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Cheng MJ, Wu YY, Zeng H, Zhang TH, Hu YX, Liu SY, Cui RQ, Hu CX, Zou QM, Li CC, Ye WC, Huang W, Wang L. Asymmetric total synthesis of polycyclic xanthenes and discovery of a WalK activator active against MRSA. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5879. [PMID: 38997253 PMCID: PMC11245619 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new antibiotics continues to pose challenges, particularly considering the growing threat of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Structurally diverse natural products provide a promising source of antibiotics. Herein, we outline a concise approach for the collective asymmetric total synthesis of polycyclic xanthene myrtucommulone D and five related congeners. The strategy involves rapid assembly of the challenging benzopyrano[2,3-a]xanthene core, highly diastereoselective establishment of three contiguous stereocenters through a retro-hemiketalization/double Michael cascade reaction, and a Mitsunobu-mediated chiral resolution approach with high optical purity and broad substrate scope. Quantum mechanical calculations provide insight into stereoselective construction mechanism of the three contiguous stereocenters. Additionally, this work leads to the discovery of an antibacterial agent against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant S. aureus. This compound operates through a unique mechanism that promotes bacterial autolysis by activating the two-component sensory histidine kinase WalK. Our research holds potential for future antibacterial drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Yi Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qin Cui
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Xia Hu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Ming Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Immunological Products, Department of Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P. R. China.
| | - Chuang-Chuang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, 518020, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.
- Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China.
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Yu X, Ma Z, Liu S, Duan Z. Analysis of the Rhodomyrtus tomentosa mitochondrial genome: Insights into repeat-mediated recombination and intra-cellular DNA transfer. Gene 2024; 909:148288. [PMID: 38367854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Plant mitochondrial genomes participate in encoding proteins crucial to the major producers of ATP in the cell and replication and heredity of their own DNA. The sequences and structure of the plant mitochondrial genomes profoundly impact these fundamental processes, and studies of plant mitochondrial genomes are needed. We reported the complete sequences of the Rhodomyrtus tomentosa mitochondrial genome here, totaling 400,482 bp. Nanopore ONT reads and PCR amplification provided evidence for recombination mediated by the eight repeat pairs for the R. tomentosa mitochondrial genome. Thirty-eight genes were identified in the R. tomentosa mitochondrial genome. Comparative analyses of the mitochondrial genome and plastome and PCR amplification suggest that five fragments of mitochondrial plastid DNA were unfunctional sequences resulting from intracellular gene transfer. Phylogenetic analysis based on each and all of the 27 mitochondrial protein-coding genes of nine Myrtales species revealed that R. tomentosa always clustered with other species of Myrtaceae. This study uncovered the enormous complexity of the R. tomentosa mitochondrial genome, the active repeat-mediated recombinations, the presence of mitochondrial plastid DNAs, and the topological incongruence of Myrtales among the single-gene trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Yu
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhengbing Ma
- Forestry Technology Extension Station of Huiyang, Huizhou 516211, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shu Liu
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhonggang Duan
- School of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, Guangdong, China.
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Suwandecha T, Yingyongnarongkul BE, Towtawin K, Voravuthikunchai SP, Sriwiriyajan S. A Novel Antibiotic, Rhodomyrtone: Pharmacokinetic Studies in a Murine Model and Optimization and Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Plasma Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:156. [PMID: 38391542 PMCID: PMC10885983 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtone has indisputable and undeniable potential as a new antibiotic for antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics profiles of orally administered rhodomyrtone in rats. A reverse-phase HPLC-UV method was developed, optimized and validated for the analysis of rhodomyrtone concentrations in rat plasma. The retention time of papaverine and rhodomyrtone was 3.928 and 5.937 min, with no interference with the excipients used. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of rhodomyrtone in the plasma sample was 0.04 μg/mL, the accuracy of rhodomyrtone at the LLOQ level ranged from 93.64 to 106.36%, precision was 6.59%, 80-120% for accuracy and <20% CV for precision. The calibration curve was linear at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 128 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient (r) value of equal to or greater than 0.999. Sprague Dawley rats received a single dose of rhodomyrtone at 50 and 100 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected from tail veins. The peak plasma concentration was observed at 2 h, and the area under the curve of rhodomyrtone at 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg was 3.41 ± 1.04 and 7.82 ± 1.53 μg·h/mL, respectively. The results demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics characteristics at the studied dosage range. The plasma concentration of rhodomyrtone was above the minimal inhibition concentrations of several common pathogenic bacteria of medical importance. The proposed HPLC-UV method is fast, cost-effective, reliable and reproducible, and it is proposed for the routine analysis of rhodomyrtone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Suwandecha
- School of Pharmacy and Drug and Cosmetic Excellence Center, Walailak University, Thaiburi, Thasala District, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Boon-Ek Yingyongnarongkul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok 10240, Thailand
| | - Kanokkan Towtawin
- Division of Health and Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sriwiriyajan
- Division of Health and Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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4
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Nakkaew A, Masjon T, Voravuthikunchai SP. Genomic and Transcriptional Profiling Analysis and Insights into Rhodomyrtone Yield in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3156. [PMID: 37687402 PMCID: PMC10490526 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a source of a novel antibiotic, rhodomyrtone. Because of the increasing industrial demand for this compound, germplasm with a high rhodomyrtone content is the key to sustainable future cultivation. In this study, rhodomyrtone genotypes were verified using the plastid genomic region marker matK and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer ITS. These two DNA barcodes proved to be useful tools for identifying different rhodomyrtone contents via the SNP haplotypes C569T and A561G, respectively. The results were correlated with rhodomyrtone content determined via HPLC. Subsequently, R. tomentosa samples with high- and low-rhodomyrtone genotypes were collected for de novo transcriptome and gene expression analyses. A total of 83,402 unigenes were classified into 25 KOG classifications, and 74,102 annotated unigenes were obtained. Analysis of differential gene expression between samples or groups using DESeq2 revealed highly expressed levels related to rhodomyrtone content in two genotypes. semiquantitative RT-PCR further revealed that the high rhodomyrtone content in these two genotypes correlated with expression of zinc transporter protein (RtZnT). In addition, we found that expression of RtZnT resulted in increased sensitivity of R. tomentosa under ZnSO4 stress. The findings provide useful information for selection of cultivation sites to achieve high rhodomyrtone yields in R. tomentosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Nakkaew
- Center for Genomic and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand;
- Division of Biological Science, Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thipphanet Masjon
- Center for Genomic and Bioinformatics Research, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand;
- Division of Biological Science, Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Songkhla, Thailand;
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Holkar SK, Ghotgalkar PS, Lodha TD, Bhanbhane VC, Shewale SA, Markad H, Shabeer ATP, Saha S. Biocontrol potential of endophytic fungi originated from grapevine leaves for management of anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:258. [PMID: 37405269 PMCID: PMC10314888 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 51 fungal endophytes (FEs) were isolated, purified and identified from the healthy leaf segments of ten grapevine varieties based on the spore and colony morphologies and ITS sequence information. The FEs belonged to the Ascomycota division comprising eight genera viz., Alternaria, Aspergillus, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Daldinia, Exserohilum, Fusarium and Nigrospora. The in vitro direct confrontation assay against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides revealed that six isolates viz., VR8 (70%), SB2 (83.15%), CS2 (88.42%), MN3 (88.42%), MS5 (78.94%) and MS15 (78.94%) inhibited the mycelial growth of test pathogen. The remaining 45 fungal isolates showed 20-59.9% growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides. Indirect confrontation assay manifested that the isolates MN1 and MN4a showed 79.09% and 78.18% growth inhibition of C. gloeosporioides followed by MM4 (73.63%) and S5 (71.81%) isolates. Isolate S5 and MM4 were found to produce azulene and 1,3-Cyclopentanedione, 4,4-dimethyl as antimicrobial volatile organic compounds, respectively. The 38 FEs showed PCR amplification using internal transcribed spacer universal primers. The BLAST search revealed highest similarity with the existing sequences in the database. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the occurrence of seven distinct clusters each corresponding to single genus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03675-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath K. Holkar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Prabhavati S. Ghotgalkar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Tushar D. Lodha
- National Centre of Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra 411 007 India
| | - Vrushali C. Bhanbhane
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Shraddha A. Shewale
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
- Present Address: Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra 413 705 India
| | - Harshvardhan Markad
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - A. T. P. Shabeer
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
| | - Sujoy Saha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, Maharashtra 412307 India
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Vieira SF, Araújo J, Gonçalves VMF, Fernandes C, Pinto M, Ferreira H, Neves NM, Tiritan ME. Synthesis and Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of a Library of Chiral Derivatives of Xanthones Conjugated with Proteinogenic Amino Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10357. [PMID: 37373503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the relationship between drug chirality and biological activity has been assuming enormous importance in medicinal chemistry. Particularly, chiral derivatives of xanthones (CDXs) have interesting biological activities, including enantioselective anti-inflammatory activity. Herein, the synthesis of a library of CDXs is described, by coupling a carboxyxanthone (1) with both enantiomers of proteinogenic amino esters as chiral building blocks (2-31), following the chiral pool strategy. The coupling reactions were performed at room temperature with good yields (from 44 to 99.9%) and very high enantiomeric purity, with most of them presenting an enantiomeric ratio close to 100%. To afford the respective amino acid derivatives (32-61), the ester group of the CDXs was hydrolyzed in mild alkaline conditions. Consequently, in this work, sixty new derivatives of CDXs were synthetized. The cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity in the presence of M1 macrophages were studied for forty-four of the new synthesized CDXs. A significant decrease in the levels of a proinflammatory cytokine targeted in the treatment of several inflammatory diseases, namely interleukin 6 (IL-6), was achieved in the presence of many CDXs. The amino ester of L-tyrosine (X1AELT) was the most effective in reducing IL-6 production (52.2 ± 13.2%) by LPS-stimulated macrophages. Moreover, it was ≈1.2 times better than the D-enantiomer. Indeed, enantioselectivity was observed for the majority of the tested compounds. Thus, their evaluation as promising anti-inflammatory drugs should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara F Vieira
- 3B's Research Group, I3BS-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana Araújo
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Virgínia M F Gonçalves
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UNIPRO-Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B's Research Group, I3BS-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- 3B's Research Group, I3BS-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Elizabeth Tiritan
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- UNIPRO-Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS), CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Detcharoen M, Bumrungsri S, Voravuthikunchai SP. Complete Genome of Rose Myrtle, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, and Its Population Genetics in Thai Peninsula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1582. [PMID: 37111806 PMCID: PMC10144328 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Several parts of rose myrtle, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, exhibited profound antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities, suggesting its potential in healthcare and cosmetics applications. During the past few years, the demand for biologically active compounds in the industrial sectors increased. Therefore, gathering comprehensive information on all aspects of this plant species is essential. Here, the genome sequencing using short and long reads was used to understand the genome biology of R. tomentosa. Inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers, and geometric morphometrics of the leaves of R. tomentosa collected across Thai Peninsula, were determined for population differentiation analysis. The genome size of R. tomentosa was 442 Mb, and the divergence time between R. tomentosa and Rhodamnia argentea, the white myrtle of eastern Australia, was around 15 million years. No population structure was observed between R. tomentosa on the eastern and western sides of the Thai Peninsula using the ISSR and SSR markers. However, significant differences in leaf size and shape of R. tomentosa were observed in all locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matsapume Detcharoen
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Center of Antimicrobial Biomaterial Innovation-Southeast Asia, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
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Guzzo F, Durán AG, Sanna C, Marasco R, Molfetta N, Buommino E, Fiorentino A, D’Abrosca B. Gallomyrtucommulones G and H, New Phloroglucinol Glycosides, from Bioactive Fractions of Myrtus communis against Staphylococcus Species. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27207109. [PMID: 36296701 PMCID: PMC9612225 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Myrtaceae family is a continuous source of antimicrobial agents. In the search for novel antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus species, bioactive fractions of Myrtus communis L., growing in the Sardinia island (Italy) have been investigated. Their phytochemical analysis led us to isolate and characterize four alkylphloroglucinol glycosides (1–4), three of them gallomyrtucommulones G–H (1,2), and myrtucommulonoside (4) isolated and characterized for the first time. The structures of the new and known compounds, endopreroxide G3 (5), myricetin-3-O-glycosides (6,7) were determined based on the spectroscopic evidence including 1D-/2D-NMR and HR-MS spectrometry. Enriched fractions as well as pure compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity by broth micro-dilution assay against Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus. Results reported herein demonstrated that gallomyrtucommulone G (1) showed a selective antimicrobial activity against both S. aureus strains (ATCC 29213 and 43300) until 16 μg/mL while gallomyrtucommulone D (3) showed the best growth inhibition value at 64 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Guzzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche–DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alexandra G. Durán
- Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Biomolecules (INBIO), School of Science, University of Cadiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional (ceiA3), C/ República Saharaui n° 7, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Cinzia Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Via Sant’Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Rosangela Marasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche–DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicola Molfetta
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Buommino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (B.D.)
| | - Antonio Fiorentino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche–DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Brigida D’Abrosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche–DiSTABiF, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (B.D.)
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Reactions of Enaminones with p‐Quinone Methides: Access to 4H‐Chromene and 4H‐Chromen‐4‐one Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Coconut endocarp shell ash (CESA): a versatile and waste-originated catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrans and 1, 4-dihydropyridines. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-022-04770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Chen J, Zhang H, Wang S, Du Y, Wei B, Wu Q, Wang H. Inhibitors of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835058. [PMID: 35283837 PMCID: PMC8905621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain numerous active substances. EVs mediate bacterial interactions with their hosts or other microbes. Bacterial EVs play a double-edged role in infections through various mechanisms, including the delivery of virulence factors, modulating immune responses, mediating antibiotic resistance, and inhibiting competitive microbes. The spread of antibiotic resistance continues to represent a difficult clinical challenge. Therefore, the investigation of novel therapeutics is a valuable research endeavor for targeting antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. As a pathogenic substance of bacteria, bacterial EVs have gained increased attention. Thus, EV inhibitors are expected to function as novel antimicrobial agents. The inhibition of EV production, EV activity, and EV-stimulated inflammation are considered potential pathways. This review primarily introduces compounds that effectively inhibit bacterial EVs and evaluates the prospects of their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hongfang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yujie Du
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources Exploitment and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Bacterial biofilms and their resistance mechanisms: a brief look at treatment with natural agents. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:535-554. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Yadav R, Darakshan, Bhaumick P, Choudhury LH, Parvin T. Synthesis of Pentacyclic Pyran Fused Pyrazolo Benzo[
h
]quinolines by Multicomponent Reaction and Their Photophysical Studies. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Yadav
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Patna Ashok Rajpath Patna 800 005 India
| | - Darakshan
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Patna Ashok Rajpath Patna 800 005 India
| | - Prabhas Bhaumick
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Patna Bihta Patna 801106 India
| | - Lokman H. Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Patna Bihta Patna 801106 India
| | - Tasneem Parvin
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Patna Ashok Rajpath Patna 800 005 India
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Kyndiah L, Sarkar FK, Gupta A, Pal AK. Efficient metal-free green syntheses of 4 H-chromenes and 3-amino alkylated indoles using a reusable graphite oxide carbocatalyst under aqueous and solvent-free reaction conditions. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00756h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphite oxide was employed as a reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 4H-chromenes and 3-amino alkylated indoles in aqueous and solvent-free reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenida Kyndiah
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Fillip Kumar Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Amarta Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Studies, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong-793022, Meghalaya, India
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15
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Mo QH, Yan MQ, Zhou XL, Luo Q, Huang XS, Liang CQ. Phloroglucinol derivatives rhotomensones A-G from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112890. [PMID: 34388480 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Undescribed phloroglucinol derivatives, rhotomensones A-G, and a known derivative rhodomyrtosone B, were isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. Rhotomensones A-D and G have unreported structural characteristics, in which rhotomensone A substitutes a benzene ring, rhotomensones B-D are bonded with a 2-methylbutanoyl group, and rhotomensone G has two fewer carbons. The structures of these compounds were determined by NMR spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase of rhotomensones E and F were evaluated in vitro, with IC50 values of 0.50 ± 0.14 mg/mL and 0.07 ± 0.02 mg/mL. Moreover, rhodomyrtosone B showed significant antibacterial activity against some bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 0.50 to 16.00 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hu Mo
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China.
| | - Qin Luo
- Science Experiment Center, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China
| | - Xi-Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Qin Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, PR China.
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Rhodomyrtone Accumulates in Bacterial Cell Wall and Cell Membrane and Inhibits the Synthesis of Multiple Cellular Macromolecules in Epidemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050543. [PMID: 34067029 PMCID: PMC8150934 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the burden of antibacterial resistance worsens and treatment options become narrower, rhodomyrtone—a novel natural antibiotic agent with a new antibacterial mechanism—could replace existing antibiotics for the treatment of infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, rhodomyrtone was detected within the cell by means of an easy an inexpensive method. The antibacterial effects of rhodomyrtone were investigated on epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated the entrapment and accumulation of rhodomyrtone within the bacterial cell wall and cell membrane. The incorporation of radiolabelled precursors revealed that rhodomyrtone inhibited the synthesis of macromolecules including DNA, RNA, proteins, the cell wall, and lipids. Following the treatment with rhodomyrtone at MIC (0.5–1 µg/mL), the synthesis of all macromolecules was significantly inhibited (p ≤ 0.05) after 4 h. Inhibition of macromolecule synthesis was demonstrated after 30 min at a higher concentration of rhodomyrtone (4× MIC), comparable to standard inhibitor compounds. In contrast, rhodomyrtone did not affect lipase activity in staphylococci—both epidemic methicillin-resistant S. aureus and S. aureus ATCC 29213. Interfering with the synthesis of multiple macromolecules is thought to be one of the antibacterial mechanisms of rhodomyrtone.
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Porras G, Chassagne F, Lyles JT, Marquez L, Dettweiler M, Salam AM, Samarakoon T, Shabih S, Farrokhi DR, Quave CL. Ethnobotany and the Role of Plant Natural Products in Antibiotic Drug Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3495-3560. [PMID: 33164487 PMCID: PMC8183567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The crisis of antibiotic resistance necessitates creative and innovative approaches, from chemical identification and analysis to the assessment of bioactivity. Plant natural products (NPs) represent a promising source of antibacterial lead compounds that could help fill the drug discovery pipeline in response to the growing antibiotic resistance crisis. The major strength of plant NPs lies in their rich and unique chemodiversity, their worldwide distribution and ease of access, their various antibacterial modes of action, and the proven clinical effectiveness of plant extracts from which they are isolated. While many studies have tried to summarize NPs with antibacterial activities, a comprehensive review with rigorous selection criteria has never been performed. In this work, the literature from 2012 to 2019 was systematically reviewed to highlight plant-derived compounds with antibacterial activity by focusing on their growth inhibitory activity. A total of 459 compounds are included in this Review, of which 50.8% are phenolic derivatives, 26.6% are terpenoids, 5.7% are alkaloids, and 17% are classified as other metabolites. A selection of 183 compounds is further discussed regarding their antibacterial activity, biosynthesis, structure-activity relationship, mechanism of action, and potential as antibiotics. Emerging trends in the field of antibacterial drug discovery from plants are also discussed. This Review brings to the forefront key findings on the antibacterial potential of plant NPs for consideration in future antibiotic discovery and development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Porras
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - François Chassagne
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - James T. Lyles
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Lewis Marquez
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Micah Dettweiler
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Akram M. Salam
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Tharanga Samarakoon
- Emory University Herbarium, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Room 102, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Sarah Shabih
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Darya Raschid Farrokhi
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Cassandra L. Quave
- Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University, 1557 Dickey Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Emory University Herbarium, Emory University, 1462 Clifton Rd NE, Room 102, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 105L, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, 615 Michael St., Whitehead 115, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic and Aqueous Extract of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaves against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food poisoning is one of the riskiest illnesses caused by an organism like bacteria, viruses and parasites, which can contaminate food at any stage of food production. Most reports are associated with bacterial contamination through the food preparation process. Researcher nowadays attempts to discover a safer agent to use in food preparation as a food preservative agent. Thus, the potential of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves as an antimicrobial agent was explored in this study. It was tested against two bacteria which are Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Eschericia coli (gram-negative). Antimicrobial activity of methanol and aqueous R. tomentosa leaves extract was compared using gram staining, bacterial identification, antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST), minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and statistical analysis. The disc diffusion technique was used for AST where the mean area of inhibition methanol and aqueous extract against S. aureus was 18 mm and 16 mm respectively, whereas there was no area of inhibition for E. coli. MIC was done to determine the minimum concentration of the extract needed to inhibit the bacteria. After that, MBC was performed to confirm the previous MIC result. Statistical analysis was done by conduct it through SPSS software program. Then, the result for S. aureus is obtained from finding its p-value. Statistically, a significant difference between the two bacteria was analyzed by using independent t-test. A result of p-value less than 0.05 was considered significantly different as one another. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between methanol and aqueous extract on antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, both aqueous and methanol leaves R. tomentosa yielded similar antibacterial activity which susceptible to S. aureus and can be used safely toward foodborne pathogen.
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19
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Wunnoo S, Bilhman S, Amnuaikit T, Ontong JC, Singh S, Auepemkiate S, Voravuthikunchai SP. Rhodomyrtone as a New Natural Antibiotic Isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaf Extract: A Clinical Application in the Management of Acne Vulgaris. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020108. [PMID: 33499400 PMCID: PMC7912151 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtone, a plant-derived principal compound isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae) leaf extract, was assessed as a potential natural alternative for the treatment of acne vulgaris. The clinical efficacy of a 1% liposomal encapsulated rhodomyrtone serum was compared with a marketed 1% clindamycin gel. In a randomized and double-blind controlled clinical trial, 60 volunteers with mild to moderate acne severity were assigned to two groups: rhodomyrtone serum and clindamycin gel. The volunteers were instructed to apply the samples to acne lesions on their faces twice daily. A significant reduction in the total numbers of acne lesions was demonstrated in both treatment groups between week 2 and 8 (p < 0.05). Significant differences in acne numbers compared with the baseline were evidenced at week 2 onwards (p < 0.05). At the end of the clinical trial, the total inflamed acne counts in the 1% rhodomyrtone serum group were significantly reduced by 36.36%, comparable to 34.70% in the clindamycin-treated group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a commercial prototype was developed, and a clinical assessment of 45 volunteers was performed. After application of the commercial prototype for 1 week, 68.89% and 28.89% of volunteers demonstrated complete and improved inflammatory acne, respectively. All of the subjects presented no signs of irritation or side effects during the treatment. Most of the volunteers (71.11%) indicated that they were very satisfied. Rhodomyrtone serum was demonstrated to be effective and safe for the treatment of inflammatory acne lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttiwan Wunnoo
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (S.W.); (S.B.); (J.C.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Siwaporn Bilhman
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (S.W.); (S.B.); (J.C.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Thanaporn Amnuaikit
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;
| | - Julalak C. Ontong
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (S.W.); (S.B.); (J.C.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (S.W.); (S.B.); (J.C.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Sauvarat Auepemkiate
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand;
| | - Supayang P. Voravuthikunchai
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; (S.W.); (S.B.); (J.C.O.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-7428-8321
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A small molecule that mitigates bacterial infection disrupts Gram-negative cell membranes and is inhibited by cholesterol and neutral lipids. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009119. [PMID: 33290418 PMCID: PMC7748285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria are difficult to fight because these pathogens exclude or expel many clinical antibiotics and host defense molecules. However, mammals have evolved a substantial immune arsenal that weakens pathogen defenses, suggesting the feasibility of developing therapies that work in concert with innate immunity to kill Gram-negative bacteria. Using chemical genetics, we recently identified a small molecule, JD1, that kills Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) residing within macrophages. JD1 is not antibacterial in standard microbiological media, but rapidly inhibits growth and curtails bacterial survival under broth conditions that compromise the outer membrane or reduce efflux pump activity. Using a combination of cellular indicators and super resolution microscopy, we found that JD1 damaged bacterial cytoplasmic membranes by increasing fluidity, disrupting barrier function, and causing the formation of membrane distortions. We quantified macrophage cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential and found that disruption of eukaryotic cell membranes required approximately 30-fold more JD1 than was needed to kill bacteria in macrophages. Moreover, JD1 preferentially damaged liposomes with compositions similar to E. coli inner membranes versus mammalian cell membranes. Cholesterol, a component of mammalian cell membranes, was protective in the presence of neutral lipids. In mice, intraperitoneal administration of JD1 reduced tissue colonization by S. Typhimurium. These observations indicate that during infection, JD1 gains access to and disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and that neutral lipids and cholesterol protect mammalian membranes from JD1-mediated damage. Thus, it may be possible to develop therapeutics that exploit host innate immunity to gain access to Gram-negative bacteria and then preferentially damage the bacterial cell membrane over host membranes.
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Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Leaf Extract and Rhodomyrtone Combat Streptococcus pneumoniae Biofilm and Inhibit Invasiveness to Human Lung Epithelial and Enhance Pneumococcal Phagocytosis by Macrophage. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:3546-3554. [PMID: 32812080 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf has been traditionally used to treat many infections. This plant species has been documented to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects. This study aimed to determine the effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract and its potent purified compound, rhodomyrtone, on Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors including biofilms, capsule formation, and invasiveness which play important roles in infections. Ethanol leaf extract and rhodomyrtone demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against S. pneumoniae with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 16-32 µg/ml and 0.125-1 µg/ml, respectively. The ability of the extract and rhodomyrtone to prevent biofilm formation and eradicate mature biofilms was assessed. The extract and rhodomyrtone at 1/8 × MIC significantly inhibited biofilm formation in all clinical isolates (P < 0.05). The viability of 8-day biofilm-grown cells significantly decreased following the treatment with the extract and rhodomyrtone at 16 × MIC. 40-90% reduction in the bacterial adhesion and invasion to A549 human alveolar epithelial cells was observed after challenging with the extract and rhodomyrtone, compared with the control within 60 min. Increase in 90-99% phagocytosis of the bacterial cells by RAW264.7 macrophage cell line was detected following the treatment with the extract and rhodomyrtone at 1/2 × MIC, compared with the control. The results suggested potential medicinal benefits of the extract and rhodomyrtone for the treatment of pneumococcal infections.
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Antimetastatic Potential of Rhodomyrtone on Human Chondrosarcoma SW1353 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8180261. [PMID: 32802134 PMCID: PMC7403900 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8180261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma is primary bone cancer, with the forceful capacity to cause local invasion and distant metastasis, and has a poor prognosis. Cancer metastasis is a complication of most cancers; it is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Rhodomyrtone is a pure compound that has been shown to induce apoptosis and antimetastasis in skin cancer. However, the inhibitory effect of rhodomyrtone on human chondrosarcoma cell metastasis is largely unknown. Effect of rhodomyrtone on cell viability in SW1353 cell was determined by MTT assay. Antimigration, anti-invasion, and antiadhesion were carried out to investigate the antimetastatic potential of rhodomyrtone on SW1353 cells. Gelatin zymography was performed to determine matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 activities. The effect of rhodomyrtone on the underlying mechanisms was performed by Western blot analysis. The results demonstrated that rhodomyrtone reduced cell viability of SW1353 cells at the low concentration (<3 μg/mL); cell viability was >80%. Rhodomyrtone at the subcytotoxic concentrations (0.5, 1.5, and 3 μg/mL) significantly inhibited cell migration, invasion, and adhesion of SW1353 cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Protein expression of integrin αv, integrin β3, and the downstream migratory proteins including focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the phosphorylation of serine/threonine AKT, Ras, RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 were inhibited after treatment with rhodomyrtone. Moreover, we found that rhodomyrtone decreased the protein level of MMP-2 and MMP-9 as well as the enzyme activity in SW1353 cells. Meanwhile, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2 expression was increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Besides, rhodomyrtone dramatically inhibited the expression of growth factor receptor-bound protein-2 (GRB2) and the phosphorylated form of extracellular signal regulation kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase1/2 (JNK1/2). These results indicated that rhodomyrtone inhibited SW1353 cell migration, invasion, and metastasis by suppressing integrin αvβ3/FAK/AKT/small Rho GTPases pathway as well as downregulation of MMP-2/9 via ERK and JNK signal inhibition. These findings indicate that rhodomyrtone possessed the antimetastasis activity that may be used for antimetastasis therapy in the future.
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Singh J, Lathwal A, Agarwal S, Nath M. Microwave-accelerated Approaches to Diverse Xanthenes: A Review. CURRENT MICROWAVE CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2213335607999200417173336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-accelerated methods have emerged as powerful tools in organic synthesis to
enhance the reaction rates and provide products with high yields, improved selectivity, lower energy
consumption, mild reaction conditions and negligible waste generation. Xanthenes are an important
class of biologically important oxygen-containing heterocyclic molecules that possess a multitude of
pharmaceutical properties. By considering the medicinal and material significance of these molecules,
a large number of synthetic methodologies and catalytic systems have been reported for the synthesis
of a wide range of xanthenes in the past. However, the focus of the present review is to summarize
various microwave-assisted protocols for the synthesis of diversely substituted xanthene analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagmeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India
| | - Ankit Lathwal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India
| | - Shalini Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India
| | - Mahendra Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India
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Siriyong T, Ontong JC, Leejae S, Suwalak S, Coote PJ, Voravuthikunchai SP. In vivo safety assessment of rhodomyrtone, a potent compound, from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:919-924. [PMID: 32793420 PMCID: PMC7406972 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. has been traditionally used to relieve various diseases. Rhodomyrtone, a bioactive acylphloroglucinol compound isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, has been scientifically evidenced as a potential antibacterial agent. This study aimed to assess safety of rhodomyrtone in both invertebrate and vertebrate models. MATERIAL AND METHODS Safety of rhodomyrtone was determined in an invertebrate model, Galleria mellonella as well as vertebrate models including zebrafish (Danio rerio) and murine. In addition, toxicity to human erythrocytes was also measured. RESULTS Treatment of Galleria mellonella with rhodomyrtone at 100 mg/kg body weight up to four days showed no visible toxic effects (100 % survival). In zebrafish embryo model, at least 80 % survival of embryos was demonstrated when treated with rhodomyrtone at 0.5 μg/mL for three days. Prior to clinical trial, it is a prerequisite that rhodomyrtone has to be evaluated for its biocompatibility with human blood components. The results displayed that rhodomyrtone at 256 μg/mL did not cause any observable human erythrocyte haemolysis. Furthermore, preclinical assessment of rhodomyrtone formulation justified potential applications of rhodomyrtone in humans. Oral toxicity testing in a mouse model indicated the absence of systemic toxicity when the animals received up to 5000 mg/kg body weight of rhodomyrtone formulation for a period of fourteen days. CONCLUSIONS As the minimal inhibitory concentration of rhodomyrtone against most Gram-positive pathogens is 0.5-1 μg/mL, the results suggest that it should produce no toxic effects at concentrations used in human, thus support further development in pharmaceutical industries and public health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanyaluck Siriyong
- Faculty of Traditional Thai Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Julalak Chorachoo Ontong
- Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
- Cosmetic Technology and Dietary Supplement Products Program, Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Thaksin University, Ban Pa Phayom, Phatthalung, 93210, Thailand
| | - Sukanlaya Leejae
- Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Sakol Suwalak
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Peter John Coote
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
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Lambat TL, Mahmood SH, Ledade PV, Banerjee S. Microwave Assisted One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis Using ZnO‐β Zeolite Nanoparticle: An Easy Access to 7‐Benzodioxolo[4,5‐b]xanthene‐dione and 4‐Oxo‐tetrahydroindole Scaffolds. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Trimurti L. Lambat
- Department of ChemistryManoharbhai Patel College of Arts Commerce & Science Deori Gondia 441901 Maharashtra India
| | - Sami H. Mahmood
- Department of PhysicsThe University of JordanAmman 11942Jordan and Department of Physics and AstronomyMichigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Pankaj V. Ledade
- Department of ChemistryYashwantrao Chawhan ArtsCommerce & Science College Lakhandur Bhandara 441803 Maharashtra India
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- Department of ChemistryGuru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University) Bilaspur 495009 Chhattisgarh India
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Traithan A, Tongtawe P, Thanongsaksrikul J, Voravuthikunchai S, Srimanote P. Antibacterial mechanism of rhodomyrtone involves the disruption of nucleoid segregation checkpoint in Streptococcus suis. AMB Express 2020; 10:110. [PMID: 32514868 PMCID: PMC7280372 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-01047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtone has been recently demonstrated to possess a novel antibiotic mechanism of action against Gram-positive bacteria which involved the multiple targets, resulting in the interference of several bacterial biological processes including the cell division. The present study aims to closely look at the downstream effect of rhodomyrtone treatment on nucleoid segregation in Streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of rhodomyrtone against the recombinant S. suis ParB-GFP, a nucleoid segregation reporter strain, were 0.5 and 1 µg/ml, respectively, which were equivalent to the potency of vancomycin. Using the fluorescence live-cell imaging, we demonstrated that rhodomyrtone at 2× MIC caused incomplete nucleoid segregation and septum misplacement, leading to the generation of anucleated cells. FtsZ immune-staining of rhodomyrtone-treated S. suis for 30 min revealed that the large amount of FtsZ was trapped in the region of high fluidity membrane and appeared to be able to polymerize to form a complete Z-ring. However, the Z-ring was shifted away from the midcell. Transmission electron microscopy further confirmed the disruption of nucleoid segregation and septum misplacement at 120 min following the rhodomyrtone treatment. Asymmetric septum formation resulted in either generation of minicells without nucleoid, septum formed over incomplete segregated nucleoid (guillotine effect), or formation of multi-constriction of Z-ring within a single cell. This finding spotlights on antibacterial mechanism of rhodomyrtone involves the early stage in bacterial cell division process.
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Chaudhary A. Recent development in the synthesis of heterocycles by 2-naphthol-based multicomponent reactions. Mol Divers 2020; 25:1211-1245. [PMID: 32206945 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-020-10076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
2-Naphthol or β-naphthol is an important starting material that has drawn great attention in various organic transformations because of its attributes, such as low cost, easy to handle and eco-friendliness. The electron-rich aromatic framework of 2-naphthol with multiple reactive sites allows it to be utilized in several kinds of organic reactions eventuated to several organic molecules with potent biological properties. Multicomponent reaction approach has been tremendously utilized to explore the synthetic utility of 2-naphthol for the construction of diverse N/O-containing heterocyclic framework. In this review, we summarize recent data pertaining to multicomponent reactions, wherein heterocyclic compounds are synthesized utilizing 2-naphthol as one of the starting materials. It is anticipated that this review will stimulate the researchers to design new multicomponent strategies complying with the Green Chemistry principles for the further exploitation of 2-naphthol for the rapid synthesis of versatile biologically relevant heterocycles. This review provides a concise overview of the different 2-naphthol based multicomponent reactions utilized for the construction of diverse bioactive heterocyclic scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Bapu Dham Complex, Chanakyapuri, 110007, India.
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28
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Dang LT, Nguyen HT, Hoang HH, Lai HNT, Nguyen HT. Efficacy of Rose Myrtle Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Seed Extract against Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease in Pacific Whiteleg Shrimp Penaeus vannamei. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2019; 31:311-319. [PMID: 31344755 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a new emerging bacterial disease that has been recently reported to cause mass mortalities in Pacific whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Antibiotics have been used to treat bacterial diseases in shrimp, but most of them have been ineffective and have resulted in drug residues in the harvested shrimp products. In this study, an alternative approach was tested for its efficacy in controlling AHPND. The extract of rose myrtle Rhodomyrtus tomentosa seed, a traditional Vietnamese medicine, was tested for antibacterial effect against three AHPND bacterial strains in vitro (Vibrio parahaemolyticus [VPAHPND ] KC12.020, VPAHPND KC13.14.2, and V. harveyi KC13.17.5) and was further evaluated for its potential efficacy in prevention of AHPND in shrimp in vivo. The in vitro studies showed that the antibacterial activity of the R. tomentosa extract was dose dependent, with the strongest bacterial susceptibility (≥18.0 mm) at a concentration of around 3,500 μg/disc. The in vivo studies showed that after challenge with VPAHPND KC12.020, the survival rates for shrimp in the groups that received feed pellets supplemented with extract at 3.5% or 7.0% (survival ~48.9% and 52.2%, respectively) were significantly higher than the zero survival rate in the positive control group, which received feed without the extract. These results indicate that the use of the R. tomentosa extract as an alternative therapy for control of AHPND in shrimp could help to minimize disease outbreaks. As a result, the extract is further expected to reduce drug/chemical residues in shrimp products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lua T Dang
- Center for Environment and Disease Monitoring in Aquaculture, Research Institute for Aquaculture Number 1, Tuson, Bacninh, Vietnam
| | - Hanh T Nguyen
- Center for Environment and Disease Monitoring in Aquaculture, Research Institute for Aquaculture Number 1, Tuson, Bacninh, Vietnam
| | - Ha H Hoang
- Faculty of Food Sciences and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha N T Lai
- Faculty of Food Sciences and Technology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hai T Nguyen
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Saigal, Irfan M, Khan P, Abid M, Khan MM. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Fused Spiro-4 H-Pyran Derivatives as Bacterial Biofilm Disruptor. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:16794-16807. [PMID: 31646225 PMCID: PMC6796888 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to synthesize novel fused spiro-4H-pyran derivatives under green conditions to develop agents having antimicrobial activity. The synthesized compounds were initially screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial strains, and all the compounds exhibited moderate to potent antibacterial activity. However, compound 4l showed significant inhibition toward all the bacterial strains, particularly against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 125 μg/mL for each. The toxicity studies of selected compounds (4c, 4e, 4l, and 4m) using human red blood cells as well as human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cells showed nontoxic behavior at desired concentration. Growth kinetic and time-kill curve studies of 4l against S. pneumoniae and E. coli supported its bactericidal nature. Interestingly, compound 4l showed a synergistic effect when used in combination with ciprofloxacin against selected strains. Biofilm formation in the presence of a lead compound, as assessed by XTT assay, showed complete disruption of the bacterial biofilm visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Overall, the findings suggest 4l to be considered as a promising lead for further development as an antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saigal
- Department
of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Irfan
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Parvez Khan
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Md. Musawwer Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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30
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Lambat TL, Chaudhary RG, Abdala AA, Mishra RK, H Mahmood S, Banerjee S. Mesoporous PbO nanoparticle-catalyzed synthesis of arylbenzodioxy xanthenedione scaffolds under solvent-free conditions in a ball mill. RSC Adv 2019; 9:31683-31690. [PMID: 35527919 PMCID: PMC9072651 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05903b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the efficient synthesis of arylbenzodioxy xanthenedione scaffolds was developed via a one-pot multi-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 3,4-methylenedioxy phenol using mesoporous PbO nanoparticles (NPs) as a catalyst under ball milling conditions. The synthesis protocol offers outstanding advantages, including short reaction time (60 min), excellent yields of the products (92-97%), solvent-free conditions, use of mild and reusable PbO NPs as a catalyst, simple purification of the products by recrystallization, and finally, the use of a green process of dry ball milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trimurti L Lambat
- Department of Chemistry, Manoharbhai Patel College of Arts, Commerce & Science Deori Gondia 441901 Maharashtra India +917972047470
| | - Ratiram G Chaudhary
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, S. K. Porwal College Kamptee 441001 India
| | - Ahmed A Abdala
- Chemical Engineering Programme, Texas A & M University at Qatar POB 23784 Doha Qatar
| | | | - Sami H Mahmood
- Department of Physics, The University of Jordan Amman 11942 Jordan
| | - Subhash Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur 495009 Chhattisgarh India
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31
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Situmorang PC, Ilyas S, Hutahaean S, Rosidah R. Effect of Nanoherbal Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and Extra Virgin Olive Oil Combination on Preeclamptic Rats Liver Histology. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:2226-2231. [PMID: 31592268 PMCID: PMC6765073 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) is a spice traditional Northen Sumatera, Indonesia and these fruits contain alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) contains antioxidants. Combination of this plant have activities to reduce preeclampsia. AIM To know the safety of the combination of nano herbal andaliman and Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) on preeclampsia patients' liver. METHODS Pregnant rats were made to have preeclampsia with 3 ml of NaCl 6% injections. This research consists of 5 groups: K- (negative control): normal pregnant rats, K+: preeclampsia rats; P1: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 1 ml EVOO / day / 20 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P2: PE rats were given nano herbal andaliman 100 mg/day / 200 gBW from the 13th to the 19th day of pregnancy, P3: PE was given the combination of 1 ml EVOO/day / 200 gBW and andaliman nano herbal 100 mg/day/200 gBW on the 13th day of pregnancy to the 19th day given orally. Then on the 20th day of pregnancy, the subjects were dissected. RESULTS There were significant differences (p < 0.05) on the value of SGOT, SGPT, and the average damage of the hepatocyte cells except parenchymatous degeneration after being given the nano herbal andaliman and EVOO. The compared mean of normal hepatocytes cell, hydropic degeneration and necrosis value between all groups were p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 compared to (K-). The non-significant difference was found in the mean of parenchymatous degeneration between the groups (p = 0.058). CONCLUSION The combination of nano herbal andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) and EVOO affected the level of necrosis in hepatocyte cells on preeclampsia rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putri Cahaya Situmorang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Syafruddin Ilyas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Salomo Hutahaean
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
| | - Rosidah Rosidah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 20155, Indonesia
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32
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Rajabi F, Abdollahi M, Diarjani ES, Osmolowsky MG, Osmolovskaya OM, Gómez-López P, Puente-Santiago AR, Luque R. Solvent-Free Preparation of 1,8-Dioxo-Octahydroxanthenes Employing Iron Oxide Nanomaterials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2386. [PMID: 31357446 PMCID: PMC6695819 DOI: 10.3390/ma12152386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes were prepared employing a simple, effective and environmentally sound approach utilizing an iron oxide nanocatalyst under solventless conditions. The proposed iron oxide nanomaterial exhibited high product yields, short reaction times and a facile work-up procedure. The synthesized catalyst was also found to be highly stable and reusable under the investigated conditions (up to twelve consecutive cycles) without any significant loss in its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajabi
- Department of Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19569, Iran.
| | | | | | - Mikhail G Osmolowsky
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Olga M Osmolovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg 198504, Russia
| | - Paulette Gómez-López
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Alain R Puente-Santiago
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Luque
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Cordoba, Spain
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 117198 Moscow, Russia
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33
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Xue L, Chen YY, Yan Z, Lu W, Wan D, Zhu H. Staphyloxanthin: a potential target for antivirulence therapy. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2151-2160. [PMID: 31410034 PMCID: PMC6647007 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s193649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important and common Gram-positive bacteria which causes clinical infections and food-poisoning cases. Therapeutic schedules for treatment of S. aureus infections are facing a challenge because of the emergence of multidrug resistance strains. It is urgent to find new antiinfective drugs to control S. aureus infection. S. aureus strains are capable of producing the golden carotenoid pigment: staphyloxanthin, which acts as an important virulence factor and a potential target for antivirulence drug design. This review is aimed at presenting an updated overview of this golden carotenoid pigment of S. aureus from the biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin, its function, and the genes involved in pigment production to staphyloxanthin: a novel target for antivirulence therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xue
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yizhi Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Yan
- Wuhan Wusteel Good Life Service Co. LTD, Wuhan, 430000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, People's Republic of China
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34
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Ni S, Li B, Xu Y, Mao F, Li X, Lan L, Zhu J, Li J. Targeting virulence factors as an antimicrobial approach: Pigment inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:293-338. [PMID: 31267561 DOI: 10.1002/med.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The fascinating and dangerous colored pathogens contain unique chemically pigmented molecules, which give varied and efficient assistance as virulence factors to the crucial reproduction and growth of microbes. Therefore, multiple novel strategies and inhibitors have been developed in recent years that target virulence factor pigments. However, despite the importance and significance of this topic, it has not yet been comprehensively reviewed. Moreover, research groups around the world have made successful progress against antibacterial infections by targeting pigment production, including our serial works on the discovery of CrtN inhibitors against staphyloxanthin production in Staphylococcus aureus. On the basis of the previous achievements and recent progress of our group in this field, this article will be the first comprehensive review of pigment inhibitors against colored pathogens, especially S. aureus infections, and this article includes design strategies, representative case studies, advantages, limitations, and perspectives to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ni
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lefu Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Material Medical, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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35
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Nwabor OF, Vongkamjan K, Voravuthikunchai SP. Antioxidant Properties and Antibacterial Effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Ethanolic Leaf Extract on Biofilm Formation, Motility, Hemolysin Production, and Cell Membrane of the Foodborne Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 16:581-589. [PMID: 30998111 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer concerns toward chemical preservatives have resulted in increased search for healthy green alternative. In this study, the antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects of Eucalyptus camaldulensis ethanolic leaf extract against Listeria monocytogenes, a serious foodborne pathogen, was evaluated. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were 11.10 mg garlic acid equivalent/mg extract and 15.05 mg quercetin equivalent/mg extract, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extract was 64-128 μg/mL and 256-512 μg/mL, respectively. Time-kill assay revealed growth inhibitory effects after 4-h treatment of the bacteria with the extract. A reduction of ≈2-3 log colony-forming units per milliliter was observed against the tested food and environmental isolates after challenging the pathogens with the extract at MIC for 6 h. Sub-MICs of the extract significantly inhibited motility and listeriolysin O production up to 80%, with 60% inhibition of biofilm formation (p < 0.05). Antioxidant assay revealed free radical scavenging activity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 57.07 μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 29.01 μg/mL for ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] assay. Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay further showed a total antioxidant power equivalent to 92.93 μM ascorbic acid equivalent/mg extract. As the extract exhibited profound antilisterial activity and good radical scavenging ability, it might serve as a potential alternative source of biopreservative agent against L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma Forstinus Nwabor
- 1Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Kitiya Vongkamjan
- 2Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- 1Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
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36
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Mitsuwan W, Jiménez-Munguía I, Visutthi M, Sianglum W, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ, Voravuthikunchai SP. Rhodomyrtone decreases Staphylococcus aureus SigB activity during exponentially growing phase and inhibits haemolytic activity within membrane vesicles. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:112-118. [PMID: 30583020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sigma factor B (SigB) controls the expression of Staphylococcus aureus genes including virulence factors and plays a role in the bacterial secretion system through membrane vesicle production. Inhibition of SigB could attenuate SigB dependent virulence and secretion system. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of rhodomyrtone on SigB and virulence factors related to SigB. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of rhodomyrtone against 67 clinical methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were 0.25-8 μg/ml, which were similar to those of vancomycin. Using luciferase gene fused to SigB dependent promoters of asp23, five time reduction in SigB activity was observed when the bacteria were treated with rhodomyrtone for 3 h. Rhodomyrtone significantly reduced SigB activity in a concentration dependent manner in exponentially growing cells (P < 0.05). In addition, sigB mutant was more sensitive towards increasing concentrations of rhodomyrtone than the wild type and yabJ-spoVG mutant. Rhodomyrtone at 0.625 μg/ml reduced the growth of sigB mutant by approximately 99%, compared with the yabJ-spoVG mutant and the wild type. Membrane vesicles were significantly reduced in the bacterial cells when treated with 0.5 × MIC rhodomyrtone (P < 0.05). Decreased haemolytic activity was detected within rhodomyrtone-treated membrane vesicles. The results indicated that rhodomyrtone inhibited S. aureus SigB activity during exponentially growing phase and inhibited haemolytic activity within membrane vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Watcharapong Mitsuwan
- Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Irene Jiménez-Munguía
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain; Department of Engineering of Technological Equipment, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", Moscow, Russia
| | - Monton Visutthi
- Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Wipawadee Sianglum
- Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | | | - Manuel J Rodríguez-Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional CeiA3, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Supayang P Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology and Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Xanthenone-based hydrazones as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, solid state self-assembly and in silico studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:372-383. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The Health Beneficial Properties of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa as Potential Functional Food. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9020076. [PMID: 30795643 PMCID: PMC6406238 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. is a flowering plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae, native to southern and southeastern Asia. It has been used in traditional Vietnamese, Chinese, and Malaysian medicine for a long time for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, gynecopathy, stomachache, and wound healing. Moreover, R. tomentosa is used to make various food products such as wine, tea, and jam. Notably, R. tomentosa has been known to contain structurally diverse and biologically active metabolites, thus serving as a potential resource for exploring novel functional agents. Up to now, numerous phenolic and terpenoid compounds from the leaves, root, or fruits of R. tomentosa have been identified, and their biological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer have been evidenced. In this contribution, an overview of R. tomentosa and its health beneficial properties was focused on and emphasized.
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Khan MM, Saigal, Khan S. One‐Pot Knoevenagel–Michael–Cyclization Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Functionalized Novel 4 H‐pyrans by Using ZnCl 2as a Catalyst. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Musawwer Khan
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Saigal
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
| | - Sarfaraz Khan
- Department of ChemistryAligarh Muslim University Aligarh 202002 India
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Zhao LY, Liu HX, Wang L, Xu ZF, Tan HB, Qiu SX. Rhodomyrtosone B, a membrane-targeting anti-MRSA natural acylgphloroglucinol from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 228:50-57. [PMID: 30195566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa are traditionally used in the treatment of infectious diseases such as wound infections in Chinese traditional medicine. The mechanisms of the activity of rhodomyrtosone B (RDSB), a natural acylphloroglucinol isolated from the leaves of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, are still not understood. We provided a detailed investigation of the antibacterial action of RDSB against bacteria in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antibacterial activity of RDSB was tested by the microdilution method against a panel of bacteria, and a time-killing assay was carried out according to CLSI guidelines. The cytotoxic potential of RDSB was evaluated against mammalian cells, and its haemolytic activity towards rabbit red blood cells (RBCs) was assessed. The mode of action of RDSB was investigated by targeting bacterial membranes, and its resistance was evaluated using a sequential passaging method. The antibacterial activities in vivo were assessed against MRSA in a mouse skin infection mode. RESULTS RDSB exhibited distinct antibacterial activities against selected Gram-positive pathogens responsible for serious infections, even including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.62-1.25 µg/mL and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) with an MIC of 2.5 µg/mL. RDSB displayed much more rapid bactericidal activity against MRSA than that of vancomycin. The membrane-targeting experiments revealed that RDSB exhibited significant antibacterial activity with the perturbation of bacterial membrane potential and an increase in membrane permeability. In particular, RDSB had weak cytotoxicity to mammalian cells (IC50 >14 µg/mL) and has advantageous specificity against selected Gram-positive bacterial membranes rather than RBCs. Notably, RDSB displayed in vitro antibacterial activities against MRSA without drug-resistance and profoundly attenuated the skin ulcer formation in a murine model of MRSA infection under a single dose of 40 µg RDSB per mouse. CONCLUSION RDSB has profound antibacterial activity against drug-resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE) and low cytotoxicity. It is bactericidal in nature, and an increase in membrane permeability resulting from membrane perturbation is one of its modes of action. RDSB represents a promising natural antibiotic to combat drug-resistant (MRSA and VRE) infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yun Zhao
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xin Liu
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510085, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Fang Xu
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Bo Tan
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sheng-Xiang Qiu
- Program for Natural Product Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People's Republic of China.
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Bach QN, Hongthong S, Quach LT, Pham LV, Pham TV, Kuhakarn C, Reutrakul V, Nguyen PT. Antimicrobial activity of rhodomyrtone isolated from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:2518-2523. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1540479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N. Bach
- Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacology, Haiphong, Vietnam
| | - Sakchai Hongthong
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC) and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lien T. Quach
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lieu V. Pham
- Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacology, Haiphong, Vietnam
| | - Thuc V. Pham
- Haiphong University of Medicine and Pharmacology, Haiphong, Vietnam
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC) and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC) and Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Phuong T.M. Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Structures and Bioactive Properties of Myrtucommulones and Related Acylphloroglucinols from Myrtaceae. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123370. [PMID: 30572614 PMCID: PMC6321051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myrtaceae are a group of plants that include a number of renowned species used in ethnomedicine in many areas worldwide. Their valuable therapeutic properties have stimulated a fruitful research activity addressed to the identification of the bioactive components of their extracts yielding a great diversity of terpenes; polyphenols; and other exclusive products. Among the latter, starting with the discovery of myrtucommulone A from myrtle (Myrtus communis), a series of structurally-related acylphloroglucinol compounds have been characterized from several species that represent the basic active principles to be considered in view of possible drug development. Aspects concerning chemical and biological properties of these products are reviewed in the present paper.
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Chai H, Liu B, Zhan H, Li X, He Z, Ye J, Guo Q, Chen J, Zhang J, Li S. Antidepressant Effects of Rhodomyrtone in Mice with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress-Induced Depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 22:157-164. [PMID: 30407505 PMCID: PMC6368369 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodomyrtone is one of the main active compounds derived from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, which belongs to the Myrtaceae family. In the current study, we investigated the properties of rhodomyrtone as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of stress-caused depression. METHODS We assessed the function of rhodomyrtone in chronic unpredictable mild stress, a well-validated depression model in mice. Depression-like behavior tests, including a sucrose performance test, social interaction test, and forced swimming test, were used to validate the antidepressant effects of rhodomyrtone. The Morris water maze was used to evaluate the mice's learning and memory ability. Spine density, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, postsynaptic density protein 95, and apoptosis-associated protein were detected to reveal the underlying mechanism. RESULTS Rhodomyrtone was found to prevent source consumption decrease, decreased social behaviors, and increase immobility in the forced swimming test, suggesting a protective effect of rhodomyrtone against depression-like behaviors. Additionally, rhodomyrtone prevented the impairment of spatial memory in mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Rhodomyrtone administration also reversed dendritic spine density defects in chronic unpredictable mild stress. Furthermore, rhodomyrtone inhibited the increase of glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity and reversed the decrease of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and postsynaptic density protein 95 in chronic unpredictable mild stress mice. Elevated expression of apoptosis-associated protein Bax and cleaved-caspase 3 was also reversed by rhodomyrtone treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that the antidepressant effect of rhodomyrtone involves the regulation of neurogenesis, neuronal survival, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haoqiang Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueqian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhipeng He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingan Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Epilepsy Surgery, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junxi Chen
- Department of Epilepsy Surgery, Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dalang Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China,Correspondence: Jun Zhang, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, China (); and Shao-Peng Li, Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, China ()
| | - Shaopeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China,Correspondence: Jun Zhang, PhD, Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, China (); and Shao-Peng Li, Department of Neurosurgery, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, 523059, Guangdong Province, China ()
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Zeyohanness SS, Abd Hamid H, Zulkifli FH. Poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun nanofibers containing antimicrobial Rhodomyrtus tomentosa extract. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911518801040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibers were prepared from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa extract and poly(vinyl alcohol). The antimicrobial effect was assessed against two Gram-negative bacterial strains ( Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram-positive bacterial strains ( Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis) by paper disc diffusion method. Ethyl acetate extract of R. tomentosa was selected for fabrication of nanofibers because it shows the most active antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition ranging from 9.33 ± 0.21 to 13.67 ± 0.32 mm. The presence of high abundance of myricetin and rhodomyrtone might contribute to the antibiotic activity against all tested bacterial strains. The average diameter of the R. tomentosa extract/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers increased from 120.4 to 214.8 nm with increasing concentration of R. tomentosa extract from 0.5% to 2.5%. The antimicrobial activity of R. tomentosa extract/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers was relatively higher at concentration of the extract (1.5% and 2.5%) against all test organisms with a clear zone of inhibition 7–12 mm. The results demonstrated that R. tomentosa extract/poly(vinyl alcohol) electrospun nanofibers are an interesting platform for delivery of bioactive compounds as wound dressing or other strategies for combating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farah Hanani Zulkifli
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
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Antibacterial activity of rhodomyrtone on Clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores in vitro. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2018; 52:724-729. [PMID: 30145248 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence and severity of diarrhoea and colitis caused by Clostridium difficile, together with a high rate of relapse following treatment with currently recommended antimicrobials, calls for novel interventions for C. difficile infection (CDI). Rhodomyrtone, a bioactive compound derived from the leaves of the rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa) has demonstrated antibacterial activity against several Gram-positive bacteria. This study compared the in vitro antimicrobial activity of rhodomyrtone on C. difficile with that of vancomycin, a recommended agent for the treatment of CDI. Determination of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of rhodomyrtone and vancomycin for ten C. difficile isolates showed that the MICs of rhodomyrtone for C. difficile vegetative cells (0.625-2.5 mg/L) were comparable with that of vancomycin (1.25 mg/L), but the MBCs of rhodomyrtone (1.25-5 mg/L) were significantly lower than those for vancomycin (5 mg/L to ˃40 mg/L; P < 0.001). Time-kill assays showed rapid bactericidal activity for rhodomyrtone, with ≥99% killing within 4 h. Rhodomyrtone was also four-fold more potent than vancomycin in inhibiting C. difficile spore outgrowth. Transmission electron microscopy of rhodomyrtone-treated C. difficile revealed cell lysis and evidence of defective cell division and spore formation. These studies indicate that rhodomyrtone should be further investigated as a potential treatment for CDI.
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Thirupathi N, Tung CH, Xu Z. Scandium (III)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of in situ
Generated ortho
-Quinone Methides with Vinyl Azides: An Efficient Access to Substituted 4H
-Chromenes. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuligonda Thirupathi
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry; Shandong University; No. 27 South Shanda Road Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry; Shandong University; No. 27 South Shanda Road Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenghu Xu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry; Shandong University; No. 27 South Shanda Road Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
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Joshi R, Kumawat A, Singh S, Roy TK, Pardasani RT. Synthesis of Spirooxindoles through Cyclocondensation of Isatin and Cyclic 1,3-Diones. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Joshi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302004 India
| | - Anita Kumawat
- Department of Chemistry; University of Rajasthan; Jaipur 302004 India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- M.L.V. Government P.G. College; Bhilwara Rajasthan India
| | - Tapta Kanchan Roy
- Department of Chemistry; Central University of Rajasthan; Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh Ajmer Rajasthan India
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences; Central University of Jammu; Jammu 180011 India
| | - Ram T. Pardasani
- Department of Chemistry; Central University of Rajasthan; Bandar Sindri, Kishangarh Ajmer Rajasthan India
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Na-Phatthalung P, Teles M, Voravuthikunchai SP, Tort L, Fierro-Castro C. Immune-related gene expression and physiological responses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intraperitoneal administration of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract: A potent phytoimmunostimulant. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:429-437. [PMID: 29571768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The immunostimulatory effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract were evaluated in rainbow trout through changes in expression profile of genes involved in innate immune and antioxidant response, hematology and stress indicators. The concentrations of R. tomentosa at 10 and 100 μg per fish were administrated by intraperitoneal injection, alone or in combination with LPS. After 6 h of administration, the gene expression was measured in head kidney, spleen, and intestine. Results indicated that R. tomentosa exerted immunostimulatory effects by inducing the expression of il10, saa, hepcidin, and sod in head kidney and the expression of il10, tgfβ, and inos in intestine. In combination with LPS, the plant suppressed the expression of pro-inflammtory cytokine il1β, il8 and other consisting of saa and gpx1 in head kidney and il1β in spleen, pointing out its anti-inflammatory activities. Furthermore, the plant did not exert any impact on hematological parameters, but it was able to reduce cortisol levels when co-administered with LPS, indicating that R. tomentosa could attenuate stress response in rainbow trout. Our observations suggest that R. tomentosa induced the expression of genes involved in cytokine and innate immune response and modulated the physiological stress response as indicated by the suppressed cortisol in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinanong Na-Phatthalung
- Department of Microbiology and Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain; CIIMAR- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros, Portugal.
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology and Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112, Thailand
| | - Lluís Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08193, Spain.
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Tayeh M, Nilwarangkoon S, Tanunyutthawongse C, Mahabusarakum W, Watanapokasin R. Apoptosis and antimigration induction in human skin cancer cells by rhodomyrtone. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5035-5040. [PMID: 29904398 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodomyrtone is a bioactive compound extracted from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaves. It has been used as a traditional herb medicine for many years. Rhodomyrtone exhibits antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, the anticancer activity of rhodomyrtone has not been previously reported. The present study investigated the anticancer effect of rhomyrtone on human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells. The cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of rhodomyrtone on A431 cells were investigated by an MTT assay. Cell morphological alterations and apoptotic cells were observed with Hoechst 33342 staining following rhodomyrtone treatment. Flow cytometry and western blotting were performed to detect cell cycle and apoptosis induction. The results demonstrated that rhodomyrtone inhibited proliferation of A431 cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 value of 8.04±0.11 µg/ml. The results also indicated that rhodomyrtone increased chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic bodies in treated A431 cells in a time-dependent manner. Apoptosis was also induced through the activation of caspase-7 and poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase cleavage. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that rhodomyrtone induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. Notably, the non-toxic concentration of rhodomyrtone markedly inhibited A431 cell migration in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These finding suggested that rhodomyrtone may be used as an anticancer agent for human skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malatee Tayeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Sirinun Nilwarangkoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Chantra Tanunyutthawongse
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Mahabusarakum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Ramida Watanapokasin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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Na-Phatthalung P, Teles M, Voravuthikunchai SP, Tort L, Fierro-Castro C. Immunomodulatory effects of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf extract and its derivative compound, rhodomyrtone, on head kidney macrophages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:543-555. [PMID: 29238889 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa is a medicinal plant that shows biological effects including immunomodulatory activity on human and other mammals but not in fish. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro immunomodulatory effects of R. tomentosa leaf extract and its active compound, rhodomyrtone, on the immune responses, using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) head kidney (HK) macrophages as a model. The tested immune functions included the expression of genes involved in innate immune and inflammatory responses and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gene expression was evaluated after exposure to 10 μg mL-1 of R. tomentosa and 1 μg mL-1 of rhodomyrtone for 4 and 24 h. R. tomentosa and rhodomyrtone induced changes in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1β, il8, and tnfα), anti-inflammatory cytokines (il10 and tgfβ), inducible enzymes (inos, cox2, and arginase), and an antioxidant enzyme (gpx1). Co-exposure of R. tomentosa with LPS resulted in a prominent reduction in the expression of genes related to an inflammatory process (il1β, il8, tnfα, inos, saa, hepcidin, and gpx1), suggesting anti-inflammatory effects. Similarly, co-exposure of rhodomyrtone with LPS led to a downregulation of inflammation-related genes (il1β, inos, saa, and hepcidin). In addition, exposure to both natural plant products caused a reduction in cellular ROS levels by HK macrophages. The present results indicate that R. tomentosa and rhodomyrtone exerted immunostimulatory and anti-inflammatory effects on fish macrophages, thus opening up the possibility of using these natural products to further develop immunostimulants for health management in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinanong Na-Phatthalung
- Department of Microbiology and Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Mariana Teles
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Department of Microbiology and Excellence Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Lluís Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Camino Fierro-Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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