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de Jonge MLL, Kieviet LC, Sierts M, Egberink LB, van der Heyden MAG. Review of Case Reports on Adverse Events Related to Pre-workout Supplements Containing Synephrine. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2023; 23:1-9. [PMID: 36639595 PMCID: PMC9859859 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09777-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of pre-workout supplements has become increasingly popular, including the use of supplements containing synephrine. Synephrine might stimulate weight loss and improve sports performance by its proposed adrenergic properties. However, with its increasing popularity, numerous cases of adverse events related to synephrine use have been reported. This study provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of current case reports related to the supplemental use of synephrine. The scientific literature on cases of adverse events related to synephrine intake was collected through August 2021 using Pubmed and Google Scholar and subsequently reviewed and analysed. We obtained 30 case reports describing a total of 35 patients who suffered from medical complaints following use of synephrine-containing supplements. The patients most often presented with chest pain, palpitations, syncope and dizziness. Commonly raised diagnoses were ischaemic heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias and cerebrovascular disease. Five patients were left disabled or remained on medication at last follow-up. We here show an association between the use of pre-workout supplements containing synephrine and adverse events, mainly related to the cardiovascular system. However, we cannot exclude a role of possible confounding factors such as caffeine. Thus, the use of pre-workout supplements containing synephrine may lead to serious adverse health events, and therefore, caution is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L L de Jonge
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L C Kieviet
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Sierts
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L B Egberink
- Honours Program CRU+, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M A G van der Heyden
- Division of Heart & Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Siraj J, Belew S, Suleman S. Ethnobotanical Assessment and Physicochemical Properties of Commonly Used Medicinal Plants in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: Traditional Healers Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:665-681. [PMID: 33376416 PMCID: PMC7762448 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s267903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The demand for traditional herbal medicine is increasing and about 85% of the world population use herbal medicines for the prevention and treatment of diseases. More than 62.5% of the forest areas in Ethiopia are found in the southwest region, which have been used as a source of traditional medicine to treat different human and livestock ailments. The aim of this study was the investigation of the ethnobotanical and physicochemical properties of commonly used medicinal plants in Jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the district of Jimma zone from June 1 to 30, 2017. The ethnobotanical data were collected from traditional healers through semi-structured questionnaires. Specimens collected from various habitats were taken into Jimma University, Herbarium laboratory, dried, and prepared using standard herbarium specimen techniques for identification. Physicochemical analysis was done for selected medicinal plants. Results A total of 72 medicinal plants categorized under 61 genera and 39 families were stated by the respondents for the treatment of different human and livestock ailments. Herbs constitute the largest category (28 species, 38.89%) followed by shrubs (21 species, 29.17%), trees (20 species, 27.78%) and climbers (3 species, 4.17%). Leaves (39.19%) were the most commonly used plant parts followed by roots (27%) and seeds (10.81%). Traditional healers reported processing remedies mainly through crushing (46.91%), powdering (18.52%), pounding (11.11%), and pressing (9.88%). The water-soluble extractive value of the selected medicinal plants were between 1.825 to 18.507%w/w and the alcohol-soluble extractive value were between 0.143 to 1.107%w/w. The moisture content (%LOD) of Barleria argentea Balf. f. was higher than the recommended standard which consisted of 21.063%w/w and followed by high %LOD of Crateva adansonii D.C. Prodr (8.143%w/w) and Euphorbia abbyssinica J.F. Gmel. (16.347%w/w). The highest total ash value was registered in Dioscorea quartiniana A.Rich. species which consisted of 18.563%w/w and followed by Crateva adansonii D.C. Prodr (16.033%w/w) and Barleria argentea Balf. f. (15.648%w/w). High acid-insoluble ash value (7.227%w/w) and water-soluble ash (6.731%w/w) was recorded in Euphorbia abbyssinica J.F. Gmel. Conclusion The study revealed that the water-soluble extractive value of the selected medicinal plants indicates the presence of water-soluble components such as sugar, acids, and inorganic compounds. In the future, these characters can be used to check the genuine nature of the crude drug; thus, it plays an important role in preventing the possible steps of adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafer Siraj
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Sileshi Belew
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ), Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Ribeiro DL, Machado ART, da Silva Machado C, Santos PWDS, Aissa AF, Barcelos GRM, Antunes LMG. Analysis of the cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and pro-oxidant effect of synephrine, a component of thermogenic supplements, in human hepatic cells in vitro. Toxicology 2019; 422:25-34. [PMID: 31004705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thermogenic supplements containing synephrine (SN) are widely used to weight loss. SN is a proto-alkaloid naturally found in the bark of immature fruits of Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) that has been added to thermogenic supplements due to its chemical and pharmacological similarity with adrenergic amines, such as ephedrine and amphetamines. Although orally ingested SN is mainly metabolized in the liver, it remains unclear whether it affects the redox status and genetic material of human hepatic cells. The present study aims to examine whether SN affects cell viability, cell cycle, redox balance, genomic stability, and expression of the DNA damage response (DDR)-related genes ATM, ATR, CHEK1, CHECK2, TP53, and SIRT1 in HepG2 cells - used as in vitro hepatocyte model. SN induced overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 6 h of treatment with the three concentrations tested (2, 20 and 200 μM). After 24 h of treatment, SN at 200 μM induced intracellular ROS overproduction and exerted cytostatic effects, while SN at 20 and 200 μM increased the levels of GPx and GSH. SN was not cytotoxic (2-5000 μM), genotoxic, and mutagenic and did not alter the expression of DDR-related genes (2-200 μM), indicating that the fast/specific SN metabolization and upregulation of antioxidant defense components to detoxify intracellular ROS were sufficient to prevent intracellular damage in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, SN showed no cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic potential at relevant concentrations for thermogenic users in human hepatic cells in vitro, although, it plays pro-oxidative action, and cytostatic effects. Taken together, our results suggest that other investigations about the hazard absence of this thermogenic compound should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Luís Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Rita Thomazela Machado
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla da Silva Machado
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Avenida dos Bandeirantes, 3900, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrick Wellington da Silva Santos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ferro Aissa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Rafael Mazzaron Barcelos
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, 11015-020, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café, s/n°, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Sellami M, Slimeni O, Pokrywka A, Kuvačić G, D Hayes L, Milic M, Padulo J. Herbal medicine for sports: a review. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:14. [PMID: 29568244 PMCID: PMC5856322 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal medicinal products and supplements has increased during last decades. At present, some herbs are used to enhance muscle strength and body mass. Emergent evidence suggests that the health benefits from plants are attributed to their bioactive compounds such as Polyphenols, Terpenoids, and Alkaloids which have several physiological effects on the human body. At times, manufacturers launch numerous products with banned ingredient inside with inappropriate amounts or fake supplement inducing harmful side effect. Unfortunately up to date, there is no guarantee that herbal supplements are safe for anyone to use and it has not helped to clear the confusion surrounding the herbal use in sport field especially. Hence, the purpose of this review is to provide guidance on the efficacy and side effect of most used plants in sport. We have identified plants according to the following categories: Ginseng, alkaloids, and other purported herbal ergogenics such as Tribulus Terrestris, Cordyceps Sinensis. We found that most herbal supplement effects are likely due to activation of the central nervous system via stimulation of catecholamines. Ginseng was used as an endurance performance enhancer, while alkaloids supplementation resulted in improvements in sprint and cycling intense exercises. Despite it is prohibited, small amount of ephedrine was usually used in combination with caffeine to enhance muscle strength in trained individuals. Some other alkaloids such as green tea extracts have been used to improve body mass and composition in athletes. Other herb (i.e. Rhodiola, Astragalus) help relieve muscle and joint pain, but results about their effects on exercise performance are missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory, Sport Performance Optimization, National Center of Medicine and Science in Sports, Tunis, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Biosurveillance of the Environment, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Slimeni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pokrywka
- Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Bowerham Road, Lancaster, UK
| | - Goran Kuvačić
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Bowerham Road, Lancaster, UK
| | - Mirjana Milic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Teslina 6, 21000 Split, Croatia
- University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
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5
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Brown AC. Heart Toxicity Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: Online Table of Case Reports. Part 4 of 5. J Diet Suppl 2017; 15:516-555. [PMID: 28981338 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1356418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this review was to create an online research summary table of heart toxicity case reports related to dietary supplements (DS; includes herbs). METHODS Documented PubMed case reports of DS appearing to contribute to heart-related problems were used to create a "Toxic Table" that summarized the research (1966 to April, 2016, and cross-referencing). Keywords included "herb," "dietary supplement," and cardiac terms. Case reports were excluded if they were herb combinations (some exceptions), Chinese herb mixtures, teas of mixed herb contents, mushrooms, poisonous plants, self-harm (e.g. suicide), excess dose (except vitamins/minerals), drugs or illegal drugs, drug-herbal interactions, and confounders of drugs or diseases. The spectrum of heart toxicities included hypertension, hypotension, hypokalemia, bradycardia, tachycardia, arrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, heart attack, cardiac arrest, heart failure, and death. RESULTS Heart related problems were associated with approximately seven herbs: Four traditional Chinese medicine herbs - Don quai (Angelica sinensis), Jin bu huan (Lycopodium serratum), Thundergod vine or lei gong teng (Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F), and Ting kung teng (Erycibe henryi prain); one an Ayruvedic herb - Aswagandha, (Withania somnifera); and two North American herbs - blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), and Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe). Aconitum and Ephedra species are no longer sold in the United States. The DS included, but are not limited to five DS - bitter orange, caffeine, certain energy drinks, nitric oxide products, and a calming product. Six additional DS are no longer sold. Licorice was the food related to heart problems. CONCLUSION The online "Toxic Table" forewarns clinicians, consumers and the DS industry by listing DS with case reports related to heart toxicity. It may also contribute to Phase IV post marketing surveillance to diminish adverse events that Government officials use to regulate DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Brown
- a Complementary and Alternative Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI , USA
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Stohs SJ. Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanistic Studies Regarding Citrus aurantium (Bitter Orange) Extract and p-Synephrine. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1463-1474. [PMID: 28752649 PMCID: PMC5655712 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrus aurantium L. (bitter orange) extracts that contain p-synephrine as the primary protoalkaloid are widely used for weight loss/weight management, sports performance, appetite control, energy, and mental focus and cognition. Questions have been raised about the safety of p-synephrine because it has some structural similarity to ephedrine. This review focuses on current human, animal, in vitro, and mechanistic studies that address the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of action of bitter orange extracts and p-synephrine. Numerous studies have been conducted with respect to p-synephrine and bitter orange extract because ephedra and ephedrine were banned from use in dietary supplements in 2004. Approximately 30 human studies indicate that p-synephrine and bitter orange extracts do not result in cardiovascular effects and do not act as stimulants at commonly used doses. Mechanistic studies suggest that p-synephrine exerts its effects through multiple actions, which are discussed. Because p-synephrine exhibits greater adrenergic receptor binding in rodents than humans, data from animals cannot be directly extrapolated to humans. This review, as well as several other assessments published in recent years, has concluded that bitter orange extract and p-synephrine are safe for use in dietary supplements and foods at the commonly used doses. Copyright © 2017 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney J. Stohs
- Creighton University Medical CenterKitsto Consulting LLCFriscoTXUSA
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7
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Bakhiya N, Ziegenhagen R, Hirsch-Ernst KI, Dusemund B, Richter K, Schultrich K, Pevny S, Schäfer B, Lampen A. Phytochemical compounds in sport nutrition: Synephrine and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as examples for evaluation of possible health risks. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya Bakhiya
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Rainer Ziegenhagen
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Karen I. Hirsch-Ernst
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Birgit Dusemund
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Katharina Schultrich
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Sophie Pevny
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department of Food Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR); Berlin Germany
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8
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Gesundheitliche Risiken von Synephrin in Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2017; 60:323-331. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-016-2506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Schmitt GC, Arbo MD, Lorensi AL, Jacques ALB, Nascimento SND, Mariotti KDC, Garcia SC, Dallegrave E, Leal MB, Limberger RP. Gender differences in biochemical markers and oxidative stress of rats after 28 days oral exposure to a mixture used for weight loss containing p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502016000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The association of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine in dietary supplements and weight loss products is very common worldwide, even though ephedrine has been prohibited in many countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate a 28-day oral exposure toxicity profile of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine mixture (10:4:6:80 w/w respectively) in male and female Wistar rats. Body weight and signs of toxicity, morbidity, and mortality were observed daily. After 28 days, animals were euthanized and blood collected for hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress evaluation. No clinical signs of toxicity, significant weight loss or deaths occurred, nor were there any significant alterations in hematological parameters. Biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers showed lipid peroxidation, and hepatic and renal damage (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in male rats (100 and 150 mg/kg) and a reduction (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in glutathione (GSH) levels in all male groups. Female groups displayed no indications of oxidative stress or biochemical alterations. The different toxicity profile displayed by male and female rats suggests a hormonal influence on mixture effects. Results demonstrated that the tested mixture can alter oxidative status and promote renal and hepatic damages.
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Krewinkel A, Sünkler S, Lewandowski D, Finck N, Tolg B, Kroh LW, Schreiber GA, Fritsche J. Concept for automated computer-aided identification and evaluation of potentially non-compliant food products traded via electronic commerce. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yuliana ND, Korthout H, Wijaya CH, Kim HK, Verpoorte R. Plant-derived food ingredients for stimulation of energy expenditure. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:373-88. [PMID: 24188308 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.586739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of obesity is related to the regulation of energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy storage in the body. Increasing energy expenditure by inducing lipolysis followed by fat oxidation is one of the alternatives which could help to reverse this increasingly widespread condition. Currently, there is no approved drug targeting on stimulation of energy expenditure available. The use of herbal medicines has become a preferred alternative, supported by the classical consensus on the innocuity of herbal medicine vs synthetic drugs, something that often lacks a scientific basis (ban on Ephedra, for example). The inclusion of functional food in the daily diet has also been promoted although its efficacy requires further investigation. This review summarizes the results of recent work focused on the investigation of edible plant materials targeted at various important pathways related to stimulation of energy expenditure. The aim is to evaluate a number of plants that may be of interest for further studies because of their potential to provide novel lead compounds or functional foods which may be used to combat obesity, but require further studies to evaluate their antiobesity activity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Dewi Yuliana
- a Department of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics , Leiden University , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC , Leiden , The Netherlands
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Investigating herb–drug interactions: The effect of Citrus aurantium fruit extract on the pharmacokinetics of amiodarone in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:153-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Verpeut JL, Walters AL, Bello NT. Citrus aurantium and Rhodiola rosea in combination reduce visceral white adipose tissue and increase hypothalamic norepinephrine in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res 2013; 33:503-12. [PMID: 23746567 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Extracts from the immature fruit of Citrus aurantium are often used for weight loss but are reported to produce adverse cardiovascular effects. Root extracts of Rhodiola rosea have notable antistress properties. The hypothesis of these studies was that C aurantium (6% synephrine) and R rosea (3% rosavins, 1% salidroside) in combination would improve diet-induced obesity alterations in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. In normal-weight animals fed standard chow, acute administration of C aurantium (1-10 mg/kg) or R rosea (2-20 mg/kg) alone did not reduce deprivation-induced food intake, but C aurantium (5.6 mg/kg) + R rosea (20 mg/kg) produced a 10.5% feeding suppression. Animals maintained (13 weeks) on a high-fat diet (60% fat) were exposed to 10-day treatments of C aurantium (5.6 mg/kg) or R rosea (20 mg/kg) alone or in combination. Additional groups received vehicle (2% ethanol) or were pair fed to the C aurantium + R rosea group. Although high-fat diet intake and weight loss were not influenced, C aurantium + R rosea had a 30% decrease in visceral fat weight compared with the other treatments. Only the C aurantium group had an increased heart rate (+7%) compared with vehicle. In addition, C aurantium + R rosea administration resulted in an elevation (+15%) in hypothalamic norepinephrine and an elevation (+150%) in frontal cortex dopamine compared with the pair-fed group. These initial findings suggest that treatments of C aurantium + R rosea have actions on central monoamine pathways and have the potential to be beneficial for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Verpeut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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15
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Physiological effects following administration of Citrus aurantium for 28days in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 261:236-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Akhlaghi M, Shabanian G, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Parvin N, Saadat M, Akhlaghi M. Citrus aurantium blossom and preoperative anxiety. Rev Bras Anestesiol 2012; 61:702-12. [PMID: 22063371 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-7094(11)70079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Reducing anxiety is very important before operation. Preoperative visit and use of premedication are popular methods to achieve this goal, but the role of anxiolytic premedication remains unclear and postoperative side-effects may result from routine premedication. Citrus aurantium is used as an alternative medicine in some countries to treat anxiety, and recently the anxiolytic role of this medicinal plant was established in an animal model study. The aim of this study was to assess the anxiolytic effect of Citrus aurantium blossomon preoperative anxiety. METHODS We studied 60 ASA I patients undergoing minor operation. In a randomized double-blind design, two groups of 30 patients received one of the following oral premedication two hours before induction of anesthesia: 1) Citrus aurantium blossom distillate 1mL.kg(-1) (C-group); 2) Saline solution 1mL.kg(-1) as placebo (P-group). Anxiety was measured before and after premedication using the Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI-state) and the Amsterdam preoperative anxiety and information scale (APAIS) before operation. RESULTS After premedication, both the STAI-state and the APAIS scales were decreased in C-group (p<0.05); while exhibiting no significant changes in P-group. CONCLUSIONS Citrus aurantium blossom may be effective in terms of reduction in preoperative anxiety before minor operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Akhlaghi
- Anesthesiology Department, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Schmitt GC, Arbo MD, Lorensi AL, Maciel ES, Krahn CL, Mariotti KC, Dallegrave E, Leal MB, Limberger RP. Toxicological effects of a mixture used in weight loss products: p-synephrine associated with ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine. Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:184-91. [PMID: 22408069 DOI: 10.1177/1091581811435708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
p-Synephrine is an adrenergic amine found in Citrus aurantium L. fruits and has been used for weight loss in dietary supplements. There are commercial products containing this substance associated to caffeine, salicin, and ephedrine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of this mixture in mice of both sexes. The significative results observed after acute oral administration to male and female mice of 300, 350, and 400 mg/kg total of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, plus caffeine in a 10:4:6:80 w/w ratio included a reduction in locomotor activity and ptosis in all treated groups for both sexes. Seizures were also observed in male (400 mg/kg) and female groups (350 and 400 mg/kg). Gasping and tearing were observed in males. Salivation (400 mg/kg), agitation (350 and 400 mg/kg), and piloerection (all treated groups) were significantly observed only in females. Deaths occurred in males at 350 and 400 mg/kg treated groups and the necropsy showed cardiopulmonary hemorrhage. A reduction in locomotor activity was confirmed through the spontaneous locomotor activity test, in which the number of crossings considerably decreased (P < .01) in all treated groups. The rotarod test showed a decrease in motor coordination at 400 mg/kg. Body temperature decreased significantly (P < .01) in all treated groups compared to controls. The results suggested clear signs of toxicity of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine association; this toxicity augments the attentiveness on commercial products containing this mixture, given the expressive number of adverse events related to its utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Schmitt
- Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Zhao J, Wang Q, Xu J, Zhao J, Liu G, Peng S. Cyclovirobuxine D inhibits the currents of HERG potassium channels stably expressed in HEK293 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 660:259-67. [PMID: 21497594 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclovirobuxine D (CVB-D) has been widely used for treatment of cardiac insufficiency and arrhythmias in China. The antiarrhythmic and proarrhythmic potential of this drug might be concerned with prolongation of action potential duration and QT interval. Human-ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) has an important role in the repolarization of the cardiac action potential. This study investigated for the first time the effect of CVB-D on HERG channels stably expressed in HEK293 cells using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. CVB-D inhibited HERG current (IHERG) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 19.7 μM. IHERG blockade required channel activation and was time-dependent, suggesting an open channel block. Moreover, IHERG inhibition by CVB-D was relieved by depolarization to a highly positive membrane potential (+80 mV) that favored HERG channel inactivation. These findings suggested that CVB-D inhibit HERG channels in the open states. CVB-D had no effect on HERG current kinetics. Thus, we conclude that CVB-D inhibits HERG encoded potassium channels and this action might be a molecular mechanism for the previously reported APD prolongation and QT interval prolongation with this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Evaluation and Research Centre for Toxicology, Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, 20 Dongdajie Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
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Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Natural products in anti-obesity therapy. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1493-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Arbo MD, Braun P, Leal MB, Larentis ER, Aboy AL, Bulcão RP, Garcia SC, Limberger RP. Presence of p-synephrine in teas commercialized in Porto Alegre (RS/Brazil). BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502009000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) is characterized by the presence of p-synephrine, an amine structurally and pharmacologically related to ephedrine. Besides the same adverse effects as ephedrine, nowadays it is believed that altered levels of p-synephrine can be associated to the occurrence of migraine and cluster headaches. Leaves and fruits of this species are highly commercialized in form of teas and herbal preparations, but without taking into account the risks associated with its use. This work describes a survey of teas and herbal preparations containing C. aurantium, commercialized in Porto Alegre (RS/Brazil), in order to verify the presence of p-synephrine. Comparing with the mean amount available in the supermarkets, around 20% of the teas and 10% of the herbal preparations declared the presence of C. aurantium in their labels. In a sampling of 15 teas and 2 herbal preparations selected for the analysis, the presence of p-synephrine was characterized in all samples, with levels between 0.0040 to 0.2308%, leading to a caution that even being natural products, they are not free of adverse effects.
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Nazeri A, Massumi A, Wilson JM, Frank CM, Bensler M, Cheng J, Saeed M, Rasekh A, Razavi M. Arrhythmogenicity of weight-loss supplements marketed on the Internet. Heart Rhythm 2009; 6:658-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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22
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Arbo MD, Schmitt GC, Limberger MF, Charão MF, Moro AM, Ribeiro GL, Dallegrave E, Garcia SC, Leal MB, Limberger RP. Subchronic toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) extract and p-synephrine in mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:114-7. [PMID: 19275924 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Extracts of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) unripe fruits have gained popularity for the treatment of obesity. Due to the wide use of C. aurantium/p-synephrine-containing products, this research was undertaken to evaluate its subchronic toxicity in mice and their actions in oxidative stress biomarkers. Groups of 9-10 mice received for 28 consecutive days a commercial C. aurantium dried extract (containing 7.5% p-synephrine) 400, 2000 or 4000 mg/kg and p-synephrine 30 or 300 mg/kg by oral gavage. There was a reduction in body weight gain of animals treated with both doses of p-synephrine. Organs relative weight, biochemical and hematological parameters were not altered in all treated mice. There was an increase in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration in groups treated with C. aurantium 4000 mg/kg and p-synephrine 30 and 300 mg/kg. In glutathione peroxidase (GPx), there were an inhibition of the activity in C. aurantium 400 and 2000 mg/kg and p-synephrine 30 and 300 mg/kg treated animals, respectively, and was no alteration in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Thus, the results indicate a low subchronic toxicity of the tested materials in mice and a possible alteration in the oxidative metabolism. However, further tests are required to better elucidate the effects of these compounds in the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Dutra Arbo
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas Toxicológicas, Departamento de Análises, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752/605, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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Francis PS, Brown AJ, Bellomarino SA, Taylor AM, Slezak T, Barnett NW. Selectivity and potential interference from phenolic compounds in chemiluminescence methods for the determination of synephrine. LUMINESCENCE 2009; 24:90-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Sarker SD, Habibi B, Sharifi T, Asnaashari S, Nahar L, Delazar A. Effect of Citrus aurantium var amara on weight change in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3742/opem.2008.8.3.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Arbo MD, Larentis ER, Linck VM, Aboy AL, Pimentel AL, Henriques AT, Dallegrave E, Garcia SC, Leal MB, Limberger RP. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:2770-5. [PMID: 18571300 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplements containing bitter orange unripe fruit extract/p-synephrine are consumed worldwide for lose weight. This study were conducted to determine the concentration of p-synephrine in unripe fruits and leaves from Citrus aurantium Lin, C. sinensis Osbeck, C. deliciosa Ten, C. limon Burm and C. limonia Osbeck, collected in Southern Brazil, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of C. aurantium extract and p-synephrine. A high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was optimized and validated for determination of p-synephrine. The results indicate that all of analyzed samples present p-synephrine in amounts that range from 0.012% to 0.099% in the unripe fruits and 0.029 to 0.438% in the leaves. Acute oral administration of C. aurantium extracts (2.5% p-synephrine, 300-5,000 mg/kg) in mice produced reduction of locomotor activity, p-synephrine (150-2,000 mg/kg) produced piloerection, gasping, salivation, exophtalmia and reduction in locomotor activity, which was confirmed in spontaneous locomotor activity test. All the effects were reversible and persisted for 3-4h. The toxic effects observed seem to be related with adrenergic stimulation and should alert for possible side effects of p-synephrine and C. aurantium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Arbo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 2752, Cep: 90610-000, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Sharpe PA, Granner ML, Conway JM, Ainsworth BE, Dobre M. Availability of weight-loss supplements: Results of an audit of retail outlets in a southeastern city. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 106:2045-51. [PMID: 17126636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The sale of nonprescription weight-loss products accounts for millions of dollars spent by Americans trying to lose weight, yet there is little evidence for effectiveness and there are multiple safety concerns. The purpose of this study was to determine what products, and ingredients within products, were available at retail outlets in a metropolitan area. A purposive sampling strategy identified 73 retail outlets. An audit form was used to collect information from product labels. The audit identified 402 products containing 4,053 separate ingredients. The mean number of ingredients per product was 9.9+/-8.96 (range = 1 to 96). A database search was conducted regarding evidence for effectiveness, safety precautions, and side effects for the 10 ingredients that appeared most often across products. Modest evidence of effectiveness exists for green tea (Camellia sinensis), chromium picolinate, and ma huang (Ephedra major). For the remaining seven (ginger root [Zingiber officinale], guarana [Paullinia cupana], hydroxycitric acid [Garcinia cambogia], white willow [Salix alba], Siberian ginseng [Eleutherococcus senticosus], cayenne [Capsicum annuum], and bitter orange/zhi shi [Citrus aurantium]), inadequate or negative evidence exists. Although precautions and contraindications were found for all 10 ingredients, the strongest concerns in the literature appear for ma huang, bitter orange, and guarana. Our audit revealed numerous weight-loss products available to consumers, yet there is little evidence to support the effectiveness of the top 10 ingredients identified and many potential adverse reactions; therefore, food and nutrition professionals should discuss dietary supplement use with their clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Sharpe
- Prevention Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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