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Farasati Far B, Gouranmohit G, Naimi-Jamal MR, Neysani E, El-Nashar HAS, El-Shazly M, Khoshnevisan K. The potential role of Hypericum perforatum in wound healing: A literature review on the phytochemicals, pharmacological approaches, and mechanistic perspectives. Phytother Res 2024; 38:3271-3295. [PMID: 38600756 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
St. John's Wort, commonly known as Hypericum perforatum L., is a flowering plant in the Clusiaceae family that traditionally been employed for treating anxiety, depression, wounds, burns, sunburn, irritation, and stomach ailments. This review provides a synopsis of H. perforatum L. phytoconstituents and their biological effects, highlighting its beneficial therapeutic properties for dermatological indications, as well as its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activity in various applications including wound healing and skin conditions such as eczema, sun burn and minor burns also spastic paralysis, stiff neck and mood disorders as anti-depressant and nerve pains such as neuralgia. The data were collected from several databases as Web of Science PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Google Scholar using the terms: "H. perforatum L.", "H. perforatum L. /phytochemistry," and "H. perforatum extracts/wound healing" collected from 1994 to 2023. The findings suggest H. perforatum L. acts through various mechanisms and plays a role in each phase of the wound healing process, including re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, wound contraction, and connective tissue regeneration. H. perforatum L. enhances collagen deposition, decreases inflammation, inhibits fibroblast migration, and promotes epithelialization by increasing the number of fibroblasts with polygonal shape and the number of collagen fibers within fibroblasts. H. Perforatum L. extracts modulate the immune response and reduce inflammation were found to accelerate the wound healing process via inhibition of inflammatory mediators' production like interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Thus, H. perforatum L. represents a potential remedy for a wide range of dermatological problems, owing to its constituents with beneficial therapeutic properties. H. perforatum L. could be utilized in the development of novel wound healing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Farasati Far
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Gouranmohit
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis and Polymers, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Erfan Neysani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kamyar Khoshnevisan
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Su G, Yang X, Lin Q, Su G, Liu J, Huang L, Chen W, Wei W, Chen J. Fangchinoline Inhibits African Swine Fever Virus Replication by Suppressing the AKT/mTOR/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7178. [PMID: 39000284 PMCID: PMC11241579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), is one of the most important infectious diseases that cause high morbidity and mortality in pigs and substantial economic losses to the pork industry of affected countries due to the lack of effective vaccines. The need to develop alternative robust antiviral countermeasures, especially anti-ASFV agents, is of the utmost urgency. This study shows that fangchinoline (FAN), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid found in the roots of Stephania tetrandra of the family Menispermaceae, significantly inhibits ASFV replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at micromolar concentrations (IC50 = 1.66 µM). Mechanistically, the infection of ASFV triggers the AKT/mTOR/NF-κB signaling pathway. FAN significantly inhibits ASFV-induced activation of such pathways, thereby suppressing viral replication. Such a mechanism was confirmed using an AKT inhibitor MK2206 as it inhibited AKT phosphorylation and ASFV replication in PAMs. Altogether, the results suggest that the AKT/mTOR pathway could potentially serve as a treatment strategy for combating ASFV infection and that FAN could potentially emerge as an effective novel antiviral agent against ASFV infections and deserves further in vivo antiviral evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoqun Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qisheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guoming Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinyi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Wenkang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Agro-Biological Gene Research Center of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Sotirova Y, Kiselova-Kaneva Y, Vankova D, Tasinov O, Ivanova D, Popov H, Hristova M, Nikolova K, Andonova V. Tissue Regeneration and Remodeling in Rat Models after Application of Hypericum perforatum L. Extract-Loaded Bigels. Gels 2024; 10:341. [PMID: 38786258 PMCID: PMC11121646 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The wound-healing effect of St. John's Wort (SJW) is mainly attributed to hyperforin (HP), but its low stability restricts its topical administration. This study investigates how "free" HP-rich SJW extract (incorporated into a bigel; B/SJW) and extract "protected" by nanostructured lipid carriers (also included in a biphasic semisolid; B/NLC-SJW) affect tissue regeneration in a rat skin excision wound model. Wound diameter, histological changes, and tissue gene expression levels of fibronectin (Fn), matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were employed to quantify the healing progress. A significant wound size reduction was achieved after applying both extract-containing semisolids, but after a 21-day application period, the smallest wound size was observed in the B/NLC-SJW-treated animals. However, the inflammatory response was affected more favorably by the bigel containing the "free" SJW extract, as evidenced by histological studies. Moreover, after the application of B/SJW, the expression of Fn, MMP8, and TNF-α was significantly higher than in the positive control. In conclusion, both bigel formulations exhibited beneficial effects on wound healing in rat skin, but B/SJW affected skin restoration processes in a comprehensive and more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoana Sotirova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Yoana Kiselova-Kaneva
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Deyana Vankova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Oskan Tasinov
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Diana Ivanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Medicine and Nutrigenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria (O.T.); (D.I.)
| | - Hristo Popov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Deontology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Minka Hristova
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Krastena Nikolova
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
| | - Velichka Andonova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Varna, 9000 Varna, Bulgaria;
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Peng Z, Lu J, Liu K, Xie L, Wang Y, Cai C, Yang D, Xi J, Yan C, Li X, Shi M. Hypericin as a promising natural bioactive naphthodianthrone: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and safety. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5639-5656. [PMID: 37690821 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin can be derived from St. John's wort, which is widely spread around the world. As a natural product, it has been put into clinical practice such as wound healing and depression for a long time. In this article, we review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and safety of hypericin, aiming to introduce the research advances and provide a full evaluation of it. Turns out hypericin, as a natural photosensitizer, exhibits an excellent capacity for anticancer, neuroprotection, and elimination of microorganisms, especially when activated by light, potent anticancer and antimicrobial effects are obtained after photodynamic therapy. The mechanisms of its therapeutic effects involve the induction of cell death, inhibition of cell cycle progression, inhibition of the reuptake of amines, and inhibition of virus replication. The pharmacokinetics properties indicate that hypericin has poor water solubility and bioavailability. The distribution and excretion are fast, and it is metabolized in bile. The toxicity of hypericin is rarely reported and the conventional use of it rarely causes adverse effects except for photosensitization. Therefore, we may conclude that hypericin can be used safely and effectively against a variety of diseases. We hope to provide researchers with detailed guidance and enlighten the development of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dejun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunmei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyi Shi
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Su M, Yin B, Xing X, Li Z, Zhang J, Feng S, Li L, Zhao F, Yang X, Yu S, Wang J, Zhang Y, Shi D, Chen J, Feng L, Guo D, Sun D. Octyl gallate targeting the 3C-like protease exhibits highly efficient antiviral activity against swine enteric coronavirus PEDV. Vet Microbiol 2023; 281:109743. [PMID: 37062110 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Infection with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe watery diarrhea in newborn piglets, leading to substantial financial losses for the swine industry. In this study, we screened small molecule drugs targeting 3 C-like protease (3CLpro) by molecular docking, and further evaluated the antiviral activity of the screened drugs against PEDV. Results showed that octyl gallate (OG), a widely used food additive, exhibited strong binding affinity with the 3CLpro active sites of PEDV. Bio-layer interferometry and fluorescence resonance energy transfer revealed that OG directly interacts with PEDV 3CLpro (KD = 549 nM) and inhibits 3CLpro activity (IC50 = 22.15 µM). OG showed a strong inhibition of PEDV replication in vitro. Virus titers were decreased by 0.58 and 0.71 log10 TCID50/mL for the CV777 and HM2017 strains, respectively. In vivo, all piglets in the PEDV-infected group died at 48 h post-infection (hpi), while 75% of piglets in the OG treatment group showed significant relief from the clinical symptoms, pathological damage, and viral loads in the jejunum and ileum. Moreover, the western blotting results showed that OG also has strong antiviral activity against other swine enteric coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Our findings revealed that OG could be developed as a novel antiviral drug against PEDV. The OG exhibited a potential broad-spectrum antiviral drug for control of other swine enteric coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Su
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Lin'an District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311300, PR China
| | - Baishuang Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Xing
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Zijian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Shufeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Feiyu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Shiping Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Yongchen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Da Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Li Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Donghua Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, PR China.
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Zajičková T, Kyzek S, Ďurovcová I, Ševčovičová A, Gálová E. Ratio-dependent effects of photoactivated hypericin and manumycin A on their genotoxic and mutagenic potential. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 374:110421. [PMID: 36828245 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural compounds originated from plants and microorganisms and their combinations are currently being investigated as a possible treatment for several diseases including cancer. Hypericin (photodynamically-active pigment from Hypericum perforatum L.) and manumycin A (inhibitor of farnesyltransferase from Streptomyces parvulus) belong to the chemicals potentially applicable in clinical practice. In this study we evaluated potential cytotoxic (via trypan blue exclusion test), genotoxic (via DNA-topology and comet assays), and mutagenic effects (via bacterial reverse mutation test) of these compounds and their combinations considering the molecular mechanism of their action in cell-free and cellular systems. Our results did not reveal neither cytotoxic nor mutagenic activities of tested compounds and their combinations. Regarding the genotoxic potential, no damage of plasmid DNA in cell-free system was detected. On the other hand, photoactivated hypericin and manumycin A were able to induce primary DNA damage in human lymphocytes analyzed by comet assay. The possible antagonistic interactions between these two metabolites were estimated using SynergyFinder software analysis and experimental data obtained from comet assay. Our findings indicate that not only the presence of substances, but also their ratio plays an important role in resulting effects of the combined treatment in cellular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terézia Zajičková
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Stanislav Kyzek
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ivana Ďurovcová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Andrea Ševčovičová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Eliška Gálová
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina B1, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Wu JJ, Zhang J, Xia CY, Ding K, Li XX, Pan XG, Xu JK, He J, Zhang WK. Hypericin: A natural anthraquinone as promising therapeutic agent. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 111:154654. [PMID: 36689857 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypericin is a prominent secondary metabolite mainly existing in genus Hypericum. It has become a research focus for a quiet long time owing to its extensively pharmacological activities especially the anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-viral and neuroprotective effects. This review concentrated on summarizing and analyzing the existing studies of hypericin in a comprehensive perspective. METHODS The literature with desired information about hypericin published after 2010 was gained from electronic databases including PubMed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases and Wan Fang DATA. RESULTS According to extensive preclinical and clinical studies conducted on the hypericin, an organized and comprehensive summary of the natural and artificial sources, strategies for improving the bioactivities, pharmacological activities, drug combination of hypericin was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential of this active compound. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review offered a theoretical guidance for the follow-up research of hypericin. However, the pharmacological mechanisms, pharmacokinetics and structure activity relationship of hypericin should be further studied in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wu
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cong-Yuan Xia
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kang Ding
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xue-Ge Pan
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jie-Kun Xu
- School of Life Sciences & School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wei-Ku Zhang
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences & Department of Pharmacy, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Cao K, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Peng Y, Pan Q, Jiao Q, Ren K, Sun F, Zhang Q, Guo R, Zhang J, Chen T. Hypericin blocks the function of HSV-1 alkaline nuclease and suppresses viral replication. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115524. [PMID: 35811028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hypericum perforatum L. has a long history in many countries of being used as a herbal medicine. It is also widely used in Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of infections. Hypericin, a main component extracted from Hypericum perforatum L., has attracted the attention of many researchers for its remarkable antiviral, antitumor and antidepressant effects. AIM OF THE STUDY To find plant molecules that inhibit the alkaline nuclease (AN) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and suppress viral replication. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bioinformatics methods were used to determine which compounds from a variety of natural compounds in our laboratory interact with AN. By this means we predicted that hypericin may interact with AN and suppress HSV-1 replication. Experiments were then carried out to verify whether hypericin inhibits the bioactivity of AN. The Pichia pastoris expression system was used to obtain recombinant AN. The exonuclease and endonuclease activity of AN treated with hypericin were tested by electrophoresis. Immunohistochemical staining of the HSV-1 nucleocapsids was used to find out whether hypericin inhibits the intracellular function of AN. Real-time PCR and western blotting analysis were performed to test viral gene expression and viral protein synthesis. The extent of viral replication inhibited by hypericin was determined by a plaque assay and a time of addition assay. RESULTS Recombinant AN was obtained by Pichia pastoris expression system. The exonuclease and endonuclease activity of recombinant AN were inhibited by hypericin in the electrophoresis assay. Hypericin showed no inhibitory effect on BeyoZonase™ Super Nuclease or DNase I. T5 Exonuclease activity was inhibited partially by10 μM hypericin, and was completely suppressed by 50 μM hypericin. Hind Ⅲ was inhibited by hypericin at concentrations greater than 100 μM, but EcoR I, BamH I, and Sal I were not inhibited by hypericin. HSV-1 nucleocapsids gathered in the nucleus when the viruses were treated with hypericin. Plaque formation was significantly reduced by hypericin (EC50 against HSV-1 F is 2.59 ± 0.08 μM and EC50 against HSV-1 SM44 is 2.94 ± 0.10 μM). UL12, ICP27, ICP8, gD, and UL53 gene expression (P < 0.01, 4.0 μM hypericin treated group vs control group) and ICP4 (P < 0.05, 6.0 μM hypericin treated group vs control group), ICP8 and gD (P < 0.05, 2.0 μM hypericin treated group vs control group) protein synthesis were inhibited by hypericin. In the time of addition assay, HSV-1 was suppressed by hypericin in the early stages of viral replication. Hypericin exhibits potent virucidal activity against HSV-1 and inhibits the adsorption and penetration of HSV-1. CONCLUSION Hypericin inhibits the bioactivity of AN and suppresses HSV-1 replication. The data revealed a novel mechanism of the antiherpetic effect of hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China; Department of Pathology, Fourth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang City, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjuan Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qu Pan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuxia Jiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Ren
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenghui Sun
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Nursing, The Second People's Hospital of Xindu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Grade 2019 of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Grade 2019 of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China.
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Choudhary N, Collignon TE, Tewari D, Bishayee A. Hypericin and its anticancer effects: From mechanism of action to potential therapeutic application. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 105:154356. [PMID: 35985181 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging studies indicate that hypericin has diverse pharmacological actions and exhibits potential for treatment of various types of cancer. PURPOSE The current review evaluates the pharmacological activity, associated molecular mechanism, and therapeutic application of hypericin as an anticancer agent according to the most recent state of knowledge with special emphasis on clinical trials and safety profile. METHOD This review follows The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews criteria. Various databases, including PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct, were used to search and collect relevant literature. The major keywords used included the following: cancer, distribution, property, signaling pathway, pharmacological effect, treatment, prevention, in vitro and in vivo studies, toxicity, bioavailability, and clinical trials. RESULTS One hundred three articles met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Hypericin has shown anticancer activity against the expansion of several cell types including breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, colon cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, stomach carcinoma, leukemia, lung cancer, melanoma, and glioblastoma cancer. Hypericin exerts its anticancer activity by inhibiting pro-inflammatory mediators, endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial thioredoxin. It has also been shown to cause an increase in the levels of caspase-3 and caspase-4, arrest the cell cycle at metaphase leading to cancer cell apoptosis, and affect various protein and gene expression patterns. CONCLUSION Hypericin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against various types of in vitro and in vivo cancer models. However, well-designed, high quality, large-scale and multi-center randomized clinical studies are required to establish the safety and clinical utility of hypericin in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Adesh University, Bathinda, Punjab 151101, India
| | - Taylor E Collignon
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110017, India.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA.
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10
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Shahhamzehei N, Abdelfatah S, Efferth T. In Silico and In Vitro Identification of Pan-Coronaviral Main Protease Inhibitors from a Large Natural Product Library. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:308. [PMID: 35337106 PMCID: PMC8952009 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The main protease (Mpro or 3CLpro) in coronaviruses represents a promising specific drug target as it is essential for the cleavage of the virus polypeptide and has a unique cleavage site that does not exist in human host proteases. In this study, we explored potential natural pan-coronavirus drugs using in vitro and in silico approaches and three coronavirus main proteases as treatment targets. The PyRx program was used to screen 39,442 natural-product-like compounds from the ZINC database and 121 preselected phytochemicals from medicinal plants with known antiviral activity. After assessment with Lipinski's rule of five, molecular docking was performed for the top 33 compounds of both libraries. Enzymatic assays were applied for the top candidates from both in silico approaches to test their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. The four compounds (hypericin, rosmarinic acid, isorhamnetin, and luteolin) that most efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 Mpro in vitro were further tested for their efficacy in inhibiting Mpro of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV. Microscale thermophoresis was performed to determine dissociation constant (Kd) values to validate the binding of these active compounds to recombinant Mpro proteins of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS-CoV. The cytotoxicity of hypericin, rosmarinic acid, isorhamnetin, and luteolin was assessed in human diploid MRC-5 lung fibroblasts using the resazurin cell viability assay to determine their therapeutic indices. Sequence alignment of Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated 96.08%, 50.83%, 49.17%, 48.51%, 44.04%, and 41.06% similarity to Mpro of other human-pathogenic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, and HCoV-229E, respectively). Molecular docking showed that 12 out of 121 compounds were bound to SARS-CoV-2 Mpro at the same binding site as the control inhibitor, GC376. Enzyme inhibition assays revealed that hypericin, rosmarinic acid, isorhamnetin, and luteolin inhibited Mpro of SARS-CoV-2, while hypericin and isorhamnetin inhibited Mpro of SARS-CoV-1; hypericin showed inhibitory effects toward Mpro of MERS-CoV. Microscale thermophoresis confirmed the binding of these compounds to Mpro with high affinity. Resazurin assays showed that rosmarinic acid and luteolin were not cytotoxic toward MRC-5 cells, whereas hypericin and isorhamnetin were slightly cytotoxic. We demonstrated that hypericin represents a potential novel pan-anti-coronaviral agent by binding to and inhibiting Mpro of several human-pathogenic coronaviruses. Moreover, isorhamnetin showed inhibitory effects toward SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 Mpro, indicating that this compound may have some pan-coronaviral potential. Luteolin had inhibitory effects against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg5, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.S.); (S.A.)
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11
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Matos ADR, Caetano BC, de Almeida Filho JL, Martins JSCDC, de Oliveira MGP, Sousa TDC, Horta MAP, Siqueira MM, Fernandez JH. Identification of Hypericin as a Candidate Repurposed Therapeutic Agent for COVID-19 and Its Potential Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:828984. [PMID: 35222340 PMCID: PMC8866965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.828984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the global economy and public health. Its etiologic agent, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly transmissible, pathogenic and has a rapid global spread. Currently, the increase in the number of new confirmed cases has been slowed down due to the increase of vaccination in some regions of the world. Still, the rise of new variants has influenced the detection of additional waves of rising cases that some countries have experienced. Since the virus replication cycle is composed of many distinct stages, some viral proteins related to them, as the main-protease (Mpro) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), constitute individual potential antiviral targets. In this study, we challenged the mentioned enzymes against compounds pre-approved by health regulatory agencies in a virtual screening and later in Molecular Mechanics/Poisson–Bolzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) analysis. Our results showed that, among the identified potential drugs with anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties, Hypericin, an important component of the Hypericum perforatum that presents antiviral and antitumoral properties, binds with high affinity to viral Mpro and RdRp. Furthermore, we evaluated the activity of Hypericin anti-SARS-CoV-2 replication in an in vitro model of Vero-E6 infected cells. Therefore, we show that Hypericin inhibited viral replication in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the compound, in cultured cells, was evaluated, but no significant activity was found. Thus, the results observed in this study indicate that Hypericin is an excellent candidate for repurposing for the treatment of COVID-19, with possible inhibition of two important phases of virus maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline da Rocha Matos
- Laboratório de Virus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Insituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LVRS-IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Braulia Costa Caetano
- Laboratório de Virus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Insituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LVRS-IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Luiz de Almeida Filho
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (LQFPP-CBB-UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thiago das Chagas Sousa
- Laboratório de Virus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Insituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LVRS-IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Pereira Horta
- Plataforma de Laboratórios de Biossegurança Nível 3, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (NB3-IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilda Mendonça Siqueira
- Laboratório de Virus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Insituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LVRS-IOC-Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Hernandez Fernandez
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (LQFPP-CBB-UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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12
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Perylene as a controversial antiviral scaffold. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Zhang Y, Chen H, Zou M, Oerlemans R, Shao C, Ren Y, Zhang R, Huang X, Li G, Cong Y. Hypericin Inhibit Alpha-Coronavirus Replication by Targeting 3CL Protease. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091825. [PMID: 34578406 PMCID: PMC8473218 DOI: 10.3390/v13091825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an Alphacoronavirus (α-CoV) that causes high mortality in infected piglets, resulting in serious economic losses in the farming industry. Hypericin is a dianthrone compound that has been shown as an antiviral activity on several viruses. Here, we first evaluated the antiviral effect of hypericin in PEDV and found the viral replication and egression were significantly reduced with hypericin post-treatment. As hypericin has been shown in SARS-CoV-2 that it is bound to viral 3CLpro, we thus established a molecular docking between hypericin and PEDV 3CLpro using different software and found hypericin bound to 3CLpro through two pockets. These binding pockets were further verified by another docking between hypericin and PEDV 3CLpro pocket mutants, and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay confirmed that hypericin inhibits the PEDV 3CLpro activity. Moreover, the alignments of α-CoV 3CLpro sequences or crystal structure revealed that the pockets mediating hypericin and PEDV 3CLpro binding were highly conserved, especially in transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). We then validated the anti-TGEV effect of hypericin through viral replication and egression. Overall, our results push forward that hypericin was for the first time shown to have an inhibitory effect on PEDV and TGEV by targeting 3CLpro, and it deserves further attention as not only a pan-anti-α-CoV compound but potentially also as a compound of other coronaviral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Huijie Chen
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
- College of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology University, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Mengmeng Zou
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Rick Oerlemans
- Department of Drug Design, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Changhao Shao
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Yudong Ren
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, College of Electrical and Information Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Guangxing Li
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yingying Cong
- Veterinary Pathology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.Z.); (H.C.); (M.Z.); (C.S.); (R.Z.); (X.H.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (Y.C.)
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14
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Glombicki SE, Cohen PR. Sofosbuvir-Velpatasvir (Epclusa)-Associated Photosensitivity in a Hepatitis C Patient: Case Report and Review of Photosensitivity to Hepatitis C Antiviral Agents. Cureus 2021; 13:e16496. [PMID: 34430111 PMCID: PMC8373598 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C is a ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus, and its presence in individuals was previously considered to be a chronic condition. However, recent therapeutic advances with virus-directed treatment have resulted in a significant increase in cure rates as demonstrated by an absence of virus on repeat testing. Currently, several individual and combination antiviral therapies are available for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. However, each of the hepatitis C antiviral agents is associated with potential adverse skin effects whose incidence varies depending on the agent used for treatment. The cutaneous reactions, including photosensitivity, usually resolve once the antiviral treatment is completed. In this report, we discuss the case of a chronic hepatitis C patient who developed sofosbuvir-velpatasvir (Epclusa)-associated toxicity, while receiving the antiviral therapy. The 57-year-old man developed cutaneous phototoxicity when he started treatment with the drug. The adverse skin reaction promptly resolved once the treatment was completed. Clinicians who manage patients being treated with antiviral agents for hepatitis C infection should consider counseling these individuals regarding photoprotection including avoidance of sun exposure, daily sunscreen use, and wearing photoprotective clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Glombicki
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA
| | - Philip R Cohen
- Dermatology, San Diego Family Dermatology, National City, USA
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15
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Conrado PCV, Sakita KM, Arita GS, Gonçalves RS, Cesar GB, Caetano W, Hioka N, Voidaleski MF, Vicente VA, Svidzinski TIE, Bonfim-Mendonça PS, Kioshima ES. Hypericin-P123-photodynamic therapy in an ex vivo model as an alternative treatment approach for onychomycosis caused by Fusarium spp. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102414. [PMID: 34186264 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundFusarium has been considered an opportunistic pathogen, causing several infections in humans, including onychomycosis. In addition, a high resistance to conventional antifungals has been linked to this genus. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), known as a non-invasive therapy, can be an alternative treatment for fungal infections, based on the excitation of a photosensitizing compound (PS) by a specific length of light, causing damage to the target. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a formulation of Hypericin (Hyp) encapsulated in Pluronic™ (P123), via photodynamic therapy (PDT), on planktonic cells and biofilms in Fusarium spp. using in vitro and ex vivo assays. Materials & Methods epidemiology studies about Fusarium spp. in onychomycosis was perfomed, carried out molecular identification, compared the antifungal activity of the conventional antifungals with PDT with encapsulated Hypericin (Hyp-P123), carried out detection of reactive oxygen species, and measured the antibiofilm effect of the Hyp-P123-PDT in vitro and in an ex vivo model of onychomycosis. Results Hyp-P123-PDT exhibited a fungicidal effect in vitro with reductions ≥ 3 log10. ROS generation increased post-Hyp-P123-PDT in Fusarium spp. Hyp-P123-PDT showed a potent inhibitory effect on adhesion-phase and mature biofilms in vitro tests and an ex vivo model of onychomycosis (p<0.0001). Conclusion Hyp-P123-PDT had a potent effect against Fusarium spp., suggesting that photodynamic therapy with Hyp-P123 is a safe and promising treatment for onychomycosis in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pollyanna C V Conrado
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karina M Sakita
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Glaucia S Arita
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel B Cesar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Wilker Caetano
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Morgana F Voidaleski
- Department of Pathology Basic, State Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | - Vania A Vicente
- Department of Pathology Basic, State Federal University of Parana, Parana, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erika S Kioshima
- Department of Analysis Clinics and Biomedicine, State University of Maringa, Parana, Brazil.
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16
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High purity separation of hypericin from Hypericum perforatum L. extract with macroporous resin column coupling preparative liquid chromatography. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Pitsillou E, Liang J, Ververis K, Lim KW, Hung A, Karagiannis TC. Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Deubiquitinating Activity of the SARS-CoV-2 Papain-Like Protease: in silico Molecular Docking Studies and in vitro Enzymatic Activity Assay. Front Chem 2020; 8:623971. [PMID: 33364229 PMCID: PMC7753156 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.623971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an ongoing pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus with important political, socio-economic, and public health consequences. Inhibiting replication represents an important antiviral approach, and in this context two viral proteases, the SARS-CoV-2 main and papain-like proteases (PLpro), which cleave pp1a and pp1ab polypeptides, are critical. Along with protease activity, the PLpro possesses deubiquitinating activity, which is important in immune regulation. Naphthalene-based inhibitors, such as the well-investigated GRL-0617 compound, have been shown to possess dual effects, inhibiting both protease and deubiquitinating activity of the PLpro. Rather than binding to the canonical catalytic triad, these type of non-covalent inhibitors target an adjacent pocket, the naphthalene-inhibitor binding site. Using a high-throughput screen, we have previously identified the dietary hypericin, rutin, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside compounds as potential protease inhibitors targeting the naphthalene-inhibitor binding site. Here, our aim was to investigate the binding characteristics of these compounds to the PLpro, and to evaluate deubiquitinating activity, by analyzing seven different PLpro crystal structures. Molecular docking highlighted the relatively high affinity of GRL-0617 and dietary compounds. In contrast binding of the small molecules was abolished in the presence of ubiquitin in the palm subdomain of the PLpro. Further, docking the small molecules in the naphthalene-inhibitor binding site, followed by protein-protein docking revealed displacement of ubiquitin in a conformation inconsistent with functional activity. Finally, the deubiquitinating activity was validated in vitro using an enzymatic activity assay. The findings indicated that the dietary compounds inhibited deubiquitinase activity in the micromolar range with an order of activity of GRL-0167, hypericin >> rutin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside > epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and cefotaxime. Our findings are in accordance with mechanisms and potential antiviral effects of the naphthalene-based, GRL-0617 inhibitor, which is currently progressing in preclinical trials. Further, our findings indicate that in particular hypericin, rutin, and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, represent suitable candidates for subsequent evaluation as PLpro inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pitsillou
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julia Liang
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katherine Ververis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kah Wai Lim
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom C. Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Pitsillou E, Liang J, Karagiannis C, Ververis K, Darmawan KK, Ng K, Hung A, Karagiannis TC. Interaction of small molecules with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease in silico and in vitro validation of potential lead compounds using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 89:107408. [PMID: 33137690 PMCID: PMC7583591 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing, with no proven safe and effective vaccine to date. Further, effective therapeutic agents for COVID-19 are limited, and as a result, the identification of potential small molecule antiviral drugs is of particular importance. A critical antiviral target is the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), and our aim was to identify lead compounds with potential inhibitory effects. We performed an initial molecular docking screen of 300 small molecules, which included phenolic compounds and fatty acids from our OliveNet™ library (224), and an additional group of curated pharmacological and dietary compounds. The prototypical α-ketoamide 13b inhibitor was used as a control to guide selection of the top 30 compounds with respect to binding affinity to the Mpro active site. Further studies and analyses including blind docking were performed to identify hypericin, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and SRT2104 as potential leads. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that hypericin (ΔG = -18.6 and -19.3 kcal/mol), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (ΔG = -50.8 and -42.1 kcal/mol), and SRT2104 (ΔG = -8.7 and -20.6 kcal/mol), formed stable interactions with the Mpro active site. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that, albeit, not as potent as the covalent positive control (GC376), our leads inhibited the Mpro with activity in the micromolar range, and an order of effectiveness of hypericin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside > SRT2104 > SRT1720. Overall, our findings, and those highlighted by others indicate that hypericin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside are suitable candidates for progress to in vitro and in vivo antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Pitsillou
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Julia Liang
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Chris Karagiannis
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, VIC 3001, Australia; Food Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Katherine Ververis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kevion K Darmawan
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Ken Ng
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew Hung
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Tom C Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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Puttaswamy H, Gowtham HG, Ojha MD, Yadav A, Choudhir G, Raguraman V, Kongkham B, Selvaraju K, Shareef S, Gehlot P, Ahamed F, Chauhan L. In silico studies evidenced the role of structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites in reducing SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20584. [PMID: 33239694 PMCID: PMC7689506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are endowed with a large pool of structurally diverse small molecules known as secondary metabolites. The present study aims to virtually screen these plant secondary metabolites (PSM) for their possible anti-SARS-CoV-2 properties targeting four proteins/ enzymes which govern viral pathogenesis. Results of molecular docking with 4,704 ligands against four target proteins, and data analysis revealed a unique pattern of structurally similar PSM interacting with the target proteins. Among the top-ranked PSM which recorded lower binding energy (BE), > 50% were triterpenoids which interacted strongly with viral spike protein-receptor binding domain, > 32% molecules which showed better interaction with the active site of human transmembrane serine protease were belongs to flavonoids and their glycosides, > 16% of flavonol glycosides and > 16% anthocyanidins recorded lower BE against active site of viral main protease and > 13% flavonol glycoside strongly interacted with active site of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The primary concern about these PSM is their bioavailability. However, several PSM recorded higher bioavailability score and found fulfilling most of the drug-likeness characters as per Lipinski's rule (Coagulin K, Kamalachalcone C, Ginkgetin, Isoginkgetin, 3,3'-Biplumbagin, Chrysophanein, Aromoline, etc.). Natural occurrence, bio-transformation, bioavailability of selected PSM and their interaction with the target site of selected proteins were discussed in detail. Present study provides a platform for researchers to explore the possible use of selected PSM to prevent/ cure the COVID-19 by subjecting them for thorough in vitro and in vivo evaluation for the capabilities to interfering with the process of viral host cell recognition, entry and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariprasad Puttaswamy
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India.
| | | | - Monu Dinesh Ojha
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Ajay Yadav
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Gourav Choudhir
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Vasantharaja Raguraman
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Bhani Kongkham
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Koushalya Selvaraju
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Shazia Shareef
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Priyanka Gehlot
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Faiz Ahamed
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Leena Chauhan
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110016, India
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20
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Mansouri K, Rastegari-Pouyani M, Ghanbri-Movahed M, Safarzadeh M, Kiani S, Ghanbari-Movahed Z. Can a metabolism-targeted therapeutic intervention successfully subjugate SARS-COV-2? A scientific rational. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110694. [PMID: 32920511 PMCID: PMC7451059 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a process entailing a high turnover of the host cell molecules, viral replication is required for a successful viral infection and requests virus capacity to acquire the macromolecules required for its propagation. To this end, viruses have adopted several strategies to harness cellular metabolism in accordance with their specific demands. Most viruses upregulate specific cellular anabolic pathways and are largely dependent on such alterations. RNA viruses, for example, upregulate both glycolysisand glycogenolysis providing TCA cycle intermediates essential for anabolic lipogenesis. Also, these infections usually induce the PPP, leading to increased nucleotide levels supporting viral replication. SARS-CoV-2 (the cause of COVID-19)that has so far spread from China throughout the world is also an RNA virus. Owing to the more metabolic plasticity of uninfected cells, a promising approach for specific antiviral therapy, which has drawn a lot of attention in the recent years, would be the targeting of metabolic changes induced by viruses. In the current review, we first summarize some of virus-induced metabolic adaptations and then based on these information as well as SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, propose a potential therapeutic modality for this calamitous world-spreading virus with the hope of employing this strategy for near-future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rastegari-Pouyani
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanbri-Movahed
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehrnoush Safarzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghanbari-Movahed
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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21
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Rizzo P, Altschmied L, Ravindran BM, Rutten T, D’Auria JC. The Biochemical and Genetic Basis for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Compounds in Hypericum Perforatum L., One of the Largest Medicinal Crops in Europe. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1210. [PMID: 33081197 PMCID: PMC7602838 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. commonly known as Saint John's Wort (SJW), is an important medicinal plant that has been used for more than 2000 years. Although H. perforatum produces several bioactive compounds, its importance is mainly linked to two molecules highly relevant for the pharmaceutical industry: the prenylated phloroglucinol hyperforin and the naphtodianthrone hypericin. The first functions as a natural antidepressant while the second is regarded as a powerful anticancer drug and as a useful compound for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. While the antidepressant activity of SJW extracts motivate a multi-billion dollar industry around the world, the scientific interest centers around the biosynthetic pathways of hyperforin and hypericin and their medical applications. Here, we focus on what is known about these processes and evaluate the possibilities of combining state of the art omics, genome editing, and synthetic biology to unlock applications that would be of great value for the pharmaceutical and medical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John C. D’Auria
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), 06466 Gatersleben, Germany; (P.R.); (L.A.); (B.M.R.); (T.R.)
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22
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Zhang J, Gao L, Hu J, Wang C, Hagedoorn PL, Li N, Zhou X. Hypericin: Source, Determination, Separation, and Properties. SEPARATION & PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15422119.2020.1797792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing, Storage and Transportation of Characterized Agro-Products, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Gao
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing, Storage and Transportation of Characterized Agro-Products, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing, Storage and Transportation of Characterized Agro-Products, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chongjun Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing, Storage and Transportation of Characterized Agro-Products, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ning Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Processing, Storage and Transportation of Characterized Agro-Products, College of Environment and Resources, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
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23
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Chen H, Feng R, Muhammad I, Abbas G, Zhang Y, Ren Y, Huang X, Zhang R, Diao L, Wang X, Li G. Protective effects of hypericin against infectious bronchitis virus induced apoptosis and reactive oxygen species in chicken embryo kidney cells. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6367-6377. [PMID: 31399732 PMCID: PMC7107269 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, causes infectious bronchitis leading to enormous economic loss in the poultry industry worldwide. Hypericin (HY) is an excellent compound that has been investigated in antiviral, antineoplastic, and antidepressant. To investigate the inhibition effect of HY on IBV infection in chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells, 3 different experimental designs: pre-treatment of cells prior to IBV infection, direct treatment of IBV-infected cells, and pre-treatment of IBV prior to cell infection were used. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence assay (IFA), flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy were performed and virus titer was determined by TCID50. The results revealed that HY had a good anti-IBV effect when HY directly treated the IBV-infected cells, and virus infectivity decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HY inhibited IBV-induced apoptosis in CEK cells, and significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of Fas, FasL, JNK, Bax, Caspase 3, and Caspase 8, and significantly increased Bcl-2 mRNA expression level in CEK cells. In addition, HY treatment could decrease IBV-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in CEK cells. These results suggested that HY showed potential antiviral activities against IBV infection involving the inhibition of apoptosis and ROS generation in CEK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Chen
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.,College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Rui Feng
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ishfaq Muhammad
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ghulam Abbas
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yudong Ren
- College of Electrical and Information, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaodan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ruili Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lei Diao
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Guangxing Li
- Key Laboratory for Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine of Heilongjiang Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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24
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Jung JH, Hwang J, Kim JH, Sim DY, Im E, Park JE, Park WY, Shim BS, Kim B, Kim SH. Phyotochemical candidates repurposing for cancer therapy and their molecular mechanisms. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 68:164-174. [PMID: 31883914 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Though limited success through chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery has been obtained for efficient cancer therapy for modern decades, cancers are still considered high burden to human health worldwide to date. Recently repurposing drugs are attractive with lower cost and shorter time compared to classical drug discovery, just as Metformin from Galega officinalis, originally approved for treating Type 2 diabetes by FDA, is globally valued at millions of US dollars for cancer therapy. As most previous reviews focused on FDA approved drugs and synthetic agents, current review discussed the anticancer potential of phytochemicals originally approved for treatment of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, infectious diarrhea, depression and malaria with their molecular mechanisms and efficacies and suggested future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisung Hwang
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Ha Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Yong Sim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Im
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Yi Park
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Sang Shim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hoon Kim
- Cancer Molecular Target Herbal Research Laboratory, College of Korean Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Cirak C, Radusiene J. Factors affecting the variation of bioactive compounds in Hypericum species. Biol Futur 2019; 70:198-209. [DOI: 10.1556/019.70.2019.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Cirak
- Vocational High School of Bafra, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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26
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de Araújo PR, Calixto GMF, da Silva IC, de Paula Zago LH, Oshiro Junior JA, Pavan FR, Ribeiro AO, Fontana CR, Chorilli M. Mucoadhesive In Situ Gelling Liquid Crystalline Precursor System to Improve the Vaginal Administration of Drugs. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:225. [PMID: 31214798 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaginal mucosa is a very promising route for drug administration due to its high permeability and the possibility to bypass first pass metabolism; however, current vaginal dosage forms present low retention times due to their dilution in vaginal fluids, which hampers the efficacy of many pharmacological treatments. In order to overcome these problems, this study proposes to develop a mucoadhesive in situ gelling liquid crystalline precursor system composed of 30% of oleic acid and cholesterol (7:1), 40% of ethoxylated and propoxylated cetyl alcohol, and 30% of a dispersion of 16% Poloxamer 407. The effect of the dilution with simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) on this system was evaluated by polarized light microscopy (PLM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), rheological studies, texture profile analysis (TPA), mucoadhesion study, in vitro drug release test using hypericin (HYP) as drug model, and cytotoxicity assay. PLM and SAXS confirmed the formation of an isotropic system. After the addition of three different concentrations of SVF (30, 50, and 100%), the resultant formulations presented anisotropy and characteristics of viscous lamellar phases. Rheology shows that formulations with SVF behaved as a non-Newtonian fluid with suitable shear thinning for vaginal application. TPA and mucoadhesion assays indicated the formation of long-range ordered systems as the amount of SVF increases which may assist in the fixation of the formulation on the vaginal mucosa. The formulations were able to control about 75% of the released HYP demonstrating a sustained release profile. Finally, all formulations acted as safe vaginal drug delivery systems.
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