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Peel E, Orji CC, Ogan S, Gould J, Leckbee G, Brown CM, Pope N. Pharmacists' Perceptions of Mental Well-Being and Immunization Safety During COVID-19. J Pharm Pract 2024; 37:563-570. [PMID: 36573840 PMCID: PMC9806197 DOI: 10.1177/08971900221149145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess pharmacists' mental well-being, perceptions of safety, and willingness to administer vaccines before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An electronic survey was administered to a convenient sample of practicing pharmacists working in Alabama, Tennessee and Texas. The 33-item survey examined pharmacists' beliefs about the pandemic's impact on their mental well-being, their perceptions of safety in vaccine administration, and their willingness to vaccinate. Responses were assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from strongly disagree (1) to strongly agree (5). A recruitment email with the survey link was sent to pharmacists, with periodic reminders over a 4-week period. Descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses were utilized to evaluate survey responses. Results: A total of 387 responses were analyzed, with an estimated response rate of 3.93%. Most respondents were women (65%) and had at least 6 to 10 years of practice experience (28%). Overall, participants felt that the pandemic worsened their mental well-being, with women reporting a more negative mental well-being compared with men (P < .001). They reported having less time during workflow to apply personal protective equipment (PPE) (P = .0074) compared to before the pandemic. They also reported a decrease in willingness to vaccinate adult patients during the pandemic (P < .0001), and that concern about contracting COVID-19 prevented them from giving vaccinations (P < .0001). Conclusions: Pharmacists felt their mental well-being and willingness to vaccinate patients suffered as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research and initiatives that focus on improving vaccination rates should also consider pharmacists' concerns and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinelo C. Orji
- Health Outcomes Division, College
of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn M. Brown
- Health Outcomes Division, College
of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Pope
- Health Outcomes Division, College
of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at
Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Lange M, Licaj I, Stroiazzo R, Rabiaza A, Le Bas J, Le Bas F, Humbert X. COVID-19 psychological impact in general practitioners: A longitudinal study. L'ENCEPHALE 2024; 50:143-148. [PMID: 37095051 PMCID: PMC10080271 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COVID-19 may have negatively impacted the mental health of front-line healthcare workers, including general practitioners (GPs). This study sought to assess the psychological impact (stress, burnout and self-efficacy) of the COVID-19 outbreak in French GPs. METHODS We carried out a postal-based survey of all GPs who worked in the French region of Normandy (departments of Calvados, Manche and Orne) from the exhaustive database of the Union Régionale des Médecins libéraux (URML Normandie) as of 15th April 2020 (one month after the first French COVID-19 sanitary lockdown). The second survey was conducted four months later. Four validated self-report questionnaires were used at both inclusion and follow-up: Perceived Stress scale (PSS), Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and General Self-Efficacy scale (GSE). Demographic data were also collected. RESULTS The sample consists of 351 GPs. At the follow-up, 182 answered the questionnaires (response rate: 51.8%). The mean scores of MBI significantly increased during follow-up [Emotional exhaustion (EE) and Personal accomplishment, P<0.01]. Higher burnout symptoms were found at the 4-month follow-up in 64 (35.7%) and 86 (48.0%) participants (43 and 70 participant at baseline), according respectively to EE and depersonalisation scores (P=0.01 and 0.09, respectively). CONCLUSION This is the first longitudinal study that has shown the psychological impact of COVID-19 in French GPs. Based on validated a self-report questionnaire, burnout symptoms increased during follow-up. It is necessary to continue monitoring psychological difficulties of healthcare workers especially during consecutive waves of COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lange
- Clinical Research Department, Centre François-Baclesse, 14000 Caen, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086, ANTICIPE, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Idlir Licaj
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Rhéda Stroiazzo
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, Family Medicine Department, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Andry Rabiaza
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, Family Medicine Department, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Jeanne Le Bas
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, Family Medicine Department, 14000 Caen, France
| | - François Le Bas
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, Family Medicine Department, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Xavier Humbert
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INSERM U1086, ANTICIPE, 14000 Caen, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, Family Medicine Department, 14000 Caen, France.
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Younes S, Hallit S, Mohammed I, El Khatib S, Brytek-Matera A, Eze SC, Egwu K, Jabeen R, Pavlović N, Salameh P, Cherfane M, Akel M, Haddad C, Choueiry R, Fekih-Romdhane F, Iskandar K. Moderating effect of work fatigue on the association between resilience and posttraumatic stress symptoms: a cross-sectional multi-country study among pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biopsychosoc Med 2024; 18:4. [PMID: 38374107 PMCID: PMC10875825 DOI: 10.1186/s13030-024-00300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacists, despite their vital contributions, have faced significant challenges that have impacted their mental well-being, potentially leading to the development of Post-Traumatic Stress symptoms (PTSS). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of work-related fatigue as a potential moderator in the relationship between pharmacists' resilience and their likelihood of experiencing PTSS during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted online in eight countries from January to December 2021, including Brazil, Lebanon, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Serbia, and Tunisia. The mediation analysis was conducted using PROCESS MACRO (an SPSS add-on) v3.4 model 1, taking work fatigue as a moderator in the association between resilience and PTSS. RESULTS A total of 442 pharmacists were enrolled in this study (mean age = 33.91 ± 10.36 years) with 59.5% of them being females. The results were adjusted over country, gender, working in contact with COVID-19, working patients, working mandatory hours, working voluntary hours, age, household crowding index and number of months engaged in COVID-19. The interactions resilience by physical (Beta = 0.02; p = .029), mental (Beta = 0.02; p = .040) and emotional (Beta = 0.03; p = .008) work fatigue were significantly associated with PTSS; for pharmacists with low to moderate levels of physical (Beta = - 0.33; p < .001 and Beta = - 0.21; p = .001), mental (Beta = - 0.29; p < .001 and Beta = - 0.18; p = .006) and emotional (Beta = - 0.31; p < .001 and Beta = - 0.17; p = .008) work fatigue, higher resilience was significantly related to lower PTSS levels. However, for pharmacists with high levels of physical/mental/emotional work fatigue, the association between resilience and PTSS became non-significant. CONCLUSION This study highlights the complex relationship between work-related fatigue, resilience, and PTSS in pharmacists. It emphasizes the need to address work-related fatigue for pharmacists' psychological well-being during crises, offering insights for tailored support and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Younes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, P.O. Box 446, Jounieh, Lebanon
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Irfan Mohammed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Sarah El Khatib
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Anna Brytek-Matera
- Eating Behavior Laboratory (EAT Younes et al. BioPsychoSocial Medicine, Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Kenneth Egwu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Rawshan Jabeen
- Department of Research & Development, Children's Hospital Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Michelle Cherfane
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Marwan Akel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon
- Gilbert and Rose Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon
- School of Health Sciences, Modern University for Business and Science, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Randa Choueiry
- Department of Medicinal Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi Hospital, Manouba, 2010, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Katia Iskandar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Institut National de Santé Publique, d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT- LB), Beirut, Lebanon.
- Institut supérieur de santé publique de l'université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth, campus des sciences médicales, rue de Damas, BP 11-5076, Riad El Solh, Beyrouth, 1107 2180, Lebanon.
- Faculty of Public Health-Section 2 (CERIPH), Lebanese University, Fanar, 90656, Lebanon.
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Duyan V, Pak Güre MD, Karataş M. Examination of Burnout Levels and Social Support Resources of Healthcare Workers in Filiation Teams During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 39:1-19. [PMID: 38367223 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2024.2316868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the level of burnout and social support of healthcare workers in filiation teams during the period of COVID-19 in Turkey. A total of 1028 healthcare workers have been reached. The sociodemographic questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) have been used. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were created, and independent t-tests and Pearson correlation tests were performed. 69.5% of the participants were females. The participants consisted of midwives (21.2%), nurses (15.5%), doctors (14.1%), psychologists (10.8%), and dentists (10.7%). The MSPSS scale scores of the participants were 62.66 ± 16.96; family 22.87 ± 5.85, friends 21.14 ± 6.30, and significant other person 18.65 ± 7.95. MBI scale scores are 54.05 ± 10.77, emotional exhaustion 18.12 ± 8.36, depersonalization 4.53 ± 3.45, and personal achievement 31.40 ± 7.04. The study showed that females have higher levels of emotional exhaustion and, as education levels, the population of the region, daily working hours, patient burden, and death of coronavirus-infected colleagues increase, and burnout levels increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli Duyan
- Social Work Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Karataş
- Social Work Department, Kütahya Health Sciences University, Kütahya, Turkey
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Zhang L, Li Z, Li M, Yang Y, Hsu M, Xia L, Liu T, Liu Y, Jiang F, Liu H, Tang YL. Mental health symptoms and their associated factors among pharmacists in psychiatric hospitals during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2023; 10:e77. [PMID: 38161747 PMCID: PMC10755378 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2023.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
As frontline workers, pharmacists often face significant work stress, especially in psychiatric settings. A multicenter cross-sectional design was conducted in 41 psychiatric hospitals. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to measure the mental health of 636 pharmacists. We also collected demographic data and work-related variables. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress was 20.60%, 22.96% and 8.96%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed that several common factors were associated with depression, anxiety and stress, including professional identity (odds ratio [OR] = 0.132, 0.381 and 0.352) and verbal violence (OR = 2.068, 2.615 and 2.490). Those who were satisfied with their job were less likely to develop depression (OR = 0.234) or anxiety (OR = 0.328). We found specific factors associated with mental health. Older age (OR = 1.038) and perceived negative impact (OR = 2.398) of COVID-19 on medical work were associated with anxiety, and those with frontline experience with COVID-19 patients (OR = 2.306) were more likely to experience stress. More than one-fifth of pharmacists in psychiatric hospitals experienced symptoms of depression or anxiety during the pandemic, highlighting the need for policy change to improve workplace conditions and psychological well-being for this professional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhenkuo Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Xiangtan City, Xiangtan, China
| | - Mengdie Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yating Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Michael Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Lei Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingfang Liu
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute of Healthy Yangtze River Delta, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- School of International and Public Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanzhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Chaohu, China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yi-lang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
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Massoubre B, Gabriel-Segard T, Durupt F, Malachane AS, Anglard N, Tiffet T, Massoubre C. Survey on the Mental Health of Dispensing Pharmacists in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Region (France). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6988. [PMID: 37947546 PMCID: PMC10648574 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20216988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic intensely involved pharmacists in France, with new responsibilities on a large scale, introducing to dispensary practice the performance of vaccination and nasopharyngeal swabs. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of burnout, anxiety, and depression in pharmacists after the COVID-19 health crisis and to identify factors associated with psychological distress. METHODS A cross-sectional observational study involved 1700 pharmacies in an entire French region. Sociodemographic, geographical, and medical information (burnout tested with the MBI and anxiety/depression measured on the HAD scale) were collected via an online anonymous self-administered questionnaire. The characteristics of the pharmacy and the practice of antigen testing and vaccination were requested. Quantitative and qualitative variables associated with psychological distress were investigated with a factor analysis. RESULTS In total, 360 responses were collected (20.5%). Of the responses, 41.9% showed definite anxiety symptoms and 18.3% showed proven depressive symptoms. Three clusters were described according to the intensity of burnout experience, depersonalization, and loss of personal accomplishment. The analysis identified that one cluster was at high risk of burnout (high burnout and depersonalization scores). Of these stressed, exhausted pharmacists, 69.3% showed definite anxiety, 37.9% showed proven depression, and in smaller pharmacies. The carrying out of antigenic testing and anti-COVID vaccination, as well as the geographical location of the pharmacy, were not discriminating factors in these three groups. CONCLUSION Mental health care and suicide prevention should be provided to at-risk pharmacists. It seems essential to publicize the range of resources available to support pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Massoubre
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences (ISPB), 6 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Gabriel-Segard
- University Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Florence Durupt
- URPS-Pharmaciens Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 194 bis Rue Garibaldi, 69003 Lyon, France; (F.D.); (A.-S.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Anne-Sophie Malachane
- URPS-Pharmaciens Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 194 bis Rue Garibaldi, 69003 Lyon, France; (F.D.); (A.-S.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Noémie Anglard
- URPS-Pharmaciens Auvergne Rhône-Alpes, 194 bis Rue Garibaldi, 69003 Lyon, France; (F.D.); (A.-S.M.); (N.A.)
| | - Théophile Tiffet
- Public Health Service, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France;
| | - Catherine Massoubre
- University Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Centre of Saint-Etienne, EA TAPE 7423, University Jean Monnet, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France;
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Phuspa SM, Alim S, Dharmastuti A, Saefudin MA, Lutfiyah NU, Sutomo AH. Instruments for assessing health workers' burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review. J Ment Health 2023; 32:935-950. [PMID: 36068961 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2022.2118689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, health workers' workload is increasing, with the risk of burnout. Several instruments for assessing burnout have been developed since the concept was coined in the 1970s. It is important to map and describe the application of burnout instruments for health workers in the current COVID-19 pandemic situation. AIMS This article aimed to map and describe what instruments are used and variations of their application to research burnout in health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This scoping review searched articles systematically through 7 databases (PubMed, Clinical Key, Scopus, EBSCOhost, APA PsycINFO, Science Direct, and Wiley Online Library). Articles were screened and analyzed following the Arksey and O'Malley framework. RESULTS From 507 results, 31 peer-reviewed articles were selected. These studies involved 33,879 participants from various health professions. Generally, the research instrument is still dominated by Maslach Burnout Inventory. Applications of burnout measurements vary widely because there is no consensus on the concept of burnout assessment. CONCLUSION Inconsistency in burnout-measuring tools can be seen as providing flexibility and alternatives, but at the same time, it is a gap that challenges researchers to develop more comprehensive instruments, especially for the burnout phenomenon in health workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisca Mayang Phuspa
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Faculty of Health Science at Universitas Darussalam Gontor, Ponorogo, Indonesia
| | - Syahirul Alim
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Adi Heru Sutomo
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing at Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Gernant SA, Nigro SC, Cruess DG, Smith M, Rickles NM. Age, gender, and setting's effect on community pharmacists' stress and confidence in the COVID-19 pandemic. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100239. [PMID: 36968326 PMCID: PMC9997053 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of increased stress among healthcare workers were commonplace during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, but little is known about community pharmacists' experiences. Objective To characterize community pharmacists' stress and confidence during the early COVID-19 pandemic and identify associated factors. Methods Pharmacists who worked in a brick-and-mortar community pharmacy (e.g., big-box, chain, independent, or grocery pharmacies) located in Connecticut and had regular face-to-face interaction with the public were surveyed. Survey items were selected from the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and adapted from the Emergency Risk-Communication (ERC) framework. Data were analyzed using chi-square and ANOVA. Results Survey results suggested pharmacists experienced moderate levels of stress, as negative responses to PSS-10 items ranged between 6.4% to 43.3%, respectively. Overall, pharmacists had high rates of confidence in their ability to manage the pandemic, agreeing or strongly agreeing that they could manage their own mental health (73.1%), and communicate risks of the pandemic (72.0%). However, 28.0% reported that they had avoided talking about the pandemic because it made them feel “stressed, or nervous.” Women and those working in chain community pharmacies tended to report significantly higher rates of stress to several items in the PSS-10 compared to men and pharmacists working in non-chain settings. Women and chain community pharmacists were also significantly more likely to report overall that they had avoided talking about public health risks because it made them feel anxious, stressed, or depressed (29.4% men vs. 34.5% women χ2 (4) > 22.6, p < 0.01). However, confidence to communicate critical risk messages neither differed between men and women (77.6% men vs. 68.8% women χ2 (4) > 8.3, p = 0.08), nor between chain and non-chain community pharmacists (71.0% chain vs. 73.7% non-chain χ2 (4) > 8.9, p = 0.32). Conclusion Being female, younger age, and employed at a chain pharmacy were associated with higher rates of stress and lower self-confidence among community pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Gernant
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
- Corresponding author.
| | - Stefanie C. Nigro
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
| | - Dean G. Cruess
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Storrs, CT 06269, United States of America
| | - Marie Smith
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel M. Rickles
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy, 69 North Eagleville Rd. Storrs, CT 06229, United States of America
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Stodolska A, Wójcik G, Barańska I, Kijowska V, Szczerbińska K. Prevalence of burnout among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors - a scoping review. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2023; 36:21-58. [PMID: 36727492 PMCID: PMC10464746 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic exerted significant mental burden on healthcare workers (HCWs) operating in the frontline of the COVID-19 care as they experienced high levels of stress and burnout. The aim of this scoping review was to identify prevalence and factors associated with burnout among HCWs during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Studies were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, or qualitative analyses, published in peer-reviewed journals, between January 1, 2020 and February 28, 2021. Studies carried out on other occupations than healthcare workers or related to other pandemics than COVID-19 were excluded. Following the abstract screen, from 141 original papers identified, 69 articles were eventually selected. A large variation in the reported burnout prevalence among HCWs (4.3-90.4%) was observed. The main factors associated with increase/ decrease of burnout included: demographic characteristics (age, gender, education level, financial situation, family status, occupation), psychological condition (psychiatric diseases, stress, anxiety, depression, coping style), social factors (stigmatisation, family life), work organization (workload, working conditions, availability of staff and materials, support at work), and factors related with COVID-19 (fear of COVID-19, traumatic events, contact with patients with COVID-19, having been infected with COVID-19, infection of a colleague or a relative with COVID-19, higher number of deaths observed by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic). The findings should be useful for policy makers and healthcare managers in developing programs preventing burnout during the current and future pandemics. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(1):21-58.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Stodolska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (Medical Faculty, Department of Sociology of Medicine, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Chair)
| | - Grzegorz Wójcik
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (Medical Faculty, Department of Sociology of Medicine, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Chair)
- Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland (Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Institute of Applied Psychology)
| | - Ilona Barańska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (Medical Faculty, Department of Sociology of Medicine, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Chair)
| | - Violetta Kijowska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (Medical Faculty, Department of Sociology of Medicine, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Chair)
| | - Katarzyna Szczerbińska
- Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland (Medical Faculty, Department of Sociology of Medicine, Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Chair)
- University Hospital in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
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10
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Bajis D, Bajis S, Akel M, Bizama AP, Chaar B. A grounded theory approach to exploring the experiences of community pharmacists in Lebanon to a triple whammy of crises: The Lebanese financial crisis, COVID-19 pandemic, and the Beirut port explosion. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 9:100217. [PMID: 36703715 PMCID: PMC9871292 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists like other health care professionals in Lebanon have been grappling with a series of multifaceted, country-wide and ongoing challenges that have formed the impetus for this research. We aimed to explore experiences of community pharmacists in Beirut, Lebanon, during three concurrent crises in 2020: the Lebanese financial crisis, COVID-19 pandemic and the Beirut Port explosion. Methods A qualitative approach using a constructivist grounded theory methodology was employed. Between October 2020 and February 2021, semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposefully recruited community pharmacists working in Beirut. All interviews were conducted virtually, and data collected were analysed using inductive reasoning, with open coding and concept development. Results Thirty-five participants (63% female, mean age 30) were interviewed online. Emergent categories and theoretical concepts included 1. painting the picture - pharmacists describing the context/setting; 2. impact of the crises - on community pharmacists, the profession, patients and the system; 3. response to the crises - of community pharmacists, the profession (+ practice), patients and the system; and 4. need for advocacy and leadership. A theory was developed about "unsustainable resilience" in the scheme of ongoing crises. Conclusions The findings revealed a shared sense of futility and despair among pharmacists collectively as a profession, as well as a sense of unsustainable healthcare systems in Lebanon, and environments impacting on the resilience of pharmacists at an individual level. A call for action is needed for urgent sustainable structural and financial reforms, advocacy and planning for future resilient systems, as well as a resilient pharmacy profession and protection of pharmacists' wellbeing and livelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Bajis
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Netherlands,The University of Sydney, School of Pharamcy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Corresponding author at: International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), Andries Bickerweg 5, 2517 JP The Hague, the Netherlands.
| | - Sahar Bajis
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marwan Akel
- International Pharmaceutical Federation, the Netherlands,Lebanese International University, School of Pharmacy, Beirut, Lebanon,Institut National de Santé Publique d'Épidémiologie Clinique et de Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Betty Chaar
- The University of Sydney, School of Pharamcy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Johnston K, O’Reilly CL, Scholz B, Georgousopoulou EN, Mitchell I. The "affected" pharmacist and the "business as usual" pharmacist: Exploring the experiences of pharmacists during COVID-19 through cluster analysis. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2023; 63:144-150.e2. [PMID: 36270908 PMCID: PMC9519361 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has necessitated considerable changes in the delivery of pharmacy services, with pharmacists experiencing increasing demands and a high rate of burnout. The ability to categorize pharmacists based on their burnout risk and associated factors could be used to tailor burnout interventions. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify subgroups (profiles) of pharmacists and use these profiles to describe interventions tailored to improve pharmacist's well-being. METHODS A survey was disseminated to pharmacists working in Australia during April and June 2020. The survey measured demographics, burnout, and psychosocial factors associated with working during COVID-19. A two-step cluster analysis was used to categorize pharmacists based on burnout and other variables. RESULTS A total of 647 survey responses contained data that were used for analysis. Participants were mostly female (75.7%) and working full time (65.2%). The final cluster analysis yielded an acceptable two-cluster model describing 2 very different pharmacist experiences, using 10 variables. Cluster 2 (representing 53.1% of participants) describes the "affected" pharmacist, who has a high degree of burnout, works in community pharmacy, experiences incivility, is less likely to report sufficient precautionary measures in their workplace, and has had an increase in workload and overtime. In contrast, cluster 1 (representing 46.9% of participants) describes the profile of a "business as usual" hospital pharmacist with the opposite experiences. Interventions focused on the "affected" pharmacist such as financial support to employ specialized staff and equitable access to personal protective equipment should be available to community pharmacists, to reduce the risk to these frontline workers. CONCLUSION The use of cluster analysis has identified 2 distinct profiles of pharmacists working during COVID-19. The "affected" pharmacist warrants targeted interventions to address the high burnout experienced in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlee Johnston
- Correspondence: Karlee Johnston, BSPharm, MClinPharm, Adv.Prac.Pharm, FSHPA, Lecturer, Australian National University Medical School, Florey Bldg., 54 Mills Rd., Acton ACT 2601, Australia. (K. Johnston)
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12
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Psychological Distress among Pharmacists during Second Wave of Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2022; 2022:3606351. [PMID: 36606210 PMCID: PMC9810412 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3606351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The outbreak of COVID-19 and subsequent lockdown worldwide have shown a psychological impact among healthcare workers. However, data on the psychological impact among community pharmacists are lacking in the Nepalese context. Aim This study aimed to assess the psychological distress among community pharmacists during COVID-19 pandemic. Settings and Design. A cross-sectional analytical design was adopted to study the psychological distress of pharmacists working in community pharmacies in Bharatpur. Materials and Methods Purposive sampling method was used to select 172 community pharmacists. The COVID-19 peritraumatic distress index (CPDI) questionnaire adapted from the Shanghai Mental Health Centre was used to measure psychological distress. Statistical Analysis. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage) and inferential statistics (chi-square and logistic regression) were used. Results Out of 172 respondents, 77.9% were severely distressed while 22.1% were mild to moderately distressed due to COVID-19 pandemic. Mean age of the respondents was 27.81 ± 6.35 years. Logistic regression revealed that having education of bachelor and above (AOR = 4.489, 95% CI: 1.747, 11.539), 8 or more working hours (AOR = 7.633, 95% CI: 2.729, 21.352), being unsatisfied with the job (AOR = 11.524, 95% CI: 3.574, 37.158), and having experience of more than 3 years (AOR = 2.857, 95% CI: 1.060, 7.702) were found significantly linked to severe psychological distress among community pharmacists in Bharatpur. Conclusion All respondents had suffered from some degree of psychological distress due to the pandemic. Our findings reveal the need for psychological intervention to alleviate psychological distress among pharmacists.
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YÜCEL KARAKAYA SP, SEYDAOĞLU G, TOTİK DOĞAN N, BOZ A, CANDANSAYAR S. COVID-19 pandemisinin ilk dalgasında sağlık çalışanlarının tükenmişliği: meta analiz. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1133107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic, threaten the lives and physical well-being of healthcare workers (HCWs), and also their mental health, such as burnout, etc. which is often neglected. The aim of this review is to analyze published studies on the proportion of burnout among HCWs during the first wave of the COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies that reported burnout (measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory) among HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic and searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and WOS of relevant articles up to Feb 25th, 2021. Out of 145 non-duplicate studies, 10 were included in the meta-analysis.
Results: The overall estimated pooled proportion for emotional exhaustion (EE) was 31% (95% CI: 24%-40%), for depersonalization (DP) was 28% (95% CI: 23%-38%) and 22% (95% CI: 13%-34%) for personal accomplishment (PA). The results show that in countries where the number of cases is high and the number of beds and doctors is low, the level of EE appears to be slightly lower and PA is slightly higher. However, there were no significant differences according to subgroup analyses.
Conclusion: Evidence from early studies highlight the fact that a significant proportion of HCWs suffers from burnout during this pandemic. It will be necessary to pay close attention to HCWs' mental health and identify ways to reduce risks and prepare a rehabilitation program for the HCWs during and after the pandemic.
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14
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Platania S, Gruttadauria SV, Morando M. Dispositional Resilience as Mediator in Psychological Stress on Healthcare Workers: A Multi-Group Analysis of Frontline and Non-Frontline Workers. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2022; 12:1285-1299. [PMID: 36135227 PMCID: PMC9497834 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe12090089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The experiences of healthcare workers (HCWs) during COVID-19 have been characterized by psychological symptoms such as stress, anxiety and depression, compassion fatigue and post-traumatic stress, which are long-lasting. The general picture of HCWs, especially frontline workers, is that of a physically and psychologically exhausted group. The aim of the study was to examine the potential mediating role of dispositional resilience in the impact of depression, anxiety and stress on professional quality of life among HCWs during the pandemic period. We also investigated possible differences between the frontline and non-frontline HCWs. The study enrolled 487 participants from public Italian hospitals. The variables of stress and anxiety predicted all factors related to professional quality of life, against depression which positively predicted only burnout and secondary traumatic Stress. Resilience was an important mediator in all these paths and the multigroup analysis suggested statistically significant differences between frontline and non-frontline HCWs. Results emphasised the importance of caring and concern for frontline HCWs to improve their quality of life, satisfaction and have positive impacts on the quality of service and care provided. There is a need to reflect on the necessity to develop projects and protocols that address health emergencies in advance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Platania
- Psychology Section, Department of Educational Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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15
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Zhang N, Hong D, Yang H, Mengxi G, Huang X, Wang A, Wang L. Risk perception, anxiety, and depression among hospital pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating effect of positive and negative affect. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/18344909221101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impacts of risk perception of COVID-19 on anxiety and depression symptoms among hospital pharmacists in China. We conducted a cross-sectional study with hospital pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Some 4,219 hospital pharmacists completed an online survey including demographic questions, risk perception of COVID-19, General Anxiety Disorder-7, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. Multivariate regression and mediation analyses were conducted. The results indicated that 41.9% and 29.4% of hospital pharmacists experienced mild to severe levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, respectively. In older age, a higher level of risk perception of COVID-19, and negative affect experience were risk factors, whereas positive affect experience was a protective factor for anxiety and depression symptoms among pharmacists. Experience of positive and negative affect mediated the relationship between risk perception of COVID-19 and anxiety and depression among hospital pharmacists in China. Timely mental health services need to be provided for hospital pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongsheng Hong
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Guo Mengxi
- School of Public Health and the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Anran Wang
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Linrun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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16
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Tang R, Feng O, Chong JJ, Wang A. Evaluating the impact of coronavirus disease on burnout among healthcare workers using maslach burnout inventory tool: A systematic review. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20101058221117390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burnout has been prevalent among healthcare workers (HCWs). However, the effect of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic on this phenomenon in HCWs is unclear. Objective This systematic review aims to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on burnout of HCWs using Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Methods A systematic search was performed on PubMed database for articles published between 1 December 2019 and 30 June 2021. Search strategy combined terms for HCWs, COVID-19, burnout, and MBI. The main outcome of interest was burnout, including both mean prevalence and MBI scores for high emotional exhaustion (EE), high depersonalisation (DP) and low personal accomplishment (PA). Results Four cohort studies, 90 cross-sectional studies and one randomised-controlled trial were included for review. Only one cohort study compared burnout data among HCWs before and during COVID-19. It reported a statistically significant increase in mean EE and PA scores from 21.9 to 24.8 ( p = .001), and 42.7 to 48.7 ( p = .001), respectively. The remaining studies only evaluated burnout data during COVID-19 but were missing burnout data prior to the pandemic for comparison. Across these studies, the overall mean prevalence of burnout among HCWs was 39.95%, with mean MBI EE scores of 22.07, DP scores of 7.83, and PA scores of 32.53. Burnout outcomes were generally comparable across specific healthcare professions such as doctors and nurses. Conclusion Whilst quality research elucidating the effect of pandemic on burnout is lacking, current burnout prevalence among HCWs during COVID-19 is notable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reanne Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ouyuan Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Jian Chong
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aiwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Samir Al Kudsi Z, Hany Mohamed Mostafa Kamel N, El-Awaisi A, Shraim M, Saffouh El Hajj M. Mental Health Problems, Burnout and Resilience in Community Pharmacists during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Cross-Sectional Study. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:1009-1017. [PMID: 35529886 PMCID: PMC9056066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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18
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Use of the job demands-resource model to understand community pharmacists’ burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:3568-3579. [PMID: 35418325 PMCID: PMC8940251 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are one of the most accessible healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Whilst playing a vital role in medication supply and patient education, exposure to the pandemic demands and prolonged stressors increase their risk of burnout. Objectives Using the Job Demands-Resources model, this study aims to understand the factors that led to community pharmacists’ burnout and to identify their coping strategies and perceived recommendations on interventions to mitigate burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A qualitative phenomenological approach was used with focus groups and interviews of community pharmacists in Qatar who were recruited using purposeful, convenience, and snowballing sampling methods. Interviews were conducted between February and April 2021, were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Using thematic analysis methodology, manual inductive and deductive (based on the model) codes from the interviews were used for synthesis of themes. 11 themes emerged from six focus groups, six dyadic interviews and mini focus groups, and four individual interviews with community pharmacists. Results The contributing factors to community pharmacists’ burnout have been identified as practical job demands, and emotional demands including fear of infection. On the other hand, government and workplace-specific resources, personal characteristics such as resiliency and optimism, as well as the implementation of coping strategies, have reduced their stress and burnout. Conclusions The use of the Job Demands-Resources model was appropriate to identify the contributing factors to community pharmacists’ burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on these factors, individual, organizational, and national strategies can be implemented to mitigate burnout in community pharmacists during the pandemic and future emergencies.
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19
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Baldonedo-Mosteiro C, Franco-Correia S, Mosteiro-Diaz MP. Psychological impact of COVID19 on community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2022; 5:100118. [PMID: 35252953 PMCID: PMC8886680 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The unique situation related to the COVID-19 outbreak and the consequent worldwide lockdown can have a psychological impact on specific populations. Community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, as essential healthcare workers on the front line who continue to do their jobs during this pandemic, can also experience psychological distress. Few data are available on the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemics on this population. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 on Spanish community pharmacists and pharmacy technicians during lockdown, and to identify factors contributing to psychological distress. METHODS A cross-sectional, quantitative, correlational study was designed including 1162 pharmacy team members. The Impact of Event Scale revised was used to assess the psychological impact. Data collection was performed by emailing the instrument to individuals or by using social networks. RESULTS Overall participants, almost 70% revealed severe levels of psychological impact. The outbreak of COVID-19 has significantly affected community pharmacy workers, the degree of which is related to gender, age, and feelings of fear/stress. CONCLUSIONS In the initial phase of the lockdown associated with the COVID-19 outbreak, the majority of the respondents rated the psychological impact as severe. Our findings allow for the identification of factors associated with a greater psychological impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Franco-Correia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Oviedo, Campus el Cristo s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Maria-Pilar Mosteiro-Diaz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. University of Oviedo, Campus el Cristo s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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20
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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, and Compassion Satisfaction in Healthcare Personnel: A Systematic Review of the Literature Published during the First Year of the Pandemic. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020364. [PMID: 35206978 PMCID: PMC8872521 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review aimed to determine the level of burnout, compassion fatigue, and compassion satisfaction, as well as their associated risks and protective factors, in healthcare professionals during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We reviewed 2858 records obtained from the CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science databases, and finally included 76 in this review. The main results we found showed an increase in the rate of burnout, dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and compassion fatigue; a reduction in personal accomplishment; and levels of compassion satisfaction similar to those before the pandemic. The main risk factors associated with burnout were anxiety, depression, and insomnia, along with some sociodemographic variables such as being a woman or a nurse or working directly with COVID-19 patients. Comparable results were found for compassion fatigue, but information regarding compassion satisfaction was lacking. The main protective factors were resilience and social support.
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21
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Alameddine M, Bou-Karroum K, Hijazi MA. A national study on the resilience of community pharmacists in Lebanon: a cross-sectional survey. J Pharm Policy Pract 2022; 15:8. [PMID: 35090571 PMCID: PMC8795943 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-022-00406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacists are among the most accessible healthcare professionals and are likely to experience the full brunt of public health crises. In Lebanon, the COVID-19 pandemic, added to a severe economic meltdown, have significantly disrupted an already suffering profession. Methods The objective of this study was to determine the level of resilience and its relationship to burnout, job satisfaction, intention to quit, and changes in practice. The study utilized a cross-sectional design to survey community pharmacists using an online questionnaire that included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. All community pharmacists were invited to participate. Multiple logistic regression identified variables significantly associated with the resilience of pharmacists. Results A total of 459 community pharmacists completed the questionnaire. Respondents had a relatively low resilience level (68.0 ± 13.37). They also had higher scores on the client-related burnout (58.06 ± 17.46), followed by the personal burnout (56.51 ± 16.68) and the work-related burnout (55.75 ± 13.82). In this sample, 52.3% of pharmacists indicated that they are dissatisfied with their job and 41.1% indicated an intention to quit in the coming year. According to multivariate analysis, marital status (ß = 0.38; 95% CI 0.16–0.91; p = 0.03), intention to quit (ß = 0.384; 95% CI 0.149–0.987; p = 0.047), workload (ß = 0.275; 95% CI 0.096–0.783; p = 0.016), perception of safety (ß = 0.267; 95% CI 0.078–0.909; p = 0.035), and personal burnout (ß = 0.321; 95% CI 0.152–0.677; p = 0.003) were independent influencing factors for resilience. Conclusions Multiple challenges and crises have culminated to the low job satisfaction, high burnout, and high the intention to quit of community pharmacists. This seriously destabilized the labor market of pharmacists which could negatively affect public safety. Effective interventions are essential to enhance the well-being and job satisfaction of pharmacists during public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Alameddine
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health Care City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karen Bou-Karroum
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Ali Hijazi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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22
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Caliandro M, Fabiana G, Surgo A, Carbonara R, Ciliberti MP, Bonaparte I, Caputo S, Fiorentino A. Impact on mental health of the COVID-19 pandemic in a radiation oncology department. Radiol Med 2022; 127:220-224. [PMID: 35034319 PMCID: PMC8761247 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-021-01440-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the emotional state and organizational well-being of healthcare workers in radiation oncology departments, during the COVID pandemic. Methods A survey was carried out with three questionnaires: Impact of Event Scale—Revised (IES-R); Italian ANAC questionnaire; and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Comparisons between groups were done by Student’s t test. Results Seventy-eight questionnaires for 26 workers were analyzed. Thirty-three percent of the sample obtained an IES-R high score, such as post-traumatic syndrome. In terms of organizational well-being, younger age and lower working seniority were statistically significant for higher score of ANAC items (p < 0.5). Regarding MBI, 0, 27 and 50% high scores of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and personal accomplishment were reported, respectively. Low working seniority and male sex were correlated with high score of personal accomplishment (p:0.05; p:0.03). Conclusion Intervention to promote mental health well-being should be implemented in radiation oncology department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Caliandro
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Strada Provinciale 127, 70020, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy
| | - Gregucci Fabiana
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Strada Provinciale 127, 70020, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy
| | - Alessia Surgo
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Strada Provinciale 127, 70020, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy.
| | - Roberta Carbonara
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Strada Provinciale 127, 70020, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy
| | - Maria Paola Ciliberti
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Strada Provinciale 127, 70020, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy
| | - Ilaria Bonaparte
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Strada Provinciale 127, 70020, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy
| | - Sergio Caputo
- General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy
| | - Alba Fiorentino
- Radiation Oncology Department, General Regional Hospital F. Miulli, Strada Provinciale 127, 70020, Acquaviva delle fonti (BA), Italy
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Wang X, Yao X, Jia X, Shi X, Hao J, Yang Y, Liu G, Zhang X, Du S, Yin Z. A qualitative study on the working experiences of clinical pharmacists in fighting against COVID-19. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:28. [PMID: 34986824 PMCID: PMC8728479 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-07419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has overwhelmed healthcare systems across the world. Along with the medical team, clinical pharmacists played a significant role during the public health emergency of COVID-19. This study aimed to explore the working experience of clinical pharmacists and provide reference for first-line clinical pharmacists to prepare for fighting against COVID-19. METHODS A qualitative study based on descriptive phenomenology was employed with face-to-face and audio-recorded interviews to study the working experience of 13 clinical pharmacists (including two clinical nutritional pharmacists). All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview data were analyzed thematically using NVivo software. RESULTS Four themes emerged from interview data, including roles of clinical pharmacists, working experiences of clinical pharmacists, psychological feelings of clinical pharmacists, and career expectations of clinical pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS The results contributed to a deeper understanding of the clinical pharmacists' work experiences in COVID-19 and offered guidance to better prepare clinical pharmacists in participating in a public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiali Yao
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuedong Jia
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiangfen Shi
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yantao Yang
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Cross-sectional study to evaluate burnout among pharmacy staff in Saudi Arabia during COVID-19 pandemic. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:440-453. [PMID: 35125906 PMCID: PMC8801617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methods Results Conclusions
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Psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in community pharmacists: A longitudinal study. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 62:1359-1363. [PMID: 35090815 PMCID: PMC8669975 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has negatively affected the mental health of frontline health care workers, including pharmacists. Objectives The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in French owner community pharmacists. Methods We conducted a postal-based survey to assess the psychological difficulties of the COVID-19 outbreak in French owner community pharmacists based on 3 psychologically validated self-report questionnaires: Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R), and Maslach Burnout Inventory. The baseline assessment was during the first sanitary lockdown period and the second one 5 months later. Results The sample consists of 135 owner community pharmacists. At follow-up, 67 answered the questionnaires (response rate: 49.6%). The mean scores of the PSS and IES-R significantly decreased (P = 0.002). Fifteen pharmacists reported significant posttraumatic stress symptoms (23.1%) at baseline and 11 at follow-up (16.4%, P = 0.02). Age and sex were not significantly associated with persistent posttraumatic stress or burnout symptoms. Conclusion This is the first longitudinal study that showed the psychological impact of owner community pharmacists as health care workers dealing with their community’s COVID-19 outbreak. Based on validated self-report questionnaires, stress, posttraumatic stress, and burnout symptoms decreased during follow-up. It is necessary to continue monitoring psychological difficulties for health care workers, especially during consecutive waves of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Okuyan B, Bektay MY, Kingir ZB, Save D, Sancar M. Community pharmacy cognitive services during the COVID-19 pandemic: A descriptive study of practices, precautions taken, perceived enablers and barriers and burnout. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14834. [PMID: 34510660 PMCID: PMC8646293 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to identify community pharmacist (CP)-led cognitive services and CPs' precautions taken related to COVID-19, perceived enablers and barriers related to pharmaceutical services and burnout levels during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD In this descriptive study, the survey was administered online to CPs in all regions of Turkey. The frequency of their provision of patient counselling, provision of medication information and practices towards precautions during the pandemic were evaluated based on CP self-reports. The Turkish version of the Burnout Measure Short Form was used, and a 30-item questionnaire based on the 12-domain Theoretical Domains Framework was developed to determine CPs' perceived enablers of and barriers to pharmaceutical service delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected using convenience sampling methods. Besides internal consistency reliability, principal component analysis, and correlation analysis, Mann-Whitney U-test was conducted in group comparisons. RESULTS A total of 1098 complete responses were received, for a response rate of 4.11% among 26 747 CPs. The CPs' median burnout score was 3.3 (2.5-4.2). More than half of the CPs (54.5%) referred probable patients with COVID-19 to the hospital. Commonly delivered cognitive CP-led services included preventive health services (89.5%) and medication information services (86.3%). Perceived barriers to delivering pharmaceutical services were a lack of environmental resources and support and a lack of innovation in pharmaceutical services. Perceived enablers were CPs' knowledge, skills, self-confidence, actions, impacts, emotions and perceived behavioural control. CONCLUSION To increase the preparedness of pharmacists for future pandemics or disasters, this study highlighted CP-led cognitive services, precautions taken related to COVID-19, perceived enablers and barriers and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmaceutical services guidelines that could be followed during a pandemic or other disaster should be designed by addressing these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Okuyan
- Clinical Pharmacy DepartmentFaculty of PharmacyMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Muhammed Yunus Bektay
- Clinical Pharmacy DepartmentFaculty of PharmacyMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Clinical Pharmacy DepartmentFaculty of PharmacyBezmialem UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Zehra Betul Kingir
- Clinical Pharmacy DepartmentFaculty of PharmacyMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Pharmaceutical ServicesVocational School of Health ServicesÜsküdar UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Dilsad Save
- Public Health DepartmentFaculty of MedicineMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Mesut Sancar
- Clinical Pharmacy DepartmentFaculty of PharmacyMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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Golbach AP, McCullough KB, Soefje SA, Mara KC, Shanafelt TD, Merten JA. Evaluation of Burnout in a National Sample of Hematology-Oncology Pharmacists. JCO Oncol Pract 2021; 18:e1278-e1288. [PMID: 34793242 DOI: 10.1200/op.21.00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the prevalence of burnout among hematology-oncology pharmacists and factors associated with an increased risk of high burnout. METHODS Between October and November 2020, members of the Hematology/Oncology Pharmacy Association were invited to complete an anonymous survey. Questions included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Well-Being Index, and sociodemographic and occupational factors linked with burnout. RESULTS Of 3,024 pharmacists contacted, 614 pharmacists (20.3%) responded to an online survey and 550 (18.2% of overall sample) completed the MBI and were included for analysis. Overall, high levels of burnout were observed in 61.8% of respondents based on the MBI, with 57.9% of respondents scoring high on the emotional exhaustion domain and 31.3% high in the depersonalization domain. Pharmacists with burnout worked on average 48.6 (±9.6) hours per week compared with 44.5 (±9.6) hours per week for those without high burnout and spent more time on administrative tasks per week (7.5 hours v 4.3 hours; all P < .001). Pharmacists reporting high burnout were more likely to report concern they had made a major medication error within the past 3 months (27.6% v 8.1%; P < .001) and greater intent to leave their current job within 2 years (60.3% v 19.0%; P < .001). CONCLUSION Burnout is prevalent among hematology-oncology pharmacists and may affect both patient safety and the adequacy of the workforce. Risk factors for burnout among hematology-oncology pharmacists in this study may be targets for burnout mitigation and prevention strategies to reduce the impact on pharmacists and improve cancer care for patients.
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Hao J, Wang X, Jia X, Yang Y, Du S, Yin Z. Qualitative research on the work experience of pharmacists in fever clinics and isolation wards of designated hospitals for novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19). BMJ Open 2021; 11:e048466. [PMID: 34764165 PMCID: PMC8587528 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the work experiences of pharmacists in fever clinics and isolation wards of designated hospitals for the novel coronavirus pneumonia in China and provide the basis for work management strategies and psychological interventions in pharmacy for prevention and control of future epidemics. METHODS Using qualitative research methods, 13 pharmacists who met the inclusion criteria and worked in fever clinics and isolation wards of designated hospitals for novel coronavirus pneumonia attended focus group interviews and semistructured interviews. The Colaizzi analysis method was used for data analysis, summary and induction. RESULTS Three themes were identified: (1) the roles of pharmacists in fever clinics and isolation wards in epidemic prevention and control, including ensuring the supply of medicines, providing medication guidance for patients, providing medication information for physicians and nurses, and participating in infection control; (2) the difficulties at work, including the lack of office equipment, information equipment and other infrastructure, the difficulty of management of pharmacists in isolation wards, challenging environments, and insufficient attention of hospitals, medical staff, and society to pharmacists; (3) the loopholes in drug management, including the management of special-class drugs and national free AIDS antiviral drugs, and the retrieval of drugs. CONCLUSION Pharmacists have played an essential role in the fight against the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. The themes and experiences identified in this study can offer guidance to the pharmacy society in implementing strategies to prepare for future public health events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Hao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xuedong Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yantao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Powell RA, Lakhani S, Alter M, Guan S, Jesuthasan J, Nicholls D. COVID-19's impact on neglected pharmaceutical staff: wake-up call for needed research. J Pharm Policy Pract 2021; 14:95. [PMID: 34736519 PMCID: PMC8567727 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-021-00376-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Discussion of the necessity of the compulsory vaccination of UK patient-facing care workers as an employment conditionality has deflected from the initial and ongoing impact of Coronavirus disease on relatively neglected occupational groups themselves, including community pharmacists. This commentary highlights the relative lack of research investigating the mental health and wellbeing impact of the pandemic on this occupational group in England and urges further study of their needs and experiences to inform evidence-based supportive psychological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Antony Powell
- NIHR ARC Northwest London, London, England. .,Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, England. .,Ethnicity and Health Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, England.
| | | | | | - Steven Guan
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, England
| | | | - Dasha Nicholls
- NIHR ARC Northwest London, London, England.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, England
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Qiu D, Li Y, Li L, He J, Ouyang F, Xiao S. Infectious Disease Outbreak and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668784. [PMID: 34421723 PMCID: PMC8376538 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As one of the most widely researched consequence of traumatic events, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among people exposed to the trauma resulting from infectious disease outbreak varies greatly across studies. This review aimed at examining the pooled prevalence of PTSS among people exposed to the trauma resulting from infectious disease outbreak, summarizing the possible causes of the inconsistencies in the current estimates. Methods: Systematic searches of databases were conducted for literature published on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, PsycArticles, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) until 14 October 2020. Statistical analyses were performed using R software (registration number: CRD42020182366). Results: About 106 studies were included. The results showed that the pooled prevalence of PTSS among the general population exposed to the trauma resulting from infectious disease outbreak was 24.20% (95% CI: 18.54-30.53%), the pooled prevalence of PTSS among healthcare workers was 24.35% (95% CI: 18.38-1.51%), the pooled prevalence of PTSS among patients with infectious disease was 28.83% (95% CI: 18.53-44.86%), and the pooled prevalence of PTSS among suspected cases of infectious disease was 25.04% (95% CI: 18.05-34.73%). Mortality rate was a significant contributor to heterogeneity. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that PTSS were very common among people exposed to the trauma resulting from infectious disease outbreak. Health policymakers should consider both short-term and long-term preventive strategy of PTSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yilu Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feiyun Ouyang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuiyuan Xiao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Qiu D, Li Y, Li L, He J, Ouyang F, Xiao S. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people influenced by coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak: A meta-analysis. Eur Psychiatry 2021; 64:e30. [PMID: 33843547 PMCID: PMC8060540 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As one of the most widely researched consequence of traumatic events, the prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak varies greatly across studies. This review aimed at examining the pooled prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak. METHODS Systematic searches of databases were conducted for literature published on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, PsycArticle, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure until October 14, 2020. Statistical analyses were performed using R software (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020180309). RESULTS A total of 106,713 people exposed to the trauma resulting from the COVID-19 outbreak were identified in the 76 articles, of which 33,810 were reported with post-traumatic stress symptoms. The pooled prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak was 28.34%, with a 95% confidence interval of 23.03-34.32%. Subgroup analysis indicated that older age, male and bigger sample size were associated with higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress symptoms. After controlling for other factors, the results of meta-regression showed that the influence of gender and sample size on prevalence is no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were very common among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak. Further research is needed to explore more possible risk factors for post-traumatic stress symptoms and identify effective strategies for preventing PTSD-related symptoms among people exposed to the trauma resulting from COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Qiu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilu Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Feiyun Ouyang
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuiyuan Xiao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Mental Health Institute, Second Xian gya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Novak H, Tadić I, Falamić S, Ortner Hadžiabdić M. Pharmacists' role, work practices, and safety measures against COVID-19: A comparative study. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2021; 61:398-407. [PMID: 33820717 PMCID: PMC7965940 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a great challenge to health systems and their most accessible assets—community pharmacies. Pharmacists faced many challenges such as incorporating safety measures, changes in working schedule and workload, and meeting specific patients’ needs. Objectives This study aimed to explore and compare the community pharmacists’ roles, practices, implemented safety measures, and psychological toll in Croatia and Serbia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods A cross-sectional study employing an online survey was conducted in 2 countries over a period of 6 weeks during 2020. The survey consisted of 65 items that explored sociodemographic characteristics of participants and their workplaces, including safety measures, pharmaceutical care, and their psychology while working during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results In total, 574 pharmacists participated in the study, of which, 90% were female, with a mean age of 38 years (interquartile range 30.5–47). The study identified new pharmacists’ roles that evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic: manufacturing hand sanitizers in community pharmacies, online patient counseling, and home delivery of medicines. Croatian and Serbian pharmacists exhibited disparities in their incorporated safety measures (higher for Croatia; P ≤ 0.001) and satisfaction with work organization and counseling activities (higher for Serbia; P < 0.001). Serbian participants were less satisfied with the public perception of their role during the pandemic, and overall satisfaction was low, with a negative impact on mood and productivity. Conclusions The study revealed the implications for community pharmacists during the pandemic in both countries. The extent of systematic and logistical support provided to them during the pandemic could be an explanation for the highlighted differences. It is imperative to develop a more effective strategy to counter potential health crises to ensure a better response from primary care pharmacists in the future.
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Lange M, Joo S, Couette PA, Le Bas F, Humbert X. Impact on mental health of the COVID-19 outbreak among general practitioners during the sanitary lockdown period. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:93-96. [PMID: 33660115 PMCID: PMC7929901 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 outbreak can impact mental health including health care workers. AIM The aim of this study was to assess the mental health impact of COVID-19 in French General Practitioners (GPs). METHODS We carried out a postal-based survey during the first lockdown. Four psychological validated self-report questionnaires were used to assess stress,post-traumatic stress symptoms, burnout and self-efficacy (Perceived Stress scale, Impact of Event Scale-revised, Maslach Burnout Inventory and General Self-Efficacy scale). RESULTS The sample consists of 332 general practitioners (43.50% women, mean age = 50.74 ± 11.91). General practitioners working in high epidemic location represented 27.71% of the sample (n = 92). Thirty four GPs reported significant post-traumatic stress symptoms (10.59%). High burnout symptoms were found in 79 (24.46%), 137 (42.41%) and 17 (5.26%) participants. Only General Self-Efficacy scores were significantly different according to epidemic location status with lower scores in GPs working in high epidemic location (33.37 ± 4.64 vs. 32.06 ± 5.43; P = 0.04). Women reported more stress and burnout symptoms than men (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study showed the psychological impact of COVID-19 in GPs during the sanitary lockdown period including burnout and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Up to 42% of GPs reported psychological disturbances. Interventions to promote mental health well-being of healthcare workers need to be developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lange
- Clinical Research Department, Centre François Baclesse, 14000, Caen, France.,Normandie University, UNICAEN, INSERM, ANTICIPE, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Sarah Joo
- Family Medicine Department, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, 2, rue des Rochambelles, 14000, Caen, France.,EA 4650 Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion myocardique, Normandie University, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Pierre-André Couette
- Family Medicine Department, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, 2, rue des Rochambelles, 14000, Caen, France.,EA 4650 Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion myocardique, Normandie University, 14000, Caen, France
| | - François Le Bas
- Family Medicine Department, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, 2, rue des Rochambelles, 14000, Caen, France.,EA 4650 Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion myocardique, Normandie University, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Xavier Humbert
- Family Medicine Department, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UFR Santé, 2, rue des Rochambelles, 14000, Caen, France. .,EA 4650 Signalisation, électrophysiologie et imagerie des lésions d'ischémie-reperfusion myocardique, Normandie University, 14000, Caen, France.
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Influence of COVID-19 on Health-Related Quality of Life and the Perception of Being Vaccinated to Prevent COVID-19: An Approach for Community Pharmacists from Romania and Bulgaria. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040864. [PMID: 33669744 PMCID: PMC7923195 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Community pharmacists are essential front-line health workers, involved in relieving the COVID-19 burden. Their health-related quality of life status needs to be assessed, as lower levels could affect their functioning. In order to evaluate the current status of community pharmacists’ quality of life from Romania and Bulgaria during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to identify factors associated with their decision on being vaccinated to prevent COVID-19, an online survey involving 395 community pharmacists was conducted from 15th July 2020 to 15th August 2020. The 15D instrument was used for quality-of-life assessment. The pharmacists’ recommendations for vitamin C and D intake during the COVID-19 pandemic were also analyzed in order to promote future training programs for community pharmacists. Descriptive statistics, comparative analyses between pharmacists from Romania and Bulgaria, and multiple correlation analyses were performed on the collected data. Significant differences were observed for the level of quality of life between the two groups of pharmacists according to their age; smaller values, directly correlated with their age (total 15D score and age: Spearman r = 0.168, p = 0.022), were obtained for Bulgarian pharmacists regarding sleeping, usual activities, mental function, discomfort and symptoms, depression, distress. The perception of being vaccinated did not differ between Romanian and Bulgarian pharmacists, as almost 50% agreed to vaccination (p = 0.7542). Their willingness to vaccinate was correlated with vitamin D usage (p = 0.0134), rather than with vitamin C (p = 0.4157). No other significant associations were found between willingness to get vaccinated to prevent COVID-19 and other characteristics (age, gender, income, quality-of-life markers). Evidence-based interventions are required to enhance the health-related quality of life of community pharmacists involved in the first line of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Flateau C, Noël C, Bonnafoux A, Fuentes E, de Pontfarcy A, Diamantis S. Psychological impact of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on the staff of a French hospital. Infect Dis Now 2021; 51:187-193. [PMID: 33495766 PMCID: PMC7816966 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among hospital staff. The factors associated with this psychological impact remain to be determined. Methods A cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire completed by the staff of a French hospital, two months after the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Results Among the 353 participants (of whom 67% were healthcare professionals), 32% had symptoms of anxiety, 16% of depression and 16% of PTSD. Eleven per cent had initiated or increased treatment with sleeping pills, and 6% with anxiolytics. In a multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with anxiety were: change of professional team, having a relative infected by SARS-CoV-2 and a new/increased treatment with sleeping pills or anxiolytics. The only factor associated with depression was the feeling of risk during professional practice. The factors associated with PTSD were: having a relative infected by SARS-CoV-2, the feeling of risk during professional practice, the increase in smoking and treatment with sleeping pills. The observance of transmission preventive measures (TPM) was not associated with the psychological impact of SARS-CoV-2. A personal history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and age < 36 years were associated with insufficient use of protective equipment. Age < 36 years, and being a healthcare professional were associated with the non-observance of social distancing. Conclusion The hospital staff displayed psychological consequences, resulting in the use of anxiolytics and sleeping pills. Belonging to a group with low-risk of severe disease was associated with lower observance of TPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Flateau
- Service des maladies infectieuses, Santépôle, groupe hospitalier Sud Île-de-France, 270, avenue Marc-Jacquet, 77000 Melun, France
| | - C Noël
- Équipe mobile opérationnelle d'hygiène, Santépôle, groupe hospitalier Sud Île-de-France, 270, avenue Marc-Jacquet, 77000 Melun, France
| | - A Bonnafoux
- Pôle médecine, Santépôle, groupe hospitalier Sud Île-de-France, 270, avenue Marc-Jacquet, 77000 Melun, France
| | - E Fuentes
- Pôle médecine, Santépôle, groupe hospitalier Sud Île-de-France, 270, avenue Marc-Jacquet, 77000 Melun, France
| | - A de Pontfarcy
- Service des maladies infectieuses, Santépôle, groupe hospitalier Sud Île-de-France, 270, avenue Marc-Jacquet, 77000 Melun, France
| | - S Diamantis
- Service des maladies infectieuses, Santépôle, groupe hospitalier Sud Île-de-France, 270, avenue Marc-Jacquet, 77000 Melun, France
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