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Nischang V, Witt FM, Börner F, Gomez M, Jordan PM, Werz O. Frankincense preparation promotes formation of inflammation-resolving lipid mediators by manipulating lipoxygenases in human innate immune cells. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1332628. [PMID: 38239198 PMCID: PMC10794731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1332628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Frankincense preparations are frequently used as traditional anti-inflammatory remedies in folk medicine with increasing popularity. Boswellic acids (BAs), especially 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-βBA (AKBA), are unique anti-inflammatory principles of frankincense, with multiple pharmacological actions and target proteins. We recently showed that AKBA favorably impacts lipid mediator (LM) networks in innate immune cells, by modulation of lipoxygenase (LOX) activities. Thus, AKBA binds to allosteric sites in 5-LOX, shifting the regiospecificity to a 12/15-lipoxygnating enzyme, and to an analogous site in 15-LOX-1, leading to enzyme activation, which favors specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) formation at the expense of leukotriene production. Methods: Here, we investigated Boswellin super® (BSR), a commercially available frankincense extract with ≥30% AKBA, used as remedy that approved efficacy in osteoarthritis trials, for its ability to modulate LM pathways in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) phenotypes, neutrophils, and neutrophil/platelet co-incubations. LM profiling was performed by using targeted ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS). Results: BSR concentration-dependently (10-100 μg/ml) suppressed formation of pro-inflammatory 5-LOX products including LTB4 in exotoxin-stimulated M1-MDM and neutrophils, and strongly elevated 12/15-LOX products and SPM in activated M2-MDM and neutrophil/platelet cocultures, starting at 10 μg/mL. Also, BSR (≥10 μg/mL) induced robust 12/15-LOX product and SPM generation in resting M2-MDM, which was further markedly elevated when exogenous docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosahexaenoic acid (EPA) were supplied, and induced translocation of 15-LOX from a soluble to a particulate locale in M2 MDM. Discussion: We conclude that BSR especially when co-added with DHA and EPA, promotes the LM class switch in innate immune cells from pro-inflammatory to pro-resolving mediators, which might be a plausible mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory actions of BSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Nischang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Finja M. Witt
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Friedemann Börner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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2
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Peltner LK, Gluthmann L, Börner F, Pace S, Hoffstetter RK, Kretzer C, Bilancia R, Pollastro F, Koeberle A, Appendino G, Rossi A, Newcomer ME, Gilbert NC, Werz O, Jordan PM. Cannabidiol acts as molecular switch in innate immune cells to promote the biosynthesis of inflammation-resolving lipid mediators. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1508-1524.e7. [PMID: 37647900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are phytochemicals from cannabis with anti-inflammatory actions in immune cells. Lipid mediators (LM), produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), are potent regulators of the immune response and impact all stages of inflammation. How cannabinoids influence LM biosynthetic networks is unknown. Here, we reveal cannabidiol (CBD) as a potent LM class-switching agent that stimulates the production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) but suppresses pro-inflammatory eicosanoid biosynthesis. Detailed metabololipidomics analysis in human monocyte-derived macrophages showed that CBD (i) upregulates exotoxin-stimulated generation of SPMs, (ii) suppresses 5-lipoxygenase (LOX)-mediated leukotriene production, and (iii) strongly induces SPM and 12/15-LOX product formation in resting cells by stimulation of phospholipase A2-dependent PUFA release and through Ca2+-independent, allosteric 15-LOX-1 activation. Finally, in zymosan-induced murine peritonitis, CBD increased SPM and 12/15-LOX products and suppressed pro-inflammatory eicosanoid levels in vivo. Switching eicosanoid to SPM production is a plausible mode of action of CBD and a promising inflammation-resolving strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas K Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lars Gluthmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Friedemann Börner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert K Hoffstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Kretzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rosella Bilancia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Pollastro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany; Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Mitterweg 24, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Nathaniel C Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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3
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Dahlke P, Peltner LK, Jordan PM, Werz O. Differential impact of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein antagonists on the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and of specialized pro-resolving mediators. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1219160. [PMID: 37680719 PMCID: PMC10481534 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1219160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOX) transform arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) into bioactive lipid mediators (LMs) that comprise not only pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) but also the specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) that promote inflammation resolution and tissue regeneration. The 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP) is known to provide AA as a substrate to 5-LOX for generating LTs, such as LTB4, a potent chemoattractant and activator of phagocytes. Notably, 5-LOX is also involved in the biosynthesis of certain SPMs, namely, lipoxins and D-resolvins, implying a role of FLAP in SPM formation. FLAP antagonists have been intensively developed as LT biosynthesis inhibitors, but how they impact SPM formation is a matter of debate. Here, we show that FLAP antagonism suppresses the conversion of AA by 5-LOX to LT and lipoxins, while the conversion of DHA to SPM is unaffected. Screening of multiple prominent FLAP antagonists for their effects on LM formation in human M1- and M2-monocyte-derived macrophages by comprehensive LM profiling showed that all nine compounds reduced the production of 5-LOX-derived LTs but increased the formation of SPMs from DHA, e.g., resolvin D5. Some FLAP antagonists, especially those that contain an indole or benzimidazole moiety, even elicited SPM formation in resting M2-monocyte-derived macrophages. Intriguingly, in coincubations of human neutrophils and platelets that produce substantial AA-derived lipoxin and DHA-derived RvD5, FLAP antagonism abolished lipoxin formation, but resolvin D5 levels remained unaffected. Conclusively, antagonism of FLAP suppresses the conversion of AA by 5-LOX to LTs and lipoxins but not the conversion of DHA by 5-LOX to SPM, which should be taken into account for the development of such compounds as anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dahlke
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Lukas K. Peltner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Robinson PZ, Frank DN, Ramakrishnan VR. Inflammation resolution and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in chronic rhinosinusitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:969-979. [PMID: 37392068 PMCID: PMC10426389 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2232554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), a complex pathophysiology results from varied pro-inflammatory stimuli but is consistently characterized by classic cellular, molecular, and microbial alterations. Normally, endogenous specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) actively promote resolution of inflammation through numerous pathways, including those involved in host antimicrobial defense. However, these pathways appear to be disrupted in CRS. AREAS COVERED This paper describes features of CRS in the context of chronic tissue inflammation, and potential mechanisms by which specialized pro-resolving mediators promote active resolution of tissue inflammation. EXPERT OPINION Temporal phases of resolution must be tightly regulated to successfully resolve inflammation in CRS while preserving tissue functions such as barrier maintenance and special sensory function. Dysregulation of SPM enzymatic pathways has been recently shown in CRS and is associated with disease phenotypes and microbial colonization patterns. Current research in animal models and in vitro human cell culture, as well as human dietary studies, demonstrate relevant changes in cell signaling with lipid mediator bioavailability. Further clinical research may provide insight into the therapeutic value of this approach in CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel N. Frank
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Vijay R. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
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Wang X, Chauhan G, Tacderas ARL, Muth A, Gupta V. Surface-Modified Inhaled Microparticle-Encapsulated Celastrol for Enhanced Efficacy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5204. [PMID: 36982279 PMCID: PMC10049545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive cancer affecting the pleural lining of the lungs. Celastrol (Cela), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, has demonstrated promising therapeutic potential as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective agent, and anti-cancer agent. In this study, we developed inhaled surface-modified Cela-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microparticles (Cela MPs) for the treatment of MPM using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method. The optimized Cela MPs exhibited high entrapment efficiency (72.8 ± 6.1%) and possessed a wrinkled surface with a mean geometric diameter of ~2 µm and an aerodynamic diameter of 4.5 ± 0.1 µm, suggesting them to be suitable for pulmonary delivery. A subsequent release study showed an initial burst release up to 59.9 ± 2.9%, followed by sustained release. The therapeutic efficacy of Cela MPs was evaluated against four mesothelioma cell lines, where Cela MP exhibited significant reduction in IC50 values, and blank MPs produced no toxicity to normal cells. Additionally, a 3D-spheroid study was performed where a single dose of Cela MP at 1.0 µM significantly inhibited spheroid growth. Cela MP was also able to retain the antioxidant activity of Cela only while mechanistic studies revealed triggered autophagy and an induction of apoptosis. Therefore, these studies highlight the anti-mesothelioma activity of Cela and demonstrate that Cela MPs are a promising inhalable medicine for MPM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Gautam Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Alison R. L. Tacderas
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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Börner F, Pace S, Jordan PM, Gerstmeier J, Gomez M, Rossi A, Gilbert NC, Newcomer ME, Werz O. Allosteric Activation of 15-Lipoxygenase-1 by Boswellic Acid Induces the Lipid Mediator Class Switch to Promote Resolution of Inflammation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205604. [PMID: 36567268 PMCID: PMC9951388 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM), primarily produced in innate immune cells, exert crucial bioactions for resolving inflammation. Among various lipoxygenases (LOX), 15-LOX-1 is key for SPM biosynthesis, but cellular activation principles of 15-LOX-1 are unexplored. It was shown that 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) shifts 5-LOX regiospecificity from 5- to 12-lipoxygenation products. Here, it is demonstrated that AKBA additionally activates cellular 15-LOX-1 via an allosteric site accomplishing robust SPM formation in innate immune cells, particularly in M2 macrophages. Compared to ionophore, AKBA-induced LOX activation is Ca2+ - and phosphorylation-independent, with modest induction of 5-LOX products. AKBA docks into a groove between the catalytic and regulatory domains of 15-LOX-1 interacting with R98; replacement of R98 by alanine abolishes AKBA-induced 15-LOX product formation in HEK293 cells. In zymosan-induced murine peritonitis, AKBA strikingly elevates SPM levels and promotes inflammation resolution. Together, targeted allosteric modulation of LOX activities governs SPM formation and offers new concepts for inflammation resolution pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedemann Börner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaPhilosophenweg 1407743JenaGermany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaPhilosophenweg 1407743JenaGermany
| | - Paul M. Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaPhilosophenweg 1407743JenaGermany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaPhilosophenweg 1407743JenaGermany
| | - Mario Gomez
- Evonik Operations GmbHKirschenallee 4564293DarmstadtGermany
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of PharmacySchool of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Naples Federico IIVia D. Montesano 49NaplesI‐80131Italy
| | - Nathaniel C. Gilbert
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State University202 Life Science BuildingBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Marcia E. Newcomer
- Department of Biological SciencesLouisiana State University202 Life Science BuildingBaton RougeLA70803USA
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal ChemistryInstitute of PharmacyFriedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaPhilosophenweg 1407743JenaGermany
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Krauth V, Bruno F, Pace S, Jordan PM, Temml V, Preziosa Romano M, Khan H, Schuster D, Rossi A, Filosa R, Werz O. Highly potent and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by new, simple heteroaryl-substituted catechols for treatment of inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115385. [PMID: 36535528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (LO) catalyzes the first steps in the formation of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LT) that are pivotal lipid mediators contributing to allergic reactions and inflammatory disorders. Based on its key role in LT biosynthesis, 5-LO is an attractive drug target, demanding for effective and selective inhibitors with efficacy in vivo, which however, are still rare. Encouraged by the recent identification of the catechol 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)dibenzofuran 1 as 5-LO inhibitor, simple structural modifications were made to yield even more effective and selective catechol derivatives. Within this new series, the two most potent compounds 3,4-dihydroxy-3'-phenoxybiphenyl (6b) and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)benzo[b]thiophene (6d) potently inhibited human 5-LO in cell-free (IC506b and 6d = 20 nM) and cell-based assays (IC506b = 70 nM, 6d = 60 nM). Inhibition of 5-LO was reversible, unaffected by exogenously added substrate arachidonic acid, and not primarily mediated via radical scavenging and antioxidant activities. Functional 5-LO mutants expressed in HEK293 cells were still prone to inhibition by 6b and 6d, and docking simulations revealed distinct binding of the catechol moiety to 5-LO at an allosteric site. Analysis of 5-LO nuclear membrane translocation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization revealed that these 5-LO-activating events are hardly affected by the catechols. Importantly, the high inhibitory potency of 6b and 6d was confirmed in human blood and in a murine zymosan-induced peritonitis model in vivo. Our results enclose these novel catechol derivatives as highly potent, novel type inhibitors of 5-LO with high selectivity and with marked effectiveness under pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Krauth
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ferdinando Bruno
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Preziosa Romano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Chemical and Life Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100 Benevento, Italy; Advanced Medical Pharma, (AMP-BIOTEC) Healthcare Research and Innovation Center, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Italy.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Masi F, Chianese G, Hofstetter RK, Cavallaro AL, Riva A, Werz O, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory activity of a commercially available Rhodiola rosea root extract. Fitoterapia 2023; 166:105439. [PMID: 36716798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Rhodiola rosea roots and rhizomes hold an important place in the folk medicines of Russia, Scandinavia, Mongolia, and China as a health supplement for stimulating the nervous system, enhancing physical and mental performances, and nowadays they constitute the active ingredient in many popular commercial preparations sold worldwide as food additives, pharmaceutical remedies, and drinks. This study was aimed at providing a detailed phytochemical characterization of the Rhodiola 5%, a commercially available extract of R. rosea roots, and resulted in the characterization of 18 secondary metabolites, including 13 polyphenols and 6 terpenoids, and in the discovery of the new rhodiosidin (5), the first R. rosea metabolite to show both terpenoid and cinnamoyl moieties. The 5-lipoxygenase inhibiting activity of the main components was characterized and disclosed that rosiridin (6), kenposide A and rosavins are mainly responsible for this activity of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Masi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Robert K Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Arianna Lucia Cavallaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Antonella Riva
- Indena SpA, Product Innovation and Development & LCM, Viale Ortles, 12, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Zhao J, Liu H, Xia M, Chen Q, Wan L, Leng B, Tang C, Chen G, Liu Y, Zhang L, Liu H. Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation to Explore That Celastrol Targeting PTEN is the Potential Mechanism of Tripterygium wilfordii (Lév.) Hutch Against IgA Nephropathy. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:887-900. [PMID: 36992900 PMCID: PMC10042171 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s402503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accumulating clinical evidence showed that Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Lév.) Hutch (THH) is effective against IgA nephropathy (IgAN), but the mechanism is still unclear. This study is to evaluate the renal protective effect and molecular mechanism of THH against IgAN via network pharmacology, molecular docking strategy and experimental validation. Methods Several databases were used for obtaining the active ingredients of THH, the corresponding targets, as well as the IgAN-related genes. The critical active ingredients, functional pathways, and potential for the combination of the hub genes and their corresponding active components were determined through bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking. The IgAN mouse model was treated with celastrol (1 mg/kg/d) for 21 days, and the aggregated IgA1-induced human mesangial cell (HMC) was treated with various concentrations of celastrol (25, 50 or 75 nM) for 48 h. The immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques were applied to evaluate the protein expression of the predicted target. The cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) was used to detect HMC proliferation. Results A total of 17 active ingredients from THH were screened, covering 165 IgAN-related targets. The PPI network identified ten hub targets, including PTEN. The binding affinity between the celastrol and PTEN was the highest (-8.69 kJ/mol). The immunohistochemistry showed that celastrol promoted the expression of PTEN in the glomerulus of IgAN mice. Furthermore, the Western blot techniques showed that celastrol significantly elevated the expression of PTEN and inhibited PCNA and Cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. The CCK8 assay determined that celastrol decreased HMC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion This study suggests that activating PTEN by celastrol may play a pivotal role in THH alleviating IgAN renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanyong Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lili Wan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Leng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyuan Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hong Liu; Lei Zhang, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-13973116951; +86-18673174522, Email ;
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10
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Rao Z, Caprioglio D, Gollowitzer A, Kretzer C, Imperio D, Collado JA, Waltl L, Lackner S, Appendino G, Muñoz E, Temml V, Werz O, Minassi A, Koeberle A. Rotational constriction of curcuminoids impacts 5-lipoxygenase and mPGES-1 inhibition and evokes a lipid mediator class switch in macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115202. [PMID: 35932797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polypharmacological targeting of lipid mediator networks offers potential for efficient and safe anti-inflammatory therapy. Because of the diversity of its biological targets, curcumin (1a) has been viewed as a privileged structure for bioactivity or, alternatively, as a pan-assay interference (PAIN) compound. Curcumin has actually few high-affinity targets, the most remarkable ones being 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1. These enzymes are critical for the production of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and prostaglandin (PG)E2, and previous structure-activity-relationship studies in this area have focused on the enolized 1,3-diketone motif, the alkyl-linker and the aryl-moieties, neglecting the rotational state of curcumin, which can adopt twisted conformations in solution and at target sites. To explore how the conformation of curcuminoids impacts 5-LOX and mPGES-1 inhibition, we have synthesized rotationally constrained analogues of the natural product and its pyrazole analogue by alkylation of the linker and/or of the ortho aromatic position(s). These modifications strongly impacted 5-LOX and mPGES-1 inhibition and their systematic analysis led to the identification of potent and selective 5-LOX (3b, IC50 = 0.038 µM, 44.7-fold selectivity over mPGES-1) and mPGES-1 inhibitors (2f, IC50 = 0.11 µM, 4.6-fold selectivity over 5-LOX). Molecular docking experiments suggest that the C2-methylated pyrazolocurcuminoid 3b targets an allosteric binding site at the interface between catalytic and regulatory 5-LOX domain, while the o, o'-dimethylated desmethoxycurcumin 2f likely binds between two monomers of the trimeric mPGES-1 structure. Both compounds trigger a lipid mediator class switch from pro-inflammatory leukotrienes to PG and specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in activated human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Rao
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Diego Caprioglio
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - André Gollowitzer
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Christian Kretzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Daniela Imperio
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Juan A Collado
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Lorenz Waltl
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Sandra Lackner
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Giovanni Appendino
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Eduardo Muñoz
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14071, Cordoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004, Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Alberto Minassi
- Department of Drug Science, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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11
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Radmark O. Formation of eicosanoids and other oxylipins in human macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 204:115210. [PMID: 35973581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review it is attempted to summarize current studies about formation of eicosanoids and other oxylipins in different human macrophages. There are several reports on M1 and M2 cells, also other phenotypes have been described. The eicosanoids formed in the largest amounts are the COX products TxB2 and PGE2. Thus shortlived bioactive TxA2 is a dominating product both in M1- and in M2-lineages, one exception seems to be MGM-CSF, TGFβ cells. 5-LOX products are produced in both M1 and M2 macrophages, as well as in not fully polarized cells of both lineages. MM-CSF as well as M2 macrophages produced LTC4 more readily compared to M1 lineage cells. In MGM-CSF, TGFβ cells LTB4 is a major eicosanoid, in line with high expression of LTA4 hydrolase. Recent reports described increased formation of leukotrienes in macrophages subjected to trained immunity with inflammatory transcriptional reprogramming. Also in macrophages derived from monocytes collected from post-COVID-19 patients. 15-LOX-1 is strongly upregulated in CD206+ M2 cells (M2a), differentiated in presence of IL-4. These macrophages also express 15-LOX-2. In incubations with pathogenic E. coli as well as other stimuli 15(S)-HETE and 17(S)-HDHA were major oxylipins formed. Also, the SPM precursor 5,15-diHETE and the SPM RvD5 were produced in considerable amounts, while other SPMs were less abundant. In M2 macrophages incubated with E. coli or S. aureus the cytosolic 15-LOX-1 enzyme accumulated to punctuate structures in a Ca2+ dependent manner with a relatively slow time course, leading to formation of mediators from endogenous substrate. Chalcones, flavone-like anti-inflammatory natural products, induced translocation of 15-LOX-1 in M2 cells, with high formation of 15-LOX derived oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Radmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Zhang K, Jordan PM, Pace S, Hofstetter RK, Werner M, Chen X, Werz O. Modulation of Inflammation-Related Lipid Mediator Pathways by Celastrol During Human Macrophage Polarization. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3285-3304. [PMID: 35676971 PMCID: PMC9169975 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s356964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Celastrol (CS) is a major active ingredient of the Chinese/Asian herb Tripterygium wilfordii that is frequently used as phytomedicine to treat inflammation and autoimmune diseases. We showed before that short-term exposure to CS (1 µM) favorably impacts the biosynthesis of inflammation-related lipid mediators (LM) in human polarized macrophages by modulating the activities of different lipoxygenases (LOXs). However, whether CS regulates the expression of LOXs and other related LM-biosynthetic enzymes during macrophage polarization is unknown. Here, we investigated how CS affects LM-biosynthetic enzyme expression on the protein level and studied concomitant LM signature profiles during polarization of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) towards M1- and M2-like phenotypes. Methods and Results We used LM metabololipidomics to study the long-term effects of CS on LM profile signatures after manipulation of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) during polarization. Exposure of MDM to low concentrations of CS (ie, 0.2 µM) during polarization to an inflammatory M1 phenotype potently suppressed the formation of pro-inflammatory cyclooxygenase (COX)- and 5-LOX-derived LM, especially prostaglandin (PG)E2. Notably, gene and enzyme expression of COX-2 and microsomal PGE2 synthase (mPGES)-1 as well as M1 markers were strongly decreased by CS during M1-MDM polarization, along with impaired activation of nuclear factor-κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. During IL-4-induced M2 polarization, CS decreased the capacity of the resulting M2-MDM to generate pro-inflammatory COX and 5-LOX products as well but it also reduced the formation of 12/15-LOX products and specialized pro-resolving mediators, without affecting the levels of liberated fatty acid substrates. Conclusion Depending on the timing and concentration, CS not only favorably affects LOX activities in macrophages but also the expression of LM-biosynthetic enzymes during macrophage polarization connected to changes of inflammation-related LM which might be of relevance for potential application of CS to treat inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, D-07743, Germany
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Paul Mike Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - Simona Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - Robert K Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, D-07743, Germany
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, 518000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, D-07743, Germany
- Correspondence: Oliver Werz, Email
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13
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Kretzer C, Jordan PM, Bilancia R, Rossi A, Gür Maz T, Banoglu E, Schubert US, Werz O. Shifting the Biosynthesis of Leukotrienes Toward Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators by the 5-Lipoxygenase-Activating Protein (FLAP) Antagonist BRP-201. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:911-925. [PMID: 35173459 PMCID: PMC8842732 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s345510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Lipid mediators (LM) play crucial roles in the complex inflammation process with respect to initiation, maintenance, and resolution. Proinflammatory leukotrienes (LTs), generated by 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) and the 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP), initiate and maintain inflammation while specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) formed by various LOXs as key enzymes promote inflammation resolution and the return to homeostasis. Since 5-LOX also contributes to SPM biosynthesis, smart pharmacological manipulation of the 5-LOX pathway and accompanied activation of 12-/15-LOXs may accomplish suppression of LT formation but maintain or even elevate SPM formation. Here, we demonstrated that the FLAP antagonist BRP-201 possesses such pharmacological profile and causes a switch from LT toward SPM formation. Methods and Results Comprehensive LM metabololipidomics with activated human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) of M1 or M2 phenotype showed that BRP-201 strongly inhibits LT formation induced by bacterial exotoxins. In parallel, SPM levels and 12/15-LOX-derived products were markedly elevated, in particular in M2-MDM. Intriguingly, in unstimulated MDM, BRP-201 induced formation of 12/15-LOX products including SPM and caused 15-LOX-1 subcellular redistribution without affecting 5-LOX. Experiments with HEK293 cells stably expressing either 5-LOX with or without FLAP, 15-LOX-1 or 15-LOX-2 confirmed suppression of 5-LOX product formation due to FLAP antagonism by BRP-201 but activated 15-LOX-1 in the absence of FLAP. Finally, in zymosan-induced murine peritonitis, BRP-201 (2 mg/kg, ip) lowered LT levels but elevated 12/15-LOX products including SPMs. Conclusion BRP-201 acts as FLAP antagonist but also as 12/15-LOX activator switching formation of pro-inflammatory LTs toward inflammation-resolving SPM, which reflects a beneficial pharmacological profile for intervention in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kretzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Rossella Bilancia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, I-80131, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, I-80131, Italy
| | - Tuğçe Gür Maz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Correspondence: Oliver Werz, Email
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14
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In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Analysis of Tanshinone IIA and Cryptotanshinone from Salvia miltiorrhiza as Modulators of Cyclooxygenase-2/mPGES-1/Endothelial Prostaglandin EP3 Pathway. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010099. [PMID: 35053247 PMCID: PMC8774285 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (TIIA) and cryptotanshinone (CRY) from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge were investigated for their inhibitory activity against the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1)/endothelial prostaglandin 3 (EP3) pathway using in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays. From the analysis of the docking poses, both diterpenoids were able to interact significantly with COX-2, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), and mPGES-1. This evidence was further corroborated by data obtained from a cell-free assay, where CRY displayed a significant inhibitory potency against mPGES-1 (IC50 = 1.9 ± 0.4 µM) and 5-LO (IC50 = 7.1 µM), while TIIA showed no relevant inhibition of these targets. This was consistent with their activity to increase mice bleeding time (CRY: 2.44 ± 0.13 min, p ≤ 0.001; TIIA: 2.07 ± 0.17 min p ≤ 0.01) and with the capability to modulate mouse clot retraction (CRY: 0.048 ± 0.011 g, p ≤ 0.01; TIIA: 0.068 ± 0.009 g, p ≤ 0.05). For the first time, our results show that TIIA and, in particular, CRY are able to interact significantly with the key proteins involved not only in the onset of inflammation but also in platelet activity (and hyper-reactivity). Future preclinical and clinical investigations, together with this evidence, could provide the scientific basis to consider these compounds as an alternative therapeutic approach for thrombotic- and thromboembolic-based diseases.
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15
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Kretzer C, Jordan PM, Meyer KPL, Hoff D, Werner M, Hofstetter RK, Koeberle A, Cala Peralta A, Viault G, Seraphin D, Richomme P, Helesbeux JJ, Stuppner H, Temml V, Schuster D, Werz O. Natural chalcones elicit formation of specialized pro-resolving mediators and related 15-lipoxygenase products in human macrophages. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 195:114825. [PMID: 34762841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) comprise lipid mediators (LMs) produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) via stereoselective oxygenation particularly involving 12/15-lipoxygenases (LOXs). In contrast to pro-inflammatory LMs such as leukotrienes formed by 5-LOX and prostaglandins formed by cyclooxygenases, the SPMs have anti-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving properties. Although glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that block prostaglandin production are still prime therapeutics for inflammation-related diseases despite severe side effects, novel concepts focus on SPMs as immunoresolvents for anti-inflammatory pharmacotherapy. Here, we studied the natural chalcone MF-14 and the corresponding dihydrochalcone MF-15 from Melodorum fruticosum, for modulating the biosynthesis of LM including leukotrienes, prostaglandins, SPM and their 12/15-LOX-derived precursors in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) M1- and M2-like phenotypes. In MDM challenged with Staphylococcus aureus-derived exotoxins both compounds (10 µM) significantly suppressed 5-LOX product formation but increased the biosynthesis of 12/15-LOX products, especially in M2-MDM. Intriguingly, in resting M2-MDM, MF-14 and MF-15 strikingly evoked generation of 12/15-LOX products and of SPMs from liberated PUFAs, along with translocation of 15-LOX-1 to membranous compartments. Enhanced 12/15-LOX product formation by the chalcones was evident also when exogenous PUFAs were supplied, excluding increased substrate supply as sole underlying mechanism. Rather, MF-14 and MF-15 stimulate the activity of 15-LOX-1, supported by experiments with HEK293 cells transfected with either 5-LOX, 15-LOX-1 or 15-LOX-2. Together, the natural chalcone MF-14 and the dihydrochalcone MF-15 favorably modulate LM biosynthesis in human macrophages by suppressing pro-inflammatory leukotrienes but stimulating formation of SPMs by differential interference with 5-LOX and 15-LOX-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kretzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Paul M Jordan
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Katharina P L Meyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoff
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Markus Werner
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Robert Klaus Hofstetter
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany; Michael Popp Institute and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, Jena 07743, Germany.
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16
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Julliard WA, Myo YPA, Perelas A, Jackson PD, Thatcher TH, Sime PJ. Specialized pro-resolving mediators as modulators of immune responses. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101605. [PMID: 35660338 PMCID: PMC9962762 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are endogenous small molecules produced mainly from dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids by both structural cells and cells of the active and innate immune systems. Specialized pro-resolving mediators have been shown to both limit acute inflammation and promote resolution and return to homeostasis following infection or injury. There is growing evidence that chronic immune disorders are characterized by deficiencies in resolution and SPMs have significant potential as novel therapeutics to prevent and treat chronic inflammation and immune system disorders. This review focuses on important breakthroughs in understanding how SPMs are produced by, and act on, cells of the adaptive immune system, specifically macrophages, B cells and T cells. We also highlight recent evidence demonstrating the potential of SPMs as novel therapeutic agents in topics including immunization, autoimmune disease and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walker A Julliard
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Yu Par Aung Myo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Apostolos Perelas
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Peter D. Jackson
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Thomas H. Thatcher
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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17
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Gilbert NC, Newcomer ME, Werz O. Untangling the web of 5-lipoxygenase-derived products from a molecular and structural perspective: The battle between pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114759. [PMID: 34487716 PMCID: PMC8865081 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor to leukotrienes (LT), potent mediators of the inflammatory response. In the 35 + years since cysteinyl-LTs were reported to mediate antigen-induced constriction of bronchi in tissue from asthma patients, numerous cellular responses evoked by the LTs, such as chemoattraction and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation, have been elucidated and revealed a potential for 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) as a promising drug target that goes beyond asthma. We describe herein early work identifying 5-LOX as the key enzyme that initiates LT biosynthesis and the discovery of its membrane-embedded helper protein required to execute the two-step reaction that transforms AA to the progenitor leukotriene A4 (LTA4). 5-LOX must traffic to the nuclear membrane to interact with its partner and undergo a conformational change so that AA can enter the active site. Additionally, the enzyme must retain the hydroperoxy-reaction intermediate for its final transformation to LTA4. Each of these steps provide a unique target for inhibition. Next, we describe the recent structures of GPCRs that recognize metabolites of the 5-LOX pathway and thus provide target alternatives. We also highlight the role of 5-LOX in the biosynthesis of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators (LM), the so-called specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM). The involvement of 5-LOX in the biosynthesis of LM with opposing functions undoubtedly complicates the continuing search for 5-LOX inhibitors as therapeutic leads. Finally, we address the recent discovery of how some allosteric 5-LOX inhibitors promote oxygenation at the 12/15 carbon on AA to generate mediators that resolve, rather than promote, inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel C Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Marcia E Newcomer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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18
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Beneficial Modulation of Lipid Mediator Biosynthesis in Innate Immune Cells by Antirheumatic Tripterygium wilfordii Glycosides. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050746. [PMID: 34067705 PMCID: PMC8155965 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides (TWG) is a traditional Chinese medicine with effectiveness against rheumatoid arthritis (RA), supported by numerous clinical trials. Lipid mediators (LM) are biomolecules produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids mainly by cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX) in complex networks which regulate inflammation and immune responses and are strongly linked to RA. The mechanism by which TWG affects LM networks in RA treatment remains elusive. Employing LM metabololipidomics using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry revealed striking modulation of LM pathways by TWG in human monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) phenotypes. In inflammatory M1-MDM, TWG (30 µg/mL) potently suppressed agonist-induced formation of 5-LOX products which was confirmed in human PMNL and traced back to direct inhibition of 5-LOX (IC50 = 2.9 µg/mL). TWG also efficiently blocked thromboxane formation in M1-MDM without inhibiting other prostanoids and COX enzymes. Importantly, in anti-inflammatory M2-MDM, TWG (30 µg/mL) induced pronounced formation of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPM) and related 12/15-LOX-derived SPM precursors, without COX and 5-LOX activation. During MDM polarization, TWG (1 µg/mL) decreased the capacity to generate pro-inflammatory 5-LOX and COX products, cytokines and markers for M1 phenotypes. Together, suppression of pro-inflammatory LM but SPM induction may contribute to the antirheumatic properties of TWG.
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