1
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Song YH, Lei HX, Yu D, Zhu H, Hao MZ, Cui RH, Meng XS, Sheng XH, Zhang L. Endogenous chemicals guard health through inhibiting ferroptotic cell death. Biofactors 2024; 50:266-293. [PMID: 38059412 DOI: 10.1002/biof.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a new form of regulated cell death caused by iron-dependent accumulation of lethal polyunsaturated phospholipids peroxidation. It has received considerable attention owing to its putative involvement in a wide range of pathophysiological processes such as organ injury, cardiac ischemia/reperfusion, degenerative disease and its prevalence in plants, invertebrates, yeasts, bacteria, and archaea. To counter ferroptosis, living organisms have evolved a myriad of intrinsic efficient defense systems, such as cyst(e)ine-glutathione-glutathione peroxidase 4 system (cyst(e)ine-GPX4 system), guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1/tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) system (GCH1/BH4 system), ferroptosis suppressor protein 1/coenzyme Q10 system (FSP1/CoQ10 system), and so forth. Among these, GPX4 serves as the only enzymatic protection system through the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides, while other defense systems ultimately rely on small compounds to scavenge lipid radicals and prevent ferroptotic cell death. In this article, we systematically summarize the chemical biology of lipid radical trapping process by endogenous chemicals, such as coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), BH4, hydropersulfides, vitamin K, vitamin E, 7-dehydrocholesterol, with the aim of guiding the discovery of novel ferroptosis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hao Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Xu Lei
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dou Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Hao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang-Shuai Meng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xie-Huang Sheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Jinan, China
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, China
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Alrouji M, Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Mahammadawy AKAA, Al-Gareeb AI, Saad HM, Batiha GES. The potential role of cholesterol in Parkinson's disease neuropathology: perpetrator or victim. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3781-3794. [PMID: 37428278 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by deposition of α-synuclein and aggregation of Lewy bodies. Cholesterol is involved with PD neuropathology in bidirectional ways that could be protective or harmful. Thus, the objective of the present review was to verify the potential role of cholesterol in PD neuropathology. Deregulation of ion channels and receptors induced by cholesterol alteration suggests a possible mechanism for the neuroprotective effects of cholesterol against PD development. However, high serum cholesterol level increases PD risk indirectly by 27-hydroxycholesterol which induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Besides, hypercholesterolemia triggers the accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages and immune cells leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines with progression of neuroinflammation subsequently. Additionally, cholesterol increases aggregation of α-synuclein and induces degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DN) in the substantia nigra (SN). Hypercholesterolemia may lead to cellular Ca2+ overload causing synaptic and the development of neurodegeneration. In conclusion, cholesterol has bidirectional effects on PD neuropathology and might be protective or harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, 11961, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP; Box, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | | | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, M.B.Ch.B, FRCP; Box, Baghdad, 14132, Iraq
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matrouh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al Beheira, 22511, Egypt.
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Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Bellucci A. Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1197853. [PMID: 37305556 PMCID: PMC10248004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), intraneuronal inclusions that are mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble aggregates is a main neuropathological feature in PD and in other neurodegenerative diseases, including LB dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. Compelling evidence supports that α-Syn post translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination and C-terminal cleavage, play important roles in the modulation α-Syn aggregation, solubility, turnover and membrane binding. In particular, PTMs can impact on α-Syn conformational state, thus supporting that their modulation can in turn affect α-Syn aggregation and its ability to seed further soluble α-Syn fibrillation. This review focuses on the importance of α-Syn PTMs in PD pathophysiology but also aims at highlighting their general relevance as possible biomarkers and, more importantly, as innovative therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies. In addition, we call attention to the multiple challenges that we still need to face to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches modulating α-Syn PTMs.
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Human gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 192:281-307. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Xu J, Jin X, Ye Z, Wang D, Zhao H, Tong Z. Opposite Roles of Co-enzyme Q10 and Formaldehyde in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2022; 37:15333175221143274. [PMID: 36455136 PMCID: PMC10624093 DOI: 10.1177/15333175221143274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Most of neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) have no cure. The common etiology of neurodegenerations is unclear. Air pollutant-gaseous formaldehyde is notoriously known to induce demyelination and cognitive impairments. Unexpectedly, an amount of formaldehyde has been detected in the brains. Multiple factors can induce the generation and accumulation of endogenous formaldehyde. Excessive formaldehyde can induce oxidative stress to generate H2O2; in turn, H2O2 promote formaldehyde production. Clinical investigations have shown that an abnormal high level of formaldehyde but low level of coenzyme Q10 (coQ10) was observed in patients with NDD. Further studies have proven that excessive formaldehyde directly inactivates coQ10, reduces the ATP generation, enhances oxidative stress, initiates inflammation storm, induces demyelination; subsequently, it results in neurodegeneration. Although the low water solubility of coQ10 limits its clinical application, nanomicellar water-soluble coQ10 exhibits positive therapeutical effects. Hence, nanopackage of coQ10 may be a promising strategy for treating NDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinan Xu
- Institute of Ningbo, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Oujiang Laboratory, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xingjiang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Oujiang Laboratory, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zuting Ye
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Oujiang Laboratory, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Oujiang Laboratory, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Oujiang Laboratory, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhiqian Tong
- Institute of Ningbo, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Alzheimer’s Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, Oujiang Laboratory, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Romano S, Savva GM, Bedarf JR, Charles IG, Hildebrand F, Narbad A. Meta-analysis of the Parkinson's disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021. [PMID: 33692356 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.10.20171397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is emerging as an important modulator of neurodegenerative diseases, and accumulating evidence has linked gut microbes to Parkinson's disease (PD) symptomatology and pathophysiology. PD is often preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms and alterations of the enteric nervous system accompany the disease. Several studies have analyzed the gut microbiome in PD, but a consensus on the features of the PD-specific microbiota is missing. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis re-analyzing the ten currently available 16S microbiome datasets to investigate whether common alterations in the gut microbiota of PD patients exist across cohorts. We found significant alterations in the PD-associated microbiome, which are robust to study-specific technical heterogeneities, although differences in microbiome structure between PD and controls are small. Enrichment of the genera Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium and depletion of bacteria belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family and the Faecalibacterium genus, both important short-chain fatty acids producers, emerged as the most consistent PD gut microbiome alterations. This dysbiosis might result in a pro-inflammatory status which could be linked to the recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms affecting PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Romano
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - George M Savva
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Janis R Bedarf
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ian G Charles
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Falk Hildebrand
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Arjan Narbad
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Meta-analysis of the Parkinson's disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:27. [PMID: 33692356 PMCID: PMC7946946 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is emerging as an important modulator of neurodegenerative diseases, and accumulating evidence has linked gut microbes to Parkinson's disease (PD) symptomatology and pathophysiology. PD is often preceded by gastrointestinal symptoms and alterations of the enteric nervous system accompany the disease. Several studies have analyzed the gut microbiome in PD, but a consensus on the features of the PD-specific microbiota is missing. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis re-analyzing the ten currently available 16S microbiome datasets to investigate whether common alterations in the gut microbiota of PD patients exist across cohorts. We found significant alterations in the PD-associated microbiome, which are robust to study-specific technical heterogeneities, although differences in microbiome structure between PD and controls are small. Enrichment of the genera Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium and depletion of bacteria belonging to the Lachnospiraceae family and the Faecalibacterium genus, both important short-chain fatty acids producers, emerged as the most consistent PD gut microbiome alterations. This dysbiosis might result in a pro-inflammatory status which could be linked to the recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms affecting PD patients.
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Attia H, Albuhayri S, Alaraidh S, Alotaibi A, Yacoub H, Mohamad R, Al-Amin M. Biotin, coenzyme Q10, and their combination ameliorate aluminium chloride-induced Alzheimer's disease via attenuating neuroinflammation and improving brain insulin signaling. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2020; 34:e22519. [PMID: 32383521 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is important for brain function and neuronal survival. Insulin signaling is initiated by the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) at tyrosine (pTyr) residue. However, IRS-1 is inhibited by phosphorylation at serine (pSer). In Alzheimer's disease (AD), oxidative stress and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) induce neuroinflammation, which augments pSer-IRS-1 and reduces pTyr-IRS-1 disturbing insulin signaling pathway. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and biotin possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and, in this study, their impact on insulin signaling is investigated in an aluminium chloride (AlCl3 ) model of AD. AD was induced by oral administration of AlCl3 (75 mg/kg) for 60 days. Biotin (2 mg/kg), CoQ10 (10 mg/kg), and their combination were supplemented concomitantly with AlCl3 for 60 days. Memory test and histological examination were performed. Brain levels of lipid peroxides, antioxidants (reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase), inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-1, and nuclear factor κB), and phosphorylated Akt (survival kinase) as well as protein levels of Aβ, IRS-1 (pTyr and pSer), and caspase-3 (apoptotic marker) were determined. AlCl3 resulted in impaired memory, significant increase in Aβ, lipid peroxides, inflammatory markers, caspase-3, and pSer-IRS-1, with significant reduction of the antioxidants, pTyr-IRS-1, and p-Akt reflecting Aβ-induced inflammation and defective insulin signaling. Histological examination revealed focal aggregations of inflammatory cells and neuronal degeneration. The biochemical deviations and histological changes were attenuated by the concomitant treatment with biotin and, to greater extent, with CoQ10 and the combination. In conclusion, biotin and CoQ10 could protect against AD via attenuating inflammatory response and enhancing insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Sadeem Alaraidh
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirah Alotaibi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazar Yacoub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raeesa Mohamad
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Park HW, Park CG, Park M, Lee SH, Park HR, Lim J, Paek SH, Choy YB. Intrastriatal administration of coenzyme Q10 enhances neuroprotection in a Parkinson's disease rat model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9572. [PMID: 32533070 PMCID: PMC7293316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, and no treatment has been yet established to prevent disease progression. Coenzyme Q10, an antioxidant, has been considered a promising neuroprotective agent; however, conventional oral administration provides limited efficacy due to its very low bioavailability. In this study, we hypothesised that continuous, intrastriatal administration of a low dose of Coenzyme Q10 could effectively prevent dopaminergic neuron degeneration. To this end, a Parkinson's disease rat model induced by 6-hydroxydopamine was established, and the treatment was applied a week before the full establishment of this disease model. Behavioural tests showed a dramatically decreased number of asymmetric rotations in the intrastriatal Coenzyme Q10 group compared with the no treatment group. Rats with intrastriatal Coenzyme Q10 exposure also exhibited a larger number of dopaminergic neurons, higher expression of neurogenetic and angiogenetic factors, and less inflammation, and the effects were more prominent than those of orally administered Coenzyme Q10, although the dose of intrastriatal Coenzyme Q10 was 17,000-times lower than that of orally-administered Coenzyme Q10. Therefore, continuous, intrastriatal delivery of Coenzyme Q10, especially when combined with implantable devices for convection-enhanced delivery or deep brain stimulation, can be an effective strategy to prevent neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Woo Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Gwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Lee
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ran Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SKKU Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Bin Choy
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Franco R, Rivas-Santisteban R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G, Martínez-Pinilla E. Microbiota and Other Preventive Strategies and Non-genetic Risk Factors in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:12. [PMID: 32226375 PMCID: PMC7080700 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in modern societies, is still unknown. Many scientists point out that PD is caused by a complex interaction between different factors. Although the main risk factor is age, there are other influences, genetic and environmental, that individually or in combination may trigger neurodegenerative changes leading to PD. Nowadays, research remains focused on better understanding which environmental factors are related to the risk of developing PD and why. In line with the knowledge on evidence on exposures that prevent/delay PD onset or that impact on disease progression, the aims of this review were: (i) to comment on the non-genetic risk factors that mainly affect idiopathic PD; and (ii) to comment on seemingly reliable preventive interventions. We discuss both environmental factors that may affect the central nervous system (CNS) or the intestinal tract, and the likely mechanisms underlying noxious or protective actions. Knowledge on risk, protective factors, and mechanisms may help to envisage why nigral dopaminergic neurons are so vulnerable in PD and, eventually, to design new strategies for PD prevention and/or anti-PD therapy. This article reviews the variety of the known and suspected environmental factors, such as lifestyle, gut microbiota or pesticide exposition, and distinguishes between those that are harmful or beneficial for the PD acquisition or progression. In fact, the review covers one of the most novel players in the whole picture, and we address the role of microbiota on keeping a healthy CNS and/or on preventing the “side-effects” related to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Chemistry School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- Chemistry School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gemma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CiberNed), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Departamento de Morfología y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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Lama A, Pirozzi C, Avagliano C, Annunziata C, Mollica MP, Calignano A, Meli R, Mattace Raso G. Nutraceuticals: An integrative approach to starve Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 2:100037. [PMID: 34589828 PMCID: PMC8474522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic approach of multifactorial complex diseases is always a challenge; Parkinson's disease (PD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder triggered by genetic and environmental factors, contributing to its etiology. Indeed, several pathogenic mechanisms lead to selective dopaminergic neuronal injury, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, alteration of endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi protein trafficking, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Current treatment approaches include mainly dopamine replacement therapy or optimizing dopaminergic transmission; however, these strategies that do not counteract the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD symptoms and often are less effective over time. Recently, there has been growing interest in the therapeutic use of nutraceuticals, that could represent an integrative approach to the pharmacological standard therapy and specifically affect one or more pathogenic pathways. The intake of nutraceuticals or nutritional modifications are generally safe and can be combined with current common drug therapy in most cases to improve the patient's quality of life and/or mitigate PD symptoms. The current review focuses on several key nutritional compounds and dietary modifications that are effective on several pathogenic pathways involved in PD onset and progression, and further highlights the rationale behind their potential use for the prevention and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Lama
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Pirozzi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Avagliano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Mollica
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21-Edificio 7, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Task Force on Microbiome Studies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Rani L, Mondal AC. Emerging concepts of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease progression: Pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Mitochondrion 2020; 50:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Melchinger H, Jain K, Tyagi T, Hwa J. Role of Platelet Mitochondria: Life in a Nucleus-Free Zone. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:153. [PMID: 31737646 PMCID: PMC6828734 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are abundant, small, anucleate circulating cells, serving many emerging pathophysiological roles beyond hemostasis; including active critical roles in thrombosis, injury response, and immunoregulation. In the absence of genomic DNA transcriptional regulation (no nucleus), platelets require strategic prepackaging of all the needed RNA and organelles from megakaryocytes, to sense stress (e.g., hyperglycemia), to protect themselves from stress (e.g., mitophagy), and to communicate a stress response to other cells (e.g., granule and microparticle release). Distinct from avian thrombocytes that have a nucleus, the absence of a nucleus allows the mammalian platelet to maintain its small size, permits morphological flexibility, and may improve speed and efficiency of protein expression in response to stress. In the absence of a nucleus, platelet lifespan of 7–10 days, is largely determined by the mitochondria. The packaging of 5–8 mitochondria is critical in aerobic respiration and yielding metabolic substrates needed for function and survival. Mitochondria damage or dysfunction, as observed with several disease processes, results in greatly attenuated platelet survival and increased risk for thrombovascular events. Here we provide insights into the emerging roles of platelets despite the lack of a nucleus, and the key role played by mitochondria in platelet function and survival both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Melchinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Kanika Jain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Tarun Tyagi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - John Hwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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Ciulla M, Marinelli L, Cacciatore I, Stefano AD. Role of Dietary Supplements in the Management of Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9070271. [PMID: 31295842 PMCID: PMC6681233 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of food supplements or functional food has significantly increased in the past decades, especially to compensate both the modern lifestyle and the food shortages of the industrialized countries. Despite food supplements are habitually intended to correct nutritional deficiencies or to support specific physiological functions, they are often combined with common drug therapies to improve the patient's health and/or mitigate the symptoms of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cystic fibrosis, cancer, liver and gastrointestinal diseases. In recent years, increased attentions are given to the patient's diet, and the use of food supplements and functional food rich in vitamins and antioxidants plays a very important role in the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Natural compounds, phytochemicals, vitamins, and minerals can prevent, delay, or alleviate the clinical symptoms of PD in contrast to some of the main physiopathological mechanisms involved in the development of the disease, like oxidative stress, free radical formation, and neuroinflammation. The purpose of this review is to collect scientific evidences which support the use of specific biomolecules and biogenic elements commonly found in food supplements or functional food to improve the clinical framework of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciulla
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
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15
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Lange KW, Nakamura Y, Chen N, Guo J, Kanaya S, Lange KM, Li S. Diet and medical foods in Parkinson’s disease. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Cerebral mitochondrial electron transport chain dysfunction in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6559. [PMID: 31024027 PMCID: PMC6484105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterised by glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), containing α-synuclein. Mutated COQ2, encoding an enzyme essential for co-enzyme Q10 (CoQ10) biosynthesis, has been associated with MSA. CoQ10 is an electron carrier in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and antioxidant. It has been shown to be deficient in MSA brain tissue, thus implicating mitochondrial dysfunction in MSA. To investigate mitochondrial dysfunction in MSA further we examined ETC activity in MSA and control brain tissue, compared with Parkinson's disease (PD) where mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be important. Using cerebellar and occipital white matter ETC complex I, II/III and IV activities were measured spectrophotometrically, selected individual components of the ETC were assessed by immunoblotting and cellular complex IV activity was analysed by enzyme histochemistry. We show decreased complex II/III activity with increased complex I and IV activity in MSA cerebellar white matter. This corresponds with the deficit in CoQ10 previously described in MSA and reflects the high regional pathological burden of GCIs. This study highlights mitochondrial dysfunction in MSA pathogenesis, suggests an influence on selective regional vulnerability to disease and points to shared disease mechanisms in α-synucleinopathies.
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A meta-analysis of randomized and placebo-controlled clinical trials suggests that coenzyme Q10 at low dose improves glucose and HbA1c levels. Nutr Res 2016; 38:1-12. [PMID: 28381349 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) on blood glucose (BGL) and HbA1c (HL) levels has been previously investigated; however, the results are inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to determine if CoQ10 could affect BGL and HL levels based on the existing evidence. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched for randomized clinical trials from September 1, 1956, to March 01, 2016. To calculate pooled overall effects, a random effect model was used. Because of the presence of heterogeneity, the subgroup analysis and the meta-regression were performed. In total, 18 studies (19 study arms) were included in our investigation focusing on the effects of CoQ10 on BGL (17 arms) and HL (12 arms) changes. CoQ10 significantly reduced BGL, whereas it was ineffective in the reduction of the HL. Because of the significant heterogeneity, in the arms involving BGL, we found that lower doses of CoQ10 (<200 mg/d) and a shorter duration of study created a positive effect on BGL. Also, it appeared that CoQ10 could reduce BGL in patients with a glucose level >6 mmol/L as well as in certain ethnic groups. However, because the meta-regression failed to support the subgroup analysis, the result related to the ethnic group should be used only to generate a hypothesis, which is planned in the future. In conclusion, CoQ10 can reduce BGL, particularly when used in lower doses (< 200 mg/d) and when administration was not longer than 12 weeks, in patients both with and without high BGL.
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Zhu ZG, Sun MX, Zhang WL, Wang WW, Jin YM, Xie CL. The efficacy and safety of coenzyme Q10 in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurol Sci 2016; 38:215-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-016-2757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Current pharmacological strategies for Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common neurological movement disorder worldwide, are predominantly symptom relieving and are often plagued with undesirable side effects after prolonged treatment. Despite this, they remain as the mainstay treatment for PD due to the lack of better alternatives. Nutraceuticals are compounds derived from natural food sources that have certain therapeutic value and the advent of which has opened doors to the use of alternative strategies to tackle neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Notably, nutraceuticals are able to position themselves as a “safer” strategy due to the fact that they are naturally derived compounds, therefore possibly having less side effects. Significant efforts have been put into better comprehending the role of nutraceuticals in PD, and we will look at some of them in this review. Broadly speaking, these compounds execute their positive effects via modulating signalling pathways, inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, as well as regulating mitochondrial homoeostasis. Importantly, we will highlight how a component of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), confers neuroprotection in PD via its ability to activate AMP kinase and articulate how its beneficial effects in PD are possibly due to enhancing mitochondrial quality control.
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Hernando S, Gartziandia O, Herran E, Pedraz JL, Igartua M, Hernandez RM. Advances in nanomedicine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:1267-85. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer‘s disease and Parkinson’s disease are the most common neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. Despite all the efforts made by the scientific community, current available treatments have limited effectiveness, without halting the progression of the disease. That is why, new molecules such as growth factors, antioxidants and metal chelators have been raised as new therapeutical approaches. However, these molecules have difficulties to cross the blood–brain barrier limiting its therapeutic effect. The development of nanometric drug delivery systems may permit a targeted and sustained release of old and new treatments offering a novel strategy to treat these neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarized the main investigated drug delivery systems as promising approaches to treat Alzheimer‘s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hernando
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Oihane Gartziandia
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Enara Herran
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
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21
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Niklowitz P, Onur S, Fischer A, Laudes M, Palussen M, Menke T, Döring F. Coenzyme Q10 serum concentration and redox status in European adults: influence of age, sex, and lipoprotein concentration. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2016; 58:240-5. [PMID: 27257350 PMCID: PMC4865593 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.15-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is synthesized in almost all human tissues and presumably involved in age-related alterations and diseases. Here, we examined the impact of aging and sex on the serum CoQ10 status in 860 European adults ranging in age from 18 to 82 years. We identified an inverse U-shaped relationship between CoQ10 concentration and age. Women showed lower cholesterol-adjusted CoQ10 levels than men, irrespective of age. As observed in both sexes, the decrease in CoQ10 concentration in older subjects was accompanied by a shift in the redox status in favour of the oxidized form. A strong positive correlation was found for total CoQ10 and cholesterol concentrations (Spearman’s, p≤1E-74). We found strong negative correlations between total (Spearman’s, p≤1E-07) and between cholesterol-adjusted CoQ10 concentration (Spearman’s, p≤1E-14) and the proportion of the oxidized form of CoQ10. These correlations were not dependent on age and sex and were attenuated by supplementation with 150 mg/day reduced CoQ10 for 14 days. Overall, our results are useful to define risk groups with critical CoQ10 status in humans. In particular, older subjects were characterized by impaired CoQ10 status due to their lowered serum CoQ10 concentration and concomitant decrease of CoQ10 redox capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Niklowitz
- Children's Hospital of Datteln, Witten-Herdecke University, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner-Straße 5, D-45711 Datteln, Germany
| | - Simone Onur
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Molecular Prevention, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Fischer
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Molecular Prevention, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 6, Haus 6, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Palussen
- Children's Hospital of Datteln, Witten-Herdecke University, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner-Straße 5, D-45711 Datteln, Germany
| | - Thomas Menke
- Children's Hospital of Datteln, Witten-Herdecke University, Dr.-Friedrich-Steiner-Straße 5, D-45711 Datteln, Germany
| | - Frank Döring
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Division of Molecular Prevention, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Sunflower Oil but Not Fish Oil Resembles Positive Effects of Virgin Olive Oil on Aged Pancreas after Life-Long Coenzyme Q Addition. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:23425-45. [PMID: 26426013 PMCID: PMC4632707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161023425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adequate pancreatic structure is necessary for optimal organ function. Structural changes are critical in the development of age-related pancreatic disorders. In this context, it has been reported that different pancreatic compartments from rats were affected according to the fat composition consumed. Since there is a close relationship between mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging, an experimental approach has been developed to gain more insight into this process in the pancreas. A low dosage of coenzyme Q was administered life-long in rats in order to try to prevent pancreatic aging-related alterations associated to some dietary fat sources. According to that, three groups of rats were fed normocaloric diets containing Coenzyme Q (CoQ) for two years, where virgin olive, sunflower, or fish oil was included as unique fat source. Pancreatic samples for microscopy and blood samples were collected at the moment of euthanasia. The main finding is that CoQ supplementation gives different results according to fat used in diet. When sunflower oil was the main fat in the diet, CoQ supplementation seems to improve endocrine pancreas structure and in particular β-cell mass resembling positive effects of virgin olive oil. Conversely, CoQ intake does not seem to improve the structural alterations of exocrine compartment previously observed in fish oil fed rats. Therefore CoQ may improve pancreatic alterations associated to the chronic intake of some dietary fat sources.
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23
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Mohammadi-Bardbori A, Najibi A, Amirzadegan N, Gharibi R, Dashti A, Omidi M, Saeedi A, Ghafarian-Bahreman A, Niknahad H. Coenzyme Q10 remarkably improves the bio-energetic function of rat liver mitochondria treated with statins. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:270-4. [PMID: 26007644 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CoQ10 shares a biosynthetic pathway with cholesterol therefore it can be a potential target of the widely available lipid-lowering agents such as statins. Statins are the most widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs with the ability to inhibit HMG-CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase. Preclinical and clinical safety data have shown that statins do not cause serious adverse effects in humans. However, their long-term administration is associated with a variety of myopatic complaints. The aim of this study was to investigate whether CoQ10 supplementation of animals under high fat diet (HFD) treated with statins is able to bypass the mitochondrial metabolic defects or not? Animals were divided into 7 groups and fed with either regular (RD) or HFD during experiments. The first group considered as regular control and fed with a RD. Groups 2-7 including HFD control, CoQ10 (10mg/kg), simvastatin (30mg/kg), atorvastatin (30mg/kg), simvastatin+CoQ10 or atorvastatin+CoQ10 treated orally for 30 days and fed with HFD. At the end of treatments, the animals were killed and blood samples were collected for biochemical examinations. The rat liver mitochondria were isolated and several mitochondrial indices including succinate dehydrogenase activity (SDA), ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPP) were determined. We found that triglyceride (Tg), cholesterol (Chol) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were augmented with HFD compared to RD and treatment with statins remarkably lowered the Tg, Chol and LDL levels. Mitochondrial parameters including, SDA, ATP levels, MMP and MPP were reduced with statin treatment and improved by co-administration with CoQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Mohammadi-Bardbori
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Asma Najibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Najmeh Amirzadegan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raziyeh Gharibi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ayat Dashti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Omidi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arastoo Saeedi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Ghafarian-Bahreman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Fars 71345-1583, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Coenzyme Q 10 – its biochemical and related aspects. ACTA VET BRNO 2015. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201585010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This review analyses the findings of biochemical and related pharmacotherapeutical aspects of coenzyme Q10. Its important role in the respiratory chain is presented. Furthermore, the article presents administration of coenzyme Q10 as a supplement within preventative measures in medicine, its pharmacotherapeutical aspects and effects in a number of diseases of various aetiologies. Concurrently, it presents the issue of mutual interactions of coenzyme Q10 and its efficacy in combining supplementation with conservative therapy of selected aetiologies.
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Müller T, Muhlack S. Levodopa-related cysteinyl–glycine and cysteine reduction with and without catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition in Parkinson’s disease patients. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:643-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Barakat A, Shegokar R, Dittgen M, Müller RH. Coenzyme Q10 oral bioavailability: effect of formulation type. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-013-0101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Abdel-Salam OME, Khadrawy YA, Youness ER, Mohammed NA, Abdel-Rahman RF, Hussein JS, Shafee N. Effect of a single intrastriatal rotenone injection on oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in the rat brain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-013-1807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Coenzyme Q10 depletion in medical and neuropsychiatric disorders: potential repercussions and therapeutic implications. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 48:883-903. [PMID: 23761046 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an antioxidant, a membrane stabilizer, and a vital cofactor in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, enabling the generation of adenosine triphosphate. It additionally regulates gene expression and apoptosis; is an essential cofactor of uncoupling proteins; and has anti-inflammatory, redox modulatory, and neuroprotective effects. This paper reviews the known physiological role of CoQ10 in cellular metabolism, cell death, differentiation and gene regulation, and examines the potential repercussions of CoQ10 depletion including its role in illnesses such as Parkinson's disease, depression, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, and fibromyalgia. CoQ10 depletion may play a role in the pathophysiology of these disorders by modulating cellular processes including hydrogen peroxide formation, gene regulation, cytoprotection, bioenegetic performance, and regulation of cellular metabolism. CoQ10 treatment improves quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease and may play a role in delaying the progression of that disorder. Administration of CoQ10 has antidepressive effects. CoQ10 treatment significantly reduces fatigue and improves ergonomic performance during exercise and thus may have potential in alleviating the exercise intolerance and exhaustion displayed by people with myalgic encepholamyletis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Administration of CoQ10 improves hyperalgesia and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia. The evidence base for the effectiveness of treatment with CoQ10 may be explained via its ability to ameliorate oxidative stress and protect mitochondria.
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Chao J, Leung Y, Wang M, Chang RCC. Nutraceuticals and their preventive or potential therapeutic value in Parkinson's disease. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:373-86. [PMID: 22747840 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common aging-related disorder in the world, after Alzheimer's disease. It is characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and other parts of the brain, leading to motor impairment, cognitive impairment, and dementia. Current treatment methods, such as L-dopa therapy, are focused only on relieving symptoms and delaying progression of the disease. To date, there is no known cure for PD, making prevention of PD as important as ever. More than a decade of research has revealed a number of major risk factors, including oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, numerous nutraceuticals have been found to target and attenuate these risk factors, thereby preventing or delaying the progression of PD. These nutraceuticals include vitamins C, D, E, coenzyme Q10, creatine, unsaturated fatty acids, sulfur-containing compounds, polyphenols, stilbenes, and phytoestrogens. This review examines the role of nutraceuticals in the prevention or delay of PD as well as the mechanisms of action of nutraceuticals and their potential applications as therapeutic agents, either alone or in combination with current treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Chao
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of preclinical studies in both in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease have demonstrated that coenzyme Q10 can protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Some clinical trials have looked at the neuroprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 in patients with early and midstage Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of treatment with coenzyme Q10 compared to placebo in patients with early and midstage Parkinson's disease. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Movment Disorders Group Trials Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 4), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2011), and EMBASE (January 1985 to March 2011). We handsearched the references quoted in the identified trials, congress reports from the most important neurological association and movement disorder societies in Europe and America (March 2011), checked reference lists of relevant studies and contacted other researchers. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared coenzyme Q10 to placebo for patients who suffered early and midstage primary Parkinson's disease. Studies in which the method of randomization or concealment were unknown were included. Cross-over studies were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. All disagreements were resolved by consensus between authors and were explained. We attempted to contact the authors of studies for further details if any data were missing and to establish the characteristics of unpublished trials through correspondence with the trial coordinator or principal investigator. Adverse effects information was collected from the trials. MAIN RESULTS Four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with a total of 452 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. In overall, there were improvements in activities of daily living (ADL) UPDRS (WMD -3.12, 95% CI -5.88 to -0.36) and Schwab and England (WMD 4.43, 95% CI 0.05 to 8.81) for coenzyme Q10 at 1200 mg/d for 16 months versus placebo.In safety outcomes, only the risk ratios (RR) of pharyngitis (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.18 to 5.89) and diarrhea (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.62 to 3.16) are mild elevated between coenzyme Q10 therapy and placebo and there were no differences in the number of withdrawals due to adverse effects (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.62). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Coenzyme Q10 therapy with 1200 mg/d for 16 months was well tolerated by patients with Parkinson's disease. The improvements in ADL UPDRS and Schwab and England were positive, but it need to be further confirmed by larger sample. For total and other subscores of UPDRS, the effects of coenzyme Q10 seemed to be less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Chinese PLA General HospitalDepartment of Geriatric NeurologyFuxing Road 28BeijingChina100853
| | - Lu‐Ning Wang
- Chinese PLA General HospitalDepartment of Geriatric NeurologyFuxing Road 28BeijingChina100853
| | - Si‐Yan Zhan
- School of Public Health, Peking UniversityCentre for Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics38 Xueyuan RoadHaidian DistrictBeijingChina100191
| | - Yinyin Xia
- National Center for TB Control and Prevention, China CDCDept. of Surveilance and Statistics155#, Changbai Rd. Changping DistBeijingChina
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Dumont M, Kipiani K, Yu F, Wille E, Katz M, Calingasan NY, Gouras GK, Lin MT, Beal MF. Coenzyme Q10 decreases amyloid pathology and improves behavior in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 27:211-23. [PMID: 21799249 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2011-110209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A large body of evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased reactive oxygen species occur prior to amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, is well characterized as a neuroprotective antioxidant in animal models and human trials of Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease, and reduces plaque burden in AβPP/PS1 mice. We now show that CoQ10 reduces oxidative stress and amyloid pathology and improves behavioral performance in the Tg19959 mouse model of AD. CoQ10 treatment decreased brain levels of protein carbonyls, a marker of oxidative stress. CoQ10 treatment resulted in decreased plaque area and number in hippocampus and in overlying cortex immunostained with an Aβ42-specific antibody. Brain Aβ42 levels were also decreased by CoQ10 supplementation. Levels of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) β-carboxyterminal fragments were decreased. Importantly, CoQ10-treated mice showed improved cognitive performance during Morris water maze testing. Our results show decreased pathology and improved behavior in transgenic AD mice treated with the naturally occurring antioxidant compound CoQ10. CoQ10 is well tolerated in humans and may be promising for therapeutic trials in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dumont
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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32
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of preclinical studies in both in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease have demonstrated that coenzyme Q10 can protect the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Some clinical trials have looked at the neuroprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 in patients with early and midstage Parkinson's disease. OBJECTIVES To assess the evidence from randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of treatment with coenzyme Q10 compared to placebo in patients with early and midstage Parkinson's disease. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Movment Disorders Group Trials Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2009, Issue 4), MEDLINE (January 1966 to March 2011), and EMBASE (January 1985 to March 2011). We handsearched the references quoted in the identified trials, congress reports from the most important neurological association and movement disorder societies in Europe and America (March 2011), checked reference lists of relevant studies and contacted other researchers. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared coenzyme Q10 to placebo for patients who suffered early and midstage primary Parkinson's disease. Studies in which the method of randomization or concealment were unknown were included. Cross-over studies were excluded. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. All disagreements were resolved by consensus between authors and were explained. We attempted to contact the authors of studies for further details if any data were missing and to establish the characteristics of unpublished trials through correspondence with the trial coordinator or principal investigator. Adverse effects information was collected from the trials. MAIN RESULTS Four randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with a total of 452 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. In overall, there were improvements in activities of daily living (ADL) UPDRS (WMD -3.12, 95% CI -5.88 to -0.36) and Schwab and England (WMD 4.43, 95% CI 0.05 to 8.81) for coenzyme Q10 at 1200 mg/d for 16 months versus placebo.In safety outcomes, only the risk ratios (RR) of pharyngitis (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.18 to 5.89) and diarrhea (RR 1.39, 95% CI 0.62 to 3.16) are mild elevated between coenzyme Q10 therapy and placebo and there were no differences in the number of withdrawals due to adverse effects (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.62). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Coenzyme Q10 therapy with 1200 mg/d for 16 months was well tolerated by patients with Parkinson's disease. The improvements in ADL UPDRS and Schwab and England were positive, but it need to be further confirmed by larger sample. For total and other subscores of UPDRS, the effects of coenzyme Q10 seemed to be less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Fuxinglu 28, Beijing, China, 100853
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Nezhadi A, Ghazi F, Rassoli H, Bakhtiari M, Ataiy Z, Soleimani S, Mehdizadeh M. BMSC and CoQ10 improve behavioural recovery and histological outcome in rat model of Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:317-24. [PMID: 21703827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assessed the ability of a combination treatment of bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) graft and oral coenzyme (CoQ10) in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) as an appropriate substitute for current Parkinson treatments. The combination treatment was compared to sole treatments of BMSC and CoQ10. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, there were six groups of male Wistar rats: control, sham, lesion, CoQ10, graft BMSC and graft BMSC plus CoQ10. Oral administration of CoQ10 began 1 week before the PD and continued during the entire treatment period. To simulate PD, we injected 6 hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) in rats. BMSC were labelled by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (Brdu) before transplantation. We assessed behaviour before PD, 2 weeks after PD and 8 weeks after cell transplantation. At the end of the second month of treatment, immunohistochemistry, histology and molecular studies were performed. RESULTS Behavioural assessment of the CoQ10 group and BMSC group indicated equal recovery in comparison with the lesion group (P<0.01), while the combined treatment of BMSC and CoQ10 showed considerably better recovery compared with the lesion group (P<0.001). There were no signs of gliosis and graft rejection. Immunohistochemistry analysis of Brdu indicated that cells were alive after 2 months of application in host tissue. Cell counts showed significantly greater numbers of neural cells in the combination treatment of BMSC and CoQ10 compared to the other groups. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression levels in the combined therapy group was significantly more than the other experimental groups (P<0.001). CONCLUSION The combined use of two neuroprotective treatments and cell replacement therapy can be effective in the treatment of PD, at least in experimental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akram Nezhadi
- Department of Anatomy, Army University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mazzio EA, Close F, Soliman KFA. The biochemical and cellular basis for nutraceutical strategies to attenuate neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:506-69. [PMID: 21340000 PMCID: PMC3039966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Future therapeutic intervention that could effectively decelerate the rate of degeneration within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) could add years of mobility and reduce morbidity associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Neurodegenerative decline associated with PD is distinguished by extensive damage to SNc dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons and decay of the striatal tract. While genetic mutations or environmental toxins can precipitate pathology, progressive degenerative succession involves a gradual decline in DA neurotransmission/synaptic uptake, impaired oxidative glucose consumption, a rise in striatal lactate and chronic inflammation. Nutraceuticals play a fundamental role in energy metabolism and signaling transduction pathways that control neurotransmission and inflammation. However, the use of nutritional supplements to slow the progression of PD has met with considerable challenge and has thus far proven unsuccessful. This review re-examines precipitating factors and insults involved in PD and how nutraceuticals can affect each of these biological targets. Discussed are disease dynamics (Sections 1 and 2) and natural substances, vitamins and minerals that could impact disease processes (Section 3). Topics include nutritional influences on α-synuclein aggregation, ubiquitin proteasome function, mTOR signaling/lysosomal-autophagy, energy failure, faulty catecholamine trafficking, DA oxidation, synthesis of toxic DA-quinones, o-semiquinones, benzothiazolines, hyperhomocyseinemia, methylation, inflammation and irreversible oxidation of neuromelanin. In summary, it is clear that future research will be required to consider the multi-faceted nature of this disease and re-examine how and why the use of nutritional multi-vitamin-mineral and plant-based combinations could be used to slow the progression of PD, if possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mazzio
- Florida A&M University, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; E-Mails: (E.A.M.); (F.C.)
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Villalba JM, Parrado C, Santos-Gonzalez M, Alcain FJ. Therapeutic use of coenzyme Q10 and coenzyme Q10-related compounds and formulations. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:535-54. [PMID: 20367194 DOI: 10.1517/13543781003727495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)) is found in blood and in all organs. CoQ(10) deficiencies are due to autosomal recessive mutations, ageing-related oxidative stress and carcinogenesis processes, and also statin treatment. Many neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, cancer and muscular and cardiovascular diseases have been associated with low CoQ(10) levels, as well as different ataxias and encephalomyopathies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We review the efficacy of a variety of commercial formulations which have been developed to solubilise CoQ(10) and promote its better absorption in vivo, and its use in the therapy of pathologies associated with low CoQ(10) levels, with emphasis in the results of the clinical trials. Also, we review the use of its analogues idebenone and MitoQ. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review covers the most relevant aspects related with the therapeutic use of CoQ(10), including existing formulations and their effects on its bioavailability. TAKE HOME MESSAGE CoQ(10) does not cause serious adverse effects in humans and new formulations have been developed that increase CoQ(10) absorption. Oral CoQ(10) is a viable antioxidant strategy in many diseases, providing a significant to mild symptomatic benefit. Idebenone and MitoQ are promising substitutive CoQ(10)-related drugs which are well tolerated and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Villalba
- Universidad de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Campus Universitario de Rabanales, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 3a planta 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
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Thrash B, Thiruchelvan K, Ahuja M, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M. Methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: the road to Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Rep 2010; 61:966-77. [PMID: 20081231 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies have implicated methamphetamine exposure as a contributor to the development of Parkinson's disease. There is a significant degree of striatal dopamine depletion produced by methamphetamine, which makes the toxin useful in the creation of an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with selective degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The immediate need is to understand the substances that increase the risk for this debilitating disorder as well as these substances'neurodegenerative mechanisms. Currently, various approaches are being taken to develop a novel and cost-effective anti-Parkinson's drug with minimal adverse effects and the added benefit of a neuroprotective effect to facilitate and improve the care of patients with Parkinson's disease. Amethamphetamine-treated animal model for Parkinson's disease can help to further the understanding of the neurodegenerative processes that target the nigrostriatal system. Studies on widely used drugs of abuse, which are also dopaminergic toxicants, may aid in understanding the etiology, pathophysiology and progression of the disease process and increase awareness of the risks involved in such drug abuse. In addition, this review evaluates the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of certain drugs against methamphetamine-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessy Thrash
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 4306 Walker building, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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López-Lluch G, Rodríguez-Aguilera JC, Santos-Ocaña C, Navas P. Is coenzyme Q a key factor in aging? Mech Ageing Dev 2010; 131:225-35. [PMID: 20193705 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (Q) is a key component for bioenergetics and antioxidant protection in the cell. During the last years, research on diseases linked to Q-deficiency has highlighted the essential role of this lipid in cell physiology. Q levels are also affected during aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, therapies based on dietary supplementation with Q must be considered in cases of Q deficiency such as in aging. However, the low bioavailability of dietary Q for muscle and brain obligates to design new mechanisms to increase the uptake of this compound in these tissues. In the present review we show a complete picture of the different functions of Q in cell physiology and their relationship to age and age-related diseases. Furthermore, we describe the problems associated with dietary Q uptake and the mechanisms currently used to increase its uptake or even its biosynthesis in cells. Strategies to increase Q levels in tissues are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Lluch
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide, CIBERER-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera, Km 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
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Telford JE, Kilbride SM, Davey GP. Decylubiquinone increases mitochondrial function in synaptosomes. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:8639-45. [PMID: 20080966 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.079780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of decylubiquinone, a ubiquinone analogue, on mitochondrial function and inhibition thresholds of the electron transport chain enzyme complexes in synaptosomes were investigated. Decylubiquinone increased complex I/III and complex II/III activities by 64 and 80%, respectively, and attenuated reductions in oxygen consumption at high concentrations of the complex III inhibitor myxothiazol. During inhibition of complex I, decylubiquinone attenuated reductions in synaptosomal oxygen respiration rates, as seen in the complex I inhibition threshold. Decylubiquinone increased the inhibition thresholds of complex I/III, complex II/III, and complex III over oxygen consumption in the nerve terminal by 25-50%, when myxothiazol was used to inhibit complex III. These results imply that decylubiquinone increases mitochondrial function in the nerve terminal during complex I or III inhibition. The potential benefits of decylubiquinone in diseases where complex I, I/III, II/III, or III activities are deficient are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Telford
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Surmeier DJ, Guzman JN, Sanchez-Padilla J, Goldberg JA. What causes the death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2010; 183:59-77. [PMID: 20696315 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(10)83004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The factors governing neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) are the subject of continuing speculation and experimental study. In recent years, factors that act on most or all cell types (pan-cellular factors), particularly genetic mutations and environmental toxins, have dominated public discussions of disease aetiology. Although there is compelling evidence supporting an association between disease risk and these factors, the pattern of neuronal pathology and cell loss is difficult to explain without cell-specific factors. This chapter focuses on recent studies showing that the neurons at greatest risk in PD--substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine (DA) neurons--have a distinctive physiological phenotype that could contribute to their vulnerability. The opening of L-type calcium channels during autonomous pacemaking results in sustained calcium entry into the cytoplasm of SNc DA neurons, resulting in elevated mitochondrial oxidant stress and susceptibility to toxins used to create animal models of PD. This cell-specific stress could increase the negative consequences of pan-cellular factors that broadly challenge either mitochondrial or proteostatic competence. The availability of well-tolerated, orally deliverable antagonists for L-type calcium channels points to a novel neuroprotective strategy that could complement current attempts to boost mitochondrial function in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D James Surmeier
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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40
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Thrash B, Karuppagounder SS, Uthayathas S, Suppiramaniam V, Dhanasekaran M. Neurotoxic Effects of Methamphetamine. Neurochem Res 2009; 35:171-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-009-0042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bifulco M, Malfitano AM, Marasco G. Potential therapeutic role of statins in neurological disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:827-37. [PMID: 18457539 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.5.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Statins, the inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, are currently among the most commonly prescribed agents for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. It is well established that statins reduce cholesterol levels and prevent coronary heart disease. Moreover, evidence suggests that statins have additional properties such as endothelial protection via actions on the nitric oxide synthetase system as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. There is evidence that all these actions might have potential therapeutic implications not only in stroke, but also in various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and primary brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the protective effects of statins on various neurological diseases. Currently available data suggest that statins are safe and effective in the treatment of these neurological disorders, although further experiments and new data are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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Stamelou M, Reuss A, Pilatus U, Magerkurth J, Niklowitz P, Eggert KM, Krisp A, Menke T, Schade-Brittinger C, Oertel WH, Höglinger GU. Short-term effects of coenzyme Q10
in progressive supranuclear palsy: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord 2008; 23:942-949. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Tran UC, Clarke CF. Endogenous synthesis of coenzyme Q in eukaryotes. Mitochondrion 2007; 7 Suppl:S62-71. [PMID: 17482885 PMCID: PMC1974887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (Q) functions in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and serves as a lipophilic antioxidant. There is increasing interest in the use of Q as a nutritional supplement. Although, the physiological significance of Q is extensively investigated in eukaryotes, ranging from yeast to human, the eukaryotic Q biosynthesis pathway is best characterized in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. At least ten genes (COQ1-COQ10) have been shown to be required for Q biosynthesis and function in respiration. This review highlights recent knowledge about the endogenous synthesis of Q in eukaryotes, with emphasis on S. cerevisiae as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine F. Clarke
- Corresponding author: Catherine F. Clarke, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569, Tel: (310) 825-0771, Fax: (310) 206-5213,
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Lenzken SC, Racchi M, Lucchelli A, Govoni S. The search for disease-modifying drugs for neurodegenerative disorders. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.1.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are a complex group of illnesses that possibly share common mechanisms. The onset and progression of NDs may depend upon genetic traits as well as complex interactions between individual genetic backgrounds and environmental factors. The exact role of the risk factors involved, and how they influence the onset and pacing of the disease, is not yet fully understood. Similarly, the relationship between the rate of neuronal death and clinical expression of the disease is a matter for discussion. The knowledge of the various molecules and mechanisms that accompany NDs as primary or secondary events is increasing steadily, but the distinction between their physiological and pathological roles is still uncertain. These premises highlight the difficulties underlying the design of disease modifying strategies. However, it is possible to identify several disease modifying strategies based on various approaches, including the targeting of putative causal elements or of general mechanisms of degeneration and reparative strategies. The purpose of this review is to examine the biological rationale behind attempted protective, restorative and therapeutic strategies.
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45
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Bonsi P, Cuomo D, Martella G, Sciamanna G, Tolu M, Calabresi P, Bernardi G, Pisani A. Mitochondrial toxins in Basal Ganglia disorders: from animal models to therapeutic strategies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2006; 4:69-75. [PMID: 18615133 PMCID: PMC2430675 DOI: 10.2174/157015906775203039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of the pathogenesis of basal ganglia disorders, such as Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) appoints a central role to a dysfunction in mitochondrial metabolism. The development of animal models, based upon the use of mitochondrial toxins has been successfully introduced to reproduce human disease, leading to important acquisitions. Most notably, experimental evidence supports the existence, within basal ganglia, of a peculiar regional vulnerability to distinct mitochondrial toxins. MPTP and rotenone, both selective inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I have been extensively used to mimic PD. Accordingly, in human PD, a specific dysfunction of complex I activity was found in vulnerable dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Conversely, in HD a selective impairment of mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, key enzyme in complex II activity was found in medium spiny neurons of the caudate-putamen. The relevance of such finding is further demonstrated by the evidence that toxins able to primarily target mitochondrial complex II, such as malonic acid and 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), strikingly reproduce the main phenotypic and pathological features of HD.Despite the advances obtained from these experimental models, a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying such neuronal vulnerability is lacking.The present review provides a brief survey of currently utilized animal models of mitochondrial intoxication, in attempt to address the cellular mechanisms triggered by energy metabolism failure and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bonsi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S. – C.E.R.C., European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - D Cuomo
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S. – C.E.R.C., European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - G Martella
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universitá “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
| | - G Sciamanna
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S. – C.E.R.C., European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - M Tolu
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universitá “Tor Vergata”, Roma, Italy
| | - P Calabresi
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Universitá di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - G Bernardi
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S. – C.E.R.C., European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - A Pisani
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S. – C.E.R.C., European Brain Research Institute, Roma, Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford W Shults
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA.
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