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Boucetta H, Zhang L, Sosnik A, He W. Pulmonary arterial hypertension nanotherapeutics: New pharmacological targets and drug delivery strategies. J Control Release 2024; 365:236-258. [PMID: 37972767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, serious, and incurable disease characterized by high lung pressure. PAH-approved drugs based on conventional pathways are still not exhibiting favorable therapeutic outcomes. Drawbacks like short half-lives, toxicity, and teratogenicity hamper effectiveness, clinical conventionality, and long-term safety. Hence, approaches like repurposing drugs targeting various and new pharmacological cascades and/or loaded in non-toxic/efficient nanocarrier systems are being investigated lately. This review summarizes the status of conventional, repurposed, either in vitro, in vivo, and/or in clinical trials of PAH treatment. In-depth description, discussion, and classification of the new pharmacological targets and nanomedicine strategies with a description of all the nanocarriers that showed promising efficiency in delivering drugs are discussed. Ultimately, an illustration of the different nucleic acids tailored and nanoencapsulated within different types of nanocarriers to restore the pathways affected by this disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Boucetta
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China; Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel.
| | - Wei He
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China.
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2
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Hu Z, Feng L, Jiang Q, Wang W, Tan B, Tang X, Yin Y. Intestinal tryptophan metabolism in disease prevention and swine production. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:364-374. [PMID: 38058568 PMCID: PMC10695851 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that cannot be synthesized by animals. It has been characterized into two different isomers, levorotation-Trp (L-Trp) and dextrorotation-Trp (D-Trp), based on their distinct molecule orientation. Intestinal epithelial cells and gut microbiota are involved in metabolizing L-Trp in the gut via the activation of the kynurenine, serotonin, and indole pathways. However, knowledge regarding D-Trp metabolism in the gut remains unclear. In this review, we briefly update the current understanding of intestinal L/D-Trp metabolism and the function of their metabolites in modulating the gut physiology and diseases. Finally, we summarize the effects of Trp nutrition on swine production at different stages, including growth performance in weaned piglets and growing pigs, as well as the reproduction performance in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Hu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Luya Feng
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Wenliang Wang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Bi'e Tan
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xiongzhuo Tang
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Science, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
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Dhoble S, Patravale V, Weaver E, Lamprou DA, Patravale T. Comprehensive Review on Novel Targets and Emerging Therapeutic Modalities for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121792. [PMID: 35513217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is the progressive increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) (≥ 20 mmHg at rest). Current treatment strategies include the drugs targeting at nitric oxide pathway, endothelin receptors, prostaglandin receptors, thromboxane receptors and phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which provides the symptomatic relief. Despite of these treatments, the mortality amongst the PAH patients remains high due to non-reversal of the condition. This review primarily covers the introduction of PAH and the current treatments of the disease. This is followed by the newer disease targets expressed in the pathobiology of the disease like Rho Kinase Pathway, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Pathway, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Serotonin signalling pathway, Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channel pathway. Newer formulation strategies for targeting at these specific receptors were covered and includes nano formulations like liposomes, Micelles, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN), Bioresorbable stents, NONOates, Cell-Based Therapies, miRNA therapy for PAH. Novel targets were identified for their role in the pathogenesis of the PAH and needs to be targeted with new molecules or existing molecules effectively. Nanosystems have shown their potential as alternative carriers on the virtue of their better performance than traditional drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar Dhoble
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai 400 019, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga (East), Mumbai 400 019, India.
| | - Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios A Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
| | - Tanmay Patravale
- Department of General Surgery, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Belagavi 590 010, India
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Zha LH, Zhou J, Tan Y, Guo S, Zhang MQ, Li S, Yan P, Yu ZX. NLRC3 inhibits PDGF-induced PASMCs proliferation via PI3K-mTOR pathway. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9557-9567. [PMID: 32383265 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Few studies about nucleotide-oligomerization domain-like receptor subfamily C3 (NLRC3) in PASMCs have been conducted. This research aimed to investigate the role of NLRC3 on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and its underlying mechanism. We found that the proliferation of PASMCs stimulated with PDGF decreased when phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors pretreatment. Overexpression of NLRC3 inhibited the proliferation of PASMCs and the phosphorylation of PI3K and mTOR while knocking down NLRC3 reversed this effect. Targeted to PI3K or mTOR can also reverse the effect of NLRC3. Activation of PI3K increased the phosphorylation of mTOR while inhibition of PI3K reduced it. Our data suggest that PDGF can induce abnormal proliferation of PASMCs, and NLRC3 suppresses activation of the PI3K-mTOR signaling thus inhibits PASMCs proliferation. These findings unveiled the effect of NLRC3 as an inhibitor of the PI3K-mTOR pathway mediating protection against PASMCs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Huang Zha
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Medical Science Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yilong Tan
- Department of Ultrasonography, Zhuzhou Hospital, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Shuhong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhuzhou Hospital, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Men-Qiu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zai-Xin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Galaj E, Newman AH, Xi ZX. Dopamine D3 receptor-based medication development for the treatment of opioid use disorder: Rationale, progress, and challenges. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:38-52. [PMID: 32376243 PMCID: PMC7252042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Opioid abuse and overdose have become a national crisis in the USA. Although several opioid-based pharmacotherapies are available, they are ineffective in long-term relapse prevention. National Institute on Drug Abuse has listed dopamine D3 receptor antagonists as high priority for anti-opioid medication development. The novel D3 receptor antagonists (VK4-116, VK4-40) are effective in reducing opioid reward and relapse as well as potentiate opioid analgesia. D3 receptor antagonists deserve further studies as new pharmacotherapies for pain and of opioid use disorder.
Opioid abuse and related overdose deaths continue to rise in the United States, contributing to the current national opioid crisis. Although several opioid-based pharmacotherapies are available (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone), they show limited effectiveness in long-term relapse prevention. In response to the opioid crisis, the National Institute on Drug Abuse proposed a list of pharmacological targets of highest priority for medication development for the treatment of opioid use disorders (OUD). Among these are antagonists of dopamine D3 receptors (D3R). In this review, we first review recent progress in research of the dopamine hypothesis of opioid reward and abuse and then describe the rationale and recent development of D3R ligands for the treatment of OUD. Herein, an emphasis is placed on the effectiveness of newly developed D3R antagonists in the animal models of OUD. These new drug candidates may also potentiate the analgesic effects of clinically used opioids, making them attractive as adjunctive medications for pain management and treatment of OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Galaj
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Molecular Targets and Medication Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Alcántara-Vázquez O, Villamil-Hernández MT, Sánchez-López A, Pertz HH, Villalón CM, Centurión D. Blocking properties of terguride at the 5-HT 2 receptor subtypes mediating cardiovascular responses in the rat. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 98:511-521. [PMID: 32268074 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies have suggested that terguride blocks the contractile and relaxant responses produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) via 5-HT2A/2B receptors. This study has now investigated terguride's blocking properties on central/peripheral 5-HT2 receptors in anaesthetized or pithed rats. Male Wistar anaesthetized/pithed rats were cannulated for recording blood pressure and heart rate and for i.v. administration of several compounds. In both groups of rats, i.v. bolus injections of 5-HT or (±)-DOI (a 5-HT2 receptor agonist; 1-1000 μg/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate. These responses were dose-dependently antagonized by terguride (10-3000 μg/kg). In anaesthetized rats, i.v. bolus injections of BW723C86 (a 5-HT2B receptor agonist; 1-1000 μg/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in diastolic blood pressure and not dose-dependent increases in heart rate, while in pithed rats, these responses were attenuated. The vasopressor responses elicited by BW723C86 in anaesthetized rats were dose-dependently blocked by terguride (10-300 μg/kg), whereas its the tachycardic responses were dose-independently blocked. These results, taken together, suggest that terguride behaved as an antagonist at the 5-HT2 receptors located in the central nervous system and (or) the systemic vasculature. This is the first evidence demonstrating that terguride can block central/peripheral 5-HT2 receptors mediating cardiovascular responses in anaesthetized or pithed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alcántara-Vázquez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Milpa Alta, IPN, Ex-Hacienda del Mayorazgo, Km. 39.5 Carretera Xochimilco-Oaxtepec, C.P 12000, México City, México
| | - Ma Trinidad Villamil-Hernández
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Milpa Alta, IPN, Ex-Hacienda del Mayorazgo, Km. 39.5 Carretera Xochimilco-Oaxtepec, C.P 12000, México City, México
| | - Araceli Sánchez-López
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P.14330, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Heinz H Pertz
- Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2, 14195 Berlin (Dahlem), Germany
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P.14330, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - David Centurión
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Czda. de los Tenorios 235, Col. Granjas-Coapa, Deleg. Tlalpan, C.P.14330, Mexico City, Mexico
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7
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Liu B, Wang D, Luo E, Hou J, Qiao Y, Yan G, Wang Q, Tang C. Role of TG2-Mediated SERCA2 Serotonylation on Hypoxic Pulmonary Vein Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1611. [PMID: 32116663 PMCID: PMC7026497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pumps take up Ca2+ from the cytoplasm to maintain the balance of intracellular Ca2+. A decline in expression or activity of SERCA results in persistent store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). In cardiomyocytes as well as vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), SERCA2 acts as an important regulator of calcium cycling. The purpose of this study is to identify and better understand the role of transglutaminases2 (TG2) as a key factor involved in SERCA2 serotonination (s-SERCA2) and to elucidate the underlying mechanism of action. Human pulmonary venous smooth muscle cell in normal pulmonary lobe were isolated and cultured in vitro. Establishment of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension model in wild type and TG2 knockout mice. SERCA2 serotonylation was analyzed by co-(immunoprecipitation) IP when the TG2 gene silenced or overexpressed under normoxia and hypoxia in vivo and in vitro. Intracellular calcium ion was measured by using Fluo-4AM probe under normoxia and hypoxia. Real-time (RT)-PCR and Western blot analyzed expression of TG2, TRPC1, and TRPC6 under normoxia and hypoxia. Bioactivity of cells were analyzed by using Cell Counting Kit (CCK)-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, RT-PCR, and Western blot under PST-2744 and cyclopiazonic acid. We confirmed that 1) hypoxia enhanced the expression and activity of TG2, and 2) hypoxia increased the basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and SOCE through activating TRPC6 on human pulmonary vein smooth muscle cells (hPVSMC). Then, we investigated the effects of overexpression and downregulation of the TG2 gene on the activity of SERCA2, s-SERCA2, basal [Ca2+]i, and SOCE under normoxia and hypoxia in vitro, and investigated the activity of SERCA2 and s-SERCA2 in vivo, respectively. We confirmed that SERCA2 serotonylation inhibited the activity of SERCA2 and increased the Ca2+ influx, and that hypoxia induced TG2-mediated SERCA2 serotonylation both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of TG2 activity on the biological behavior of hPVSMC by using an inhibitor and agonist of SERCA2, respectively. Finally, we confirmed that chronic hypoxia cannot increase vessel wall thickness, the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), and right ventricular hypertrophy index (RVHI) of vascular smooth muscle-specific Tgm2−/− mice. These results indicated that hypoxia promoted TG2-mediated SERCA2 serotonylation, thereby leading to inhibition of SERCA2 activity, which further increased the calcium influx through the TRPC6 channel. Furthermore, tissue-specific conditional TG2 knockout mice prevents the development of pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxia. In summary, we uncovered a new target (TG2) for treatment of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (CHPH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Erfei Luo
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiantong Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gaoliang Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Changzhou No. 2 People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chengchun Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Wang HM, Liu WZ, Tang FT, Sui HJ, Zhan XJ, Wang HX. Cystamine slows but not inverses the progression of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:783-789. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) plays an important role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Previous research indicate that TG2 and protein serotonylation catalyzed by TG2 are upregulated in PAH. Serotonin transporter inhibitor fluoxetine ameliorates PAH via inhibition of protein serotonylation. It is still unknown whether PAH is inhibited through direct inhibition of TG2. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of TG2 inhibitor cystamine on monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats. Rats were treated with monocrotaline (60 mg·kg−1, i.p.) in combination with or without cystamine (20, 40 mg·kg−1·day−1, p.o.). The results showed that compared with monocrotaline alone, combination of monocrotaline with cystamine (40 mg·kg−1·day−1, p.o.) relieved right ventricle hypertrophy, inhibited pulmonary arteriolar remodeling, and downregulated protein expression of TG2, phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) at day 21. However, except for TG2 expression, these changes were not significantly inhibited by cystamine at day 35. In addition, cystamine dose-dependently enhanced the survival rate of rats injected with monocrotaline at day 35. The findings suggest that cystamine slows but not reverses monocrotaline-induced PAH in rats, which was largely associated with the inhibition of TG2 protein expression and Akt and ERK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Wan-Zhu Liu
- Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Fu-Tian Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Hai-Juan Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Xing-Jie Zhan
- Grade 2012 Clinical Class 6, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Hong-Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medicine; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Drug Research of Liaoning Province, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
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Delaney C, Sherlock L, Fisher S, Maltzahn J, Wright C, Nozik-Grayck E. Serotonin 2A receptor inhibition protects against the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 314:L871-L881. [PMID: 29345193 PMCID: PMC6008134 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00215.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) complicating bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) worsens clinical outcomes in former preterm infants. Increased serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) signaling plays a prominent role in PH pathogenesis and progression in adults. We hypothesized that increased 5-HT signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of neonatal PH, complicating BPD and neonatal lung injury. Thus, we investigated 5-HT signaling in neonatal mice exposed to bleomycin, previously demonstrated to induce PH and alveolar simplification. Newborn wild-type mice received intraperitoneal PBS, ketanserin (1 mg/kg), bleomycin (3 U/kg) or bleomycin (3 U/kg) plus ketanserin (1 mg/kg) three times weekly for 3 wk. Following treatment with bleomycin, pulmonary expression of the rate-limiting enzyme of 5-HT synthesis, tryptophan hydroxylase-1 (Tph1), was significantly increased. Bleomycin did not affect pulmonary 5-HT 2A receptor (R) expression, but did increase pulmonary gene expression of the 5-HT 2BR and serotonin transporter. Treatment with ketanserin attenuated bleomycin-induced PH (increased RVSP and RVH) and pulmonary vascular remodeling (decreased vessel density and increased muscularization of small vessels). In addition, we found that treatment with ketanserin activated pulmonary MAPK and Akt signaling in mice exposed to bleomycin. We conclude that 5-HT signaling is increased in a murine model of neonatal PH and pharmacological inhibition of the 5-HT 2AR protects against the development of PH in neonatal lung injury. We speculate this occurs through restoration of MAPK signaling and increased Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy Delaney
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurie Sherlock
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Susan Fisher
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Joanne Maltzahn
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Clyde Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus and Children's Hospital Colorado , Aurora, Colorado
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PCPA protects against monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial remodeling in rats: potential roles of connective tissue growth factor. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111642-111655. [PMID: 29340081 PMCID: PMC5762349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and determine whether 4-chloro-DL-phenylalanine (PCPA) could inhibit pulmonary arterial remodeling associated with connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression and downstream signal pathway. MCT was administered to forty Sprague Dawley rats to establish the PAH model. PCPA was administered at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg once daily for 3 weeks via intraperitoneal injection. On day 22, the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), right ventricle hypertrophy index (RVI) and pulmonary artery morphology were assessed and the serotonin receptor-1B (SR-1B), CTGF, p-ERK/ERK were measured by western blot or immunohistochemistry. The concentration of serotonin in plasma was checked by ELISA. Apoptosis and apoptosis-related indexes were detected by TUNEL and western blot. In the MCT-induced PAH models, the PAP, RVI, pulmonary vascular remodeling, SR-1B index, CTGF index, anti-apoptotic factors bcl-xl and bcl-2, serotonin concentration in plasma were all increased and the pro-apoptotic factor caspase-3 was reduced. PCPA significantly ameliorated pulmonary arterial remodeling induced by MCT, and this action was associated with accelerated apoptosis and down-regulation of CTGF, SR-1B and p-ERK/ERK. The present study suggests that PCPA protects against the pathogenesis of PAH by suppressing remodeling and inducing apoptosis, which are likely associated with CTGF and downstream ERK signaling pathway in rats.
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11
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Petrassi M, Barber R, Be C, Beach S, Cox B, D'Souza AM, Duggan N, Hussey M, Fox R, Hunt P, Jarai G, Kosaka T, Oakley P, Patel V, Press N, Rowlands D, Scheufler C, Schmidt O, Srinivas H, Turner M, Turner R, Westwick J, Wolfreys A, Pathan N, Watson S, Thomas M. Identification of a Novel Allosteric Inhibitory Site on Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Enabling Unprecedented Selectivity Over all Related Hydroxylases. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:240. [PMID: 28529483 PMCID: PMC5418348 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has demonstrated multi-serotonin receptor dependent pathologies, characterized by increased tone (5-HT1B receptor) and complex lesions (SERT, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2B receptors) of the pulmonary vasculature together with right ventricular hypertrophy, ischemia and fibrosis (5-HT2B receptor). Selective inhibitors of individual signaling elements – SERT, 5-HT2A, 5HT2B, and combined 5-HT2A/B receptors, have all been tested clinically and failed. Thus, inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), the rate limiting step in 5-HT synthesis, has been suggested as a more broad, and thereby more effective, mode of 5-HT inhibition. However, selectivity over non-pathogenic enzyme family members, TPH2, phenylalanine hydroxylase, and tyrosine hydroxylase has hampered therapeutic development. Here we describe the site/sequence, biochemical, and biophysical characterization of a novel allosteric site on TPH1 through which selectivity over TPH2 and related aromatic amino acid hydroxylases is achieved. We demonstrate the mechanism of action by which novel compounds selectively inhibit TPH1 using surface plasma resonance and enzyme competition assays with both tryptophan ligand and BH4 co-factor. We demonstrate 15-fold greater potency within a human carcinoid cell line versus the most potent known TPH1/2 non-specific inhibitor. Lastly, we detail a novel canine in vivo system utilized to determine effective biologic inhibition of newly synthesized 5-HT. These findings are the first to demonstrate TPH1-selective inhibition and may pave the way to a truly effective means to reduce pathologic 5-HT and thereby treat complex remodeling diseases such as PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Petrassi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San DiegoCA, USA
| | - Rob Barber
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Celine Be
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchBasel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Beach
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Brian Cox
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Anne-Marie D'Souza
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Nick Duggan
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Martin Hussey
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Roy Fox
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Peter Hunt
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Gabor Jarai
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Takatoshi Kosaka
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Paul Oakley
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Viral Patel
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Neil Press
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - David Rowlands
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | | | - Oliver Schmidt
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | | | - Mary Turner
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San DiegoCA, USA
| | - Rob Turner
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - John Westwick
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Alison Wolfreys
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Nuzhat Pathan
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San DiegoCA, USA
| | - Simon Watson
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK
| | - Matthew Thomas
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchHorsham, UK.,Translational Biology, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity IMED, AstraZenecaGothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Vesicle miR-195 derived from Endothelial Cells Inhibits Expression of Serotonin Transporter in Vessel Smooth Muscle Cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43546. [PMID: 28272473 PMCID: PMC5341127 DOI: 10.1038/srep43546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been shown to be essential in lots of physiological and pathological processes. It is well known that 5-HT and 5-HT transporter (5-HTT) play important roles in the pulmonary artery in pulmonary hypertension. However, little is known about the function of 5-HTT in other arteries. In this study we found that the expression of 5-HTT was elevated in injured carotid arteries and over-expression of 5-HTT induced proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs); however, this phenotype could be reversed by knocking-down of 5-HTT or endothelial cells conditional medium (EC-CM). A 5-HTT inhibitor, fluoxetine, treated animals also exhibited reduced restenosis after injury. We identified that miR-195 was packaged in the extracellular vesicles from EC-CM. We further confirmed that extracellular vesicles could transfer miR-195 from ECs to SMCs to inhibit the expression of 5-HTT in SMCs and the proliferation of SMCs. These results provide the first evidence that ECs communicate with SMCs via micro-RNA195 in the regulation of the proliferation of SMCs through 5-HTT, which will contribute to a better understanding of communications between ECs and SMCs via micro-RNA. Our findings suggest a potential target for the control of vessel restenosis.
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Goldberg DR, De Lombaert S, Aiello R, Bourassa P, Barucci N, Zhang Q, Paralkar V, Stein AJ, Holt M, Valentine J, Zavadoski W. Optimization of spirocyclic proline tryptophan hydroxylase-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 27:413-419. [PMID: 28041831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a follow-up to the discovery of our spirocyclic proline-based TPH1 inhibitor lead, we describe the optimization of this scaffold. Through a combination of X-ray co-crystal structure guided design and an in vivo screen, new substitutions in the lipophilic region of the inhibitors were identified. This effort led to new TPH1 inhibitors with in vivo efficacy when dosed as their corresponding ethyl ester prodrugs. In particular, 15b (KAR5585), the prodrug of the potent TPH1 inhibitor 15a (KAR5417), showed robust reduction of intestinal serotonin (5-HT) levels in mice. Furthermore, oral administration of 15b generated high and sustained systemic exposure of the active parent 15a in rats and dogs. KAR5585 was selected for further pharmacological evaluation in disease models associated with a dysfunctional peripheral 5-HT system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Goldberg
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States.
| | - Stéphane De Lombaert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Robert Aiello
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Patricia Bourassa
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Nicole Barucci
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Qing Zhang
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Vishwas Paralkar
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - Adam J Stein
- Cayman Chemical, 5025 Venture Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States
| | - Melissa Holt
- Cayman Chemical, 5025 Venture Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48108, United States
| | - Jim Valentine
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
| | - William Zavadoski
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, 401 Winchester Ave., 5 Science Park, New Haven, CT 06511, United States
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14
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Aiello RJ, Bourassa PA, Zhang Q, Dubins J, Goldberg DR, De Lombaert S, Humbert M, Guignabert C, Cavasin MA, McKinsey TA, Paralkar V. Tryptophan hydroxylase 1 Inhibition Impacts Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling in Two Rat Models of Pulmonary Hypertension. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:267-279. [PMID: 27927914 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.237933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease defined by a chronic elevation in pulmonary arterial pressure with extensive pulmonary vascular remodeling and perivascular inflammation characterized by an accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and mast cells. Although the exact etiology of the disease is unknown, clinical as well as preclinical data strongly implicate a role for serotonin (5-HT) in the process. Here, we investigated the chronic effects of pharmacological inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1), the rate-limiting enzyme in peripheral 5-HT biosynthesis, in two preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension (PH), the monocrotaline (MCT) rat and the semaxanib (SUGEN, Medinoah, Suzhou, China)-hypoxia rat. In both PH models, ethyl (S)-8-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(5-chloro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-3-carboxylate and ethyl (S)-8-(2-amino-6-((R)-1-(3',4'-dimethyl-3-(3-methyl-1 H-pyrazol-1-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyrimidin-4-yl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-3-carboxylate, novel orally active TPH1 inhibitors with nanomolar in vitro potency, decreased serum, gut, and lung 5-HT levels in a dose-dependent manner and significantly reduced pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary vessel wall thickness and occlusion in male rats. In the MCT rat model, decreases in lung 5-HT significantly correlated with reductions in histamine levels and mast cell number (P < 0.001, r2 = 0.88). In contrast, neither ambrisentan nor tadalafil, which are vasodilators approved for the treatment of PAH, reduced mast cell number or 5-HT levels, nor were they as effective in treating the vascular remodeling as were the TPH1 inhibitors. When administered in combination with ambrisentan, the TPH1 inhibitors showed an additive effect on pulmonary vascular remodeling and pressures. These data demonstrate that in addition to reducing vascular remodeling, TPH1 inhibition has the added benefit of reducing the perivascular mast cell accumulation associated with PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Aiello
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Patricia-Ann Bourassa
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Qing Zhang
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Jeffrey Dubins
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Daniel R Goldberg
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Stéphane De Lombaert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Marc Humbert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Maria A Cavasin
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
| | - Vishwas Paralkar
- Karos Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, Connecticut (R.J.A, P.-A.B, Q.Z, J.D., D.R.G., S.D.L., V.P.); INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France (M.H., C.G.), Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H., C.G.); Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (M.H.); Division of Cardiology and Consortium for Fibrosis Research and Translation, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado (M.A.C., T.A.M.)
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15
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Ayme-Dietrich E, Banas SM, Monassier L, Maroteaux L. [Pulmonary arterial hypertension, bone marrow, endothelial cell precursors and serotonin]. Biol Aujourdhui 2016; 210:79-88. [PMID: 27687599 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2016012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin and bone-marrow-derived stem cells participate together in triggering pulmonary hypertension. Our work has shown that the absence of 5-HT2B receptors generates permanent changes in the composition of the blood and bone-marrow in the myeloid lineages, particularly in endothelial cell progenitors. The initial functions of 5-HT2B receptors in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are restricted to bone-marrow cells. They contribute to the differentiation/proliferation/mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from the bone-marrow. Those bone-marrow-derived cells have a critical role in the development of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling. These data indicate that bone-marrow derived endothelial progenitors play a key role in the pathogenesis of PAH and suggest that interactions involving serotonin and bone morphogenic protein type 2 receptor (BMPR2) could take place at the level of the bone-marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Ayme-Dietrich
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire EA7296, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université et Centre Hospitalier de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie M Banas
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France - Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Monassier
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie et Pharmacologie Cardiovasculaire EA7296, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Université et Centre Hospitalier de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Maroteaux
- INSERM UMR-S 839, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France - Institut du Fer à Moulin, 17 rue du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
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16
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Goldberg DR, De Lombaert S, Aiello R, Bourassa P, Barucci N, Zhang Q, Paralkar V, Stein AJ, Valentine J, Zavadoski W. Discovery of acyl guanidine tryptophan hydroxylase-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2855-2860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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17
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Bazan IS, Fares WH. Review of the Ongoing Story of Appetite Suppressants, Serotonin Pathway, and Pulmonary Vascular Disease. Am J Cardiol 2016; 117:1691-1696. [PMID: 27018933 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is pandemic in the Western Hemisphere, especially in the United States (US) and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Recent data show that a large proportion of the US population is at least overweight and almost 2 in 5 Americans are obese. This ongoing trend of increasing obesity rates has led to a thriving market for anorexigens. Despite the health benefits of weight loss, several anorexigens had devastating side effects including pulmonary vascular disease which manifests as the clinical syndrome of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). PAH is an incurable and fatal disease and is characterized by vascular constriction, hypertrophy, and proliferation that over time lead to right-sided cardiac failure. Over the past few decades, several weight loss medications have been associated with the development of PAH, possibly caused by an increase in systemic serotonin levels, resulting in vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arteries and initiating a cascade of pathologic vascular remodeling leading to vascular fibrosis. Once sufficient evidence for the association of these drugs with PAH or other related pathologies was found, many were removed from the market. However, there are other appetite suppressants still currently on the market (whether Food and Drug Administration-approved or "dietary supplements") that have to some extent similar mechanisms of action to those associated with PAH but lack robust enough data to prove or disprove an association. The serotonin pathway seems to be repeatedly implicated. In conclusion, given that PAH is a progressive and debilitating disease, it is important to highlight possible risk factors that could be avoided.
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de Raaf MA, Kroeze Y, Middelman A, de Man FS, de Jong H, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, de Korte C, Voelkel NF, Homberg J, Bogaard HJ. Serotonin transporter is not required for the development of severe pulmonary hypertension in the Sugen hypoxia rat model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1164-73. [PMID: 26386116 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00127.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased serotonin serum levels have been proposed to play a key role in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) by regulating vessel tone and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. An intact serotonin system, which critically depends on a normal function of the serotonin transporter (SERT), is required for the development of experimental pulmonary hypertension in rodents exposed to hypoxia or monocrotaline. While these animal models resemble human PAH only with respect to vascular media remodeling, we hypothesized that SERT is likewise required for the presence of lumen-obliterating intima remodeling, a hallmark of human PAH reproduced in the Sugen hypoxia (SuHx) rat model of severe angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, SERT wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) rats were exposed to the SuHx protocol. SERT KO rats, while completely lacking SERT, were hemodynamically indistinguishable from WT rats. After exposure to SuHx, similar degrees of severe angioproliferative pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy developed in WT and KO rats (right ventricular systolic pressure 60 vs. 55 mmHg, intima thickness 38 vs. 30%, respectively). In conclusion, despite its implicated importance in PAH, SERT does not play an essential role in the pathogenesis of severe angioobliterative pulmonary hypertension in rats exposed to SuHx.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvet Kroeze
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonieke Middelman
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frances S de Man
- Departments of Pulmonology and Physiology, VU University Medical Center/Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helma de Jong
- Department of Laboratory of Chemistry and metabolic diseases, University Medical Centre, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Chris de Korte
- Department of Radiology, Medical UltraSound Imaging Center; Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Norbert F Voelkel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Judith Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bloodworth NC, West JD, Merryman WD. Microvessel mechanobiology in pulmonary arterial hypertension: cause and effect. Hypertension 2015; 65:483-9. [PMID: 25534705 PMCID: PMC4326545 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Bloodworth
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (N.C.B., W.D.M.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (J.D.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - James D West
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (N.C.B., W.D.M.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (J.D.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - W David Merryman
- From the Departments of Biomedical Engineering (N.C.B., W.D.M.) and Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (J.D.W.), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
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20
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5-HT2B receptor antagonists inhibit fibrosis and protect from RV heart failure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:438403. [PMID: 25667920 PMCID: PMC4312574 DOI: 10.1155/2015/438403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The serotonin (5-HT) pathway was shown to play a role in pulmonary hypertension (PH), but its functions in right ventricular failure (RVF) remain poorly understood. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Terguride (5-HT2A and 2B receptor antagonist) or SB204741 (5-HT2B receptor antagonist) on right heart function and structure upon pulmonary artery banding (PAB) in mice. Methods. Seven days after PAB, mice were treated for 14 days with Terguride (0.2 mg/kg bid) or SB204741 (5 mg/kg day). Right heart function and remodeling were assessed by right heart catheterization, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and histomorphometric methods. Total secreted collagen content was determined in mouse cardiac fibroblasts isolated from RV tissues. Results. Chronic treatment with Terguride or SB204741 reduced right ventricular fibrosis and showed improved heart function in mice after PAB. Moreover, 5-HT2B receptor antagonists diminished TGF-beta1 induced collagen synthesis of RV cardiac fibroblasts in vitro. Conclusion. 5-HT2B receptor antagonists reduce collagen deposition, thereby inhibiting right ventricular fibrosis. Chronic treatment prevented the development and progression of pressure overload-induced RVF in mice. Thus, 5-HT2B receptor antagonists represent a valuable novel therapeutic approach for RVF.
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Vaillancourt M, Ruffenach G, Meloche J, Bonnet S. Adaptation and remodelling of the pulmonary circulation in pulmonary hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2014; 31:407-15. [PMID: 25630876 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by remodelling of pulmonary arteries caused by a proliferation/apoptosis imbalance within the vascular wall. This pathological phenotype seems to be triggered by different environmental stress and injury events such as increased inflammation, DNA damage, and epigenetic deregulation. It appears that one of the first hit to occur is endothelial cells (ECs) injury and apoptosis, which leads to paracrine signalling to other ECs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), and fibroblasts. These signals promote a phenotypic change of surviving ECs by disturbing different signalling pathways leading to sustained vasoconstriction, proproliferative and antiapoptotic phenotype, deregulated angiogenesis, and formation of plexiform lesions. EC signalling also recruits proinflammatory cells, leading to pulmonary infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, sustaining the inflammatory environment and autoimmune response. Finally, EC signalling promotes proliferative and antiapoptotic PAH-PASMC phenotypes, which acquire migratory capacities, resulting in increased vascular wall thickness and muscularization of small pulmonary arterioles. Adaptation and remodelling of pulmonary circulation also involves epigenetic components, such as microRNA deregulation, DNA methylation, and histone modification. This review will focus on the different cellular and epigenetic aspects including EC stress response, molecular mechanisms contributing to PAH-PASMC and PAEC proliferation and resistance to apoptosis, as well as epigenetic control involved in adaptation and remodelling of the pulmonary circulation in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Vaillancourt
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Grégoire Ruffenach
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Jolyane Meloche
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group of The Quebec Heart And Lung Institute Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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