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Lee HW, Karki R, Han JH. Inhibition of the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis by hydroxycitric acid attenuates HFD-induced obesity through MCE suppression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155551. [PMID: 38569293 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because obesity is associated with a hyperplasia-mediated increase in adipose tissue, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is a leading strategy for preventing obesity. Although (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is used to control obesity, the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on MCE are poorly understood. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of HCA on MCE and underlying molecular mechanisms affecting adipogenesis and obesity improvements. METHODS Preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, were treated with HCA; oil red O, cell proliferation, cell cycle, and related alterations in signaling pathways were examined. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were administered HCA for 12 weeks; body and adipose tissues weights were evaluated, and the regulation of signaling pathways in epidydimal white adipose tissue were examined in vivo. RESULTS Here, we report that during MCE, HCA attenuates the proliferation of the preadipocyte cell line, 3T3-L1, by arresting the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. In addition, HCA markedly inhibits Forkhead Box O1 (FoxO1) phosphorylation, thereby inducing the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B and suppressing the levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin E1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma. Importantly, we found that ribosomal protein S6 kinase A1 (RPS6KA1) influences HCA-mediated inactivation of FoxO1 and its nuclear exclusion. An animal model of obesity revealed that HCA reduced high-fat diet-induced obesity by suppressing adipocyte numbers as well as epididymal and mesenteric white adipose tissue mass, which is attributed to the regulation of RPS6KA1, FoxO1, CDKN1B and PCNA that had been consistently identified in vitro. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism by which HCA regulates adipogenesis and highlight the RPS6KA1/FoxO1 signaling axis as a therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Won Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea; Nexus Institute of Research and Innovation (NIRI), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Joo-Hui Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao Y, Pan H, Liu W, Liu E, Pang Y, Gao H, He Q, Liao W, Yao Y, Zeng J, Guo J. Menthol: An underestimated anticancer agent. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1148790. [PMID: 37007039 PMCID: PMC10063798 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1148790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Menthol, a widely used natural, active compound, has recently been shown to have anticancer activity. Moreover, it has been found to have a promising future in the treatment of various solid tumors. Therefore, using literature from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Ovid, ScienceDirect, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, the present study reviewed the anticancer activity of menthol and the underlying mechanism. Menthol has a good safety profile and exerts its anticancer activity via multiple pathways and targets. As a result, it has gained popularity for significantly inhibiting different types of cancer cells by various mechanisms such as induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, disruption of tubulin polymerization, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Owing to the excellent anticancer activity menthol has demonstrated, further research is warranted for developing it as a novel anticancer agent. However, there are limitations and gaps in the current research on menthol, and its antitumor mechanism has not been completely elucidated. It is expected that more basic experimental and clinical studies focusing on menthol and its derivatives will eventually help in its clinical application as a novel anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Huafeng Pan
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - E. Liu
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaobin Pang
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjin Gao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingying He
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhao Liao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yejing Yao
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhao Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhao Zeng, ; Jing Guo,
| | - Jing Guo
- Dermatological Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhao Zeng, ; Jing Guo,
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Wang X, Ma Y, Xu Q, Shikov AN, Pozharitskaya ON, Flisyuk EV, Liu M, Li H, Vargas-Murga L, Duez P. Flavonoids and saponins: What have we got or missed? PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 109:154580. [PMID: 36610132 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids and saponins are important bioactive compounds that have attracted wide research interests. This review aims to summarise the state of the art of the pharmacology, toxicology and clinical efficacy of these compounds. METHODS Data were retrieved from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Proquest, CNKI, Chongqing VIP, Wanfang, NPASS and HIT 2.0 databases. Meta-analysis and systematic reviews were evaluated following the PRISMA guideline. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS23.0. RESULTS Rising research trends on flavonoids and saponins were observed since the 1990s and the 2000s, respectively. Studies on pharmacological targets and activities of flavonoids and saponins represent an important area of research advances over the past decade, and these important resources have been documented in open-access specialised databases and can be retrieved with ease. The rising research on flavonoids and saponins can be attributed, at least in part, to their links with some highly investigated fields of research, e.g., oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer; i.e., 6.88% and 3.03% of publications on oxidative stress cited by PubMed in 1990 - 2021 involved flavonoids and saponins, respectively, significantly higher than the percentage involving alkaloids (1.88%). The effects of flavonoids concern chronic venous insufficiency, cervical lesions, diabetes, rhinitis, dermatopathy, prostatitis, menopausal symptoms, angina pectoris, male pattern hair loss, lymphocytic leukaemia, gastrointestinal diseases and traumatic cerebral infarction, etc, while those of saponins may have impact on venous oedema in chronic deep vein incompetence, erectile dysfunction, acute impact injuries and systemic lupus erythematosus, etc. The volume of in vitro research appears way higher than in vivo and clinical studies, with only 10 meta-analyses and systematic reviews (involving 290 interventional and observational studies), and 36 clinical studies on flavonoids and saponins. Data are sorely needed on pharmacokinetics, in vitro pan-assay interferences, purity of tested compounds, interactions in complex herbal extracts, real impact of anti-oxidative strategies, and mid- and long-term toxicities. To fill these important gaps, further investigations are warranted. On the other hand, drug interactions may cause adverse effects but might also be useful for synergism, with the goals of enhancing effects or of detoxifying. Furthermore, the interactions between phytochemicals and the intestinal microbiota are worth investigating as the field may present a promising potential for novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research; Biomedical Research Institute; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, China..
| | - Yan Ma
- Molecular Research in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Division of Comparative Immunology and Oncology, Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna
| | - Qihe Xu
- Renal Sciences and Integrative Chinese Medicine Laboratory, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander N Shikov
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov, 14, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Olga N Pozharitskaya
- Murmansk Marine Biological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladimirskaya, 17, Murmansk, 183010, Russia
| | - Elena V Flisyuk
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, Prof. Popov, 14, Saint-Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Meifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital; Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research; Biomedical Research Institute; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, South Renmin Road, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Liliana Vargas-Murga
- BIOTHANI, Can Lleganya, 17451 Sant Feliu de Buixalleu, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Chemical and Agricultural Engineering and Agrifood Technology, University of Girona (UdG), 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium..
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Abdelhafiz AHA, Serya RAT, Lasheen DS, Wang N, Sobeh M, Wink M, Abouzid KAM. Molecular design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole derivatives as cytotoxic agents endowed with ABCB1 inhibitory action to overcome multidrug resistance in cancer cells. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2710-2724. [PMID: 36168121 PMCID: PMC9543179 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2127700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a leading cause for treatment failure in cancer patients. One of the reasons of MDR is drug efflux by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in eukaryotic cells especially ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein). In this study, certain novel 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole derivatives were designed utilising ligand based pharmacophore approach. The designed benzimidazoles were synthesised and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity towards doxorubicin-sensitive cell lines (CCRF/CEM and MCF7), as well as against doxorubicin-resistant cancer cells (CEM/ADR 5000 and Caco-2). In particular, compound VIII showed a substantial cytotoxic effect in all previously mentioned cell lines especially in doxorubicin-resistant CEM/ADR5000 cells (IC50 = 8.13 µM). Furthermore, the most promising derivatives VII, VIII and XI were tested for their ABCB1 inhibitory action in the doxorubicin-resistant CEM/ADR 5000 subline which is known for overexpression of ABCB1 transporters. The results showed that compound VII exhibited the best ABCB1 inhibitory activity at three tested concentrations (22.02 µM (IC50), 50 µM and 100 µM) in comparison to verapamil as a reference ABCB1 inhibitor. Such inhibition resulted in a synergistic effect and a massive decrease in the IC50 of doxorubicin (34.5 µM) when compound VII was used in a non-toxic dose in combination with doxorubicin in doxorubicin-resistant cells CEM/ADR 5000 (IC50(Dox+VII) = 3.81 µM). Molecular modelling studies were also carried out to explain the key interactions of the target benzimidazoles at the ABCB1 binding site. Overall the obtained results from this study suggest that 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazoles possibly are promising candidates for further optimisation and development of potential anticancer agents with ABCB1 inhibitory activity and therefore overcome MDR in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H A Abdelhafiz
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rabah A T Serya
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Deena S Lasheen
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nessa Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,AgroBioSciences Research, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Khaled A M Abouzid
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Han JH, Lee HW, Jung SH, Cho CW, Kim TJ, Kang JS, Myung CS. The anti-obesity effect of mulberry leaf (Mori Folium) extracts was increased by bioconversion with Pectinex. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20375. [PMID: 36437256 PMCID: PMC9701790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23856-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mulberry leaf (Mori Folium) extract (MLE) is known to have anti-obesity effects. In this study, the enhanced effects of MLE after bioconversion treatment using Pectinex (BMLE) on obesity were explored, and the underlying mechanisms were investigated using the active components, neochlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and cryptochlorogenic acid (4-CQA), whose amounts were increased by bioconversion of MLE. Both MLE and BMLE inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes without cytotoxicity and suppressed the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα). In addition, MLE and BMLE decreased high-fat diet-induced adipose tissue mass expansion. Notably, BMLE significantly increased antiadipogenic and anti-obesity effects compared to MLE in vitro and in vivo. The active ingredients increased by bioconversion, 5-CQA and 4-CQA, inhibited the protein levels of C/EBPα and the mRNA levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (Scd1). These findings provide new insights into the therapeutic possibility of using bioconversion of MLE, by which upregulation of 5-CQA and 4-CQA potently inhibits adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hui Han
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Won Lee
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Woon Cho
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jeong Kim
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
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Han JH, Kim MT, Myung CS. Garcinia Cambogia Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Glucose Imbalance by Enhancing Calcium/CaMKII/AMPK/GLUT4-Mediated Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2100669. [PMID: 35213784 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Garcinia cambogia (G. cambogia) is known to have antiobesity effects. In this study, the therapeutic effects of G. cambogia on glucose homeostasis in obesity-induced diabetes are explored and the underlying mechanisms are investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS C2C12 myotubes are treated with G. cambogia; glucose uptake, intracellular Ca2+ levels, and related alterations in signaling pathways are examined. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice are administered G. cambogia for 8 weeks; oral glucose tolerance is evaluated, and the regulation of identified targets of signaling pathways in quadriceps skeletal muscle are examined in vivo. G. cambogia increases glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes and induces the upregulation of AMPK, ACC, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Notably, G. cambogia markedly elevates both intracellular Ca2+ levels, activating CaMKII, a Ca2+ -sensing protein, and TBC1D4-mediated GLUT4 translocation, to facilitate glucose uptake. Furthermore, high-glucose-induced inhibition of glucose uptake and signal transduction is reverted by G. cambogia. In an HFD-induced diabetes mouse model, G. cambogia administration results in significant blood glucose-lowering effects, which are attributed to the regulation of targets that have been identified in vitro, in quadricep skeletal muscle. CONCLUSION These findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which G. cambogia regulates glucose homeostasis in obesity-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Tae Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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Liu Z, Li QX, Song B. Pesticidal Activity and Mode of Action of Monoterpenes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:4556-4571. [PMID: 35380824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic pesticides are often associated with issues such as pest resistance, persistent residue, nontarget toxicity, and environmental issues. Therefore, the research and development of novel, safe, and effective pesticides has become a focus in pesticide discovery. Monoterpenes are secondary plant metabolites that commonly have multiple action targets and have been used in aromatherapy, alternative medicine, and food industries. Some are highly potent and stereoselective. They can potentially be botanical pesticides and serve as lead candidates for the design and synthesis of new monoterpenoid pesticides for agricultural applications. This article reviews publications and patents found in SciFinder Scholar between 2000 and May 2021 on monoterpenes and mainly focuses on pesticidal activities of frequently studied monoterpenes and their modes of action. The presented information and our views are hopefully useful for the development of monoterpenes as biopesticides and monoterpenoid pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anshun University, Anshun, Guizhou 561000, P. R. China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Baoan Song
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Huaxi District, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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Garcinia cambogia Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress-Mediated Steatosis and Apoptosis through NRF2-ARE Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081226. [PMID: 34439474 PMCID: PMC8388869 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive free fatty acids (FFAs) causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Garcinia cambogia (G. cambogia) is used as an anti-obesity supplement, and its protective potential against NAFLD has been investigated. This study aims to present the therapeutic effects of G. cambogia on NAFLD and reveal underlying mechanisms. High-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice were administered G. cambogia for eight weeks, and steatosis, apoptosis, and biochemical parameters were examined in vivo. FFA-induced HepG2 cells were treated with G. cambogia, and lipid accumulation, apoptosis, ROS level, and signal alterations were examined. The results showed that G. cambogia inhibited HFD-induced steatosis and apoptosis and abrogated abnormalities in serum chemistry. G. cambogia increased in NRF2 nuclear expression and activated antioxidant responsive element (ARE), causing induction of antioxidant gene expression. NRF2 activation inhibited FFA-induced ROS production, which suppressed lipogenic transcription factors, C/EBPα and PPARγ. Moreover, the ability of G. cambogia to inhibit ROS production suppressed apoptosis by normalizing the Bcl-2/BAX ratio and PARP cleavage. Lastly, these therapeutic effects of G. cambogia were due to hydroxycitric acid (HCA). These findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which G. cambogia regulates NAFLD progression.
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Freitas CS, Lage DP, Oliveira-da-Silva JA, Costa RR, Mendonça DVC, Martins VT, Reis TAR, Antinarelli LMR, Machado AS, Tavares GSV, Ramos FF, Brito RCF, Ludolf F, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Roatt BM, Ramos GS, Munkert J, Ottoni FM, Campana PRV, Duarte MC, Gonçalves DU, Coimbra ES, Braga FC, Pádua RM, Coelho EAF. In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of β-acetyl-digitoxin, a cardenolide of Digitalis lanata potentially useful to treat visceral leishmaniasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:38. [PMID: 33851916 PMCID: PMC8045677 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments of visceral leishmaniasis face limitations due to drug side effects and/or high cost, along with the emergence of parasite resistance. Novel and low-cost antileishmanial agents are therefore required. We report herein the antileishmanial activity of β-acetyl-digitoxin (b-AD), a cardenolide isolated from Digitalis lanata leaves, assayed in vitro and in vivo against Leishmania infantum. Results showed direct action of b-AD against parasites, as well as efficacy for the treatment of Leishmania-infected macrophages. In vivo experiments using b-AD-containing Pluronic® F127 polymeric micelles (b-AD/Mic) to treat L. infantum-infected mice showed that this composition reduced the parasite load in distinct organs in more significant levels. It also induced the development of anti-parasite Th1-type immunity, attested by high levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, TNF-α, GM-CSF, nitrite and specific IgG2a antibodies, in addition to low IL-4 and IL-10 contents, along with higher IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell frequency. Furthermore, low toxicity was found in the organs of the treated animals. Comparing the therapeutic effect between the treatments, b-AD/Mic was the most effective in protecting animals against infection, when compared to the other groups including miltefosine used as a drug control. Data found 15 days after treatment were similar to those obtained one day post-therapy. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that b-AD/Mic is a promising antileishmanial agent and deserves further studies to investigate its potential to treat visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila S Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira-da-Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafaella R Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora V C Mendonça
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thiago A R Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana M R Antinarelli
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Amanda S Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Grasiele S V Tavares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rory C F Brito
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ludolf
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno M Roatt
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Insituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, 35400-000 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela S Ramos
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Departament Biologie, LS Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Flaviano M Ottoni
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Priscilla R V Campana
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil - Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise U Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elaine S Coimbra
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernão C Braga
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Pádua
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100 Minas Gerais, Brazil - Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Digitoxigenin presents an effective and selective antileishmanial action against Leishmania infantum and is a potential therapeutic agent for visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Res 2020; 120:321-335. [PMID: 33191446 PMCID: PMC7667010 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hampered mainly by drug toxicity, their high cost, and parasite resistance. Drug development is a long and pricey process, and therefore, drug repositioning may be an alternative worth pursuing. Cardenolides are used to treat cardiac diseases, especially those obtained from Digitalis species. In the present study, cardenolide digitoxigenin (DIGI) obtained from a methanolic extract of Digitalis lanata leaves was tested for its antileishmanial activity against Leishmania infantum species. Results showed that 50% Leishmania and murine macrophage inhibitory concentrations (IC50 and CC50, respectively) were of 6.9 ± 1.5 and 295.3 ± 14.5 μg/mL, respectively. With amphotericin B (AmpB) deoxycholate, used as a control drug, values of 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.79 ± 0.12 μg/mL, respectively, were observed. Selectivity index (SI) values were of 42.8 and 6.1 for DIGI and AmpB, respectively. Preliminary studies suggested that the mechanism of action for DIGI is to cause alterations in the mitochondrial membrane potential, to increase the levels of reactive oxygen species and induce accumulation of lipid bodies in the parasites. DIGI was incorporated into Pluronic® F127-based polymeric micelles, and the formula (DIGI/Mic) was used to treat L. infantum–infected mice. Miltefosine was used as a control drug. Results showed that animals treated with either miltefosine, DIGI, or DIGI/Mic presented significant reductions in the parasite load in their spleens, livers, bone marrows, and draining lymph nodes, as well as the development of a specific Th1-type response, when compared with the controls. Results obtained 1 day after treatment were corroborated with data corresponding to 15 days after therapy. Importantly, treatment with DIGI/Mic induced better parasitological and immunological responses when compared with miltefosine- and DIGI-treated mice. In conclusion, DIGI/Mic has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent to protect against L. infantum infection, and it is therefore worth of consideration in future studies addressing VL treatment.
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Han JH, Jang KW, Park MH, Myung CS. Garcinia cambogia suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by inhibiting p90RSK and Stat3 activation during mitotic clonal expansion. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1822-1839. [PMID: 32716094 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with an increase in adipose tissue, which is mediated by hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Therefore, inhibiting cell proliferation during mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) is one of the major strategies for preventing obesity. The antagonistic effects of Garcinia cambogia (G. cambogia) on obesity have been studied in animal experimental models. However, the effects of G. cambogia extract on MCE, and the underlying molecular mechanisms, are poorly understood. In this study, 3T3-L1 cells were used to investigate whether G. cambogia extract affected cell proliferation during MCE and to identify target molecules for any anti-adipogenic activity. G. cambogia extract suppressed isobutylmethylxanthine and dexamethasone-and-insulin (MDI)-induced adipogenesis at an early stage by attenuating MCE. In G. cambogia extract-treated preadipocytes, MDI-induced cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were inhibited by G0 /G1 arrest due to an increase in p21 and p27 expression, and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2, cyclin E1 expression, and retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation. In addition, the MDI-induced phosphorylation and subsequent translocation into the nucleus of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 3 were suppressed. Specific inhibitors of p90RSK (FMK) and Stat3 (stattic) regulated cell proliferation and adipogenesis. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that G. cambogia extract inhibited MCE by regulating p90RSK, Stat3, and cell cycle proteins, leading to G0 /G1 arrest. These findings provide new insight into the mechanism by which G. cambogia suppresses adipocyte differentiation and show that p90RSK is critical for adipogenesis as a new molecular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Woo Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Park
- Institute of Drug Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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(+)-Usnic Acid Induces ROS-dependent Apoptosis via Inhibition of Mitochondria Respiratory Chain Complexes and Nrf2 Expression in Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030876. [PMID: 32013250 PMCID: PMC7037438 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) has a poor prognosis, in part due to poor therapeutic response and limited therapeutic alternatives. Lichens are symbiotic organisms, producing a variety of substances with multiple biological activities. (+)-Usnic acid, an important biologically active metabolite of lichens, has been shown to have high anti-cancer activity at low doses. However, there have been no reports regarding the effect of (+)-usnic acid on LUSC cells. This study found that (+)-usnic acid reduced viability and induced apoptosis in LUSC cells by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. (+)-Usnic acid induced mitochondria-derived ROS production via inhibition of complex I and complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC). Interestingly, the elimination of mitochondrial ROS by Mito-TEMPOL only partially reversed the effect of (+)-usnic acid on cellular ROS production. Further study showed that (+)-usnic acid also induced ROS production via reducing Nrf2 stability through disruption of the PI3K/Akt pathway. The in vitro and in vivo xenograft studies showed that combined treatment of (+)-usnic acid and paclitaxel synergistically suppressed LUSC cells. In conclusion, this study indicates that (+)-usnic acid induces apoptosis of LUSC cells through ROS accumulation, probably via disrupting the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) and the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 pathway. Therefore, although clinical use of (+)-usnic acid will be limited due to toxicity issues, derivatives thereof may turn out as promising anticancer candidates for adjuvant treatment of LUSC.
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Zhang W, Zhang W, Sun L, Xiang L, Lai X, Li Q, Sun S. The effects and mechanisms of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on reversing multidrug resistance in cancer. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Humisto A, Jokela J, Teigen K, Wahlsten M, Permi P, Sivonen K, Herfindal L. Characterization of the interaction of the antifungal and cytotoxic cyclic glycolipopeptide hassallidin with sterol-containing lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1510-1521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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15
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Li H, Krstin S, Wink M. Modulation of multidrug resistant in cancer cells by EGCG, tannic acid and curcumin. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:213-222. [PMID: 30466981 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is one of the most common life-threatening diseases worldwide; many patients develop multidrug resistance after treatment with anticancer drugs. The main mechanism leading to multidrug resistance is the overexpression of ABC transporters in cancer cells. Chemosensitizers are needed to inhibit the activity of ABC transporters, resulting in higer intracellular concentration of anticancer drugs. Some secondary metabolites have been reported to be chemosensitizers by inhibiting ABC transporters. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), tannic acid, and curcumin were employed in this study. Different assays were used to detect whether they have the ability to inhibit P-gp activity and overcome multidrug resistance in cancer cells overexpressing P-gp. Hypothesis/Purpose: CEM/ADR 5000 and Caco-2 cell lines, which overexpress P-gp, are multidrug resistant cell lines. We first detected whether the combination of polyphenols (EGCG, tannic acid, curcumin) and doxorubicin, an anticancer drug, is synergistic or not. To further understand the potential mechanism, EGCG, tannic acid, and curcumin were tested to check whether they have the ability to inhibit P-gp activity. When P-gp activity is inhibited, the intracellular concentration of doxorubicin is higher, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. STUDY DESIGN The P-gp overexpressing human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 and human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CEM/ADR 5000 were used in this study. Two-drug combinations (doxorubicin + polyphenol) and three-drug combinations (doxorubicin + polyphenol + digitonin) were tested to examine potential synergism. The potential mechanism leading to synergism would be the inhibition of P-gp activity. A Rhodamine 123 assay and Calcein-AM assay in Caco-2 and CEM/ADR 5000, respectively, were used to detect P-gp inhibition by EGCG, curcumin, and tannic acid. METHODS MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, polyphenols and digitonin alone, and then their combinations. Furthermore, Rhodamine 123 and Calcein-AM were used to detect the effects of polyphenols on the activity of P-gp. RESULTS The results demonstrated that a combination of non-toxic concentrations of each polyphenol with doxorubicin synergistically sensitized Caco-2 and CEM/ADR 5000 cells. Furthermore, three-drug combinations (doxorubicin + polyphenol + digitonin) were much more effective. In addition, the activity of P-gp in Caco-2 and CEM/ADR 5000 cells was measured. Consistent with the combination results, tannic acid and curcumin decreased the activity of P-gp both in Caco-2 and CEM/ADR 5000. EGCG, which weakly affected the activity of P-gp in CEM/ADR 5000, only had an effect on P-gp under higher concentration in Caco-2 cells. CONCLUSION Our results show that EGCG, curcumin, and tannic acid, when combined with doxorubicin, can exert synergism, mediated by a reduced activity of P-gp. This study suggests that polyphenols, by modulating the activity of P-gp, may be used as chemosensitisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmei Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Krstin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Zhou JX, Wink M. Reversal of Multidrug Resistance in Human Colon Cancer and Human Leukemia Cells by Three Plant Extracts and Their Major Secondary Metabolites. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E123. [PMID: 30428619 PMCID: PMC6313689 DOI: 10.3390/medicines5040123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: We studied the effect of three plant extracts (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Paeonia lactiflora, Eriobotrya japonica) and six of their major secondary metabolites (glycyrrhizic acid, 18β glycyrrhetinic acid, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, paeoniflorin, ursolic acid) on the multidrug resistant human colon cancer cell line Caco-2 and human leukemia cell line CEM/ADR 5000 as compared to the corresponding sensitive cell line CCRF-CEM, and human colon cancer cells HCT-116, which do not over-express ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. Methods: The cytotoxicity of single substances in sensitive and resistant cells was investigated by MTT assay. We also applied combinations of extracts or single compounds with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin or doxorubicin plus the saponin digitonin. The intracellular retention of the ABC transporter substrates rhodamine 123 and calcein was examined by flow cytometry to explore the effect of the substances on the activity of ABC transporters P-glycoprotein and MRP1. Real-time PCR was applied to analyse the gene expression changes of ABCB1, ABCC1, caspase 3, caspase 8, AhR, CYP1A1, and GSTP1 in resistant cells under the treatment of the substances. Results: All the substances moderately inhibited cell growth in sensitive and resistant cells to some degree. Whereas ursolic acid showed IC50 of 14 and 22 µM in CEM/ADR 5000 and Caco-2 cells, respectively, glycyrrhizic acid and paeoniflorin were inactive with IC50 values above 400 μM. Except for liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin, all the other substances reversed MDR in CEM/ADR 5000 and Caco-2 cells to doxorubicin. Ue, ga, 18ga, and urs were powerful reversal agents. In CEM/ADR 5000 cells, high concentrations of all the substances, except Paeonia lactiflora extract, increased calcein or rhodamine 123 retention in a dose-dependent manner. In Caco-2 cells, all the substances, except liquiritigenin, retained rhodamine 123 in a dose-dependent manner. We also examined the effect of the plant secondary metabolite (PSM) panel on the expression of ABCB1, ABCC1, caspase 3, caspase 8, AhR, CYP1A1, and GSTP1 genes in MDR cells. Conclusions: The extracts and individual PSM could reverse MDR in CEM/ADR 5000 and Caco-2 cells, which overexpress ABC transporters, in two- and three-drug combinations. Most of the PSM also inhibited the activity of ABC transporters to some degree, albeit at high concentrations. Ue, ga, 18ga, and urs were identified as potential multidrug resistance (MDR) modulator candidates, which need to be characterized and validated in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xian Zhou
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Capsaicin and Piperine Can Overcome Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23030557. [PMID: 29498663 PMCID: PMC6017796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) can develop in cancer cells after treatment with anticancer drugs, mainly due to the overexpression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. We analyzed the ability of two pungent-tasting alkaloids-capsaicin and piperine from Capsicum frutescens and Piper nigrum, respectively-to reverse multidrug resistance in the cancer cell lines Caco-2 and CEM/ADR 5000, which overexpress P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and other ABC transporters. METHODS The MTT assay was first used to determine the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin, the alkaloids, and digitonin alone, and then their combinations. Furthermore, rhodamine (Rho) 123 and calcein-AM were used to detect the effects of alkaloids on the activity of P-gp. RESULTS Capsaicin and piperine synergistically enhanced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in Caco-2 and CEM/ADR 5000 cells. Furthermore, capsaicin and piperine increased the intracellular accumulation of the fluorescent P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates rhodamine and calcein and inhibited their efflux from the MDR cell lines. CONCLUSION Our study has demonstrated that capsaicin and piperine are P-gp substrates and have potential chemosensitizing activity, which might be interesting for the development of novel modulators of multidrug resistance.
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Galadari S, Rahman A, Pallichankandy S, Thayyullathil F. Molecular targets and anticancer potential of sanguinarine-a benzophenanthridine alkaloid. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 34:143-153. [PMID: 28899497 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is an enormous global health burden, and should be effectively addressed with better therapeutic strategies. Currently, over 60% of the clinically approved anticancer agents are either directly isolated from natural sources or are modified from natural lead molecules. Sanguinarine (SNG), a quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloid has gained increasing attention in recent years as a potential anticancer agent. PURPOSE There is a large untapped source of phytochemical-based anticancer agents remaining to be explored. This review article aims to recapitulate different anticancer properties of SNG, and describes some of the molecular targets involved in exerting its effect. It also depicts the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of SNG, two parameters important in determining the druggability of a molecule. METHODS Numerous in vivo and in vitro published studies have signified the anticancer properties of SNG. In order to collate and decipher these properties, an extensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus using keywords followed by the evaluation of the relevant articles where the relevant reports are integrated and analyzed. RESULTS Apart from inducing cell death, SNG inhibits pro-tumorigenic processes such as invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis in different cancers. Moreover, SNG has been shown to synergistically enhance the sensitivity of several chemotherapeutic agents and is effective against a variety of multi-drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehamuddin Galadari
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Anees Rahman
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Siraj Pallichankandy
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Faisal Thayyullathil
- Cell Death Signaling Laboratory, Division of Science (Biology), Experimental Research Building, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Saadiyat Island Campus, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Cianfaglione K, Blomme EE, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Lupidi G, Dall'Acqua S, Maggi F. Cytotoxic Essential Oils from Eryngium campestre and Eryngium amethystinum (Apiaceae) Growing in Central Italy. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28332760 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Eryngium campestre and E. amethystinum are thorny herbs belonging to the Apiaceae family and spontaneously growing in stony pastures and dry meadows, preferentially on calcareous substrates. In the Mediterranean countries, these plants have been used as a food or traditional remedies to treat various ailments. In the present work, we have analyzed the chemical composition of the essential oils distilled from the aerial parts by GC-FID and GC/MS, and evaluated their cytotoxic effects on a panel of human cancer cells, namely A375 (human malignant melanoma), MDA-MB 231 cells (human breast adenocarcinoma), and HCT116 cells (human colon carcinoma), by the MTT assay. Furthermore, the Eryngium essential oils were evaluated for antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. The two essential oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, with germacrene D as the major compound, accompanied by allo-aromadendrene, β-elemene, spathulenol, and ledol. They turned out to be highly cytotoxic on the tumor cells, with IC50 values (1.65 - 5.32 and 1.57 - 2.99 μg/ml for E. amethystinum and E. campestre, respectively) comparable or close to those of the anticancer drug cisplatin. The E. amethystinum essential oil exhibited a moderate antioxidant activity, whereas that of E. campestre a weak AChE inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cianfaglione
- Plant Diversity and Ecosystems Management Unit, School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Pontoni 5, IT-62032, Camerino.,EA 2219 Géoarchitecture, UFR Sciences & Techniques, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, FR-29200, Brest
| | - Evy E Blomme
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, BE-9000, Ghent
| | - Luana Quassinti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, IT-62032, Camerino
| | - Massimo Bramucci
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, IT-62032, Camerino
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III da Varano, IT-62032, Camerino
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, IT-35131, Padova
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, IT-62032, Camerino
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Membrane Disintegration Caused by the Steroid Saponin Digitonin Is Related to the Presence of Cholesterol. Molecules 2015; 20:20146-60. [PMID: 26569199 PMCID: PMC6332127 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation we studied the molecular mechanisms of the monodesmosidic saponin digitonin on natural and artificial membranes. We measured the hemolytic activity of digitonin on red blood cells (RBCs). Also different lipid membrane models (large unilamellar vesicles, LUVs, and giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs) in the presence and absence of cholesterol were employed. The stability and permeability of the different vesicle systems were studied by using calcein release assay, GUVs membrane permeability assay using confocal microscopy (CM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and vesicle size measurement by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results support the essential role of cholesterol in explaining how digitonin can disintegrate biological and artificial membranes. Digitonin induces membrane permeability or causes membrane rupturing only in the presence of cholesterol in an all-or-none mechanism. This effect depends on the concentrations of both digitonin and cholesterol. At low concentrations, digitonin induces membrane permeability while keeping the membrane intact. When digitonin is combined with other drugs, a synergistic potentiation can be observed because it facilitates their uptake.
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Combinations of alkaloids affecting different molecular targets with the saponin digitonin can synergistically enhance trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7011-7. [PMID: 26349826 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01315-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellate Trypanosoma brucei causes sleeping sickness in humans and nagana in animals. Only a few drugs are registered to treat trypanosomiasis, but those drugs show severe side effects. Also, because some pathogen strains have become resistant, new strategies are urgently needed to combat this parasitic disease. An underexplored possibility is the application of combinations of several trypanocidal agents, which may potentiate their trypanocidal activity in a synergistic fashion. In this study, the potential synergism of mutual combinations of bioactive alkaloids and alkaloids with a membrane-active steroidal saponin, digitonin, was explored with regard to their effect on T. b. brucei. Alkaloids were selected that affect different molecular targets: berberine and chelerythrine (intercalation of DNA), piperine (induction of apoptosis), vinblastine (inhibition of microtubule assembly), emetine (intercalation of DNA, inhibition of protein biosynthesis), homoharringtonine (inhibition of protein biosynthesis), and digitonin (membrane permeabilization and uptake facilitation of polar compounds). Most combinations resulted in an enhanced trypanocidal effect. The addition of digitonin significantly stimulated the activity of almost all alkaloids against trypanosomes. The strongest effect was measured in a combination of digitonin with vinblastine. The highest dose reduction indexes (DRI) were measured in the two-drug combination of digitonin or piperine with vinblastine, where the dose of vinblastine could be reduced 9.07-fold or 7.05-fold, respectively. The synergistic effects of mutual combinations of alkaloids and of alkaloids with digitonin present a new avenue to treat trypanosomiasis but one which needs to be corroborated in future animal experiments.
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Han JH, Lee SG, Jung SH, Lee JJ, Park HS, Kim YH, Myung CS. Sesamin Inhibits PDGF-Mediated Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Upregulating p21 and p27. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7317-7325. [PMID: 26244686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sesamin, an active ingredient of Asiasarum heterotropoides, is known to exhibit many bioactive functions, but the effect thereof on vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation remains poorly understood. Hence, we explored the antiproliferative action of sesamin on VSMCs and the underlying mechanism thereof, focusing on possible effects of sesamin on cell cycle progression. Sesamin significantly inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced VSMC proliferation (inhibition percentage at 1, 5, and 10 μM sesamin was 49.8 ± 22.0%, 74.6 ± 19.9%, and 87.8 ± 13.0%, respectively) in the absence of cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and PDGF-induced DNA synthesis; and arrested cell cycle progression in the G0/G1-to-S phase. Sesamin potently inhibited cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression, pRb phosphorylation, and expression of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA); and upregulated p27(KIP1), p21(CIP1), and p53. The results thus indicate that the antiproliferative effect of sesamin on PDGF-stimulated VSMCs is attributable to arrest of the cell cycle in G0/G1 caused, in turn, by upregulation of p27(KIP1), p21(CIP1), and p53, and inhibition of cyclin E-CDK2 and cyclin D1-CDK4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gil Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daegu 701-300, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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23
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Han JH, Kim Y, Jung SH, Lee JJ, Park HS, Song GY, Cuong NM, Kim YH, Myung CS. Murrayafoline A Induces a G0/G1-Phase Arrest in Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Stimulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 19:421-6. [PMID: 26330754 PMCID: PMC4553401 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2015.19.5.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The increased potential for vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth is a key abnormality in the development of atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis. Abnormally high activity of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is believed to play a central role in the etiology of these pathophysiological situations. Here, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects and possible mechanism(s) of murrayafoline A, a carbazole alkaloid isolated from Glycosmis stenocarpa Guillamin (Rutaceae), on PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs. Murrayafoline A inhibited the PDGF-BB-stimulated proliferation of VSMCs in a concentration-dependent manner, as measured using a non-radioactive colorimetric WST-1 assay and direct cell counting. Furthermore, murrayafoline A suppressed the PDGF-BB-stimulated progression through G0/G1 to S phase of the cell cycle, as measured by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay and cell cycle progression analysis. This anti-proliferative action of murrayafoline A, arresting cell cycle progression at G0/G1 phase in PDGF-BB-stimulated VSMCs, was mediated via down-regulation of the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, CDK4, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb). These results indicate that murrayafoline A may be useful in preventing the progression of vascular complications such as restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hui Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Yohan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 701-300, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Gyu-Yong Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. ; Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Nguyen Manh Cuong
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet St., 122100 Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. ; Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Myung
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University College of Pharmacy, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. ; Institute of Drug Research & Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea
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24
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Follit CA, Brewer FK, Wise JG, Vogel PD. In silico identified targeted inhibitors of P-glycoprotein overcome multidrug resistance in human cancer cells in culture. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00170. [PMID: 26516582 PMCID: PMC4618641 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure of cancer chemotherapies is often linked to the over expression of ABC efflux transporters like the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gp expression in cells leads to the elimination of a variety of chemically unrelated, mostly cytotoxic compounds. Administration of chemotherapeutics during therapy frequently selects for cells that over express P-gp and are therefore capable of robustly exporting diverse compounds, including chemotherapeutics, from the cells. P-gp thus confers multidrug resistance to a majority of drugs currently available for the treatment of cancers and diseases like HIV/AIDS. The search for P-gp inhibitors for use as co-therapeutics to combat multidrug resistances has had little success to date. In a previous study (Brewer et al., Mol Pharmacol 86: 716–726, 2014), we described how ultrahigh throughput computational searches led to the identification of four drug-like molecules that specifically interfere with the energy harvesting steps of substrate transport and inhibit P-gp catalyzed ATP hydrolysis in vitro. In the present study, we demonstrate that three of these compounds reversed P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance of cultured prostate cancer cells to restore sensitivity comparable to naïve prostate cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel. Potentiation concentrations of the inhibitors were <3 μmol/L. The inhibitors did not exhibit significant toxicity to noncancerous cells at concentrations where they reversed multidrug resistance in cancerous cells. Our results indicate that these compounds with novel mechanisms of P-gp inhibition are excellent leads for the development of co-therapeutics for the treatment of multidrug resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A Follit
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376
| | - Frances K Brewer
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376
| | - John G Wise
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376
| | - Pia D Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Center for Drug Discovery, Design and Delivery, Southern Methodist University Dallas, Texas, 75275-0376
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25
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Han JH, Zhou W, Li W, Tuan PQ, Khoi NM, Thuong PT, Na M, Myung CS. Pentacyclic Triterpenoids from Astilbe rivularis that Enhance Glucose Uptake via the Activation of Akt and Erk1/2 in C2C12 Myotubes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1005-1014. [PMID: 25894669 DOI: 10.1021/np5009174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake into insulin-sensitive tissues is important for the regulation of blood glucose. This study has investigated whether the pentacyclic triterpenoids substituted with a carboxylic acid at the C-27 position isolated from Astilbe rivularis can enhance glucose uptake and subsequently to also examine their underlying molecular mechanisms. The structure of the new pentacyclic triterpenoid 1 was assigned by spectroscopic data interpretation. To evaluate the activity of compounds 1 and 2, glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) translocation were measured in C2C12 myotubes. The C-27-carboxylated triterpenoids 1 and 2 significantly increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane. Both compounds stimulated the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), protein kinase B (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2). Pretreatment with the Akt inhibitor triciribine or the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126 decreased the ability of both compounds to enhance basal- and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and stimulate GLUT4 translocation. These results indicate that compounds 1 and 2 activated both the IRS-1/Akt and Erk1/2 pathways and subsequently stimulated GLUT4 translocation, leading to enhanced glucose uptake. Thus, these observations suggest that C-27-carboxylated-pentacyclic triterpenoids may serve as scaffolds for development as agents for the management of blood glucose levels in disease states such as diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhou
- §College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- ⊥School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Quoc Tuan
- ∥National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Khoi
- ∥National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thien Thuong
- ∥National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
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26
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Gupta PK, Jaiswal AK, Asthana S, Teja B V, Shukla P, Shukla M, Sagar N, Dube A, Rath SK, Mishra PR. Synergistic enhancement of parasiticidal activity of amphotericin B using copaiba oil in nanoemulsified carrier for oral delivery: an approach for non-toxic chemotherapy. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3596-610. [PMID: 25825339 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim of this study was to devise a nanoemulsified carrier system (CopNEC) to improve the oral delivery of amphotericin B (AmB) by increasing its oral bioavailability and synergistically enhance its antileishmanial activity with copaiba oil (Cop). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The AmB encapsulated NEC (CopNEC-AmB) comprised of Cop, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and phosphatidylcholine was prepared by high-pressure homogenization method. Stability study of CopNEC-AmB was carried out in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. The CopNEC-AmB and plain AmB were compared as regards their in vitro antileishmanial activity, pharmacokinetics, organ distribution and toxicity. KEY RESULTS The optimal CopNEC-AmB had a small globule size, low polydispersity index, high ζ potential and encapsulation efficiency. The high resolution transmission electron microscopy illustrated spherical particle geometry with homogeny in their sizes. The optimal CopNEC-AmB was found to be stable in gastrointestinal fluids showing insignificant changes in globule size and encapsulation efficiency. The AUC0-48 value of CopNEC-AmB in rats was significantly improved showing 7.2-fold higher oral bioavailability than free drug. The in vitro antileishmanial activity of CopNEC-AmB was significantly higher than that of the free drug as Cop synergistically enhanced the antileishmanial effect of AmB by causing drastic changes in the morphology of Leishmania parasite and rupturing its plasma membrane. The CopNEC-AmB showed significantly less haemolytic toxicity and cytotoxicity and did not change the histopathology of kidney tissues as compared with AmB alone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This prototype CopNEC formulation showed improved bioavailability and had a non-toxic synergistic effect on the antileishmanial activity of AmB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Gupta
- Pharmaceutics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Anil K Jaiswal
- Parasitology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Shalini Asthana
- Pharmaceutics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Venkatesh Teja B
- Pharmaceutics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Prashant Shukla
- Pharmaceutics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Minakshi Shukla
- Parasitology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Neeti Sagar
- Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Anuradha Dube
- Parasitology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Srikanta K Rath
- Toxicology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhat R Mishra
- Pharmaceutics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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27
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Su S, Cheng X, Wink M. Natural lignans from Arctium lappa modulate P-glycoprotein efflux function in multidrug resistant cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:301-307. [PMID: 25765837 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Arctium lappa is a well-known traditional medicinal plant in China (TCM) and Europe that has been used for thousands of years to treat arthritis, baldness or cancer. The plant produces lignans as secondary metabolites which have a wide range of bioactivities. Yet, their ability to reverse multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells has not been explored. In this study, we isolated six lignans from A. lappa seeds, namely arctigenin, matairesinol, arctiin, (iso)lappaol A, lappaol C, and lappaol F. The MDR reversal potential of the isolated lignans and the underlying mechanism of action were studied using two MDR cancer cell lines, CaCo2 and CEM/ADR 5000 which overexpress P-gp and other ABC transporters. In two-drug combinations of lignans with the cytotoxic doxorubicin, all lignans exhibited synergistic effects in CaCo2 cells and matairesinol, arctiin, lappaol C and lappaol F display synergistic activity in CEM/ADR 5000 cells. Additionally, in three-drug combinations of lignans with the saponin digitonin and doxorubicin MDR reversal activity was even stronger enhanced. The lignans can increase the retention of the P-gp substrate rhodamine 123 in CEM/ADR 5000 cells, indicating that lignans can inhibit the activity of P-gp. Our study provides a first insight into the potential chemosensitizing activity of a series of natural lignans, which might be candidates for developing novel adjuvant anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Su
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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28
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Eid SY, El-Readi MZ, Fatani SH, Mohamed Nour Eldin EE, Wink M. Natural Products Modulate the Multifactorial Multidrug Resistance of Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2015.63017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Wu Q, Yang Z, Nie Y, Shi Y, Fan D. Multi-drug resistance in cancer chemotherapeutics: mechanisms and lab approaches. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:159-66. [PMID: 24657660 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) has become the largest obstacle to the success of cancer chemotherapies. The mechanisms of MDR and the approaches to test MDR have been discovered, yet not fully understood. This review covers the in vivo and in vitro approaches for the detection of MDR in the laboratory and the mechanisms of MDR in cancers. This study also envisages the future developments toward the clinical and therapeutic applications of MDR in cancer treatment. Future therapeutics for cancer treatment will likely combine the existing therapies with drugs originated from MDR mechanisms such as anti-cancer stem cell drugs, anti-miRNA drugs or anti-epigenetic drugs. The challenges for the clinical detection of MDR will be to find new biomarkers and to determine new evaluation systems before the drug resistance emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Daiming Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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30
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Eid SY, El-Readi MZ, Eldin EEMN, Fatani SH, Wink M. Influence of combinations of digitonin with selected phenolics, terpenoids, and alkaloids on the expression and activity of P-glycoprotein in leukaemia and colon cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 21:47-61. [PMID: 23999162 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp or MDR1) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter. It is involved in the efflux of several anticancer drugs, which leads to chemotherapy failure and multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. Representative secondary metabolites (SM) including phenolics (EGCG and thymol), terpenoids (menthol, aromadendrene, β-sitosterol-O-glucoside, and β-carotene), and alkaloids (glaucine, harmine, and sanguinarine) were evaluated as potential P-gp inhibitors (transporter activity and expression level) in P-gp expressing Caco-2 and CEM/ADR5000 cancer cell lines. Selected SM increased the accumulation of the rhodamine 123 (Rho123) and calcein-AM (CAM) in a dose dependent manner in Caco-2 cells, indicating that they act as competitive inhibitors of P-gp. Non-toxic concentrations of β-carotene (40μM) and sanguinarine (1μM) significantly inhibited Rho123 and CAM efflux in CEM/ADR5000 cells by 222.42% and 259.25% and by 244.02% and 290.16%, respectively relative to verapamil (100%). Combination of the saponin digitonin (5μM), which also inhibits P-gp, with SM significantly enhanced the inhibition of P-gp activity. The results were correlated with the data obtained from a quantitative analysis of MDR1 expression. Both compounds significantly decreased mRNA levels of the MDR1 gene to 48% (p<0.01) and 46% (p<0.01) in Caco-2, and to 61% (p<0.05) and 1% (p<0.001) in CEM/ADR5000 cells, respectively as compared to the untreated control (100%). Combinations of digitonin with SM resulted in a significant down-regulation of MDR1. Our findings provide evidence that the selected SM interfere directly and/or indirectly with P-gp function. Combinations of different P-gp substrates, such as digitonin alone and together with the set of SM, can mediate MDR reversal in cancer cells.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Alkaloids/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Benzophenanthridines/pharmacology
- Benzophenanthridines/therapeutic use
- Caco-2 Cells
- Colonic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colonic Neoplasms/genetics
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Digitonin/pharmacology
- Digitonin/therapeutic use
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Fluoresceins/metabolism
- Humans
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Isoquinolines/therapeutic use
- Leukemia/drug therapy
- Leukemia/genetics
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Phenols/therapeutic use
- Phytochemicals/pharmacology
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rhodamine 123/metabolism
- Terpenes/pharmacology
- Terpenes/therapeutic use
- beta Carotene/pharmacology
- beta Carotene/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Yehia Eid
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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31
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Trans- β -Caryophyllene: An Effective Antileishmanial Compound Found in Commercial Copaiba Oil (Copaifera spp.). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:761323. [PMID: 23864897 PMCID: PMC3705974 DOI: 10.1155/2013/761323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the leishmanicidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis of four commercial oils from Copaifera spp. named as C1, C2, C3, and C4, the sesquiterpene and diterpene pools obtained from distilling C4, and isolated β-caryophyllene (CAR). Copaiba oils chemical compositions were analyzed by gas chromatography and correlated with biological activities. Diterpenes-rich oils C2 and C3 showed antipromastigote activity. Sesquiterpenes-rich C1 and C4, and isolated CAR presented a dose-dependent activity against intracellular amastigotes, with IC50s of 2.9 µg/mL, 2.3 µg/mL, and 1.3 µg/mL (6.4 µM), respectively. Based on the highest antiamastigote activity and the low toxicity to the host cells, C4 was steamdistillated to separate pools of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes. Both pools were less active against L. amazonensis and more toxic for the macrophages than the whole C4 oil. The leishmanicidal activity of C3 and C4 oils, as well as C4 fractions and CAR, appears to be independent of nitric oxide production by macrophages. This study pointed out β-caryophyllene as an effective antileishmanial compound and also to its role as potential chemical marker in copaiba oils or fractions derived thereof, aiming further development of this rainforest raw material for leishmaniasis therapy.
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32
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Wink M. Medicinal plants: a source of anti-parasitic secondary metabolites. Molecules 2012; 17:12771-91. [PMID: 23114614 PMCID: PMC6268567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171112771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes human infections caused by endoparasites, including protozoa, nematodes, trematodes, and cestodes, which affect more than 30% of the human population, and medicinal plants of potential use in their treatment. Because vaccinations do not work in most instances and the parasites have sometimes become resistant to the available synthetic therapeutics, it is important to search for alternative sources of anti-parasitic drugs. Plants produce a high diversity of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities, such as cytotoxic, anti-parasitic and anti-microbial properties. These drugs often interfere with central targets in parasites, such as DNA (intercalation, alkylation), membrane integrity, microtubules and neuronal signal transduction. Plant extracts and isolated secondary metabolites which can inhibit protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Trichomonas and intestinal worms are discussed. The identified plants and compounds offer a chance to develop new drugs against parasitic diseases. Most of them need to be tested in more detail, especially in animal models and if successful, in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, INF 364, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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