Krill oil-based self-emulsifying drug delivery system to improve oral absorption and renoprotective function of ginger extract

Advances in encapsulation systems of Antarctic krill oil: From extraction to encapsulation, and future direction

Antarctic krill oil (AKO) is highly sought after by consumers and the food industry due to its richness in a variety of nutrients and physiological activities. However, current extraction methods are not sufficient to better extract AKO and its nutrients, and AKO is susceptible to lipid oxidation during processing and storage, leading to nutrient loss and the formation of off-flavors and toxic compounds. The development of various extraction methods and encapsulation systems for AKO to improve oil yield, nutritional value, antioxidant capacity, and bioavailability has become a research hotspot. This review summarizes the research progress of AKO from extraction to encapsulation system construction. The AKO extraction mechanism, technical parameters, oil yield and composition of solvent extraction, aqueous enzymatic extraction, supercritical/subcritical extraction, and three-liquid-phase salting-out extraction system are described in detail. The principles, choice of emulsifier/wall materials, preparation methods, advantages and disadvantages of four common encapsulation systems for AKO, namely micro/nanoemulsions, microcapsules, liposomes and nanostructured lipid carriers, are summarized. These four encapsulation systems are characterized by high encapsulation efficiency, low production cost, high bioavailability and high antioxidant capacity. Depending on the unique advantages and conditions of different encapsulation methods, as well as consumer demand for health and nutrition, different products can be developed. However, existing AKO encapsulation systems lack relevant studies on digestive absorption and targeted release, and the single product category of commercially available products limits consumer choice. In conjunction with clinical studies of AKO encapsulation systems, the development of encapsulation systems for special populations should be a future research direction.

Optimization and characterization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system of iloperidone using box-behnken design and desirability function

PURPOSE

Iloperidone (IP) is an antipsychotic drug which belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) II exhibiting poor aqueous solubility. The current investigation explores the possibility of enhancement of solubility and dissolution characteristics of IP by formulation of liquid self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (L-SNEDDS) utilizing Box-Behnken Design (BBD) and desirability function.

METHODS

The oils, surfactants and co-surfactants used in the study were selected based on solubility of the drug and their emulsification ability. Optimization of the formulation was performed using BBD by employing four response variables such as globule size (nm), percentage transmittance (%), self-emulsification time (sec) and percent drug released in 15min. 2D contour plots and 3D response surface plots were constructed using Design Expert software.

RESULTS

The developed optimal L-SNEDDS of IP through BBD approach resulted in improvement of solubility and dissolution rate as compared with the pure drug. Based on desirability function, optimized formulation was prepared and was assessed for response variables (globule size, percentage transmittance, self-emulsification time and percent drug dissolved in 15min). The characterization studies revealed droplet size to be 21.80±2.41nm, 99.584±0.65% transmittance, 24.43±2.12sec emulsification time and 95.31±1.57% cumulative drug release in 15min.

CONCLUSION

The results conclude the potentiality of prepared L-SNEDDS in improving solubility and dissolution rate of IP.

Understanding the combination of fractional factorial design and chemometrics analysis for screening super-saturable quercetin-self nano emulsifying components

Quercetin is formulated in a super saturable - self-nano emulsifying (SS-SNE) to increase its stability and bioavailability. This study focuses on the screening design for SS-SNE components with a fractional factorial design (FrFD) approach and chemometric analysis. The FrFD method was chosen because it provides comprehensive benefits. The oil components used are canola and grape seed oil. Croduret 50-SS was selected as a surfactant and PEG 400 as a co-surfactant. The interaction of SNE components was evaluated using FTIR-ATR instrumentation. SNE droplet morphology was observed using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The selected formulas were grape seed oil as oil phase at 19.6%, croduret at 60%, and PEG 400 as co-surfactant with a concentration of 16.6%. The selected formula has a droplet size of 133.27 nm, PDI of 0.181, the zeta potential of 17.00 mV, electrophoretic mobility of 1.332 µmcm/Vs, emulsification time of 10.05 seconds, a viscosity of 370.147 mPa.s, and a drug load of 31.70 mg/mL. The components of grape seed oil, croduret, and PEG 400 resulted in a quercetin carrier SNE formula that met the criteria. FrFD design and chemometric analysis in the screening process can help determine the selected formula very effectively and efficiently.