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Wang Z, Zhong Y, Xin M, Zhang J, Dong X, Zhang W, Lu X, Li L, Tu Y, Zhang L. Swiprosin-1 participates in the berberine-regulated AMPK/MLCK pathway to attenuate colitis-induced tight junction damage. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 135:156111. [PMID: 39369569 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is essential in maintaining the epithelial tight junction (TJ) barrier. Berberine, a phytochemical AMPK agonist, has been widely reported to ameliorate colitis. Berberine or AMPK activation inhibits cytoskeletal contraction induced by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), thereby ameliorating TJ barrier defects. We previously found that swiprosin-1, an actin-binding protein, affects MLCK expression. Here, we aimed to reveal the role of swiprosin-1 in the regulation of AMPK/MLCK by berberine. METHODS Caco-2 monolayer transfected with AMPKα1 (or swiprosin-1) siRNA was treated with berberine after being stimulated with TNFα/IFNγ to assess the effect on the TJ barrier. Intestinal epithelial conditional knockout mice for AMPKα1 (or swiprosin-1) were treated with berberine after experimental colitis to evaluate the effect on the TJ barrier. TJ integrity was evaluated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence for ZO-1 and Occludin. RESULTS The protection of berberine against TJ barrier damage was blocked by AMPK inhibitor or knockout of AMPKα1 in epithelial cells. Swiprosin-1 was distributed in colonic epithelial cells and upregulated in colitis. Knockout of swiprosin-1 in intestinal epithelial cells ameliorated TJ barrier damage and abolished the protective effect of berberine. Impaired assembly of TJ caused by overexpression of swiprosin-1 was alleviated by MLCK inhibitor, and inhibition of the MLCK pathway by berberine also required the presence of swiprosin-1. In addition, berberine downregulated swiprosin-1 expression in an AMPK-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Swiprosin-1 may be a key intermediate molecule in the regulation of the AMPK/MLCK pathway by berberine to attenuate colitis-induced TJ barrier damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China; Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuting Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China; The People's Hospital of Sixian County, Anhui province, China
| | - Meng Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China; Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Wenzhao Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ling Li
- Shanghai TCM-Integrated Institute of Vascular Disease, Shanghai TCM- Integrated Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Ye Tu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200120, China.
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200071, China.
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Huang Y, Wu Q, Li S, Lin X, Yang S, Zhu R, Fu C, Zhang Z. Harnessing nature's pharmacy: investigating natural compounds as novel therapeutics for ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394124. [PMID: 39206263 PMCID: PMC11349575 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a form of chronic inflammatory bowel disease, and UC diagnosis rates continue to rise throughout the globe. The research and development of new drugs for the treatment of UC are urgent, and natural compounds are an important source. However, there is a lack of systematic summarization of natural compounds and their mechanisms for the treatment of UC. Methods We reviewed the literature in the databases below from their inception until July 2023: Web of Science, PubMed, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Data, to obtain information on the relationship between natural compounds and UC. Results The results showed that 279 natural compounds treat UC through four main mechanisms, including regulating gut microbiota and metabolites (Mechanism I), protecting the intestinal mucosal barrier (Mechanism II), regulating intestinal mucosal immune response (Mechanism III), as well as regulating other mechanisms (Mechanism Ⅳ) such as cellular autophagy modulation and ferroptosis inhibition. Of these, Mechanism III is regulated by all natural compounds. The 279 natural compounds, including 62 terpenoids, 57 alkaloids, 52 flavonoids, 26 phenols, 19 phenylpropanoids, 9 steroids, 9 saponins, 8 quinonoids, 6 vitamins, and 31 others, can effectively ameliorate UC. Of these, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids have the greatest potential for treating UC. It is noteworthy to highlight that a total of 54 natural compounds exhibit their therapeutic effects by modulating Mechanisms I, II, and III. Conclusion This review serves as a comprehensive resource for the pharmaceutical industry, researchers, and clinicians seeking novel therapeutic approaches to combat UC. Harnessing the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds may significantly contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of patients with UC and promotion of disease-modifying therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Huang
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuhong Wu
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Li
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Lin
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shasha Yang
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy/School of Modern Chinese Medicine Industry, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Yuan Y, Deng S, Yang J, Shou Z, Wei C, Zhang L, Zhu F, Gao F, Liu X, Liu Y, Chen Q, Fan H. Antagomir of miR-31-5p modulates macrophage polarization via the AMPK/SIRT1/NLRP3 signaling pathway to protect against DSS-induced colitis in mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:5336-5353. [PMID: 38466649 PMCID: PMC11006482 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Macrophage-driven immune dysfunction of the intestinal mucosa is involved in the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis (UC). Emerging evidence indicates that there is an elevation in miR-31-5p levels in UC, which is accompanied by a downregulation of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. Nevertheless, the precise influence of miR-31-5p on macrophage polarization and the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier in UC remains to be fully elucidated. This study explored the role of miR-31-5p and AMPK in UC through a bioinformatics investigation. It investigated the potential of miR-31-5p antagomir to shift macrophages from pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and enhance the intestinal mucosal barrier in DSS-induced UC mice. Additionally, RAW264.7 cells stimulated with LPS were employed to confirm the reversal of miR-31-5p antagomir's therapeutic effect under AMPK inhibition. The findings demonstrated that miR-31-5p antagomir penetrated colonic tissues and ameliorated DSS-induced experimental colitis. Transformation of spleen and mesenteric lymph node macrophages from M1 to M2 type was seen in the DSS+miR-31-5p antagomir group. AMPK/Sirt1 expression increased while NLRP3 expression decreased. Expression of M2-related genes and proteins was enhanced and that of the M1 phenotype suppressed. Tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin, were increased. The therapeutic effects of miR-31-5p antagomir transfection into RAW264.7 cells were repressed when AMPK expression was inhibited. Therefore, our results suggest that suppression of miR-31-5p expression transformed macrophages from M1 to M2, ameliorated inflammation and repaired the intestinal epithelium to alleviate DSS-induced colitis. AMPK/Sirt1/NLRP3 was involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yuan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Shuangjiao Deng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zhexing Shou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Chunzhu Wei
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yujin Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qianyun Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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Yuan Y, Wang F, Liu X, Shuai B, Fan H. The Role of AMPK Signaling in Ulcerative Colitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:3855-3875. [PMID: 38170149 PMCID: PMC10759424 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s442154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease characterized by inflammation and ulcer formation of the intestinal mucosa. Due to its high recurrence rate, prolonged course, limited curative options, and significant impact on patients' quality of life, along with a notable potential for malignant transformation, UC is designated as a refractory global health challenge by the World Health Organization (WHO). The elucidation of the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for UC requires further in-depth investigation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) serves as a central regulator of cellular energy metabolic homeostasis. Emerging evidence indicates that interventions involving traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) components, as well as other pharmacological measures, exert beneficial effects on the intestinal mucosal inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction in UC by modulating AMPK signaling, thereby influencing biological processes such as cellular autophagy, apoptosis, inflammatory responses, macrophage polarization, and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. The role of AMPK in UC is of significant importance. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms through which AMPK is involved in UC, as well as a compilation of pharmacological agents capable of activating the AMPK signaling pathway within the context of UC. The primary objective is to facilitate a deeper comprehension of the pivotal role of AMPK in UC among researchers and clinical practitioners, thereby advancing the identification of novel therapeutic targets for interventions in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yuan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jingshan Union Hospital, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jingshan, Hubei, 431800, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Shuai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Fan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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Kim K, Hong HL, Kim GM, Leem J, Kwon HH. Eupatilin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by Inhibiting Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis in Mice. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:7027-7042. [PMID: 37754228 PMCID: PMC10530142 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45090444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of sepsis. Eupatilin (EUP) is a natural flavone with multiple biological activities and has beneficial effects against various inflammatory disorders. However, whether EUP has a favorable effect on septic AKI remains unknown. Here, we examined the effect of EUP on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-evoked AKI in mice. LPS-evoked renal dysfunction was attenuated by EUP, as reflected by reductions in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. LPS injection also induced structural damage such as tubular cell detachment, tubular dilatation, brush border loss of proximal tubules, and upregulation of tubular injury markers. However, EUP significantly ameliorated this structural damage. EUP decreased serum and renal cytokine levels, prevented macrophage infiltration, and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB signaling cascades. Lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation were increased after LPS treatment. However, EUP mitigated LPS-evoked oxidative stress through downregulation of NPDPH oxidase 4 and upregulation of antioxidant enzymes. EUP also inhibited p53-mediated apoptosis in LPS-treated mice. Therefore, these results suggest that EUP ameliorates LPS-evoked AKI through inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiryeong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea; (K.K.); (H.-L.H.)
| | - Hyo-Lim Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea; (K.K.); (H.-L.H.)
| | - Gyun Moo Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jaechan Leem
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea; (K.K.); (H.-L.H.)
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Lu Q, Xie Y, Luo J, Gong Q, Li C. Natural flavones from edible and medicinal plants exhibit enormous potential to treat ulcerative colitis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1168990. [PMID: 37324477 PMCID: PMC10268007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1168990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic aspecific gut inflammatory disorder that primarily involves the recta and colons. It mostly presents as a long course of repeated attacks. This disease, characterized by intermittent diarrhoea, fecal blood, stomachache, and tenesmus, severely decreases the living quality of sick persons. UC is difficult to heal, has a high recurrence rate, and is tightly related to the incidence of colon cancer. Although there are a number of drugs available for the suppression of colitis, the conventional therapy possesses certain limitations and severe adverse reactions. Thus, it is extremely required for safe and effective medicines for colitis, and naturally derived flavones exhibited huge prospects. This study focused on the advancement of naturally derived flavones from edible and pharmaceutical plants for treating colitis. The underlying mechanisms of natural-derived flavones in treating UC were closely linked to the regulation of enteric barrier function, immune-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, gut microflora, and SCFAs production. The prominent effects and safety of natural-derived flavones make them promising candidate drugs for colitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuhong Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jingbin Luo
- China Traditional Chinese Medicine Holdings Company Limited, Foshan, China
| | - Qihai Gong
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Cailan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhuhai Campus, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province and School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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7
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Wang K, Shen K, Han F, Bai X, Fang Z, Jia Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Cai W, Wang X, Luo L, Guo K, Wang H, Yang X, Wang H, Hu D. Activation of Sestrin2 accelerates deep second-degree burn wound healing through PI3K/AKT pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 743:109645. [PMID: 37225009 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Deep second-degree burns heal slowly, and promoting the healing process is a focus of clinical research. Sestrin2 is a stress-inducible protein with antioxidant and metabolic regulatory effects. However, its role during acute dermal and epidermal re-epithelialization in deep second-degree burns is unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the role and molecular mechanism of sestrin2 in deep second-degree burns as a potential treatment target for burn wounds. To explore the effects of sestrin2 on burn wound healing, we established a deep second-degree burn mouse model. Then we detected the expression of sestrin2 by western blot and immunohistochemistry after obtaining the wound margin of full-thickness burned skin. The effects of sestrin2 on burn wound healing were explored in vivo and in vitro through interfering sestrin2 expression using siRNAs or the small molecule agonist of sestrin2, eupatilin. We also investigated the molecular mechanism of sestrin2 in promoting burn wound healing by western blot and CCK-8 assay. Our in vivo and in vitro deep second-degree burn wound healing model demonstrated that sestrin2 was promptly induced at murine skin wound edges. The small molecule agonist of sestrin2 accelerated the proliferation and migration of keratinocytes, as well as burn wound healing. Conversely, the healing of burn wounds was delayed in sestrin2-deficient mice and was accompanied by the secretion of inflammatory cytokines as well as the suppression of keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, sestrin2 promoted the phosphorylation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, and inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway abrogated the promoting role of sestrin2 in keratinocyte proliferation and migration. Therefore, sestrin2 plays a critical role in activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote keratinocyte proliferation and migration, as well as re-epithelialization in the process of deep second-degree burn wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejia Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Kuo Shen
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Fu Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhuoqun Fang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yanhui Jia
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Weixia Cai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xujie Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Kai Guo
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Huina Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Abdul Khaliq H, Alhouayek M, Quetin-Leclercq J, Muccioli GG. 5'AMP-activated protein kinase: an emerging target of phytochemicals to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:4763-4788. [PMID: 36450301 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2145264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a defensive response of the organism to traumatic, infectious, toxic, ischemic, and autoimmune injury. Inflammatory mediators are released to effectively eliminate the inflammatory trigger and restore homeostasis. However, failure of these processes can lead to chronic inflammatory conditions and diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory lung diseases, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. The cure of chronic inflammatory diseases remains challenging as current therapies have various limitations, such as pronounced side effects, progressive loss of efficacy, and high cost especially for biologics. In this context, phytochemicals (such as alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, saponins, terpenoids, and other classes) are considered as an interesting alternative approach. Among the numerous targets of phytochemicals, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) can be considered as an interesting target in the context of inflammation. AMPK regulates inflammatory response by inhibiting inflammatory pathways (NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK) and regulating several other processes of the inflammatory response (oxidative stress, autophagy, and apoptosis). In this review, we summarize and discuss the studies focusing on phytochemicals that showed beneficial effects by blocking different inflammatory pathways implicating AMPK activation in chronic inflammatory disease models. We also highlight elements to consider when investigating AMPK in the context of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Abdul Khaliq
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joëlle Quetin-Leclercq
- Pharmacognosy Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Peng Y, Li Y, Yang Y, Gao Y, Ren H, Hu J, Cui X, Lu W, Tao H, Chen Z. The genus Porana (Convolvulaceae) - A phytochemical and pharmacological review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:998965. [PMID: 36330088 PMCID: PMC9622789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.998965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are about 20 species of Porana Burm. f. worldwide in tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa and neighboring islands, Oceania, and the Americas. In China, India, and other places, this genus enjoys a wealth of experience in folk applications. Nevertheless, the chemical composition of only five species has been reported, and 59 compounds have been isolated and identified, including steroids, coumarins, flavonoids, quinic acid derivatives, and amides. Pharmacological studies revealed that extracts from this genus and their bioactive components exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, anti-gout, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic effects. Although this genus is abundant, the development of its pharmacological applications remains limited. This review will systematically summarize the traditional and current uses, chemical compositions, and pharmacological activities of various Porana species. Network analysis was introduced to compare and confirm its output with current research progress to explore the potential targets and pathways of chemical components in this genus. We hope to increase understanding of this genus’s medicinal value and suggest directions for rational medicinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Li
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Xi’an Institute for Food and Drug Control, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuanqing Gao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomin Cui
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Hongxun Tao, ; Zhiyong Chen,
| | - Zhiyong Chen
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Hongxun Tao, ; Zhiyong Chen,
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10
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Tao H, Li L, He Y, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Hong G. Flavonoids in vegetables: improvement of dietary flavonoids by metabolic engineering to promote health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3220-3234. [PMID: 36218329 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are the most abundant polyphenols in plants, and have antioxidant effects as well as other bioactivities (e.g., anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-allergic, and neuroprotective effects). Vegetables are rich in flavonoids and are indispensable in our daily diet. Moreover, the vegetables as chassis for producing natural products would emerge as a promising means for cost-effective and sustainable production of flavonoids. Understanding the metabolic engineering of flavonoids in vegetables allows us to improve their nutrient composition. In this review, a comprehensive overview of flavonoids in vegetables, including the characterized types and distribution, health-promoting effects, associated metabolic pathways, and applied metabolic engineering are provided. We also introduce breakthroughs in multi-omics approaches that pertain to the elucidation of flavonoids metabolism in vegetables, as well as prospective and potential genome-editing technologies. Based on the varied composition and content of flavonoids among vegetables, dietary suggestions are further provided for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Tao
- Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linying Li
- Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaojie Hong
- Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Cheng X, Du J, Zhou Q, Wu B, Wang H, Xu Z, Zhen S, Jiang J, Wang X, He Z. Huangkui lianchang decoction attenuates experimental colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and autophagy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:951558. [PMID: 36081930 PMCID: PMC9446438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.951558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory colorectal disease characterized by excessive mucosal immune response activation and dysfunction of autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells. Traditional herbal preparations, including the Huangkui lianchang decoction (HLD), are effective in UC clinical treatment in East Asia, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study evaluated the therapeutic effects and associated molecular mechanisms of HLD in UC in vivo and in vitro. A C57BL/6 UC mouse model was established using 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium. The effects of HLD on the colonic structure and inflammation in mice were evaluated using mesalazine as the control. The anti-inflammatory effects of HLD were assessed using disease activity index (DAI) scores, histological scores, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. HLD displayed a protective effect in UC mice by reducing the DAI and colonic histological scores, as well as levels of inflammatory cytokines and NF-κB p65 in colonic tissues. NCM460 lipopolysaccharide-induced cells were administered drug serum-containing HLD (HLD-DS) to evaluate the protective effect against UC and the effect on autophagy. HLD-DS exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in NCM460 cells by reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and increasing interleukin 10 levels. HLD-DS reduced p-NF-κB p65, LC3II/I, and Beclin 1 expression, which suggested that HLD alleviated colitis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and autophagy. However, there was no crosstalk between the NF-κB pathway and autophagy. These findings confirmed that HLD was an effective herbal preparation for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Cheng
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Du
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bensheng Wu
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Zhizhong Xu
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuguang Zhen
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Jieyu Jiang
- Suzhou Foreign Language School, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopeng Wang, ; Zongqi He,
| | - Zongqi He
- Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaopeng Wang, ; Zongqi He,
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12
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Lin H, Hu J, Mei F, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Chen Q, Wang C, Fu J, Yang M, Wen Z, Wang X, Qi J, Han H, Yang R, Yang Y. Anti-microbial efficacy, mechanisms and druggability evaluation of the natural flavonoids. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1975-1988. [PMID: 35801665 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was conducted to evaluate thirty-five natural flavonoids for their in vitro susceptibility against Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 530) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) in search for the potential broad-spectrum antibiotic. METHODS AND RESULTS Glabridin, a natural isoflavonoids isolated from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., was identified to be highly active with MIC of 8-16 μg mL-1 against S. aureus, B. subtilis and E. coli. By the results of docking simulation, we located the potential targets of glabridin as DNA gyrase and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The subsequent DNA gyrase inhibition assays (glabridin: IC50 = 0.8516 μmol L-1 , ciprofloxacin: IC50 = 0.04697 μmol L-1 ), DHFR inhibition assays (glabridin: inhibition ratio=29%, methotrexate: inhibition ratio=45% under 100 μmol L-1 treatment) and TUNEL confirmed that glabridin acted as DNA gyrase inhibitor and DHFR mild inhibitor, exerting bactericidal activity by blocking bacterial nucleic acid synthesis. CCK-8 and in silico calculations were also conducted to verify the low cytotoxicity and acceptable druggability of glabridin. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that glabridin represents the prototypical member of an exciting structural class of natural antimicrobial agents. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study reports a novel mechanism of bactericidal activity of glabridin against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yudi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangyan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minkai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongling Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinliang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongwei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongwu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonghua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Chen C, Liang H, Wang J, Ren G, Li R, Cui ZG, Zhang C. Heterophyllin B an Active Cyclopeptide Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota and Repairing Intestinal Mucosal Barrier via AMPK Activation. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2101169. [PMID: 35796402 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Advances in pathology broaden our perception of the intimate interaction between gut microbiota dysbiosis and the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC), but the potential modulating roles remain to be elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS DSS-induced colitis was used to investigate the effect of Heterophyllin B (HB), a typical active cyclopeptide extracted from Pseudostellaria heterophylla, on colitis and gut microbiota. Administration of HB substantially mitigated the symptoms of UC as evidenced by increasing body weight and colon length, as well as decreased macrophages infiltration in the colon. Meanwhile, HB significantly alleviated intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines, while all the mentioned beneficial effects were significantly eliminated by co-treatment with compound C, a selective AMPK inhibitor. In addition, 16S rDNA gene analyses and fecal microbiota transplantation also revealed that HB dramatically prevented against UC by reshaping intestinal dysbiosis, especially elevated the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila. CONCLUSION These findings illustrated that HB prominently improved intestinal epithelial homeostasis via activating AMPK and ameliorated the colonic inflammation in a gut microbiota-dependent manner, which provide evidence for microbial contribution to UC pathogenesis and suggesting a novel approach for colitis prevention. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Renshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharide Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1345852. [PMID: 35432562 PMCID: PMC9012628 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1345852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Licorice is one of the most ubiquitous herbs in traditional Chinese medicine, with notable anti-inflammatory and antiulcerative effects as well as potent digestive disease therapeutic impacts; yet, its active components and mechanisms remain unclear. There is a lot of evidence that Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GPS) has antioxidants, improving intestinal flora, anti-inflammatory effects, etc. Hypothesis/Purpose. Here, we investigated the effects of GPS on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute ulcerative colitis (UC) mice and its possible mechanisms. Methods GPS (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) or the positive control drug sulfasalazine (SASP) (200 mg/kg) were orally administered to mice for 8 days. Body weight was recorded daily. Symptoms associated with UC, such as disease activity index (DAI), colon length, spleen weight, and mucosal damage were detected. The possible mechanism of GPS ameliorating enteritis symptoms was explored by detecting intestinal permeability and serum levels of inflammatory factors, and changes in intestinal permeability were expressed by serum concentration of FITC-dextran and D-lactic acid. Results The results demonstrated that GPS administration alleviated UC symptoms in colitis mice, including weight loss, DAI index, shorting colon length, and mucosal damage. Mechanistic evaluation revealed that GPS treatment reduced intestinal permeability and serum levels of inflammatory factors: IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, while increasing serum levels of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10, suggesting that GPS's mechanism in UC is related to reducing intestinal permeability and inhibiting the inflammatory response, with intestinal permeability implicated as the initiating mechanism. Conclusion This study highlights GPS as a promising therapeutic agent, with high therapeutic efficacy and a good safety profile, for enteritis and beyond.
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15
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Li R, Chen C, Liu B, Shi W, Shimizu K, Zhang C. Bryodulcosigenin a natural cucurbitane-type triterpenoid attenuates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:153814. [PMID: 34798522 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bryodulcosigenin (BDG) a cucurbitane-type triterpenoid has been isolated from the roots of Bryonia dioca and possesses marked anti-inflammatory effects, although its beneficial effect against intestinal disorders remains unclear. PURPOSE To explore the underlying mechanism of BDG on the dysbiosis of chronic ulcerative colitis (UC) and its associated side-effects on lung tissues. METHODS A chronic UC model was established using 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in mice treated for 64 days and diagnostic assessments, western blot analysis and quantitative real time-PCR were employed to determine the protective mechanism of BDG. RESULTS Oral administration of BDG (10 mg/kg/day) significantly improved colon length, disease activity index, and alleviated colonic histopathological damage in the DSS-induced colitis mice. BDG not only reversed the TNF-α-induced degradation of tight junction proteins (occludin and ZO-1) but also suppressed the elevated apoptosis seen in intestinal epithelial cells (NCM460). In addition, BDG significantly attenuated damage in alveolar epithelial cells (MLE-12) co-cultured with NCM460 cells under inflammatory conditions. Furthermore, BDG in vivo significantly prevented the symptoms of respiratory disorders and repressed alveolar inflammation by regulating DSS-induced chronic colitis in mice. CONCLUSION BDG effectively inhibited the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome which resulted in the restoration of the intestinal barrier. Therefore, the enhanced integrity of intestinal epithelial cells produced by BDG intervention contributed to its anti-colitis effects, indicating its great potential as an inhibitor of UC and lung injury. Therefore, restoring intestinal integrity may represent a promising strategy in the prevention of pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renshi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ce Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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16
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Zhang W, Wang W, Shen C, Wang X, Pu Z, Yin Q. Network pharmacology for systematic understanding of Schisandrin B reduces the epithelial cells injury of colitis through regulating pyroptosis by AMPK/Nrf2/NLRP3 inflammasome. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23193-23209. [PMID: 34628369 PMCID: PMC8544312 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease with increasing incidence and prevalence in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the function of Schisandrin B and its underlying molecular mechanisms in colitis. In this study, mice with colitis were induced by giving 2.0% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, MP) in the drinking water for seven days. Furthermore, TCMSP server and GEO DataSets were used to analyze the mechanism of Schisandrin B in colitis. It was found that Schisandrin B presented colitis in mice model. At the same time, Schisandrin B not only reduced inflammation in vivo and vitro model of colitis, but also suppressed the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in vivo and vitro model of colitis. In addition, Schisandrin B induced AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) / Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in model of colitis, and regulated AMPK protein at 316 sites. The inhibition of AMPK reduced the anti-inflammation effects of Schisandrin B on NLRP3 inflammasome. Apart from that, Schisandrin B decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced mitochondrial damage and reduced epithelial cells damage of colitis through regulating pyroptosis. Collectively, our novel findings for first time showed that, Schisandrin B suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation-mediated interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) level and pyroptosis in intestinal epithelial cells of colitis model through the activation of AMPK/Nrf2 dependent signaling-ROS-induced mitochondrial damage, which may be a significant therapeutic approach in the treatment of acute colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Wusan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Chaozhuang Shen
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Zhichen Pu
- Drug Clinical Evaluation, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Qin Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China.,Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
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17
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Kikut J, Konecka N, Ziętek M, Kulpa D, Szczuko M. Diet supporting therapy for inflammatory bowel diseases. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2275-2291. [PMID: 33788019 PMCID: PMC8275544 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-specific inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. More and more often attention is paid to the possibility of dietary support for inflammatory bowel diseases. METHODS The following review article considers the role of dietary components in the treatment of IBD as: pteridines, probiotics, bovine immunoglobulin, vitamin D, omega-3, flavonoids, polyphenols, curcumin and phosphatidylcholine. The article also discusses plant raw materials of arjuna, soy protein and nettles, trying to summarize their effect on quenching the inflammatory process within the intestines. This review focuses on the possibilities of dietary components and supplementation use to improve the pharmacotherapy response as well as the general clinical patients' condition. RESULTS The mechanism of action of supportive therapy is based on reduction in oxidative stress, maintaining the adequate balance between Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes by affecting cytokines, increasing riboflavin supply for macrophages, increasing expression of vitamin D receptor, regulation by decreasing the expression of NF-κB in liver cells and ability to inhibit the COX2 entrance and inactivate prostaglandins that are involved in the inflammatory process and 12-lipoxygenase pathway inhibition. CONCLUSION Considering clinical researches, it seems that the use of the above-mentioned ingredients in the diet of patients suffering IBD may positively influence the treatment process and maintenance of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kikut
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Nina Konecka
- Department of Applied Neurocognitivistic, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Maciej Ziętek
- Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Danuta Kulpa
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szczuko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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18
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Rosa A, Isola R, Pollastro F, Caria P, Appendino G, Nieddu M. The dietary flavonoid eupatilin attenuates in vitro lipid peroxidation and targets lipid profile in cancer HeLa cells. Food Funct 2021; 11:5179-5191. [PMID: 32436500 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eupatilin is a dietary flavonoid isolated from the alpine wormwoods, used for the genepy liqueur production. This flavone protects cells and tissues against oxidative stress and targets cancer cells, inducing cytotoxicity, cell circle arrest, apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study examines the EUP in vitro antioxidant effects on cholesterol and phospholipid membrane oxidation and explores its ability to modulate the cancer cell lipid profile. This flavone remarkably protected fatty acids and cholesterol against oxidative degradation by scavenging lipoperoxyl radicals. EUP (24 h of incubation) significantly reduced viability and modulated the total lipid and fatty acid profiles in cancer HeLa cells. It induced marked changes in the phospholipid/cholesterol ratio, significant decreases in the levels of oleic and palmitic acids and a marked increase of stearic acid, involving an inhibitory effect on de novo lipogenesis and desaturation in cancer cells. Moreover, a noteworthy mitochondrial membrane depolarization, signs of apoptosis, abnormal mitosis with multi-nucleation (mitotic catastrophe) and morphological alterations were observed in cancer EUP-treated cells. Our results validate the EUP role as antioxidant agent for the treatment/prevention of disorders implicating a membrane lipid oxidative damage and substantiate cell lipid metabolism as another possible target of this dietary natural flavonoid in cancer HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Km 4.5 SS 554, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - R Isola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Km 4.5 SS 554, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - F Pollastro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - P Caria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Km 4.5 SS 554, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - G Appendino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - M Nieddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, Km 4.5 SS 554, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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19
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Park SJ, Choi H, Kim JH, Kim CS. Antifibrotic effects of eupatilin on TGF-β1-treated human vocal fold fibroblasts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249041. [PMID: 33765087 PMCID: PMC7993872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal fold scarring is a major cause of dysphonia. Vocal fold fibroblasts (VFFs) and the TGF-β signaling pathway play important roles in scar formation. Eupatilin, a chromone derivative of the Artemisia species, is a traditional folk remedy for wound healing. However, until recently, few studies investigated the therapeutic effects of eupatilin. We investigated the antifibrogenic effects of eupatilin on TGF-β1-treated human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs). The optimal concentration of eupatilin was determined by a cell viability assay. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin during myofibroblast differentiation, fibronectin (FN), collagen type I (Col I), and collagen type III (Col III) extracellular matrix proteins, and Smad2, Smad3, and p38 in the fibrotic pathway. Measurements were made before and after eupatilin treatment. Eupatilin at 100 nM was shown to be safe for use in hVFFs. TGF-β1 induced hVFFs to proliferate and differentiate into myofibroblasts and increased Col III and FN synthesis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Eupatilin suppressed TGF-β1-induced hVFF proliferation and differentiation into myofibroblasts through the Smad and p38 signaling pathways. Furthermore, eupatilin inhibited TGF-β1-induced FN, Col I, and Col III synthesis in hVFFs. Our in vitro findings show that eupatilin effectively suppressed TGF-β1-induced fibrotic changes in hVFFs via the Smad and p38 signaling pathways. Thus, eupatilin may be considered a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of vocal fold fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Joon Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsu Choi
- Clinical Research Institute, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Daejeon St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Choung-Soo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Daejeon St Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Hossen I, Hua W, Mehmood A, Raka RN, Jingyi S, Jian-Ming J, Min X, Shakoor A, Yanping C, Wang C, Junsong X. Glochidion ellipticum Wight extracts ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by modulating nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signalling pathway. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:410-423. [PMID: 33793884 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glochidion ellipticum Wight is a medicinal plant, rich in polyphenols, frequently used by the indigenous communities of Bangladesh and possess with multiple health benefits. It exerts anti-inflammatory and antidiarrheal properties, but the detailed chemical constituents are yet to be elucidated. METHODS Glochidion ellipticum extracts were analyzed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and then tested by both lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation of Raw 264.7 macrophage cells and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced acute colitis model. Blood serum was taken for fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran) measurement and tissue samples were used to perform histology, RT-PCR and Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS The extracts could lower the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines significantly in LPS induced macrophage cells. The extracts could also reduce disease activity index (DAI) score, restore antioxidants and pro-oxidants and improve macroscopic and microscopic features of colonic tissues in DSS induced mice. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in protein level was markedly diminished (up to 51.21% and 71.11%, respectively) in the treatment groups compared to the model group of colitic mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that G. ellipticum extracts ameliorate DSS colitis via blocking nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathway, which make them to be potential candidates for further research against inflammation and colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imam Hossen
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Hua
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Rifat Nowshin Raka
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Song Jingyi
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jian-Ming
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resource Research and Development, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Min
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Ashbala Shakoor
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, China
| | - Cao Yanping
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Junsong
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing, China
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21
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Olivier S, Pochard C, Diounou H, Castillo V, Divoux J, Alcantara J, Leclerc J, Guilmeau S, Huet C, Charifi W, Varin TV, Daniel N, Foretz M, Neunlist M, Salomon BL, Ghosh P, Marette A, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Viollet B. Deletion of intestinal epithelial AMP-activated protein kinase alters distal colon permeability but not glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2021; 47:101183. [PMID: 33548500 PMCID: PMC7921883 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) restricts the passage of microbes and potentially harmful substances from the lumen through the paracellular space, and rupture of its integrity is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal disorders and extra-digestive diseases. Increased IEB permeability has been linked to disruption of metabolic homeostasis leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, recent studies have uncovered compelling evidence that the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway plays an important role in maintaining epithelial cell barrier function. However, our understanding of the function of intestinal AMPK in regulating IEB and glucose homeostasis remains sparse. Methods We generated mice lacking the two α1 and α2 AMPK catalytic subunits specifically in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC AMPK KO) and determined the physiological consequences of intestinal-specific deletion of AMPK in response to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. We combined histological, functional, and integrative analyses to ascertain the effects of gut AMPK loss on intestinal permeability in vivo and ex vivo and on the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. We also determined the impact of intestinal AMPK deletion in an inducible mouse model (i-IEC AMPK KO) by measuring IEB function, glucose homeostasis, and the composition of gut microbiota via fecal 16S rRNA sequencing. Results While there were no differences in in vivo intestinal permeability in WT and IEC AMPK KO mice, ex vivo transcellular and paracellular permeability measured in Ussing chambers was significantly increased in the distal colon of IEC AMPK KO mice. This was associated with a reduction in pSer425 GIV phosphorylation, a marker of leaky gut barrier. However, the expression of tight junction proteins in intestinal epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lamina propria were not different between genotypes. Although the HFD-fed AMPK KO mice displayed suppression of the stress polarity signaling pathway and a concomitant increase in colon permeability, loss of intestinal AMPK did not exacerbate body weight gain or adiposity. Deletion of AMPK was also not sufficient to alter glucose homeostasis or the acute glucose-lowering action of metformin in control diet (CD)- or HFD-fed mice. CD-fed i-IEC AMPK KO mice also presented higher permeability in the distal colon under homeostatic conditions but, surprisingly, this was not detected upon HFD feeding. Alteration in epithelial barrier function in the i-IEC AMPK KO mice was associated with a shift in the gut microbiota composition with higher levels of Clostridiales and Desulfovibrionales. Conclusions Altogether, our results revealed a significant role of intestinal AMPK in maintaining IEB integrity in the distal colon but not in regulating glucose homeostasis. Our data also highlight the complex interaction between gut microbiota and host AMPK. Deletion of intestinal AMPKα1 and α2 suppresses the stress-polarity signaling (SPS) pathway. Loss of the SPS pathway is associated with increased paracellular permeability in the distal colon. Intestinal AMPK is dispensable for the acute glucose-lowering action of metformin. Loss of intestinal AMPK alters the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Olivier
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Camille Pochard
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Hanna Diounou
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jordane Divoux
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Joshua Alcantara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jocelyne Leclerc
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Sandra Guilmeau
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Camille Huet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Wafa Charifi
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Thibault V Varin
- Québec Heart and Lung Research Institute (IUCPQ) & Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Noëmie Daniel
- Québec Heart and Lung Research Institute (IUCPQ) & Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Benoit L Salomon
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI), Paris, France
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - André Marette
- Québec Heart and Lung Research Institute (IUCPQ) & Institute for Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France.
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, F-75014 Paris, France.
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Badamjav R, Zhang L, Sonom D, Wu YH, Kou JP, Yu BY, Li F. Thalictrum minus L. ameliorates particulate matter-induced acute lung injury in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113379. [PMID: 32916235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Thalictrum minus L., which is widespread across Eurasia, is utilized as a folk medicine for treating dysentery, bedsore, fungal infection and lung inflammation in China, Mongolia and Iran. AIM OF THE STUDY A Mongolian folk medicinal plant named Thalictrum minus L. (TML) has been extensively used for the treatment of lung inflammation, bacterial and fungal infection and tuberculosis. Our present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of TML against particulate matter (PM)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and the potential underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Initially, HPLC-Q-TOF was applied for the qualitative analysis and HPLC was used for quantitative analysis of main components in TML. Then, the mice model of ALI was induced by PM via intratracheally instilled with 50 mg/kg body weight of Standard Reference Material1648a (SRM1648a), and TML (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) were administered orally 1 h prior to PM. The efficacy and molecular mechanisms in the presence or absence of TML were elucidated. RESULTS Eleven main ingredients were detected in TML and the contents of homoorientin and berberine were quantified. Additionally, the results demonstrated that TML profoundly inhibited weight loss in mice and ameliorated lung pathological injury induced by PM. Furthermore, we also found that TML significantly decreased the lung wet to dry weight (W/D) ratios, reduced total protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and effectively attenuated PM-induced increased leukocyte and macrophages in BALF. Meanwhile, TML could pronouncedly inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissues, decreased the PM-induced inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), reduced nitric oxide (NO) and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in BALF. In addition, TML markedly facilitated the expression of p-AMPK-Nrf2 and suppressed the expression of KEAP, prohibited the activation of the MAPKs-NLRP3/caspase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and inhibited apoptotic pathways. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that TML attenuated PM-induced ALI through suppressing the release of inflammatory cytokines and alleviating oxidative damage correlated with the AMPK-Nrf2/KEAP signaling pathways, MAPKs-NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathways, as well as apoptotic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentsen Badamjav
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China; Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Dolgor Sonom
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China; Mongolian University of Pharmaceutical Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
| | - Yun-Hao Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
| | - Fang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Research Center for Traceability and Standardization of TCMs, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211198, China.
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23
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Wen K, Fang X, Yang J, Yao Y, Nandakumar KS, Salem ML, Cheng K. Recent Research on Flavonoids and their Biomedical Applications. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1042-1066. [PMID: 32660393 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200713184138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids, commonly found in various plants, are a class of polyphenolic compounds having a basic structural unit of 2-phenylchromone. Flavonoid compounds have attracted much attention due to their wide biological applications. In order to facilitate further research on the biomedical application of flavonoids, we surveyed the literature published on the use of flavonoids in medicine during the past decade, documented the commonly found structures in natural flavonoids, and summarized their pharmacological activities as well as associated mechanisms of action against a variety of health disorders including chronic inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular complications and hypoglycemia. In this mini-review, we provide suggestions for further research on the biomedical applications of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangmei Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaochuan Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junli Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yongfang Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | | | - Kui Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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24
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Lee HY, Nam Y, Choi WS, Kim TW, Lee J, Sohn UD. The hepato-protective effect of eupatilin on an alcoholic liver disease model of rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 24:385-394. [PMID: 32830145 PMCID: PMC7445478 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2020.24.5.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Eupatilin is known to possess anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. We report here that eupatilin has a protective effect on the ethanol-induced injury in rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: control, vehicle, silymarin, eupatilin 10 mg/kg, eupatilin 30 mg/kg, and eupatilin 100 mg/kg. Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were analyzed to determine the extent of liver damage. Total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were analyzed to determine the level of liver steatosis. Malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level were analyzed to determine the extent of oxidative stress. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were quantified to verify the degree of inflammation. Based on our findings, chronic alcohol treatment significantly changed the serum indexes and liver indicators of the model rats, which were significantly improved by eupatilin treatment. Rats in the eupatilin-treatment group showed reduced levels of AST, ALT, TG, TC, TNF-α, and IL-1β, increased SOD activity and GSH levels, and improved overall physiology compared to the alcoholic liver disease model rats. H&E staining also verified the eupatilin-mediated improvement in liver injury. In conclusion, eupatilin inhibits alcohol-induced liver injury via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Yeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Yoonjin Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Won Seok Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jaehwi Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Uy Dong Sohn
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
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25
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Zhang J, Zhao Y, Hou T, Zeng H, Kalambhe D, Wang B, Shen X, Huang Y. Macrophage-based nanotherapeutic strategies in ulcerative colitis. J Control Release 2020; 320:363-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Wu ZC, Zhao ZL, Deng JP, Huang JT, Wang YF, Wang ZP. Sanhuang Shu'ai decoction alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via regulation of gut microbiota, inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109934. [PMID: 32058214 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sanhuangshu'ai decoction (SH), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has been safely used to treat diarrhea, dysentery and other inflammatory diseases with little side effect and low cost for thousands of years. However, its mechanism remains elusive. This study was designed to investigate the anti-ulcerative colitis (UC) activity of SH and mechanism by detecting its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and intervention effects of intestinal flora with the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice. METHODS The DSS-induced colitis mice was orally administered SH for 1 week with 0.8 or 1.6 g kg-1 d-1 dosage. A clinical disease activity score was evaluated daily. The colonic tissues of the mice were collected and prepared to detect its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, intervention effects of intestinal flora and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) in vivo, cytotoxicity and ROS influencing effects in vitro. Histological colitis severity and expression of cytokines were also determined. RESULTS Oral administration of SH significantly prevented the development of colitis. It reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the colon. Moreover, SH administration alleviated the oxidative stress in the colon of DSS-induced colitis mice, evidenced by the decrease of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increase of ROS level. Furthermore, SH can prevent the decrease ofLactobacillus sp. and population abundance of intestinal flora caused by DSS. CONCLUSION SH significantly ameliorates the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis mice and the potential mechanism of SH may involve in multiple kinds of metabolic pathway including the regulation of gut microbiota, inflammatory mediators and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Cong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, The People's Republic of China; GuangZhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center, Guangzhou 510632, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Ling Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, The People's Republic of China; GuangZhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center, Guangzhou 510632, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Ping Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, The People's Republic of China; GuangZhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center, Guangzhou 510632, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Tao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, The People's Republic of China; GuangZhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center, Guangzhou 510632, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, The People's Republic of China; GuangZhou (Jinan) Biomedical Research and Development Center, Guangzhou 510632, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi-Ping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Center of Topical Precise Drug Delivery System, Department of Pharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, The People's Republic of China.
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27
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Kim N, Lertnimitphun P, Jiang Y, Tan H, Zhou H, Lu Y, Xu H. Andrographolide inhibits inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated macrophages and murine acute colitis through activating AMPK. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 170:113646. [PMID: 31545974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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28
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Indigo Naturalis Suppresses Colonic Oxidative Stress and Th1/Th17 Responses of DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:9480945. [PMID: 31737179 PMCID: PMC6815543 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9480945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Indigo naturalis (also known as Qing-dai, or QD), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used as an anticolitis regimen in the clinical practice of Chinese medicine. However, the precise mechanisms behind its efficacy remain unknown. We investigated the protective effects and associated molecular mechanisms of QD in DSS-induced colitis in mice. We found that QD administration attenuated DSS-induced colon shortening, tissue damage, and the disease activity index during the onset of colitis. Moreover, QD administration significantly suppressed colonic MPO activity and increased the activities of colonic T-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, as well the expression of p-AMPK and Nrf-2 in colon tissues of colitic mice. In addition, QD was capable of reducing the colonic Th1 and Th17 cell cytokines, the frequencies of Th1 and Th17 cells, and the phosphorylation of p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 in the mesenteric lymph nodes of colitic mice. An in vitro assay showed that QD significantly suppressed the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells. These findings suggest that QD has the potential to alleviate experimental colitis by suppressing colonic oxidative stress and restraining colonic Th1/Th17 responses, which are associated with activating AMPK/Nrf-2 signals and inhibiting STAT1/STAT3 signals, respectively. These findings also support QD as an effective regimen in the treatment of IBD.
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Vargas-Robles H, Castro-Ochoa KF, Citalán-Madrid AF, Schnoor M. Beneficial effects of nutritional supplements on intestinal epithelial barrier functions in experimental colitis models in vivo. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4181-4198. [PMID: 31435172 PMCID: PMC6700707 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i30.4181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic colitis affect a huge proportion of the population world-wide. The etiology of colitis cases can be manifold, and diet can significantly affect onset and outcome of colitis. While many forms of acute colitis are easily treatable, chronic forms of colitis such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (summarized as inflammatory bowel diseases) are multifactorial with poorly understood pathogenesis. Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by exacerbated immune responses causing epithelial dysfunction and bacterial translocation. There is no cure and therapies aim at reducing inflammation and restoring intestinal barrier function. Unfortunately, most drugs can have severe side effects. Changes in diet and inclusion of nutritional supplements have been extensively studied in cell culture and animal models, and some supplements have shown promising results in clinical studies. Most of these nutritional supplements including vitamins, fatty acids and phytochemicals reduce oxidative stress and inflammation and have shown beneficial effects during experimental colitis in rodents induced by dextran sulphate sodium or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, which remain the gold standard in pre-clinical colitis research. Here, we summarize the mechanisms through which such nutritional supplements contribute to epithelial barrier stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Vargas-Robles
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | | | | | - Michael Schnoor
- Department for Molecular Biomedicine, Cinvestav-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
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Flavonoids from Citrus aurantium ameliorate TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis through protecting colonic mucus layer integrity. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 857:172456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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