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Zhong D, Wahaab A, Zheng J, Zhang J, Ma Z, Wei J. Development of Colloidal Gold-Based Immunochromatographic Strips for Rapid Detection and Surveillance of Japanese Encephalitis Virus in Dogs across Shanghai, China. Viruses 2024; 16:258. [PMID: 38400034 PMCID: PMC10892515 DOI: 10.3390/v16020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes acute encephalitis in humans and is of major public health concern in most Asian regions. Dogs are suitable sentinels for assessing the risk of JEV infection in humans. A neutralization test (NT) or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used for the serological detection of JEV in dogs; however, these tests have several limitations, and, thus, a more convenient and reliable alternative test is needed. In this study, a colloidal gold immunochromatographic strip (ICS), using a purified recombinant EDIII protein, was established for the serological survey of JEV infection in dogs. The results show that the ICSs could specifically detect JEV antibodies within 10 min without cross-reactions with antibodies against other canine viruses. The test strips could detect anti-JEV in serum with dilution up to 640 times, showing high sensitivity. The coincidence rate with the NT test was higher than 96.6%. Among 586 serum samples from dogs in Shanghai examined using the ICS test, 179 (29.98%) were found to be positive for JEV antibodies, and the high seropositivity of JEV in dogs in China was significantly correlated with the season and living environment. In summary, we developed an accurate and economical ICS for the rapid detection of anti-JEV in dog serum samples with great potential for the surveillance of JEV in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Zhong
- Shanghai Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Shanghai 201600, China;
| | - Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
- Department of Entomology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics and The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA
| | - Jiayang Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Z.M.)
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2
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Kinsella P, Moso M, Martin G, Karapangiotidis T, Karamalakis D, Nicholson S, Batty M, Jackson K, Marsland M, Thomson T, Manoharan L, O'brien H, Friedman ND, Bond K, Williamson DA, Lim CK. Laboratory evaluation of ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence assay in response to emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus genotype IV in Australia. J Clin Virol 2023; 168:105580. [PMID: 37717487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The unexpected recent emergence of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotype IV in multiple southern states of Australia necessitated an evaluation of JEV serological tests suitable for diagnosing acute infection and for seroprevalence studies. This study examined the analytical and clinical performance of two high-throughput JEV assays, Euroimmun immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Euroimmun enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), across four cohorts; (1) surveillance of piggery workers in outbreak areas, (2) surveillance of residents in outbreak areas, (3) acute JEV infection and (4) post-JEV vaccination. ELISA and IFA IgM demonstrated minimal cross-reactivity (0-1.8%) with other endemic flaviviruses, with high sensitivity (100%) for acute JEV infection in this low endemicity setting. Differences in IgG serodynamics between the two assays suggest convalescent and paired testing with IgM are critical in diagnosing acute infection. High assay concordance was observed between ELISA and IFA when used in serosurveillance (97.4% agreement, Cohen' κ 0.74 [95% CI 0.614-0.860]) and vaccination cohorts (91.1% agreement, Cohen's κ 0.806 [95% CI 0.672-0.941]). In conclusion, this study highlights the clinical & epidemiological applications and limitations of these two commercial JEV assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kinsella
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael Moso
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Genevieve Martin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Theo Karapangiotidis
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Di Karamalakis
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Suellen Nicholson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mitch Batty
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kathy Jackson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine Bond
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Chuan Kok Lim
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.
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3
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Mhaske A, Singh S, Abourehab MA, Kumar A, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Recent pharmaceutical engineered trends as theranostics for Japanese encephalitis. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Gyawali N, Mills Mbbs Mphtm DJ, Mills C, Hugo LE, Devine GJ, Lau CL. Immunogenicity of a single fractional intradermal dose of Japanese encephalitis live attenuated chimeric vaccine. J Travel Med 2022; 30:6779982. [PMID: 36308439 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in Asia and the western Pacific. Vaccination is recommended for travellers to endemic regions, but the high cost of the vaccine is a major barrier to uptake. METHODS A quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention clinical trial without a control group was conducted to assess the immunogenicity and safety of intradermal (ID) JE vaccine. Healthy adults (18-45 years) received one dose of 0.1 mL (20% of standard dose) ID Imojev® (JE live attenuated chimeric vaccine, Sanofi-Aventis). Adverse events following immunisation (AEFIs) were recorded 10 days post-vaccination. Blood samples were collected at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks post-vaccination. Neutralising antibodies were measured using 50% plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT50). Seroconversion was defined as PRNT50 titre ≥10. An in vitro study was also conducted to quantify the rate of decay of vaccine potency after reconstitution. RESULTS 51 participants (72.6% females, median age 31 years), all non-reactive to JE virus at baseline were enrolled. Mild and moderate AEFIs were reported by 19.6% of participants; none required medical attention or interfered with normal daily activities. All participants seroconverted at 4 weeks (GMT 249.3; 95%CI:192.8-322.5) and remained seropositive at 8-weeks (GMT 135.5; 95%CI:104.5-175.6). Vaccine potency declined at a rate of 0.14 log plaque-forming units/0.5 mL per hour. CONCLUSIONS In healthy adults, a single 0.1 mL ID dose of Imojev was safe and immunogenic, at least in the short-term. Reconstituted vials of Imojev vaccine may not retain their potency after 6 hours. Fractional JE ID vaccination could be a cheaper yet effective alternative for short-term travellers. Further studies need to investigate the immune response in a wider age range of individuals and the long-term immunogenicity of fractional JE ID vaccines. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ACTRN12621000024842.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Furuya-Kanamori
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | - Narayan Gyawali
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Christine Mills
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Leon E Hugo
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen L Lau
- Dr Deb The Travel Doctor, Travel Medicine Alliance, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
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Mohsin F, Suleman S, Anzar N, Narang J, Wadhwa S. A review on Japanese Encephalitis virus emergence, pathogenesis and detection: From conventional diagnostics to emerging rapid detection techniques. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 217:435-448. [PMID: 35817236 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The virus known as Japanese Encephalitis (JEV) is among the common viral persisting Encephalitis caused by Flavivirus around the Globe, especially in Southeast Asian nations. JEV may be a leading reason for neurological illness in humans, with an estimated 70,000 human cases and 10,000 fatalities per annum. The conventional methods like PRNT (Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test), ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) RT-PCR (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), and virus isolation are few commercial tests being availed these days, but they have a variety of drawbacks, including being extremely expensive, time-consuming, and requiring expertise. Therefore, researches are being made in the development of improved inexpensive, shorter, sensitive, and time-saving strategies to diagnose the Japanese Encephalitis Virus. A number of these researches encompass the employment of immunosensors, electrochemical sensors and along with the applications of nanotechnology to create highly sensitive detecting device. This review article is based on contemporary breakthroughs in diagnosing Japanese Encephalitis Virus, which are crucial in severing the connection between the propagation of zoonotic disease into the current race, where humans function as dead-end hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Mohsin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shariq Suleman
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Nigar Anzar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Shikha Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Sciences, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Bidholi Campus, Dehradun 248007, India
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JEV-nanobarcode and colorimetric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cRT-LAMP). Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:333. [PMID: 34498149 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04986-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are powerful tools for the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). We demonstrated highly sensitive, specific, and rapid detection of JEV by colorimetric reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cRT-LAMP). Under optimized conditions, the RT-LAMP assay results showed that the limit of detection was approximately equivalent to 1 RNA genome copy/μL with an assay time of 30 min. The assay was highly specific to JEV when tested with other mosquito-borne virus panels (Zika virus and dengue virus types 2-4). The ability to detect JEV directly from crude human sample matrices (serum and urine) demonstrated the suitability of our JEV RT-LAMP for widespread clinical application. The JEV RT-LAMP provides combination of rapid colorimetric determination of true-positive JEV RT-LAMP amplicons with our recently developed JEV-nanobarcodes, measured at absorbance wavelenght of 530 (A530) and 650 (A650), which have a limit of detection of 23.3 ng/μL. The AuNP:polyA10-JEV RT-LAMP nanobarcodes exhibited superior capability for stabilizing the true-positive JEV RT-LAMP amplicons against salt-induced AuNP aggregation, which improved the evaluation of true/false positive signals in the assay. These advances enable to expand the use of RT-LAMP for point-of-care tests, which will greatly bolster JEV clinical programs. The JEV RT-LAMP nanobarcode assay targeting the envelope (E) gene and MgSO4 induced AuNP aggregation, indicated by an instant pink-to-violet colorimetric read-out.
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Hills S, Van Keulen A, Feser J, Panella A, Letson B, Staples E, Marfin T, Brault A. Persistence of IgM Antibodies after Vaccination with Live Attenuated Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 104:576-579. [PMID: 33236716 PMCID: PMC7866339 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vaccine-preventable, mosquito-borne disease. Substantial progress with JE control in Asia has been made during the past decade, with most endemic countries now having JE vaccination programs, commonly using live attenuated SA14-14-2 JE vaccine (trade name CD-JEV). If a child develops encephalitis during the weeks to months following CD-JEV vaccination and anti-JE virus IgM (JE IgM) antibody is detected in serum, the question arises if this is JE virus infection indicating vaccine failure, or persistent JE IgM antibody postvaccination. To better understand JE IgM seropositivity following vaccination, sera from 268 children from a previous CD-JEV study were tested by two different JE IgM assays to determine JE IgM antibody frequency on days 28, 180, and 365 postvaccination. With the CDC JE IgM antibody capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA), 110 children (41%) had JE IgM positive or equivocal results on their day 28 sample, and eight (3%) and two (1%) had positive or equivocal results on day 180 and day 365 samples, respectively. With the InBios JE Detect™ MAC-ELISA (Seattle, WA), 118 (44%) children had positive or equivocal results on day 28 sample, and three (1%) and one (0.4%) had positive or equivocal results on day 180 and day 365 samples, respectively. Our results indicate that more than 40% children vaccinated with CD-JEV can have JE IgM antibodies in their serum at 1 month postvaccination but JE IgM antibody is rare by 6 months. These data will help healthcare workers assess the likelihood that JE IgM antibodies in the serum of a child with encephalitis after vaccination are vaccine related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hills
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Alex Van Keulen
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Amanda Panella
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Aaron Brault
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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Navien TN, Thevendran R, Hamdani HY, Tang TH, Citartan M. In silico molecular docking in DNA aptamer development. Biochimie 2020; 180:54-67. [PMID: 33086095 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides generated by SELEX that exhibit binding affinity and specificity against a wide variety of target molecules. Compared to RNA aptamers, DNA aptamers are much more stable and therefore are widely adopted in a number of applications especially in diagnostics. The tediousness and rigor associated with certain steps of the SELEX intensify the efforts to adopt in silico molecular docking approaches together with in vitro SELEX procedures in developing DNA aptamers. Inspired by these endeavors, we carry out an overview of the in silico molecular docking approaches in DNA aptamer generation, by detailing the stepwise procedures as well as shedding some light on the various softwares used. The in silico maturation strategy and the limitations of the in silico approaches are also underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tholasi Nadhan Navien
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ramesh Thevendran
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hazrina Yusof Hamdani
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Thean-Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Marimuthu Citartan
- Advanced Medical & Dental Institute (AMDI), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
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Review of Emerging Japanese Encephalitis Virus: New Aspects and Concepts about Entry into the Brain and Inter-Cellular Spreading. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030111. [PMID: 31357540 PMCID: PMC6789543 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.
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11
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Kulkarni R, Sapkal GN, Kaushal H, Mourya DT. Japanese Encephalitis: A Brief Review on Indian Perspectives. Open Virol J 2018; 12:121-130. [PMID: 30288200 PMCID: PMC6142657 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is recently declared as a notifiable disease in India due to its expanding geographical distribution. The disease notification facilitates effective implementation of preventive measures and case management. Expalantion: JE is a vector-borne disease that can be prevented by vaccine administration. It is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), belonging to family Flaviviridae. Amongst the known etiological viral encephalitis agents, it is one of the leading viral agents of acute encephalitis syndrome in many Asian countries where it is identified to cause substantial morbidity and mortality as well as disability. Globally, it is responsible for approximately 68,000 clinical cases every year. Conclusion: In the absence of antivirals, patients are given supportive treatment to relieve and stabilize. Amongst available control strategies; vector control is resource intensive while animal and human vaccination are the most effective tool against the disease. This review highlights recent progress focusing challenges with diagnosis and prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Kulkarni
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
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12
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Karthikeyan A, Shanmuganathan S, Pavulraj S, Prabakar G, Pavithra S, Porteen K, Elaiyaraja G, Malik YS. JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS, RECENT PERSPECTIVES ON VIRUS GENOME, TRANSMISSION, EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND PROPHYLACTIC INTERVENTIONS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.18006/2017.5(6).730.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Sunwoo JS, Lee ST, Jung KH, Park KI, Moon J, Jung KY, Kim M, Lee SK, Chu K. Clinical Characteristics of Severe Japanese Encephalitis: A Case Series from South Korea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:369-375. [PMID: 28829730 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is a major cause of devastating viral encephalitis, especially in Asia. Although a successful vaccination program led to its near-elimination over three decades in South Korea, the incidence of JE has increased since 2010. The present study investigated the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and factors affecting neurological outcomes of reemerging JE. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of laboratory-confirmed JE patients who presented with acute encephalitis syndrome at three tertiary hospitals between 2010 and 2015. A total of 17 patients with JE were identified. Their median age was 51 years, and 10 (58.5%) were men. The most common symptoms and signs were fever (94.1%), altered consciousness (94.1%), and headache (80.2%). Hyporeflexia (47.1%), seizures (35.2%), abnormal brainstem reflex (23.5%), and flaccid weakness (17.6%) were also noted. Brain imaging revealed thalamic lesions in all patients, with the hippocampus, midbrain, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex affected to varying degrees. Sixteen patients (94.1%) required management in the intensive care unit with mechanical ventilation due to neurological deterioration. At the time of discharge, 11 (64.7%) had poor recovery, defined as Glasgow coma scale scores of less than 8, and remained ventilator dependent. Comparison between the two outcome groups indicated that midbrain involvement (P = 0.028) and rapid deterioration (P = 0.005) were associated with severe neurological sequelae. Given that JE is a vaccine-preventable disease, vaccination for adults should be considered in response to the reemergence of JE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Sang Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soon-Tae Lee
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Keun-Hwa Jung
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Il Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jangsup Moon
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Young Jung
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Manho Kim
- Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Kun Lee
- Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kon Chu
- Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.,Program in Neuroscience, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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14
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Lee EJ, Cha GW, Ju YR, Han MG, Lee WJ, Jeong YE. Prevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies to Japanese Encephalitis Virus among High-Risk Age Groups in South Korea, 2010. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147841. [PMID: 26807709 PMCID: PMC4725746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After an extensive vaccination policy, Japanese encephalitis (JE) was nearly eliminated since the mid-1980s in South Korea. Vaccination in children shifted the affected age of JE patients from children to adults. However, an abrupt increase in JE cases occurred in 2010, and this trend has continued. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to the JE virus (JEV) among high-risk age groups (≥40 years) in South Korea. A plaque reduction neutralization test was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to JEV in 945 subjects within four age groups (30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and 60–69 years) in 10 provinces. Of the 945 enrolled subjects, 927 (98.1%) exhibited antibodies against JEV. No significant differences were found in the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies according to sex, age, or occupation. However, there were significant differences in the plaque reduction rate according to age and occupation; oldest age group had a higher reduction rate, and subjects who were employed in agriculture or forestry also had a higher value than the other occupations. We also found that three provinces (Gangwon, Jeonnam, and Gyeongnam) had a relatively lower plaque reduction rate than the other locations. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted to determine recent viral infections and 12 (2.2%) subjects were found to have been recently infected by the virus. In conclusion, the present study clearly indicated that the prevalence of neutralizing antibodies has been maintained at very high levels among adult age groups owing to vaccination or natural infections, or both. In the future, serosurveillance should be conducted periodically using more representative samples to better understand the population-level immunity to JE in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Lee
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Japanese Encephalitis Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Go-Woon Cha
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Japanese Encephalitis Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Young Ran Ju
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Japanese Encephalitis Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Myung Guk Han
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Japanese Encephalitis Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Won-Ja Lee
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Japanese Encephalitis Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Young Eui Jeong
- Division of Arboviruses, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Japanese Encephalitis Regional Reference Laboratory for the WHO Western Pacific Region, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Hallym University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kauffman EB, Franke MA, Kramer LD. Detection Protocols for West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes, Birds, and Nonhuman Mammals. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1435:175-206. [PMID: 27188559 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3670-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus is the most widespread mosquito-borne virus in the world, and the most common cause of encephalitis in the USA. Surveillance for this medially important mosquito-borne pathogen is an important part of public health practice. Here we present protocols for testing environmental samples such as mosquitoes, nonvertebrate mammals, and birds for this virus, including RT-PCR, virus isolation in cell culture, and antigenic assays, as well as serologic assays for antibody detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Kauffman
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.
| | - Mary A Franke
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA.,School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Slingerlands, NY, 12159, USA
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16
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Aubry M, Finke J, Teissier A, Roche C, Broult J, Paulous S, Desprès P, Cao-Lormeau VM, Musso D. Silent Circulation of Ross River Virus in French Polynesia. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 37:19-24. [PMID: 26086687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ross River is an emerging mosquito-borne disease in the Western Pacific. Ross River virus (RRV) circulation has been sporadically reported in some Pacific Island Countries and Territories but never in French Polynesia. To determine if RRV has circulated locally among the French Polynesian population, we conducted a seroprevalence study on blood donors. METHODS Sera of 593 blood donors were collected from July 2011 to October 2013 and tested by ELISA for the presence of RRV-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. RESULTS A total of 204 (34.40%) blood donors were found seropositive for RRV. Among the 132 blood donors that were born in French Polynesia and had never travelled abroad, 56 (42.42%) had RRV-specific IgGs. DISCUSSION Our results support the existence of autochthonous RRV transmission and suggest that this pathogen has silently circulated in French Polynesia. These findings raise the question of possible undetected circulation of RRV in other Pacific Island Countries and Territories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Aubry
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, PO BOX 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | - Jérôme Finke
- Hochschule Emden/Leer, Constantiaplatz 4, D-26723 Emden, Germany
| | - Anita Teissier
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, PO BOX 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Claudine Roche
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, PO BOX 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Julien Broult
- Centre de Transfusion Sanguine de la Polynésie française, Hôpital du Taaone, PO BOX 4530, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Sylvie Paulous
- Departement Infections and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Departement Infections and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; UMR PIMIT (12T) Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, GIP-CYROI, 97491 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Van-Mai Cao-Lormeau
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, PO BOX 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Didier Musso
- Unit of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, PO BOX 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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A novel immunochromatographic test applied to a serological survey of Japanese encephalitis virus on pig farms in Korea. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127313. [PMID: 25992769 PMCID: PMC4439121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among vertebrate species, pigs are a major amplifying host of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and measuring their seroconversion is a reliable indicator of virus activity. Traditionally, the hemagglutination inhibition test has been used for serological testing in pigs; however, it has several limitations and, thus, a more efficient and reliable replacement test is required. In this study, we developed a new immunochromatographic test for detecting antibodies to JEV in pig serum within 15 min. Specifically, the domain III region of the JEV envelope protein was successfully expressed in soluble form and used for developing the immunochromatographic test. The test was then applied to the surveillance of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in Korea. We found that our immunochromatographic test had good sensitivity (84.8%) and specificity (97.7%) when compared with an immunofluorescence assay used as a reference test. During the surveillance of JE in Korea in 2012, the new immunochromatographic test was used to test the sera of 1,926 slaughtered pigs from eight provinces, and 228 pigs (11.8%) were found to be JEV-positive. Based on these results, we also produced an activity map of JEV, which marked the locations of pig farms in Korea that tested positive for the virus. Thus, the immunochromatographic test reported here provides a convenient and effective tool for real-time monitoring of JEV activity in pigs.
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