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Kim KM. Unveiling the Differences in Signaling and Regulatory Mechanisms between Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors and Their Impact on Behavioral Sensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076742. [PMID: 37047716 PMCID: PMC10095578 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptors are classified into five subtypes, with D2R and D3R playing a crucial role in regulating mood, motivation, reward, and movement. Whereas D2R are distributed widely across the brain, including regions responsible for motor functions, D3R are primarily found in specific areas related to cognitive and emotional functions, such as the nucleus accumbens, limbic system, and prefrontal cortex. Despite their high sequence homology and similar signaling pathways, D2R and D3R have distinct regulatory properties involving desensitization, endocytosis, posttranslational modification, and interactions with other cellular components. In vivo, D3R is closely associated with behavioral sensitization, which leads to increased dopaminergic responses. Behavioral sensitization is believed to result from D3R desensitization, which removes the inhibitory effect of D3R on related behaviors. Whereas D2R maintains continuous signal transduction through agonist-induced receptor phosphorylation, arrestin recruitment, and endocytosis, which recycle and resensitize desensitized receptors, D3R rarely undergoes agonist-induced endocytosis and instead is desensitized after repeated agonist exposure. In addition, D3R undergoes more extensive posttranslational modifications, such as glycosylation and palmitoylation, which are needed for its desensitization. Overall, a series of biochemical settings more closely related to D3R could be linked to D3R-mediated behavioral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
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2
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Artificial intelligence and machine-learning approaches in structure and ligand-based discovery of drugs affecting central nervous system. Mol Divers 2022; 27:959-985. [PMID: 35819579 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CNS disorders are indications with a very high unmet medical needs, relatively smaller number of available drugs, and a subpar satisfaction level among patients and caregiver. Discovery of CNS drugs is extremely expensive affair with its own unique challenges leading to extremely high attrition rates and low efficiency. With explosion of data in information age, there is hardly any aspect of life that has not been touched by data driven technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML). Drug discovery is no exception, emergence of big data via genomic, proteomic, biological, and chemical technologies has driven pharmaceutical giants to collaborate with AI oriented companies to revolutionise drug discovery, with the goal of increasing the efficiency of the process. In recent years many examples of innovative applications of AI and ML techniques in CNS drug discovery has been reported. Research on therapeutics for diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Parkinsonism has been provided with a new direction and thrust from these developments. AI and ML has been applied to both ligand-based and structure-based drug discovery and design of CNS therapeutics. In this review, we have summarised the general aspects of AI and ML from the perspective of drug discovery followed by a comprehensive coverage of the recent developments in the applications of AI/ML techniques in CNS drug discovery.
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Chagraoui A, Di Giovanni G, De Deurwaerdère P. Neurobiological and Pharmacological Perspectives of D3 Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020243. [PMID: 35204744 PMCID: PMC8961531 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the D3 receptor (D3R) subtypes of dopamine (DA) has generated an understandable increase in interest in the field of neurological diseases, especially Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, although DA replacement therapy with l-DOPA has provided an effective treatment for patients with PD, it is responsible for invalidating abnormal involuntary movements, known as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, which constitutes a serious limitation of the use of this therapy. Of particular interest is the finding that chronic l-DOPA treatment can trigger the expression of D1R–D3R heteromeric interactions in the dorsal striatum. The D3R is expressed in various tissues of the central nervous system, including the striatum. Compelling research has focused on striatal D3Rs in the context of PD and motor side effects, including dyskinesia, occurring with DA replacement therapy. Therefore, this review will briefly describe the basal ganglia (BG) and the DA transmission within these brain regions, before going into more detail with regard to the role of D3Rs in PD and their participation in the current treatments. Numerous studies have also highlighted specific interactions between D1Rs and D3Rs that could promote dyskinesia. Finally, this review will also address the possibility that D3Rs located outside of the BG may mediate some of the effects of DA replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeslam Chagraoui
- Différenciation et Communication Neuroendocrine, Endocrine et Germinale Laboratory, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine of Normandy (IRIB), University of Rouen, INSERM 1239, 76000 Rouen, France
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-35-14-83-69
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, 2080 Msida, Malta;
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5287, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CEDEX, 33000 Bordeaux, France;
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4
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Oh T, Daadi ES, Kim J, Daadi EW, Chen PJ, Roy-Choudhury G, Bohmann J, Blass BE, Daadi MM. Dopamine D3 receptor ligand suppresses the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in nonhuman primate model of parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2022; 347:113920. [PMID: 34762921 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multisystem, chronic and so far incurable disease with significant unmet medical needs. The incidence of PD increases with aging and the expected burden will continue to escalate with our aging population. Since its discovery in the 1961 levodopa has remained the gold standard pharmacotherapy for PD. However, the progressive nature of the neurodegenerative process in and beyond the nigrostriatal system causes a multitude of side effects, including levodopa-induced dyskinesia within 5 years of therapy. Attenuating dyskinesia has been a significant challenge in the clinical management of PD. We report on a small molecule that eliminates the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and significantly improves PD-like symptoms. The lead compound PD13R we discovered is a dopamine D3 receptor partial agonist with high affinity and selectivity, orally active and with desirable drug-like properties. Future studies are aimed at developing this lead compound for treating PD patients with dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Oh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Elyas S Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kim
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Etienne W Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peng-Jen Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gourav Roy-Choudhury
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Benjamin E Blass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcel M Daadi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA; Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Radiology, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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5
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Gulcan HO. Selected natural and synthetic agents effective against Parkinson's disease with diverse mechanisms. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:199-208. [PMID: 34844541 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211129141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease (PD) has been extensively investigated with respect to its neuropathological background and possible treatment options. Since the symptomatic outcomes are generally related to dopamine deficiency, the current treatment strategies towards PD mainly employ dopaminergic agonists as well as the compounds acting on dopamine metabolism. These drugs do not provide disease modifying properties; therefore alternative drug discovery studies focus on targets involved in the progressive neurodegenerative character of PD. This study has aimed to present the pathophysiology of PD concomitant to the representation of drugs and promising molecules displaying activity against the validated and non-validated targets of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin Ozan Gulcan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, 99520, T.R. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10. Turkey
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6
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Al-Matar HM, Dawood KM, Tohamy WM, Shalaby MA. Facile Assembling of Novel 2,3,6,7,9-pentaazabicyclo- [3.3.1]nona-3,7-diene Derivatives under Microwave and Ultrasound Platforms. Molecules 2019; 24:E1110. [PMID: 30897823 PMCID: PMC6471913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactions of a series of 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanal derivatives with two molar ratio of ammonium acetate afforded a library of tetrasubstituted 2,3,6,7,9-pentaazabicyclo[3.3.1]nona- 3,7-diene derivatives in good to excellent isolated yields. The reaction was activated with triethylamine catalyst under three different heating modes: thermal, ultrasonic and microwave irradiating conditions in ethanol solvent. The structures of the isolated products were fully characterized by spectral and analytical data as well as X-ray single crystal of selected examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad M Al-Matar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Wael M Tohamy
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
| | - Mona A Shalaby
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait.
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7
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Stank L, Frank A, Hagenow S, Stark H. Talipexole variations as novel bitopic dopamine D2 and D3 receptor ligands. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9md00379g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We linked 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-thiazoloazepine scaffolds with phenylpiperazine pharmacophores to generate bitopic dopamine receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Stank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Duesseldorf
- Germany
| | - Annika Frank
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Duesseldorf
- Germany
| | - Stefanie Hagenow
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Duesseldorf
- Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf
- 40225 Duesseldorf
- Germany
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8
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Cao Y, Sun N, Zhang J, Liu Z, Tang YZ, Wu Z, Kim KM, Cheon SH. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of bitopic arylpiperazine-phthalimides as selective dopamine D 3 receptor agonists. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1457-1465. [PMID: 30288220 PMCID: PMC6148523 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a proven therapeutic target for the treatment of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In particular, D3R-selective ligands that can eliminate side effects associated with dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) therapeutics have been validated. However, the high homology in signaling pathways and the sequence similarity between D2R and D3R have rendered the development of D3R-selective ligands challenging. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of piperazine-phthalimide bitopic ligands based on a fragment-based and molecular docking inspired design. Compound 9i was identified as the most selective D3R ligand among these bitopic ligands. Its selectivity was improved compared to reference compounds 1 and 2 by 9- and 2-fold, respectively, and it was 21-fold more potent than compound 2. Molecular docking demonstrated that the orientation of Leu2.64 and Phe7.39 and the packing at the junction of helices may affect the specificity for D3R over D2R. Functional evaluation revealed that D3R-selective ligand 9i displayed a subpicomolar agonist activity at D3R with a 199-fold increase in potency compared to quinpirole. These results may be useful for the fragment-based design of bitopic compounds as selective D3R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Cao
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , China
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757 , Republic of Korea . ; ; ; Fax: +82 625302911 ; Tel: +82 625302936 ; Tel: +82 625302929
- The Fist Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Ningning Sun
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757 , Republic of Korea . ; ; ; Fax: +82 625302911 ; Tel: +82 625302936 ; Tel: +82 625302929
| | - Jiumei Zhang
- The Fist Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research at School of Pharmaceutical sciences , Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035 , China . ; ; Tel: +86 75525622938
| | - Yi-Zhe Tang
- The Fist Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Zhengzhi Wu
- The Fist Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518035 , China
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757 , Republic of Korea . ; ; ; Fax: +82 625302911 ; Tel: +82 625302936 ; Tel: +82 625302929
| | - Seung Hoon Cheon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development , Chonnam National University , Gwangju 500-757 , Republic of Korea . ; ; ; Fax: +82 625302911 ; Tel: +82 625302936 ; Tel: +82 625302929
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9
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Omran A, Eslamimehr S, Crider AM, Neumann WL. Synthesis of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine dopamine D 3 receptor ligands with extended functionality for probing the secondary binding pocket. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1897-1902. [PMID: 29631959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine analogues which incorporate N-alkyl groups and N-butylamide-linked benzamide functionality have been synthesized and their in vitro binding affinities at human dopamine receptors have been evaluated. Our ligand design strategy was to take the 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine scaffold and extend functionality from the orthosteric binding site to the secondary binding pocket for enhancing affinity and selectivity for the D3 receptor. The N-alkyl analogues constitute a homologous series from N-pentyl to N-decyl to probe the length/bulk tolerance of the secondary binding pocket of the D3 receptor. Enantiomeric 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine analogues were also prepared in order to test the chirality preference of the orthosteric binding site for this scaffold. Benzamide analogues were prepared to enhance affinity and/or selectivity based upon the results of the homologous series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahid Omran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - Shakiba Eslamimehr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - A Michael Crider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA
| | - William L Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, 220 University Park Drive, Edwardsville, IL 62026, USA.
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10
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Lee Y, Basith S, Choi S. Recent Advances in Structure-Based Drug Design Targeting Class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors Utilizing Crystal Structures and Computational Simulations. J Med Chem 2017; 61:1-46. [PMID: 28657745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest and most physiologically important integral membrane protein family, and these receptors respond to a wide variety of physiological and environmental stimuli. GPCRs are among the most critical therapeutic targets for numerous human diseases, and approximately one-third of the currently marketed drugs target this receptor family. The recent breakthroughs in GPCR structural biology have significantly contributed to our understanding of GPCR function, ligand binding, and pharmacological action as well as to the design of new drugs. This perspective highlights the latest advances in GPCR structures with a focus on the receptor-ligand interactions of each receptor family in class A nonrhodopsin GPCRs as well as the structural features for their activation, biased signaling, and allosteric mechanisms. The current state-of-the-art methodologies of structure-based drug design (SBDD) approaches in the GPCR research field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonji Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory (NLRL) of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Shaherin Basith
- National Leading Research Laboratory (NLRL) of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Choi
- National Leading Research Laboratory (NLRL) of Molecular Modeling & Drug Design, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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11
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Moritz AE, Free RB, Sibley DR. Advances and challenges in the search for D 2 and D 3 dopamine receptor-selective compounds. Cell Signal 2017; 41:75-81. [PMID: 28716664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Compounds that target D2-like dopamine receptors (DRs) are currently used as therapeutics for several neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (antagonists) and Parkinson's disease (agonists). However, as the D2R and D3R subtypes are highly homologous, creating compounds with sufficient subtype-selectivity as well as drug-like properties for therapeutic use has proved challenging. This review summarizes the progress that has been made in developing D2R- or D3R-selective antagonists and agonists, and also describes the experimental conditions that need to be considered when determining the selectivity of a given compound, as apparent selectivity can vary widely depending on assay conditions. Future advances in this field may take advantage of currently available structural data to target alternative secondary binding sites through creating bivalent or bitopic chemical structures. Alternatively, the use of high-throughput screening techniques to identify novel scaffolds that might bind to the D2R or D3R in areas other than the highly conserved orthosteric site, such as allosteric sites, followed by iterative medicinal chemistry will likely lead to exceptionally selective compounds in the future. More selective compounds will provide a better understanding of the normal and pathological functioning of each receptor subtype, as well as offer the potential for improved therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States
| | - R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 35 Convent Drive, MSC-3723, Bethesda, MD 20892-3723, United States.
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12
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Cortés A, Moreno E, Rodríguez-Ruiz M, Canela EI, Casadó V. Targeting the dopamine D3 receptor: an overview of drug design strategies. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:641-64. [PMID: 27135354 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1185413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dopamine is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in both the periphery and the central nervous system (CNS). Its physiological effects are mediated by five closely related G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are divided into two major subclasses: the D1-like (D1, D5) and the D2-like (D2, D3, D4) receptors. D3 receptors (D3Rs) have the highest density in the limbic areas of the brain, which are associated with cognitive and emotional functions. These receptors are therefore attractive targets for therapeutic management. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the functional and pharmacological characteristics of D3Rs, including the design and clinical relevance of full agonists, partial agonists and antagonists, as well as the capacity of these receptors to form active homodimers, heterodimers or higher order receptor complexes as pharmacological targets in several neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. EXPERT OPINION The high sequence homology between D3R and the D2-type challenges the development of D3R-selective compounds. The design of new D3R-preferential ligands with improved physicochemical properties should provide a better pharmacokinetic/bioavailability profile and lesser toxicity than is found with existing D3R ligands. It is also essential to optimize D3R affinity and, especially, D3R vs. D2-type binding and functional selectivity ratios. Developing allosteric and bitopic ligands should help to improve the D3R selectivity of these drugs. As most evidence points to the ability of GPCRs to form homomers and heteromers, the most promising therapeutic strategy in the future is likely to involve the application of heteromer-selective drugs. These selective ligands would display different affinities for a given receptor depending on the receptor partners within the heteromer. Therefore, designing novel compounds that specifically target and modulate D1R-D3R heteromers would be an interesting approach for the treatment of levodopa (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Ruiz
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Enric I Canela
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- a Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) , Spain.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB) , University of Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
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Zhang H, Tong R, Bai L, Shi J, Ouyang L. Emerging targets and new small molecule therapies in Parkinson’s disease treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1419-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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14
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Micoli A, De Simone A, Russo D, Ottonello G, Colombano G, Ruda GF, Bandiera T, Cavalli A, Bottegoni G. Aryl and heteroaryl N-[4-[4-(2,3-substituted-phenyl)piperazine-1-yl]alkyl]carbamates with improved physico-chemical properties as dual modulators of dopamine D3 receptor and fatty acid amide hydrolase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00590f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Improving the physico-chemical profile of a MTDL series.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Micoli
- CompuNet
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - A. De Simone
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - D. Russo
- PharmaChemistry
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - G. Ottonello
- PharmaChemistry
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - G. Colombano
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit
- The Institute of Cancer Research
- Sutton
- UK
| | - G. F. Ruda
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC)
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX3 7DQ
- UK
- Target Discovery Institute (TDI)
| | - T. Bandiera
- PharmaChemistry
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
| | - A. Cavalli
- CompuNet
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
- FaBit
| | - G. Bottegoni
- CompuNet
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 16163 Genova
- Italy
- BiKi Technologies S.r.l
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15
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Drago F. The dopamine D3 receptor: From preclinical studies to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1399-400. [PMID: 26278782 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences University of Catania, School of Medicine, Via S. Sofia 64, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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16
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Furman CA, Roof RA, Moritz AE, Miller BN, Doyle TB, Free RB, Banala AK, Paul NM, Kumar V, Sibley CD, Newman AH, Sibley DR. Investigation of the binding and functional properties of extended length D3 dopamine receptor-selective antagonists. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1448-61. [PMID: 25583363 PMCID: PMC4449328 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The D3 dopamine receptor represents an important target in drug addiction in that reducing receptor activity may attenuate the self-administration of drugs and/or disrupt drug or cue-induced relapse. Medicinal chemistry efforts have led to the development of D3 preferring antagonists and partial agonists that are >100-fold selective vs. the closely related D2 receptor, as best exemplified by extended-length 4-phenylpiperazine derivatives. Based on the D3 receptor crystal structure, these molecules are known to dock to two sites on the receptor where the 4-phenylpiperazine moiety binds to the orthosteric site and an extended aryl amide moiety docks to a secondary binding pocket. The bivalent nature of the receptor binding of these compounds is believed to contribute to their D3 selectivity. In this study, we examined if such compounds might also be "bitopic" such that their aryl amide moieties act as allosteric modulators to further enhance the affinities of the full-length molecules for the receptor. First, we deconstructed several extended-length D3-selective ligands into fragments, termed "synthons", representing either orthosteric or secondary aryl amide pharmacophores and investigated their effects on D3 receptor binding and function. The orthosteric synthons were found to inhibit radioligand binding and to antagonize dopamine activation of the D3 receptor, albeit with lower affinities than the full-length compounds. Notably, the aryl amide-based synthons had no effect on the affinities or potencies of the orthosteric synthons, nor did they have any effect on receptor activation by dopamine. Additionally, pharmacological investigation of the full-length D3-selective antagonists revealed that these compounds interacted with the D3 receptor in a purely competitive manner. Our data further support that the 4-phenylpiperazine D3-selective antagonists are bivalent and that their enhanced affinity for the D3 receptor is due to binding at both the orthosteric site as well as a secondary binding pocket. Importantly, however, their interactions at the secondary site do not allosterically modulate their binding to the orthosteric site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryse A Furman
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca A Roof
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brittney N Miller
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Trevor B Doyle
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashwini K Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel M Paul
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Sibley
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Kassel S, Schwed JS, Stark H. Dopamine D3 receptor agonists as pharmacological tools. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1480-99. [PMID: 25498414 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the dopaminergic innervation in the central nervous system plays a key role in different neurological disorders like Parkinson´s disease, restless legs syndrome, schizophrenia etc. Although dopamine D3 receptors have been recognized as an important target in these diseases, their full pharmacological properties need further investigations. With focus on dopamine D3 receptor full agonists, this review has divided the ergoline and non-ergoline ligands in dissimilar chemical subclasses describing their pharmacodynamic properties on different related receptors, on species differences and their functional properties on different signaling mechanism. This is combined with a short description of structure-activity relationships for each class. Therefore, this overview should support the rational choice for the optimal compound selection based on affinity, selectivity and efficacy data in biochemical and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kassel
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - J S Schwed
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - H Stark
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
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18
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Bartuschat AL, Schellhorn T, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Heinrich MR. Fluoro-substituted phenylazocarboxamides: Dopaminergic behavior and N-arylating properties for irreversible binding. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3938-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Michino M, Beuming T, Donthamsetti P, Newman AH, Javitch JA, Shi L. What can crystal structures of aminergic receptors tell us about designing subtype-selective ligands? Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:198-213. [PMID: 25527701 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.009944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that represent an important class of drug targets. In particular, aminergic GPCRs interact with a significant portion of drugs currently on the market. However, most drugs that target these receptors are associated with undesirable side effects, which are due in part to promiscuous interactions with close homologs of the intended target receptors. Here, based on a systematic analysis of all 37 of the currently available high-resolution crystal structures of aminergic GPCRs, we review structural elements that contribute to and can be exploited for designing subtype-selective compounds. We describe the roles of secondary binding pockets (SBPs), as well as differences in ligand entry pathways to the orthosteric binding site, in determining selectivity. In addition, using the available crystal structures, we have identified conformational changes in the SBPs that are associated with receptor activation and explore the implications of these changes for the rational development of selective ligands with tailored efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayako Michino
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Thijs Beuming
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Prashant Donthamsetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Jonathan A Javitch
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., J.A.J.); and Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland (A.H.N.)
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20
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Keck TM, John WS, Czoty PW, Nader MA, Newman AH. Identifying Medication Targets for Psychostimulant Addiction: Unraveling the Dopamine D3 Receptor Hypothesis. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5361-80. [PMID: 25826710 PMCID: PMC4516313 DOI: 10.1021/jm501512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a target for developing medications to treat substance use disorders. D3R-selective compounds with high affinity and varying efficacies have been discovered, providing critical research tools for cell-based studies that have been translated to in vivo models of drug abuse. D3R antagonists and partial agonists have shown especially promising results in rodent models of relapse-like behavior, including stress-, drug-, and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. However, to date, translation to human studies has been limited. Herein, we present an overview and illustrate some of the pitfalls and challenges of developing novel D3R-selective compounds toward clinical utility, especially for treatment of cocaine abuse. Future research and development of D3R-selective antagonists and partial agonists for substance abuse remains critically important but will also require further evaluation and development of translational animal models to determine the best time in the addiction cycle to target D3Rs for optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Keck
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - William S John
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Paul W Czoty
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Michael A Nader
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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21
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Keck TM, Banala AK, Slack RD, Burzynski C, Bonifazi A, Okunola-Bakare OM, Moore M, Deschamps JR, Rais R, Slusher BS, Newman AH. Using click chemistry toward novel 1,2,3-triazole-linked dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4000-12. [PMID: 25650314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a target of pharmacotherapeutic interest in a variety of neurological disorders including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, restless leg syndrome, and drug addiction. A common molecular template used in the development of D3R-selective antagonists and partial agonists incorporates a butylamide linker between two pharmacophores, a phenylpiperazine moiety and an extended aryl ring system. The series of compounds described herein incorporates a change to that chemical template, replacing the amide functional group in the linker chain with a 1,2,3-triazole group. Although the amide linker in the 4-phenylpiperazine class of D3R ligands has been previously deemed critical for high D3R affinity and selectivity, the 1,2,3-triazole moiety serves as a suitable bioisosteric replacement and maintains desired D3R-binding functionality of the compounds. Additionally, using mouse liver microsomes to evaluate CYP450-mediated phase I metabolism, we determined that novel 1,2,3-triazole-containing compounds modestly improves metabolic stability compared to amide-containing analogues. The 1,2,3-triazole moiety allows for the modular attachment of chemical subunit libraries using copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry, increasing the range of chemical entities that can be designed, synthesized, and developed toward D3R-selective therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Keck
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Ashwini K Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Rachel D Slack
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Caitlin Burzynski
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Oluyomi M Okunola-Bakare
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Martin Moore
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Rana Rais
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 United States
| | - Barbara S Slusher
- Brain Science Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205 United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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22
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Zanatta G, Nunes G, Bezerra EM, da Costa RF, Martins A, Caetano EWS, Freire VN, Gottfried C. Antipsychotic haloperidol binding to the human dopamine D3 receptor: beyond docking through QM/MM refinement toward the design of improved schizophrenia medicines. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1041-54. [PMID: 25181639 DOI: 10.1021/cn500111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As the dopamine D3R receptor is a promising target for schizophrenia treatment, an improved understanding of the binding of existing antipsychotics to this receptor is crucial for the development of new potent and more selective therapeutic agents. In this work, we have used X-ray cocrystallization data of the antagonist eticlopride bound to D3R as a template to predict, through docking essays, the placement of the typical antipsychotic drug haloperidol at the D3R receptor binding site. Afterward, classical and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computations were employed to improve the quality of the docking calculations, with the QM part of the simulations being accomplished by using the density functional theory (DFT) formalism. After docking, the calculated QM improved total interaction energy EQMDI = -170.1 kcal/mol was larger (in absolute value) than that obtained with classical molecular mechanics improved (ECLDI = -156.3 kcal/mol) and crude docking (ECRDI = -137.6 kcal/mol) procedures. The QM/MM computations reveal the pivotal role of the Asp110 amino acid residue in the D3R haloperidol binding, followed by Tyr365, Phe345, Ile183, Phe346, Tyr373, and Cys114. Besides, it highlights the relevance of the haloperidol hydroxyl group axial orientation, which interacts with the Tyr365 and Thr369 residues, enhancing its binding to dopamine receptors. Finally, our computations indicate that functional substitutions in the 4-clorophenyl and in the 4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl fragments (such as C3H and C12H hydrogen replacement by OH or COOH) can lead to haloperidol derivatives with distinct dopamine antagonism profiles. The results of our work are a first step using in silico quantum biochemical design as means to impact the discovery of new medicines to treat schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geancarlo Zanatta
- Department
of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Gustavo Nunes
- Department
of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Eveline M. Bezerra
- Post-graduate
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-372 Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Roner F. da Costa
- Department
of Physics, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 59780-000 Caraúbas, RN Brazil
| | - Alice Martins
- Post-graduate
Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Faculty, Federal University of Ceará, 60430-372 Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Ewerton W. S. Caetano
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, 60040-531 Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Valder N. Freire
- Department
of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE Brazil
| | - Carmem Gottfried
- Department
of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003 Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
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23
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Min C, Zheng M, Zhang X, Guo S, Kwon KJ, Shin CY, Kim HS, Cheon SH, Kim KM. N-linked Glycosylation on the N-terminus of the dopamine D2 and D3 receptors determines receptor association with specific microdomains in the plasma membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1853:41-51. [PMID: 25289757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are glycosylated at extracellular regions. The regulatory roles of glycosylation on receptor function vary across receptor types. In this study, we used the dopamine D₂and D₃receptors as an experimental model to understand the underlying principles governing the functional roles of glycosylation. We used the pharmacological inhibitor, tunicamycin, to inhibit glycosylation, generated chimeric D₂and D₃receptors by swapping their respective N-termini, and produced the glycosylation site mutant D₂and D₃receptors to study the roles of glycosylation on receptor functions, including cell surface expression, signaling, and internalization through specific microdomains. Our results demonstrate that glycosylation on the N-terminus of the D₃ receptor is involved in the development of desensitization and proper cell surface expression. In addition, glycosylation on the N-terminus mediates the internalization of D₂and D₃receptors within the caveolae and clathrin-coated pit microdomains of the plasma membrane, respectively, by regulating receptor interactions with caveolin-1 and clathrin. In conclusion, this study shows for the first time that glycosylation on the N-terminus of GPCRs is involved in endocytic pathway selection through specific microdomains. These data suggest that changes in the cellular environment that influence posttranslational modification could be an important determinant of intracellular GPCR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchun Min
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mei Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shuohan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ja Kwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Suk Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Cheon
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Modi G, Antonio T, Reith M, Dutta A. Structural modifications of neuroprotective anti-Parkinsonian (-)-N6-(2-(4-(biphenyl-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl)-N6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2,6-diamine (D-264): an effort toward the improvement of in vivo efficacy of the parent molecule. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1557-72. [PMID: 24471976 PMCID: PMC3983390 DOI: 10.1021/jm401883v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In our overall goal to develop multifunctional dopamine D2/D3 agonist drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), we previously synthesized potent D3 preferring agonist D-264 (1a), which exhibited neuroprotective properties in two animal models of PD. To enhance the in vivo efficacy of 1a, a structure-activity relationship study was carried out. Competitive binding and [(35)S]GTPγS functional assays identified compound (-)-9b as one of the lead molecules with preferential D3 agonist activity (EC50(GTPγS); D3 = 0.10 nM; D2/D3 (EC50): 159). Compounds (-)-9b and (-)-8b exhibited high in vivo activity in two PD animal models, reserpinized and 6-hydroxydopamine (OHDA)-induced unilateral lesioned rats. On the other hand, 1a failed to show any in vivo activity in these models unless the compound was dissolved in 5-10% beta-hydroxy propyl cyclodextrin solution. Lead compounds exhibited appreciable radical scavenging activity. In vitro experiments with dopaminergic MN9D cells indicated neuroprotection by both 1a and (-)-9b from toxicity of MPP+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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25
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Modi G, Sharma H, Kharkar PS, Dutta AK. Understanding the Structural Requirements of Hybrid (S)-6-((2-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)(propyl)amino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol and its Analogs as D2/D3 Receptor Ligands: A Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (3D QSAR) Investigation. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014; 5:1384-1399. [PMID: 25221669 DOI: 10.1039/c4md00159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into the structural requirements for dopamine D2 and D3 agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and to elucidate the basis of selectivity for D3 over D2 (D2/D3), 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D QSAR) investigations using CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) methods were performed on a series of 45 structurally related D2 and D3 dopaminergic ligands. Two alignment methods (atom-based and flexible) and two charge calculation methods (Gasteiger-Hückel and AM1) were used in the present study. Overall, D2 affinity and selectivity (D2/D3) models performed better with r2cv values of 0.71 and 0.63 for CoMFA and 0.71 and 0.79 for CoMSIA, respectively. The corresponding predictive r2 values for the CoMFA and CoMSIA models were 0.92 and 0.86 and 0.91 and 0.78, respectively. The CoMFA models generated using flexible alignment outperformed the models with the atom-based alignment in terms of relevant statistics and interpretability of the generated contour maps while CoMSIA models obtained using atom-based alignment showed superiority in terms of internal and external predictive abilities. The presence of carbonyl group (C=O) attached to the piperazine ring and the hydrophobic biphenyl ring were found to be the most important features responsible for the D3 selectivity over D2. This study can be further utilized to design and develop selective and potent dopamine agonists to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyan Modi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences (EACPHS), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201. USA
| | - Horrick Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences (EACPHS), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201. USA
| | - Prashant S Kharkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPP School of Pharmacy and Technology Management (SPPSPTM), SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai-400 056. India
| | - Aloke K Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences (EACPHS), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201. USA
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26
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Hocke C, Cumming P, Maschauer S, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, Prante O. Biodistribution studies of two 18F-labeled pyridinylphenyl amides as subtype selective radioligands for the dopamine D3 receptor. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 41:223-8. [PMID: 24480780 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dopamine D3 receptors are implicated in various neuropsychiatric diseases, drug abuse and alcoholism, but specific agents for D3 molecular imaging are lacking. We evaluated two in vitro selective fluorine-18-labeled radioligand candidates ([(18)F]5 and [(18)F]6) for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of D3 receptor availability in the brain. METHODS Biodistribution was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats using ex vivo autoradiography and small-animal PET. Protein binding studies were conducted in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. RESULTS [(18)F]5 showed rapid blood-brain barrier penetration and fast washout after intravenous injection, whereas the rat brain penetration of [(18)F]6 was lower. The total distribution volume (VT) of [(18)F]5 was 20-26 mL g(-1) throughout brain. Co-injection with the D3 antagonist BP897 resulted in globally increased cerebral washout of [(18)F]5 and [(18)F]6, but SUV analysis and parametric mapping of binding potential (BPND) relative to the cerebellum did not reveal specific binding of either ligand in D3-rich brain regions, i.e. the ventral striatum. However, there was substantial displaceable binding of [(18)F]5, and to a lesser extent [(18)F]6, in the pituitary. CONCLUSION These radioligands reveal dopamine D3 receptors in the pituitary, but are not suitable for PET imaging of in brain, possibly due to low specific signal relative to the globally high VT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Hocke
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Nuclear Medicine Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Paul Cumming
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Nuclear Medicine Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Nuclear Medicine Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Nuclear Medicine Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gmeiner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Nuclear Medicine Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander University, Schwabachanlage 6, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Rodríguez-López M, Herrero E, Climent V, Rodes A, Aldaz A, Feliu JM, Carrasquillo A. Size-dependent and step-modulated supramolecular electrochemical properties of catechol-derived adlayers at Pt(hkl) surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13102-13110. [PMID: 24116987 DOI: 10.1021/la402627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical reactivity of catechol-derived adlayers is reported at platinum (Pt) single-crystal electrodes. Pt(111) and stepped vicinal surfaces are used as model surfaces possessing well-ordered nanometer-sized Pt(111) terraces ranging from 0.4 to 12 nm. The electrochemical experiments were designed to probe how the control of monatomic step-density and of atomic-level step structure can be used to modulate molecule-molecule interactions during self-assembly of aromatic-derived organic monolayers at metallic single-crystal electrode surfaces. A hard sphere model of surfaces and a simplified band formation model are used as a theoretical framework for interpretation of experimental results. The experimental results reveal (i) that supramolecular electrochemical effects may be confined, propagated, or modulated by the choice of atomic level crystallographic features (i.e.monatomic steps), deliberately introduced at metallic substrate surfaces, suggesting (ii) that substrate-defect engineering may be used to tune the macroscopic electronic properties of aromatic molecular adlayers and of smaller molecular aggregates.
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Insua I, Alvarado M, Masaguer CF, Iglesias A, Brea J, Loza MI, Carro L. Synthesis and binding affinity of new 1,4-disubstituted triazoles as potential dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5586-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Michino M, Donthamsetti P, Beuming T, Banala A, Duan L, Roux T, Han Y, Trinquet E, Newman AH, Javitch JA, Shi L. A single glycine in extracellular loop 1 is the critical determinant for pharmacological specificity of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 84:854-64. [PMID: 24061855 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.087833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtype-selective agents for the dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) have been considered as potential medications for drug addiction and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Medicinal chemistry efforts have led to the discovery of 4-phenylpiperazine derivatives that are >100-fold selective for the dopamine D3 receptor over dopamine D2 receptor (D2R), despite high sequence identity (78% in the transmembrane domain). Based on the recent crystal structure of D3R, we demonstrated that the 4-phenylpiperazine moiety in this class of D3R-selective compounds binds to the conserved orthosteric binding site, whereas the extended aryl amide moiety is oriented toward a divergent secondary binding pocket (SBP). In an effort to further characterize molecular determinants of the selectivity of these compounds, we modeled their binding modes in D3R and D2R by comparative ligand docking and molecular dynamics simulations. We found that the aryl amide moiety in the SBP differentially induces conformational changes in transmembrane segment 2 and extracellular loop 1 (EL1), which amplify the divergence of the SBP in D3R and D2R. Receptor chimera and site-directed mutagenesis studies were used to validate these binding modes and to identify a divergent glycine in EL1 as critical to D3R over D2R subtype selectivity. A better understanding of drug-dependent receptor conformations such as these is key to the rational design of compounds targeting a specific receptor among closely related homologs, and may also lead to discovery of novel chemotypes that exploit subtle differences in protein conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayako Michino
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York (M.M., L.S.); Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York (P.D., L.D., Y.H., J.A.J.); Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York (P.D., L.D., Y.H., J.A.J.); Schrödinger, Inc., New York, New York (T.B.); Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland (A.B., A.H.N.); and Cisbio Bioassays, Codolet, France (T.R., E.T.)
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30
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Gopishetty B, Zhang S, Kharkar PS, Antonio T, Reith M, Dutta AK. Modification of agonist binding moiety in hybrid derivative 5/7-{[2-(4-aryl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-propyl-amino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-1-ol/-2-amino versions: impact on functional activity and selectivity for dopamine D2/D3 receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:3164-74. [PMID: 23623679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to explore, in our previously developed hybrid template, the effect of introduction of additional heterocyclic rings (mimicking catechol hydroxyl groups as bioisosteric replacement) on selectivity and affinity for the D3 versus D2 receptor. In addition, we wanted to explore the effect of derivatization of functional groups of the agonist binding moiety in compounds developed by us earlier from the hybrid template. Binding affinity (K(i)) of the new compounds was measured with tritiated spiperone as the radioligand and HEK-293 cells expressing either D2 or D3 receptors. Functional activity of selected compounds was assessed in the GTPγS binding assay. In the imidazole series, compound 10a exhibited the highest D3 affinity whereas the indole derivative 13 exhibited similar high D3 affinity. Functionalization of the amino group in agonist (+)-9d with different sulfonamides derivatives improved the D3 affinity significantly with (+)-14f exhibiting the highest affinity. However, functionalization of the hydroxyl and amino groups of 15 and (+)-9d, known agonist and partial agonist, to sulfonate ester and amide in general modulated the affinity. In both cases loss of agonist potency resulted from such derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Gopishetty
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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31
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Direct and indirect interactions of the dopamine D₃ receptor with glutamate pathways: implications for the treatment of schizophrenia. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:107-24. [PMID: 23001156 PMCID: PMC3558669 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This article, based on original data as well as on previously reported preclinical and clinical data that are reviewed, describes direct and indirect interactions of the D(3) receptor with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) signaling and their functional consequences and therapeutic implications for schizophrenia. D(3) receptor immunoreactivity at ultrastructural level with electron microscopy was identified at presumably glutamatergic, asymmetric synapses of the medium-sized spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens. This finding supports the existence of a direct interaction of the D(3) receptor with glutamate, in line with previously described interactions with NMDA signaling involving Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II at post-synaptic densities (Liu et al. 2009). Indirect interactions of the D(3) receptor with glutamate could involve a negative control exerted by the D(3) receptor on mesocortical dopamine neurons and the complex regulation of the glutamatergic pyramidal cells by dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. This could be exemplified here by the regulation of pyramidal cell activity in conditions of chronic NMDA receptor blockade with dizocilpine (MK-801). BP897, a D(3) receptor-selective partial agonist, reversed the dysregulation of cortical c-fos mRNA expression and pyramidal cell hyperexcitability, as measured by paired-pulse electrophysiology. At the behavioral level, blockade of the D(3) receptor, by known D(3) receptor antagonists or the novel D(3) receptor-selective antagonist F17141, produces antipsychotic-like effects in reversing hyperactivity and social interaction deficits induced by NMDA receptor blockade by MK-801 in mice. The glutamate-D(3) receptor interactions described here offer a conceptual framework for developing new D(3) receptor-selective drugs, which may appear as an original, efficacious, and safe way to potentially indirectly target glutamate in schizophrenia.
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32
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Zhang J, Han B, Wei X, Tan C, Chen Y, Jiang Y. A two-step target binding and selectivity support vector machines approach for virtual screening of dopamine receptor subtype-selective ligands. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39076. [PMID: 22720033 PMCID: PMC3376116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Target selective drugs, such as dopamine receptor (DR) subtype selective ligands, are developed for enhanced therapeutics and reduced side effects. In silico methods have been explored for searching DR selective ligands, but encountered difficulties associated with high subtype similarity and ligand structural diversity. Machine learning methods have shown promising potential in searching target selective compounds. Their target selective capability can be further enhanced. In this work, we introduced a new two-step support vector machines target-binding and selectivity screening method for searching DR subtype-selective ligands, which was tested together with three previously-used machine learning methods for searching D1, D2, D3 and D4 selective ligands. It correctly identified 50.6%–88.0% of the 21–408 subtype selective and 71.7%–81.0% of the 39–147 multi-subtype ligands. Its subtype selective ligand identification rates are significantly better than, and its multi-subtype ligand identification rates are comparable to the best rates of the previously used methods. Our method produced low false-hit rates in screening 13.56 M PubChem, 168,016 MDDR and 657,736 ChEMBLdb compounds. Molecular features important for subtype selectivity were extracted by using the recursive feature elimination feature selection method. These features are consistent with literature-reported features. Our method showed similar performance in searching estrogen receptor subtype selective ligands. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of the two-step target binding and selectivity screening method in searching subtype selective ligands from large compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bucong Han
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaona Wei
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Computation and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chunyan Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzong Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- Bioinformatics and Drug Design Group, Department of Pharmacy, Centre for Computational Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (YZC); (YYJ)
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Guangdong Province, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YZC); (YYJ)
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33
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Johnson M, Antonio T, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Structure-activity relationship study of N⁶-(2-(4-(1H-Indol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-N⁶-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]thiazole-2,6-diamine analogues: development of highly selective D3 dopamine receptor agonists along with a highly potent D2/D3 agonist and their pharmacological characterization. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5826-40. [PMID: 22642365 DOI: 10.1021/jm300268s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In our effort to develop multifunctional drugs against Parkinson's disease, a structure-activity-relationship study was carried out based on our hybrid molecular template targeting D2/D3 receptors. Competitive binding with [(3)H]spiroperidol was used to evaluate affinity (K(i)) of test compounds. Functional activity of selected compounds in stimulating [(35)S]GTPγS binding was assessed in CHO cells expressing either human D2 or D3 receptors. Our results demonstrated development of highly selective compounds for D3 receptor (for (-)-40K(i), D3 = 1.84 nM, D2/D3 = 583.2; for (-)-45K(i), D3 = 1.09 nM, D2/D3 = 827.5). Functional data identified (-)-40 (EC(50), D2 = 114 nM, D3 = 0.26 nM, D2/D3 = 438) as one of the highest D3 selective agonists known to date. In addition, high affinity, nonselective D3 agonist (-)-19 (EC(50), D2 = 2.96 nM and D3 = 1.26 nM) was also developed. Lead compounds with antioxidant activity were evaluated using an in vivo PD animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Johnson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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34
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Selective blockade of dopamine D3 receptors enhances while D2 receptor antagonism impairs social novelty discrimination and novel object recognition in rats: a key role for the prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:770-86. [PMID: 22030711 PMCID: PMC3261029 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists exert pro-cognitive effects in both rodents and primates. Accordingly, this study compared the roles of dopamine D(3) vs D(2) receptors in social novelty discrimination (SND), which relies on olfactory cues, and novel object recognition (NOR), a visual-recognition task. The dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist, S33084 (0.04-0.63 mg/kg), caused a dose-related reversal of delay-dependent impairment in both SND and NOR procedures in adult rats. Furthermore, mice genetically deficient in dopamine D(3) receptors displayed enhanced discrimination in the SND task compared with wild-type controls. In contrast, acute treatment with the preferential dopamine D(2) receptor antagonist, L741,626 (0.16-5.0 mg/kg), or with the dopamine D(3) agonist, PD128,907 (0.63-40 μg/kg), caused a dose-related impairment in performance in rats in both tasks after a short inter-trial delay. Bilateral microinjection of S33084 (2.5 μg/side) into the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of rats increased SND and caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) improvement in NOR, while intra-striatal injection (2.5 μg/side) had no effect on either. In contrast, bilateral microinjection of L741,626 into the PFC (but not striatum) caused a dose-related (0.63-2.5 μg/side) impairment of NOR. These observations suggest that blockade of dopamine D(3) receptors enhances both SND and NOR, whereas D(3) receptor activation or antagonism of dopamine D(2) receptor impairs cognition in these paradigms. Furthermore, these actions are mediated, at least partly, by the PFC. These data have important implications for exploitation of dopaminergic mechanisms in the treatment of schizophrenia and other CNS disorders, and support the potential therapeutic utility of dopamine D(3) receptor antagonism.
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35
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Huber D, Löber S, Hübner H, Gmeiner P. Bivalent molecular probes for dopamine D2-like receptors. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 20:455-66. [PMID: 22100258 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Merging two arylamidoalkyl substituted phenylpiperazines as prototypical recognition elements for dopamine D(2)-like receptors by oligoethylene glycol linkers led to a series of bivalent ligands. These dimers were investigated in comparison to their monomeric analogues for their dopamine D(2long), D(2short), D(3) and D(4) receptor binding. Radioligand binding experiments revealed strong bivalent effects for some para-substituted benzamide derivatives. For the D(3) subtype, the target compounds 32, 34 and 36 showed an up to 70-fold increase of affinity and a substantial enhancement of subtype selectivity when compared to the monovalent analogue 24. Analysis of the binding curves displayed Hill slopes very close to one indicating that the bivalent ligands displace 1equiv of radioligand. Obviously, the two pharmacophores occupy an orthosteric and an allosteric binding site rather than adopting a receptor-bridging binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstrasse 19, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
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36
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Banala AK, Levy BA, Khatri SS, Furman CA, Roof RA, Mishra Y, Griffin SA, Sibley DR, Luedtke RR, Newman AH. N-(3-fluoro-4-(4-(2-methoxy or 2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-yl)butyl)arylcarboxamides as selective dopamine D3 receptor ligands: critical role of the carboxamide linker for D3 receptor selectivity. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3581-94. [PMID: 21495689 PMCID: PMC3100590 DOI: 10.1021/jm200288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
N-(3-fluoro-4-(4-(2,3-dichloro- or 2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-yl)butyl)arylcarboxamides were prepared and evaluated for binding and function at dopamine D3 receptors (D3Rs) and dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs). In this series, we discovered some of the most D3R selective compounds reported to date (e.g., 8d and 8j, >1000-fold D3R-selective over D2R). In addition, chimeric receptor studies further identified the second extracellular (E2) loop as an important contributor to D3R binding selectivity. Further, compounds lacking the carbonyl group in the amide linker were synthesized, and while these amine-linked analogues bound with similar affinities to the amides at D2R, this modification dramatically reduced binding affinities at D3R by >100-fold (e.g., D3R K(i) for 15b = 393 vs for 8j = 2.6 nM), resulting in compounds with significantly reduced D3R selectivity. This study supports a pivotal role for the D3R E2 loop and the carbonyl group in the 4-phenylpiperazine class of compounds and further reveals a point of separation between structure-activity relationships at D3R and D2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini K. Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Benjamin A. Levy
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Sameer S. Khatri
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Cheryse A. Furman
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Rebecca A. Roof
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
| | | | - Suzy A. Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - David R. Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute on Neurological Disorders & Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 5625 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Robert R. Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
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37
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Ortega R, Hübner H, Gmeiner P, Masaguer CF. Aromatic ring functionalization of benzolactam derivatives: New potent dopamine D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2670-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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38
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Blaylock BL, Gould RW, Banala A, Grundt P, Luedtke RR, Newman AH, Nader MA. Influence of cocaine history on the behavioral effects of Dopamine D(3) receptor-selective compounds in monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1104-13. [PMID: 21289600 PMCID: PMC3070922 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although dopamine D(3) receptors have been associated with cocaine abuse, little is known about the consequences of chronic cocaine on functional activity of D(3) receptor-preferring compounds. This study examined the behavioral effects of D(3) receptor-selective 4-phenylpiperazines with differing in vitro functional profiles in adult male rhesus monkeys with a history of cocaine self-administration and controls. In vitro assays found that PG 619 (N-(3-hydroxy-4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide HCl) was a potent D(3) antagonist in the mitogenesis assay, but a fully efficacious agonist in the adenylyl cyclase assay, NGB 2904 (N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide HCl) was a selective D(3) antagonist, whereas CJB 090 (N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridin-2-yl)benzamide HCl) exhibited a partial agonist profile in both in vitro assays. In behavioral studies, the D(3) preferential agonist quinpirole (0.03-1.0 mg/kg, i.v.) dose-dependently elicited yawns in both groups of monkeys. PG 619 and CJB 090 elicited yawns only in monkeys with an extensive history of cocaine, whereas NGB 2904 did not elicit yawns, but did antagonize quinpirole and PG 619-elicited yawning in cocaine-history monkeys. In another experiment, doses of PG 619 that elicited yawns did not alter response rates in monkeys self-administering cocaine (0.03-0.3 mg/kg per injection). Following saline extinction, cocaine (0.1 mg/kg) and quinpirole (0.1 mg/kg), but not PG 619 (0.1 mg/kg), reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior. When given before a cocaine prime, PG 619 decreased cocaine-elicited reinstatement. These findings suggest that (1) an incongruence between in vitro and in vivo assays, and (2) a history of cocaine self-administration can affect in vivo efficacy of D(3) receptor-preferring compounds PG 619 and CJB 090, which appear to be dependent on the behavioral assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Blaylock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - R W Gould
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - A Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P Grundt
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - R R Luedtke
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - A H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institutes on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M A Nader
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, 546 NRC, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1083, USA, Tel: +1 336 713 7172, Fax: +1 336 713 7180, E-mail:
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39
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Liu J, Li Y, Zhang S, Xiao Z, Ai C. Studies of new fused benzazepine as selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonists using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:1196-221. [PMID: 21541053 PMCID: PMC3083700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12021196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, great interest has been paid to the development of compounds with high selectivity for central dopamine (DA) D3 receptors, an interesting therapeutic target in the treatment of different neurological disorders. In the present work, based on a dataset of 110 collected benzazepine (BAZ) DA D3 antagonists with diverse kinds of structures, a variety of in silico modeling approaches, including comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), comparative similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA), homology modeling, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) were carried out to reveal the requisite 3D structural features for activity. Our results show that both the receptor-based (Q(2) = 0.603, R(2) (ncv) = 0.829, R(2) (pre) = 0.690, SEE = 0.316, SEP = 0.406) and ligand-based 3D-QSAR models (Q(2) = 0.506, R(2) (ncv) =0.838, R(2) (pre) = 0.794, SEE = 0.316, SEP = 0.296) are reliable with proper predictive capacity. In addition, a combined analysis between the CoMFA, CoMSIA contour maps and MD results with a homology DA receptor model shows that: (1) ring-A, position-2 and R(3) substituent in ring-D are crucial in the design of antagonists with higher activity; (2) more bulky R(1) substituents (at position-2 of ring-A) of antagonists may well fit in the binding pocket; (3) hydrophobicity represented by MlogP is important for building satisfactory QSAR models; (4) key amino acids of the binding pocket are CYS101, ILE105, LEU106, VAL151, PHE175, PHE184, PRO254 and ALA251. To our best knowledge, this work is the first report on 3D-QSAR modeling of the new fused BAZs as DA D3 antagonists. These results might provide information for a better understanding of the mechanism of antagonism and thus be helpful in designing new potent DA D3 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116012, Liaoning, China; E-Mails: (J.L.); (S.Z.)
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Zhao Y, Lu X, Yang CY, Huang Z, Fu W, Hou T, Zhang J. Computational modeling toward understanding agonist binding on dopamine 3. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 50:1633-43. [PMID: 20695484 DOI: 10.1021/ci1002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine 3 (D3) receptor is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of nervous system disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, and current research interests primarily focus on the discovery/design of potent D3 agonists. Herein, a well-designed computational protocol, which combines pharmacophore identification, homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, was employed to understand the agonist binding on D3 aiming to provide insights into the development of novel potent D3 agonists. We (1) identified the chemical features required in effective D3 agonists by pharmacophore modeling based upon 18 known diverse D3 agonists; (2) constructed the three-dimensional (3D) structure of D3 based on homology modeling and the pharmacophore hypothesis; (3) identified the binding modes of the agonists to D3 by the correlation between the predicted binding free energies and the experimental values; and (4) investigated the induced fit of D3 upon agonist binding through MD simulations. The pharmacophore models of the D3 agonists and the 3D structure of D3 can be used for either ligand- or receptor-based drug design. Furthermore, the MD simulations further give the insight that the long and flexible EL2 acts as a "door" for agonist binding, and the "ionic lock" at the bottom of TM3 and TM6 is essential to transduce the activation signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxue Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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Löber S, Hübner H, Tschammer N, Gmeiner P. Recent advances in the search for D3- and D4-selective drugs: probes, models and candidates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:148-57. [PMID: 21232805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(2)-like receptors (including D(2), D(3) and D(4)) belong to the 'rhodopsin-like' family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest group of targets for bioactive molecules. Due to their high sequence similarity, the design of subtype-selective ligands requires rational and effective strategies. The general formula of 1,4-disubstituted aromatic piperidines and piperazines (1,4-DAPs) was extracted from classical dopaminergic drugs. The biological properties of this compound family are encoded by an aromatic head group that controls intrinsic activity, an amine moiety and a lipophilic appendage. D(3)- and D(4)-selective molecular probes and drug candidates were generated from the general formula of 1,4-DAP. Formal structural rearrangement led to investigational drugs beyond the 1,4-DAP structure. The very recent publication of the X-ray crystal structure of D(3) should facilitate efficient discovery of unprecedented chemotypes. However, the development of D(3)-selective agonists, functionally selective ligands and the exploitation of homo- and heteromers remain challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Löber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich Alexander University, Schuhstraße 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Ortore G, Tuccinardi T, Orlandini E, Martinelli A. Different Binding Modes of Structurally Diverse Ligands for Human D3DAR. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:2162-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ci100290f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ortore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Orlandini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriano Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Chien EY, Liu W, Zhao Q, Katritch V, Han GW, Hanson MA, Shi L, Newman AH, Javitch JA, Cherezov V, Stevens RC. Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with a D2/D3 selective antagonist. Science 2010; 330:1091-5. [PMID: 21097933 PMCID: PMC3058422 DOI: 10.1126/science.1197410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 924] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine modulates movement, cognition, and emotion through activation of dopamine G protein-coupled receptors in the brain. The crystal structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) in complex with the small molecule D2R/D3R-specific antagonist eticlopride reveals important features of the ligand binding pocket and extracellular loops. On the intracellular side of the receptor, a locked conformation of the ionic lock and two distinctly different conformations of intracellular loop 2 are observed. Docking of R-22, a D3R-selective antagonist, reveals an extracellular extension of the eticlopride binding site that comprises a second binding pocket for the aryl amide of R-22, which differs between the highly homologous D2R and D3R. This difference provides direction to the design of D3R-selective agents for treating drug abuse and other neuropsychiatric indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Y.T. Chien
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- University of California, San Diego, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A. Hanson
- Receptos, 10835 Road to the Cure, Suite #205, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse- Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Javitch
- Center for Molecular Recognition and Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Current perspectives on the selective regulation of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:1521-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-1005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kleinmaier R, Keller M, Igel P, Buschauer A, Gschwind RM. Conformations, Conformational Preferences, and Conformational Exchange of N′-Substituted N-Acylguanidines: Intermolecular Interactions Hold the Key. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:11223-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ja103756y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Kleinmaier
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Keller
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Igel
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ruth M. Gschwind
- Institut für Organische Chemie and Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Ghosh B, Antonio T, Gopishetty B, Reith M, Dutta A. Further delineation of hydrophobic binding sites in dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptors for N-4 substituents on the piperazine ring of the hybrid template 5/7-{[2-(4-aryl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-propyl-amino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ol. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5661-74. [PMID: 20605099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we report a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of analogues of 5/7-{[2-(4-aryl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-propyl-amino}-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-ol. Our SAR is focused on introduction of various substitutions in the piperazine ring of the hybrid template. The goal behind this study is to delineate the nature of the binding pocket for N-aryl substitution in the piperazine ring by observing the effect of various hydrophobic and other heteroaromatic substitutions on binding affinity (K(i)), as measured with tritiated spiperone and HEK-293 cells expressing either D(2) or D(3) receptors. Functional activity of selected compounds was assessed with the GTPgammaS binding assay. Compound 8d was the most selective for the D(3) receptor in the spiperone binding assay. An interesting similarity in binding affinity was observed between isoquinoline derivative D-301 and the 2-substituted pyridine derivative 8d, suggesting the importance of relative spatial relationships between the N-atom of the ligand and the molecular determinants of the binding pocket in D(2)/D(3) receptors. Functional activity assays demonstrated high potency and selectivity of (+)-8a and (-)-28b (D(2)/D(3) (ratio of EC(50)): 105 and 202, respectively) for the D(3) receptor and both compounds were more selective compared to the reference drug ropinirole (D(2)/D(3) (ratio of EC(50)): 29.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Ghosh
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Rm# 3128, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
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Mason CW, Hassan HE, Kim KP, Cao J, Eddington ND, Newman AH, Voulalas PJ. Characterization of the transport, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of the dopamine D3 receptor-selective fluorenyl- and 2-pyridylphenyl amides developed for treatment of psychostimulant abuse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:854-64. [PMID: 20228156 PMCID: PMC2879935 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.165084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of novel high-affinity and selective dopamine D3 receptor (DA D3R) antagonists and partial agonists has provided tools with which to further elucidate the role DA D3R plays in substance abuse. The present study was conducted to evaluate the transport, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and brain uptake of the DA D3R-selective fluorenyl amides, NGB 2904 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide] fumarate) and JJC 4-077 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide hydrochloride], and the 2-pyridylphenyl amides, CJB 090 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)benzamide hydrochloride] and PG 01037 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-trans-but-2-enyl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)benzamide hydrochloride], all of which have been studied in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. Additional screening with a panel of human and rat Supersomes was performed for NGB 2904 and PG 01037. Drug-stimulated ATPase activation assays and bidirectional transport and efflux assays were used to test for substrate specificity of NGB 2904 and PG 01037 for human and rat efflux transporters. All compounds exhibited moderate elimination half-lives, ranging from 1.49 to 3.27 h, and large volumes of distribution (5.95-14.19 l/kg). The brain-to-plasma ratios ranged from 2.93 to 11.81 and were higher than those previously reported for cocaine. Brain exposure levels of NGB 2904 and PG 01037 were significantly reduced after intraperitoneal administration compared with intravenous administration. The metabolism of these compounds was mediated primarily by CYP3A subfamilies. PG 01037 was a P-glycoprotein-transported substrate. Higher doses of these compounds are often required for in vivo action, suggesting decreased bioavailability via extravascular administration that may be attributed to high drug efflux and hepatic metabolism. These studies provide important preclinical information for optimization of next-generation D3R selective agents for the treatment of drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford W Mason
- Pharmacokinetics-Biopharmaceutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Sander SE, Raymond R, Nobrega JN, Richter A. Autoradiographic and pharmacological studies on the role of dopamine D3 receptors in genetically dystonic (dt(sz)) hamsters. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2010; 96:136-40. [PMID: 20451545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous examinations demonstrated periodic increases in striatal extracellular dopamine levels during dystonic attacks and changes in dopamine D1 and D2 receptor binding in the dt(sz) mutant hamster, an animal model of paroxysmal non-kinesiogenic dyskinesia in which dystonic episodes can be induced by stress. Since dopamine D3 receptors are involved in the regulation of striatal dopamine release, D3 receptor function was investigated by autoradiographic and pharmacological examinations in mutant hamsters in the present study. [(125)I]7-[[(E)-3-iodoprop-2-enyl]-propylamino]-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol ([(125)I]7-OH-PIPAT) binding was not significantly altered in the striatum, n. accumbens, ventral pallidum or cerebellum in dt(sz) hamsters in comparison to non-dystonic control hamsters. In line with the unaltered D3 receptor binding, the preferential dopamine D3 versus D2 receptor antagonist U-99194 (5,6-dimethoxy-N,N-dipropyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-amine hydrochloride) did not exert significant effects on the severity of dystonia in dt(sz) hamsters at doses of 10 to 40mg/kg which induced hyperlocomotion. These results suggest that periodic elevations of dopamine levels in these animals are not related to D3 receptor dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja E Sander
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr. 20, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hocke C, Maschauer S, Hübner H, Löber S, Utz W, Kuwert T, Gmeiner P, Prante O. A Series of 18F-Labelled Pyridinylphenyl Amides as Subtype-Selective Radioligands for the Dopamine D3 Receptor. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:941-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Ghosh B, Antonio T, Zhen J, Kharkar P, Reith MEA, Dutta AK. Development of (S)-N6-(2-(4-(isoquinolin-1-yl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)-N6-propyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[d]-thiazole-2,6-diamine and its analogue as a D3 receptor preferring agonist: potent in vivo activity in Parkinson's disease animal models. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1023-37. [PMID: 20038106 DOI: 10.1021/jm901184n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we report structure-activity relationship study of a novel hybrid series of compounds where structural alteration of aromatic hydrophobic moieties connected to the piperazine ring and bioisosteric replacement of the aromatic tetralin moieties were carried out. Binding assays were carried out with HEK-293 cells expressing either D2 or D3 receptors with tritiated spiperone to evaluate inhibition constants (K(i)). Functional activity of selected compounds in stimulating GTPgammaS binding was assessed with CHO cells expressing human D2 receptors and AtT-20 cells expressing human D3 receptors. SAR results identified compound (-)-24c (D-301) as one of the lead molecules with preferential agonist activity for D3 receptor (EC(50) (GTP gamma S); D3 = 0.52 nM; D2/D3 (EC(50)): 223). Compounds (-)-24b and (-)-24c exhibited potent radical scavenging activity. The two lead compounds, (-)-24b and (-)-24c, exhibited high in vivo activity in two Parkinson's disease (PD) animal models, reserpinized rat model and 6-OHDA induced unilaterally lesioned rat model. Future studies will explore potential use of these compounds in the neuroprotective therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaram Ghosh
- Wayne State University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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