital, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Ge X, Wang L, Fei A, Ye S, Zhang Q. Research progress on the relationship between autophagy and chronic complications of diabetes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:956344. [PMID: 36003645 PMCID: PMC9393249 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.956344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a common metabolic disease whose hyperglycemic state can induce diverse complications and even threaten human health and life security. Currently, the treatment of diabetes is restricted to drugs that regulate blood glucose and have certain accompanying side effects. Autophagy, a research hotspot, has been proven to be involved in the occurrence and progression of the chronic complications of diabetes. Autophagy, as an essential organismal defense mechanism, refers to the wrapping of cytoplasmic proteins, broken organelles or pathogens by vesicles, which are then degraded by lysosomes to maintain the stability of the intracellular environment. Here, we review the relevant aspects of autophagy and the molecular mechanisms of autophagy in diabetic chronic complications, and further analyze the impact of improving autophagy on diabetic chronic complications, which will contribute to a new direction for further prevention and treatment of diabetic chronic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ge
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Graduate School of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Aihua Fei
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shandong Ye
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Shandong Ye, ; Qingping Zhang,
| | - Qingping Zhang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Shandong Ye, ; Qingping Zhang,
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7
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GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Neurodegeneration: Neurovascular Unit in the Spotlight. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132023. [PMID: 35805109 PMCID: PMC9265397 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in brain energy metabolism and proteopathic stress are implicated in age-related degenerative neuronopathies, exemplified by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). As the currently available drug regimens largely aim to mitigate cognitive decline and/or motor symptoms, there is a dire need for mechanism-based therapies that can be used to improve neuronal function and potentially slow down the underlying disease processes. In this context, a new class of pharmacological agents that achieve improved glycaemic control via the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor has attracted significant attention as putative neuroprotective agents. The experimental evidence supporting their potential therapeutic value, mainly derived from cellular and animal models of AD and PD, has been discussed in several research reports and review opinions recently. In this review article, we discuss the pathological relevance of derangements in the neurovascular unit and the significance of neuron–glia metabolic coupling in AD and PD. With this context, we also discuss some unresolved questions with regard to the potential benefits of GLP-1 agonists on the neurovascular unit (NVU), and provide examples of novel experimental paradigms that could be useful in improving our understanding regarding the neuroprotective mode of action associated with these agents.
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8
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Liu H, Zhou W, Guo L, Zhang H, Guan L, Yan X, Zhai Y, Qiao Y, Wang Z, Zhao J, Lyu K, Li P, Wang H, Peng L. Quercetin protects against palmitate-induced pancreatic β-cell apoptosis by restoring lysosomal function and autophagic flux. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 107:109060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Li H, Donelan W, Wang F, Zhang P, Yang L, Ding Y, Tang D, Li S. GLP-1 Induces the Expression of FNDC5 Derivatives That Execute Lipolytic Actions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:777026. [PMID: 34869379 PMCID: PMC8636013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.777026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple GLP-1-derived therapeutics are clinically used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the underlying mechanism of how these drugs regulate the body weight of obese patients remains incompletely understood. Here, we report that the lipolysis effects of GLP-1 on β cells can depend on its induced expression of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5). The transmembrane FNDC5 is a precursor of the recently identified hormone irisin that possesses a range of bioactivities, including anti-obesity and anti-diabetes. We revealed that GLP-1 upregulates the expression and secretion of FNDC5 in β cells, while GLP-1 itself fails to activate the lipolysis genes in FNDC5-knockout β cells. In addition, liraglutide, a clinically used GLP-1 receptor agonist, induced the expression of FNDC5 in mouse pancreas and brain tissues and increased the serum level of secreted FNDC5. Furthermore, we observed the expression of the well-known membrane-associated FNDC5 and a novel, secretable FNDC5 (sFNDC5) isoform in β cells and multiple rat tissues. Recombinant sFNDC5 stimulated lipolysis of wild type and FNDC5-knockout β cells. This new isoform further induced lipolysis and browning of adipocytes, and similar to irisin, executed potent anti-obesity activities in an obese mouse model. Overall, our studies provided new mechanistic insights into GLP-1’s anti-obesity actions in which GLP-1 induces the secretion of FNDC5 derivatives from its responsive organs that then mediate its anti-obesity activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William Donelan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peilan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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10
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Zummo FP, Krishnanda SI, Georgiou M, O'Harte FP, Parthsarathy V, Cullen KS, Honkanen-Scott M, Shaw JA, Lovat PE, Arden C. Exendin-4 stimulates autophagy in pancreatic β-cells via the RAPGEF/EPAC-Ca 2+-PPP3/calcineurin-TFEB axis. Autophagy 2021; 18:799-815. [PMID: 34338148 PMCID: PMC9037459 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1956123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is critical for the regulation of pancreatic β-cell mass and its deregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). We have previously shown that treatment of pancreatic β-cells with the GLP1R (glucagon like peptide 1 receptor) agonist exendin-4 stimulates autophagic flux in a setting of chronic nutrient excess. The aim of this study was to identify the underlying pathways contributing to enhanced autophagic flux. Pancreatic β-cells (INS-1E),mouse and human islets were treated with glucolipotoxic stress (0.5 mM palmitate and 25 mM glucose) in the presence of exendin-4. Consistent with our previous work, exendin-4 stimulated autophagic flux. Using chemical inhibitors and siRNA knockdown, we identified RAPGEF4/EPAC2 (Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4) and downstream calcium signaling to be essential for regulation of autophagic flux by exendin-4. This pathway was independent of AMPK and MTOR signaling. Further analysis identified PPP3/calcineurin and its downstream regulator TFEB (transcription factor EB) as key proteins mediating exendin-4 induced autophagy. Importantly, inhibition of this pathway prevented exendin-4-mediated cell survival and overexpression of TFEB mimicked the cell protective effects of exendin-4 in INS-1E and human islets. Moreover, treatment of db/db mice with exendin-4 for 21 days increased the expression of lysosomal markers within the pancreatic islets. Collectively our data identify the RAPGEF4/EPAC2-calcium-PPP3/calcineurin-TFEB axis as a key mediator of autophagic flux, lysosomal function and cell survival in pancreatic β-cells. Pharmacological modulation of this axis may offer a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of T2D. Abbreviations: AKT1/protein kinase B: AKT serine/threonine kinase 1; AMPK: 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase; CAMKK: calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CASP3: caspase 3; CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein; CTSD: cathepsin D; Ex4: exendin-4(1-39); GLP-1: glucagon like peptide 1; GLP1R: glucagon like peptide 1 receptor; GLT: glucolipotoxicity; INS: insulin; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFAT: nuclear factor of activated T-cells; PPP3/calcineurin: protein phosphatase 3; PRKA/PKA: protein kinase cAMP activated; RAPGEF3/EPAC1: Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3; RAPGEF4/EPAC2: Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; T2D: type 2 diabetes; TFEB: transcription factor EB
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco P Zummo
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Stanislaus I Krishnanda
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Merilin Georgiou
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Finbarr Pm O'Harte
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vadivel Parthsarathy
- The SAAD Centre for Pharmacy & Diabetes, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kirsty S Cullen
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Minna Honkanen-Scott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - James Am Shaw
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Penny E Lovat
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Catherine Arden
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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11
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Mechanisms of Beta-Cell Apoptosis in Type 2 Diabetes-Prone Situations and Potential Protection by GLP-1-Based Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105303. [PMID: 34069914 PMCID: PMC8157542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia secondary to the decline of functional beta-cells and is usually accompanied by a reduced sensitivity to insulin. Whereas altered beta-cell function plays a key role in T2D onset, a decreased beta-cell mass was also reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of this metabolic disease. The decreased beta-cell mass in T2D is, at least in part, attributed to beta-cell apoptosis that is triggered by diabetogenic situations such as amyloid deposits, lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. In this review, we discussed the molecular mechanisms involved in pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis under such diabetes-prone situations. Finally, we considered the molecular signaling pathways recruited by glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies to potentially protect beta-cells from death under diabetogenic situations.
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12
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Graham GV, Conlon JM, Moffett RC, Abdel-Wahab YH, Flatt PR. Effects of long-acting analogues of lamprey GLP-1 and paddlefish glucagon on alpha- to beta-cell transdifferentiation in an insulin-deficient transgenic mouse model. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3328. [PMID: 33843129 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The abilities of the long-acting, dual-agonist anti-diabetic peptides [D-Ala2 ]palmitoyl-lamprey GLP-1 and [D-Ser2 ]palmitoyl-paddlefish glucagon to induce α-cell to β-cell transdifferentiation were investigated in GluCreERT2 ;ROSA26-eYFP mice. These animals have been genetically engineered so that yellow fluorescent protein is specifically expressed in glucagon-producing α-cells, thereby allowing cell lineage tracing. Insulin deficiency was produced by treatment of the mice with multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Administration of the peptides (twice daily intraperitoneal injections of 25 nmol/kg body weight over 10 days) to streptozotocin-treated mice produced significant (P < 0.05) increases in pancreatic insulin content and plasma insulin concentrations compared with control mice. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the % of cells staining for both insulin and fluorescent protein in islets located in the head region of the pancreas (from 10.0 ± 1.3% of total cells in untreated mice to 20.0 ± 3.85% in mice treated with D-Ala2 ]palmitoyl-lamprey GLP-1 and to 17.3 ± 1.1% in mice treated with [D-Ser2 ]palmitoyl-paddlefish glucagon). Corresponding effects upon islets in the tail region were not significant. The data indicate an improvement in β-cell mass and positive effects on transdifferentiation of glucagon-producing to insulin-producing cells. The study provides further evidence that proglucagon-derived peptides from phylogenetical ancient fish show therapeutic potential for treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galyna V Graham
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - J Michael Conlon
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Yasser H Abdel-Wahab
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Peter R Flatt
- Diabetes Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, Coleraine, BT52 1SA, UK
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13
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Yao M, Zhang J, Li Z, Bai X, Ma J, Li Y. Liraglutide Protects Nucleus Pulposus Cells Against High-Glucose Induced Apoptosis by Activating PI3K/Akt/ mTOR/Caspase-3 and PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/Caspase-3 Signaling Pathways. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:630962. [PMID: 33681258 PMCID: PMC7933515 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.630962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is reportedly a significant risk factor for intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Incretin system and particularly glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) because of its glucose-lowering effects has become an important target in therapeutic strategies of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Liraglutide is a GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist with glucoregulatory and insulinotropic functions as well as regulatory functions on cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. However, little is known on the roles and signaling pathways of apoptosis protecting effects of liraglutide in IDD. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of liraglutide against high glucose-induced apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) and the possible involved signaling pathways. Methods: The human NPCs were incubated with 100 nM liraglutide alone or in combination with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor), and SB216763 (GSK3β inhibitor) in a high glucose culture for 48 h. The four groups were assessed further for apoptosis and genes expressions. The apoptotic effect was evaluated by flow cytometry and further confirmed by cell death detection enzyme-linked immunoassay plus (ELISAPLUS). The gene and protein expression levels were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting techniques. The results were comparatively assessed between the four groups. Results: The results confirmed the presence of GLP-1R in the NPCs indicating that liraglutide inhibited the high glucose-induced apoptosis, which was blocked by silencing GLP-1R with siRNA. Moreover, liraglutide stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR and GSK3β. Treatment with LY294002 significantly increased the apoptosis of NPCs and reduced the levels of their downstream substrates (p-AKT, p-mTOR, and p-GSK3β). Further assessments revealed that activation of mTOR and GSK3β was almost completely inhibited by rapamycin and SB216763, respectively, which significantly increased the caspase-3 levels. Conclusion: Liraglutide could protect NPCs against high glucose-induced apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/caspase-3 and PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/caspase-3 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoliang Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Baoding No.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Jinhui Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yukun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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14
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Abstract
The discovery that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) mediates a significant proportion of the incretin effect during the postprandial period and the subsequent observation that GLP-1 bioactivity is retained in type 2 diabetes (T2D) led to new therapeutic strategies being developed for T2D treatment based on GLP-1 action. Although owing to its short half-life exogenous GLP-1 has no use therapeutically, GLP-1 mimetics, which have a much longer half-life than native GLP-1, have proven to be effective for T2D treatment since they prolong the incretin effect in patients. These GLP-1 mimetics are a desirable therapeutic option for T2D since they do not provoke hypoglycaemia or weight gain and have simple modes of administration and monitoring. Additionally, over more recent years, GLP-1 action has been found to mediate systemic physiological beneficial effects and this has high clinical relevance due to the post-diagnosis complications of T2D. Indeed, recent studies have found that certain GLP-1 analogue therapies improve the cardiovascular outcomes for people with diabetes. Furthermore, GLP-1-based therapies may enable new therapeutic strategies for diseases that can also arise independently of the clinical manifestation of T2D, such as dementia and Parkinson's disease. GLP-1 functions by binding to its receptor (GLP-1R), which expresses mainly in pancreatic islet beta cells. A better understanding of the mechanisms and signalling pathways by which acute and chronic GLP-1R activation alleviates disease phenotypes and induces desirable physiological responses during healthy conditions will likely lead to the development of new therapeutic GLP-1 mimetic-based therapies, which improve prognosis to a greater extent than current therapies for an array of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Reed
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Stephen C. Bain
- Institute of Life Science, Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
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15
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Graham GV, McCloskey A, Abdel-Wahab YH, Conlon JM, Flatt PR. A long-acting, dual-agonist analogue of lamprey GLP-1 shows potent insulinotropic, β-cell protective, and anorexic activities and improves glucose homeostasis in high fat-fed mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 499:110584. [PMID: 31539596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peptidase-resistant analogues of GLP-1 peptides from sea lamprey and paddlefish ([D-Ala2]palmitoyl-lamprey GLP-1 and [D-Ala2]palmitoyl-paddlefish GLP-1) produced significant (P ≤ 0.05) and concentration-dependent increases in insulin release from BRIN-BD11 clonal β-cells and from isolated mouse islets. Both analogues retained the ability of the native peptides to activate both the GLP-1 receptor (GLP1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). [D-Ala2]palmitoyl-lamprey GLP-1 significantly (P < 0.001) stimulated proliferation of BRIN-BD11 cells and protected against cytokine-induced apoptosis. Administration of the lamprey analogue (25 nmol/kg body weight) to lean mice up to 4 h before a glucose load improved glucose tolerance and increased plasma insulin concentrations. Twice daily administration of the lamprey GLP-1 analogue to high fat-fed mice for 21 days decreased body weight, food intake, and circulating glucose and insulin concentrations. The analogue significantly improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with beneficial effects on islet β-cell area and insulin secretory responsiveness. Islet gene expression of Glp1r, Gcgr and Gipr significantly increased. The lamprey GLP-1 analogue shows therapeutic promise for treatment of patients with obesity-related Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galyna V Graham
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Andrew McCloskey
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Yasser H Abdel-Wahab
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
| | - J Michael Conlon
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK.
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland BT52 1SA, UK
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16
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Kanasaki K, Kawakita E, Koya D. Relevance of Autophagy Induction by Gastrointestinal Hormones: Focus on the Incretin-Based Drug Target and Glucagon. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:476. [PMID: 31156426 PMCID: PMC6531852 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of autophagy in health and disease conditions has been intensively analyzed for decades. Several potential interventions can induce autophagy in preclinical research; however, none of these interventions are ready for translation to clinical practice yet. The topic of the current review is the molecular regulation of autophagy by glucagon, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and the GLP-1-degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). Glucagon is a well-known polypeptide that induces autophagy. In contrast, GLP-1 has been shown to inhibit glucagon secretion; GLP-1 also has been related to the induction of autophagy. DPP-4 inhibitors can induce autophagy in a GLP-1-dependent manner, but other diverse effects could be relevant. Here, we analyze the distinct molecular regulation of autophagy by glucagon, GLP-1, and DPP-4 inhibitors. Additionally, the potential contribution to autophagy by glucagon and GLP-1 after bariatric surgery is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kanasaki
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Emi Kawakita
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
| | - Daisuke Koya
- Department of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan.,Division of Anticipatory Molecular Food Science and Technology, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan
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17
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Rowlands J, Heng J, Newsholme P, Carlessi R. Pleiotropic Effects of GLP-1 and Analogs on Cell Signaling, Metabolism, and Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:672. [PMID: 30532733 PMCID: PMC6266510 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incretin hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is best known for its "incretin effect" in restoring glucose homeostasis in diabetics, however, it is now apparent that it has a broader range of physiological effects in the body. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that GLP-1 mimetics alleviate endoplasmic reticulum stress, regulate autophagy, promote metabolic reprogramming, stimulate anti-inflammatory signaling, alter gene expression, and influence neuroprotective pathways. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated with respect to how GLP-1 and its analogs act to restore and maintain normal cellular functions. These findings have prompted several clinical trials which have reported GLP-1 analogs improve cardiac function, restore lung function and reduce mortality in patients with obstructive lung disease, influence blood pressure and lipid storage, and even prevent synaptic loss and neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, GLP-1 elicits its effects via acute elevation in cAMP levels, and subsequent protein kinase(s) activation, pathways well-defined in pancreatic β-cells which stimulate insulin secretion in conjunction with elevated Ca2+ and ATP. More recently, new studies have shed light on additional downstream pathways stimulated by chronic GLP-1 exposure, findings which have direct relevance to our understanding of the potential therapeutic effects of longer lasting analogs recently developed for clinical use. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the diverse roles for GLP-1 across multiple tissues, describe downstream pathways stimulated by acute and chronic exposure, and discuss novel pleiotropic applications of GLP-1 mimetics in the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rodrigo Carlessi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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18
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Zhang Y, Whaley-Connell AT, Sowers JR, Ren J. Autophagy as an emerging target in cardiorenal metabolic disease: From pathophysiology to management. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:1-22. [PMID: 29909238 PMCID: PMC6195437 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although advances in medical technology and health care have improved the early diagnosis and management for cardiorenal metabolic disorders, the prevalence of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and kidney disease remains high. Findings from numerous population-based studies, clinical trials, and experimental evidence have consolidated a number of theories for the pathogenesis of cardiorenal metabolic anomalies including resistance to the metabolic action of insulin, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, oxidative and nitrosative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial damage, and inflammation. Accumulating evidence has recently suggested a pivotal role for proteotoxicity, the unfavorable effects of poor protein quality control, in the pathophysiology of metabolic dysregulation and related cardiovascular complications. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosomal pathways, two major although distinct cellular clearance machineries, govern protein quality control by degradation and clearance of long-lived or damaged proteins and organelles. Ample evidence has depicted an important role for protein quality control, particularly autophagy, in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. To this end, autophagy offers promising targets for novel strategies to prevent and treat cardiorenal metabolic diseases. Targeting autophagy using pharmacological or natural agents exhibits exciting new strategies for the growing problem of cardiorenal metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Adam T Whaley-Connell
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - James R Sowers
- Research Service, Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA; Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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19
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Musale V, Abdel-Wahab YHA, Flatt PR, Conlon JM, Mangoni ML. Insulinotropic, glucose-lowering, and beta-cell anti-apoptotic actions of peptides related to esculentin-1a(1-21).NH2. Amino Acids 2018; 50:723-734. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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