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Enangue Njembele AN, Seppo Njembele MAP, Dicka kwambe EH, Hamdja Ngoniri A, Ntyam epse Ondo S, Etchu KA. Impact of pesticides exposure on Archachatina marginata snails in four Cameroon monomodal rainforest sites. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297369. [PMID: 38437232 PMCID: PMC10911591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cameroon monomodal rainforest zone has a strong agricultural activity and is therefore exposed to pesticides. Furthermore, the area possesses climatic factors that favor the growth of Achatinadea snails known as African giant snails, a delicacy for the local population. The present study aimed to evaluate pesticides contamination (less vs more exposed areas) through assessment of exposure and impact on Achatinadea snails. Achatinadea snails were collected within intensive agricultural areas (Njombe and Kribi rural) and in areas with less agricultural activity (Ebodje and Dibombari). Collection was performed at night between July and September 2020 using an adapted square kilometer method. Type, number, weight, and size of the collected snails were analyzed and compared using Welsh's One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). After removing the soft part from the shell, the presence of pesticides was determined using mass spectrometry. Histological analysis of kidney and ovo-testis was performed using eosin-hematoxylin staining. Results showed that the main variety of snails collected are Archachatina marginata. In areas with less agricultural activity, snails are bigger than those from more agricultural areas heavily using pesticides. Furthermore, pesticides detection showed that glyphosate, but not metalaxyl, is present in animals coming from all the collection sites. Cypermethrin was found in all the samples except in those from Dibombari. Histology revealed that the structure of the kidney and ovo-testis of snails from more exposed areas is impaired. In conclusion, this study revealed that some pesticides are transferred to snail and impair the structure of important organs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sylvie Ntyam epse Ondo
- Nkolbisson Headquarter, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kingsley Agbor Etchu
- Nkolbisson Headquarter, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Georgieva E, Antal L, Stoyanova S, Aranudova D, Velcheva I, Iliev I, Vasileva T, Bivolarski V, Mitkovska V, Chassovnikarova T, Todorova B, Uzochukwu IE, Nyeste K, Yancheva V. Biomarkers for pollution in caged mussels from three reservoirs in Bulgaria: A pilot study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09069. [PMID: 35284685 PMCID: PMC8914122 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mussel-watch concept was firstly proposed in 1975, which was later adopted by several international monitoring programs worldwide. However, for the very first time, a field experiment with caged mussels was performed in three reservoirs in Bulgaria to follow the harmful effects of sub-chronic pollution (30 days) of metals, trace, and macro-elements, as well as some organic toxicants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers and chlorinated paraffins. Therefore, we studied the biometric indices, histochemical lesions in the gills, biochemical changes in the digestive glands (antioxidant defense enzymes, such as catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase; metabolic enzymes, such as lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase, and the neurotransmitter cholinesterase), in addition to the DNA damage in the Chinese pond mussel, Sinanodonta woodiana (Lea, 1834) in Kardzhali, Studen Kladenets and Zhrebchevo reservoirs in Bulgaria. Significant correlation trends between the pollution levels, which we reported before, and the biomarker responses were established in the current paper. Overall, we found that both tested organs were susceptible to pollution-induced oxidative stress. The different alterations in the selected biomarkers in the caged mussels compared to the reference group were linked to the different kinds and levels of water pollution in the reservoirs, and also to the simultaneously conducted bioaccumulation studies. The effects of water pollution in caged mussels from three large dam reservoirs in Bulgaria were assessed. A cocktail of different inorganic and organic toxicants was measured both in waters and mussels for the first time. Different biomarker responses (cellular to individual) were also followed in gills and digestive glands of the transplants. Correlation trends between the pollution levels and the applied biological tools were established.
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Fu H, Tan P, Wang R, Li S, Liu H, Yang Y, Wu Z. Advances in organophosphorus pesticides pollution: Current status and challenges in ecotoxicological, sustainable agriculture, and degradation strategies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127494. [PMID: 34687999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) are one of the most widely used types of pesticide that play an important role in the production process due to their effects on preventing pathogen infection and increasing yield. However, in the early development and application of OPPs, their toxicological effects and the issue of environmental pollution were not considered. With the long-term overuse of OPPs, their hazards to the ecological environment (including soil and water) and animal health have attracted increasing attention. Therefore, this review first clarified the classification, characteristics, applications of various OPPs, and the government's restriction requirements on various OPPs. Second, the toxicological effects and metabolic mechanisms of OPPs and their metabolites were introduced in organisms. Finally, the existing methods of degrading OPPs were summarized, and the challenges and further addressing strategy of OPPs in the sustainable development of agriculture, the environment, and ecology were prospected. However, methods to solve the environmental and ecological problems caused by OPPs from the three aspects of use source, use process, and degradation methods were proposed, which provided a theoretical basis for addressing the stability of the ecological environment and improving the structure of the pesticide industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Renjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Senlin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haozhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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4
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Iori S, Rovere GD, Ezzat L, Smits M, Ferraresso SS, Babbucci M, Marin MG, Masiero L, Fabrello J, Garro E, Carraro L, Cardazzo B, Patarnello T, Matozzo V, Bargelloni L, Milan M. The effects of glyphosate and AMPA on the mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and its microbiota. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:108984. [PMID: 31830695 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide worldwide, targets the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) enzyme in the shikimate pathway found in plants and some microorganisms. While the potential for glyphosate to induce a broad range of biological effects in exposed organisms has been demonstrated, the global molecular mechanisms of toxicity and potential effects in bacterial symbionts remain unclear, in particular for ecologically important marine species such as bivalve molluscs. Here, the effects of glyphosate (GLY), its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and a mixture of both (MIX) on the mussel M. galloprovincialis were assessed in a controlled experiment. For the first time, next generation sequencing (RNA-seq and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing) was used to evaluate such effects at the molecular level in both the host and its respective microbiota. The results suggest that the variable capacity of bacterial species to proliferate in the presence of these compounds and the impairment of host physiological homeostasis due to AMPA and GLY toxicity may cause significant perturbations to the digestive gland microbiota, as well as elicit the spread of potential opportunistic pathogens such as Vibrio spp.. The consequent host-immune system activation identified at the molecular and cellular level could be aimed at controlling changes occurring in the composition of symbiotic microbial communities. Overall, our data raise further concerns about the potential adverse effects of glyphosate and AMPA in marine species, suggesting that both the effects of direct toxicity and the ensuing changes occurring in the host-microbial community must be taken into consideration to determine the overall ecotoxicological hazard of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - G Dalla Rovere
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - L Ezzat
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, Santa Barbara, United States
| | - M Smits
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - S S Ferraresso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M Babbucci
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - M G Marin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - L Masiero
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - J Fabrello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - E Garro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - L Carraro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - B Cardazzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - T Patarnello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - V Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Basssi 58/B, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - L Bargelloni
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy; CONISMA - Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Roma, Italy
| | - M Milan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro (PD), Italy; CONISMA - Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze del Mare, Roma, Italy.
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Banaee M, Sureda A, Taheri S, Hedayatzadeh F. Sub-lethal effects of dimethoate alone and in combination with cadmium on biochemical parameters in freshwater snail, Galba truncatula. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 220:62-70. [PMID: 30880276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of the organophosphorus pesticide dimethoate and cadmium on biochemical parameters of a freshwater snail, Galba truncatula, in laboratory conditions. In 14 days, snails were exposed to 0, 100, 200, and 400 μg L-1 of dimethoate and 0.0 and 1000 μg L-1 of cadmium chloride. The results evidenced that dimethoate induces oxidative stress and alters biochemical parameters in freshwater snails. Cadmium also induced significant changes in biochemical parameters. The combination of the dimethoate and cadmium markedly increased the effects on G. truncatula. Dimethoate and cadmium mixture caused a decrease in Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activities, glycogen, and total antioxidant capacity (TAN) levels, and increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in exposed snails. The increased toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium after the exposure to the highest concentration of dimethoate indicates a synergistic effect leading to a reduced performance of the detoxification system in the snail. Dimethoate contributed to the bioconcentration of cadmium in snails and increased its toxic effects evidenced in biomarkers of oxidative stress and cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Banaee
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences, CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Somayeh Taheri
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran
| | - Fariba Hedayatzadeh
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Iran
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El-Gendy KS, Radwan MA, Gad AF, Khamis AE, Eshra EH. Use of multiple endpoints to investigate the ecotoxicological effects of abamectin and thiamethoxam on Theba pisana snails. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 167:242-249. [PMID: 30342357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ecotoxicological effects of dietary exposure to sublethal concentration (1/20 LC50) of abamectin (ABM) and thiamethoxam (TMX) for two weeks exposure and one week recovery on oxidative stress parameters; lipid peroxidation (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage as well as immunological parameters; cell death, phagocytosis, lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), lectins, superoxide anion (O2-) generation, phenoloxidase (PO), peroxidase (POD) and hemocyanin (Hc) of the land snail, Theba pisana were examined. The results showed that both tested compounds significantly increased DNA damage, LPO content, the activity of CAT and GST, cell death, POD activity, Hc level, whereas, significantly declined in phagocytic activity, LMS, lectins level, O2- generation, PO activity, and GSH content compared to the controls after two week exposure. After one week of recovery, the measured biochemical parameters of treated snails were slightly repaired but their levels were still less than that of the level of untreated animals. Overall, based on acute toxicity endpoints, ABM appeared to be more harmful than TMX against this animal. Indeed, the different patterns of endpoint responses could represent a useful picture to characterise exposure to these pesticides in the land snail, T. pisana. This battery of snail endpoints might be a promising option to biomonitor the health of the terrestrial ecosystem and to offer valuable insights to the pesticides toxicity mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S El-Gendy
- Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - M A Radwan
- Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - A F Gad
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A E Khamis
- Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - E H Eshra
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria, Egypt
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de Melo Tarouco F, de Godoi FGA, Velasques RR, da Silveira Guerreiro A, Geihs MA, da Rosa CE. Effects of the herbicide Roundup on the polychaeta Laeonereis acuta: Cholinesterases and oxidative stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:259-266. [PMID: 27750093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate based herbicides, including Roundup, are widely employed in agriculture and urban spaces. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of Roundup on the estuarine polychaeta Laeonereis acuta. Biomarkers of oxidative stress as well as acetylcholinesterase and propionilcholinesterase activities were analyzed. Firstly, the LC50 96h for L. acuta was established (8.19mg/L). After, the animals were exposed to two Roundup concentrations: 3.25mg/L (non-observed effect concentration - NOEC) and 5.35mg/L (LC10) for 24h and 96h. Oxygen consumption was determined and the animals were divided into three body regions (anterior, middle and posterior) for biochemical analysis. An inhibition of both cholinesterase isoforms were observed in animals exposed to both Roundup concentrations after 96h. A significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction was observed in the posterior region of animals in both periods, while antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) was reduced in the posterior region of animals exposed for 24h. Considering the antioxidant defense system, both GSH levels and enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase and glutamate cysteine ligase) were not altered after exposure. Lipid peroxidation was reduced in all analyzed body regions in both Roundup concentrations after 24h. Animals exposed to the highest concentration presented a reduction in lipid peroxidation in the anterior region after 96h, while animals exposed to the lowest concentration presented a reduction in the middle region. Overall results indicate that Roundup exposure presents toxicity to L. acuta, causing a disruption in ROS and ACAP levels as well as affects the cholinergic system of this invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio de Melo Tarouco
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil.
| | | | - Robson Rabelo Velasques
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil.
| | - Amanda da Silveira Guerreiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil.
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo da Rosa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Brazil.
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Abdel-Ghaffar F, Ahmed AK, Bakry F, Rabei I, Ibrahim A. The Impact of Three Herbicides on Biological and Histological Aspects ofBiomphalaria alexandrina, Intermediate Host ofSchistosoma mansoni. MALACOLOGIA 2016. [DOI: 10.4002/040.059.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Monte TCDC, Garcia J, Gentile R, de Vasconcellos MC, Souza J, Braga BV, Maldonado A. In vivo and in vitro effects of the herbicide Roundup(®) on developmental stages of the trematode Echinostoma paraensei. Exp Parasitol 2016; 169:43-50. [PMID: 27373431 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exposure of wildlife and humans to toxic residues of Roundup(®) through agricultural practices or the food chain has been reported since the herbicide was found contaminating rivers. Glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine acid, is a nonselective post-emergent herbicide and is formulated as an isopropylamine salt with the surfactant taloamine polyethoxylate (POEA) representing the commercial formulation of Roundup(®). There is little knowledge about the effects of the herbicide on helminth parasites, particularly those whose life cycle is related to water bodies. Here we investigated the effects of the Roundup(®) on the food-borne trematode Echinostoma paraensei in experimental conditions using different developmental stages (eggs, miracidia, cercariae, metacercariae, newly excysted larvae (NEL), helminths at seven days and helminths at fourteen days). Three different herbicide concentrations were tested based on concentrations typically applied in the field: 225, 450 and 900 mg/L. Specimens were analyzed in vitro for hatching miracidia, mortality and excystment rate of metacercariae and in vivo for parasitic load and egg production. There was a significant difference in the hatching miracidia rate only for the newly embryonated eggs. The mortality of specimens and excystment rate of metacercariae were concentration-dependent. There was a significant difference in the miracidia mortality with respect to concentration until 56.3 mg/L. The same effect was observed for cercariae, and mortality was observed from 15 min onwards at concentrations of 225-900 mg/L. At low concentrations, mortality was detected after 30 min. The effects of the herbicide concentration on NEL and on helminths at seven and fourteen days showed a significant difference after 24 h. There was no significant difference in parasitic load and egg production after infection of rodents with exposed metacercariae. All developmental stages of the trematode E. paraensei were affected by Roundup(®) exposure under experimental conditions. These results suggest that dynamics of transmission of the trematode could be affected in the natural environments. The study also reinforces the usefulness of this trematode as a good model organism to test pesticides regarding human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainá C de C Monte
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juberlan Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosana Gentile
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Joyce Souza
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brunna V Braga
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Maldonado
- Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Silvestres Reservatórios, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brazil 4365, Manguinhos, CEP 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abou-Elnour BM, El-Emam MAEW, Mahmoud MB, Ibrahim WL, Youssef AA. Alternations in parasitological, biochemical and molecular parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails, intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, induced post exposure to the proposed snail biocontrol agent Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita nematode. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)60964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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