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Wu Y, He S, Zhang Y, Li S, Liu R, Zhang Y, Jing Y, Chen D, Tong Y, Wang Z, Wang Q, Pang Q. Sophoricoside ameliorates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-induced acute lung injury by inhibiting Bach1/Akt pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155846. [PMID: 38964155 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of effective treatments for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection, which often leads to severe acute lung injury (ALI), poses a grave threat to human life. Sophoricoside (SOP), an isoflavone glycoside abundant in the fruit of traditional Chinese herbal Sophora japonica l., showed anti-inflammatory effects against atopic dermatitis, allergic inflammation, and lipopolysaccharide-induced ALI. However, its effect and underlying mechanism on MRSA-induced ALI remain unclear. PURPOSE The aim of this study is to assess the protective effect of SOP in MRSA-induced ALI and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS In vivo experiments were conducted using wild-type mice to establish MRSA-induced ALI mouse model, and the effects of SOP on ALI were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining, flow cytometry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and several biochemical indicators. Adoptive transfer experiments and BTB and CNC homology 1 knockout (Bach1-/-) mice were also utilized in this study. In vitro studies employed murine macrophages RAW264.7 cells, primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and primary lung macrophages to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. RESULTS The administration of SOP ameliorated MRSA-induced ALI by improving pulmonary histological damages, reducing neutrophil infiltration, suppressing oxidative stress levels, and decreasing the expression of inflammatory cytokines. In isolation experiments with ALI mouse lung macrophages and macrophage adoptive transfer experiments, SOP prevented macrophage activation, thereby reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines. In vitro experiments demonstrated that SOP decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators in lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, BMDMs, and primary lung macrophages. Additionally, SOP inhibited protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation and treatment with MK2206-a specific inhibitor of Akt-eliminated SOP's ability to suppress LTA-stimulated macrophage inflammation. Furthermore, stimulation with LTA or MRSA up-regulated Bach1 expression; however, deletion of Bach1 abolished the inhibitory effect of SOP on p-Akt activation as well as inflammation and ALI development. CONCLUSION This study provides the first evidence that SOP effectively mitigates MRSA-induced ALI via suppressing macrophage activation through the inhibition of Bach1/Akt pathway. These findings highlight the potential of SOP as a novel therapeutic agent for treating MRSA-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxian Wu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Shuai He
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Shuaichao Li
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Ruyin Liu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Yutong Jing
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Ying Tong
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu province, PR China
| | - Qianyun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou 213000, Jiangsu province, PR China.
| | - Qingfeng Pang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu province, PR China.
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Zheng R, Ren Y, Liu X, He C, Liu H, Wang Y, Li J, Xia S, Liu Z, Ma Y, Wang D, Xu S, Wang G, Li N. Exogenous drug-induced mouse models of atopic dermatitis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 77:104-116. [PMID: 38272716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by intense pruritus. AD is harmful to both children and adults, but its pathogenic mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. The development of mouse models for AD has greatly contributed to its study and treatment. Among these models, the exogenous drug-induced mouse model has shown promising results and significant advantages. Until now, a large amount of AD-related research has utilized exogenous drug-induced mouse models, leading to notable advancements in research. This indicates the crucial significance of applying such models in AD research. These models exhibit diverse characteristics and are highly complex. They involve the use of various strains of mice, diverse types of inducers, and different modeling effects. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive comparative studies on exogenous drug-induced AD mouse models, which hinders researchers' ability to choose among these models. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the features and mechanisms associated with various exogenous drug-induced mouse models, including the important role of each cytokine in AD development. It aims to assist researchers in quickly understanding models and selecting the most suitable one for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Zheng
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yan Ren
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Canxia He
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Hua Liu
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yixuan Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Jianing Li
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Shuya Xia
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Zhifang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Yizhao Ma
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Dianchen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Suling Xu
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Geng Wang
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Na Li
- Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Li Z, Zhang M, Yang L, Fan D, Zhang P, Zhang L, Zhang J, Lu Z. Sophoricoside ameliorates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury dependent on activating AMPK. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 971:176439. [PMID: 38401605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Ischemic stroke accounts for 87% of all strokes, and its death and disability bring a huge burden to society. Brain injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is also a major difficulty in clinical treatment and prognosis. Sophoricoside (SOP) is an isoflavone glycoside isolated from the seed of medical herb Sophora japonica L. Previously, SOP was found to be effective in anti-inflammation and glucose-lipid metabolism-related diseases. In order to investigate whether SOP has a regulatory effect on cerebral I/R injury, we conducted this study. METHODS Here, by application of SOP into MCAO (transient middle cerebral artery occlusion)-induced mice and OGD/R (oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion)-induced primary neurons, the regulation effects of SOP was analyzed by detecting neurological score of post-stroke mice, phenotypes of brains and brain sections, cell viabilities, and apoptosis- and inflammation-regulation. RNA sequencing and molecular biology experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of SOP regulating cerebral I/R injury. RESULTS SOP administration decreased the infarct size, neurological deficit score, neuronal cell injury, inflammation and apoptosis. Mechanistically, SOP exerted its protective effect by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. CONCLUSION SOP inhibits cerebral I/R injury by promoting the phosphorylation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshuo Li
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital (Henan Provincial People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, 448000, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, 448000, China; Jingmen Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Hubei Minzhu University, Jingmen, Hubei, 448000, China
| | - Ding Fan
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, 448000, China; Jingmen Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Hubei Minzhu University, Jingmen, Hubei, 448000, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 445000, China
| | - Zhigang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, Hubei, 448000, China; Jingmen Clinical Medical College Affiliated to Hubei Minzhu University, Jingmen, Hubei, 448000, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rheumatic Diseases, Enshi, Hubei, 445000, China.
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Lee JW, Kim EN, Jeong GS. Anti-Inflammatory Herbal Extracts and Their Drug Discovery Perspective in Atopic Dermatitis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2024; 32:25-37. [PMID: 38148551 PMCID: PMC10762282 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic disorder characterized by skin inflammation. It is well known that the activation of various inflammatory cells and the generation of inflammatory molecules are closely linked to the development of AD. There is accumulating evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of herbal extracts (HEs) on the regulation of inflammatory response in both in vitro and in vivo studies of AD. This review summarizes the anti-atopic effects of HEs and its associated underlying mechanisms, with a brief introduction of in vitro and in vivo experiment models of AD based on previous and recent studies. Thus, this review confirms the utility of HEs for AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Won Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Nam Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, He D, Li Z, Gao X, Yang S, Cui M, Ye B, Huang B, Fu S, Liu D. Oral administration of sophoricoside (SOP) inhibits neuronal damage and neuroinflammation to curb neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110726. [PMID: 37741537 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation are key factors involved in the pathological changes of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sophoricoside (SOP) has shown anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis effects in various diseases. However, the role of SOP in PD has not been reported. In this experiment, we found that oral administration of SOP alleviated weight loss and motor symptoms in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-injected mice. Further studies revealed that SOP inhibited inflammatory responses and neuronal apoptosis in the midbrain region of MPTP-injected mice. In vitro mechanistic study, we found that SOP exerts neuroprotective effects through a two-sided action. On the one hand, SOP inhibits Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in microglia by inhibiting the Nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB) pathway. On the other hand, SOP inhibits 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced neuronal apoptosis by regulating the Adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Thus SOP is expected to be a potential therapeutic agent for PD by targeting neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Mice
- Animals
- Parkinson Disease/metabolism
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/therapeutic use
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- Administration, Oral
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Disease Models, Animal
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Neuroprotective Agents/metabolism
- Microglia
- Dopaminergic Neurons
- Mammals/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Dewei He
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhe Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiyu Gao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Mingchi Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Bojian Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Bingxu Huang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Dianfeng Liu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Chen Y, Lei Y, Wang H, Wang L, Xu J, Wang S, Yu M, Peng Z, Xiao F, Tian D, Liu M. Sophoricoside attenuates autoimmune‑mediated liver injury through the regulation of oxidative stress and the NF‑κB signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2023; 52:78. [PMID: 37477163 PMCID: PMC10555480 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2023.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is increasing, yet specific pharmacotherapies remain to be explored. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sophoricoside (SOP), a bioactive component of medical herbs, on AIH and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Bioinformatic approaches were used to predict the potential targets and underlying regulatory mechanisms of SOP on AIH. The effects of SOP on AIH were evaluated by determining the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, histological liver injury and hepatic fibrosis in an improved chronic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)‑AIH mouse model and in a model of concanavalin‑A (ConA)‑induced acute immune‑mediated liver injury. The antioxidant activity of SOP was detected in in vivo and in vitro experiments. The selected signal targeted by SOP in AIH was further confirmed using western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining. The results of bioinformatic analysis revealed that the targets of SOP in AIH were related to oxidative stress and the NF‑κB gene set. The NF‑κB transcription factor family is a key player that controls both innate and adaptive immunity. The activation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway is often associated with autoimmune disorders. In the animal experiments, SOP attenuated CYP2D6/ConA‑induced AIH, as evidenced by a significant reduction in the levels of hepatic enzymes in serum, inflammatory cytokine expression and histological lesions in the liver. The oxidative response in AIH was also significantly inhibited by SOP, as evidenced by a decrease in the levels of hepatic malondialdehyde, and elevations in the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase levels. The results of the in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that SOP significantly reduced the enhanced expression and nuclear translocation of phosphorylated p65 NF‑κB in the livers of mice with AIH and in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated AML12 cells. On the whole, the present study demonstrates the protective role of SOP in AIH, which may be mediated by limiting the oxidative response and the activation of the NF‑κB signaling pathway in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lijia Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Meiping Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhangqi Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Hao Y, Fu J, Zhang J, Du N, Ta H, Zhu TT, Wang H, Lou HX, Cheng AX. Identification and Functional Characterization of UDP-Glycosyltransferases Involved in Isoflavone Biosynthesis in Astragalus membranaceus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12775-12784. [PMID: 37604680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are rich natural compounds present in legumes and are essential for plant growth and development. Moreover, they are beneficial for animals and humans. Isoflavones are primarily found as glycoconjugates, including calycosin-7-O-β-d-glucoside (CG) in Astragalus membranaceus, a legume. However, the glycosylation mechanism of isoflavones in A. membranaceus remains unclear. In the present study, three uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) that may be involved in the biosynthesis of isoflavone were identified in the transcriptome of A. membranaceus. Enzymatic analysis revealed that AmUGT88E29 and AmUGT88E30 had high catalytic activity toward isoflavones in vitro. In addition, AmUGT88E29 and AmUGT88E30 could accept various flavones, flavanones, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, and dihydrochalcones as substrates. AmUGT71G10 was only active against phloretin and dihydroresveratrol. Overexpression of AmUGT88E29 significantly increased the contents of CG, an isoflavone glucoside, in the hairy roots of A. membranaceus. This study provided candidate AmUGT genes for the potential metabolic engineering of flavonoid compounds in plants and a valuable resource for studying the calycosin glycosides biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaozhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Nihong Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - He Ta
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Helmholtz International Lab for Anti-Infectives, Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Xia Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Natural Products, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
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