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Xiu Y, Wang S, Zhang P, Li C, Wu Z, Wen J, Xu Y, Lv G, Zhao X, Dong X, Chen Y, Li J, Wang Y, Zou L, Xiao X, Bai Z. Total glucosides of paeony alleviates cGAS-STING-mediated diseases by blocking the STING-IRF3 interaction. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:402-415. [PMID: 38796214 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60572-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
In the realm of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been thoroughly investigated and established. Despite this, the clinical approval of drugs targeting the cGAS-STING pathway has been limited. The Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) is highly anti-inflammatory and is commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), emerged as a subject of our study. We found that the TGP markedly reduced the activation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway, triggered by various cGAS-STING agonists, in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 (THP-1) cells. This inhibition was noted alongside the suppression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation and the expression of interferon-beta (IFN-β), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), and inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The mechanism of action appeared to involve the TGP's attenuation of the STING-IRF3 interaction, without affecting STING oligomerization, thereby inhibiting the activation of downstream signaling pathways. In vivo, the TGP hindered the initiation of the cGAS-STING pathway by the STING agonist dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) and exhibited promising therapeutic effects in a model of acute liver injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine (D-GalN). Our findings underscore the potential of the TGP as an effective inhibitor of the cGAS-STING pathway, offering a new treatment avenue for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases mediated by this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Sihao Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Medical Supplies Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chengwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jincai Wen
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yingjie Xu
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Guiji Lv
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xu Dong
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yichong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Xiaohe Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Zhaofang Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China; Department of Hepatology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Materia, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China; National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China.
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Liao T, Kang J, Ma Z, Jie L, Feng M, Liu D, Mao J, Wang P, Xing R. Total glucosides of white paeony capsule alleviate articular cartilage degeneration and aberrant subchondral bone remodeling in knee osteoarthritis. Phytother Res 2024. [PMID: 38649260 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease that is primarily managed by improving the destroyed cartilage and reversing subchondral bone remodeling. Total glucosides of white paeony (TGP) capsule primarily contains extracts from the white peony root and has been shown to have various pharmacological effects, but its role in KOA still requires comprehensive evaluation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of TGP on knee cartilage and subchondral bone, as well as elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The effect of TGP on KOA progression was evaluated in the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced KOA model of mouse and interleukin (IL)-1β-induced KOA model of primary mouse chondrocytes. In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated that TGP had a protective effect on the cartilage. Treatment with TGP could induce the synthesis of critical elements in the cartilage extracellular matrix and downregulate the synthesis of degrading enzymes in the extracellular matrix. Regarding the underlying mechanisms, TGP inhibited the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 by regulating the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In addition, TGP could reduce the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, it has a sustained effect on coupled subchondral bone remodeling through regulation of the OPG/RANKL/RANK pathway. In conclusion, TGP may protect articular cartilage by downregulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and may support coupled subchondral bone remodeling by regulating OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling pathway in the DMM-induced KOA model of mouse, suggesting a new therapeutic potential for KOA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyang Liao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Junfeng Kang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhenyuan Ma
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lishi Jie
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingqing Feng
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Deren Liu
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Mao
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Peimin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center of TCM External Medication Development and Application, Nanjing, China
| | - Runlin Xing
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine/Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Li Q, Zheng S, Niu K, Qiao Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li B, Zheng C, Yu B. Paeoniflorin improves ulcerative colitis via regulation of PI3K‑AKT based on network pharmacology analysis. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:125. [PMID: 38414786 PMCID: PMC10895587 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin (PF) is the primary component derived from Paeonia lactiflora and white peony root and has been used widely for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) in China. UC primarily manifests as a chronic inflammatory response in the intestine. In the present study, a network pharmacology approach was used to explore the specific effects and underlying mechanisms of action of PF in the treatment of UC. A research strategy based on network pharmacology, combining target prediction, network construction, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, and molecular docking simulation was used to predict the targets of PF. A total of 288 potential targets of PF and 599 UC-related targets were identified. A total of 60 therapeutic targets of PF against UC were identified. Of these, 20 core targets were obtained by protein-protein interaction network construction. GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that PF alleviated UC through EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Molecular docking simulation showed that AKT1 and EGFR had good binding energy with PF. Animal-based experiments revealed that the administration of PF ameliorated the colonic pathological damage in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse model, resulting in lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and higher levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. PF decreased the mRNA and protein expression levels of AKT1, EGFR, mTOR, and PI3K. These findings suggested that PF plays a therapeutic protective role in the treatment of UC by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifang Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272069, P.R. China
| | - Shuyue Zheng
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Kai Niu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Yi Qiao
- School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Canlei Zheng
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yu
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067, P.R. China
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Xu R, Peng J, Ma Z, Xie K, Li M, Wang Q, Guo X, Nan N, Wang S, Li J, Xu J, Gong M. Prolonged administration of total glucosides of paeony improves intestinal immune imbalance and epithelial barrier damage in collagen-induced arthritis rats based on metabolomics-network pharmacology integrated analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1187797. [PMID: 38026929 PMCID: PMC10679728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1187797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and joint damage with complex pathological mechanisms. In recent years, many studies have shown that the dysregulation of intestinal mucosal immunity and the damage of the epithelial barrier are closely related to the occurrence of RA. Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) have been used clinically for the treatment of RA in China for decades, while the pharmacological mechanism is still uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the regulatory effect and mechanism of TGP on intestinal immunity and epithelial barrier in RA model rats. The results showed that TGP alleviated immune hyperfunction by regulating the ratio of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ in different lymphocyte synthesis sites of the small intestine, including Peyer's patches (PPs), intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs). Specially, TGP first exhibited immunomodulatory effects on sites close to the intestinal lumen (IELs and LPLs), and then on PPs far away from the intestinal lumen as the administration time prolonged. Meanwhile, TGP restores the intestinal epithelial barrier by upregulating the ratio of villi height (V)/crypt depth (C) and expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin). Finally, the integrated analysis of metabolomics-network pharmacology was also used to explore the possible regulation mechanism of TGP on the intestinal tract. Metabolomics analysis revealed that TGP reversed the intestinal metabolic profile disturbance in CIA rats, and identified 32 biomarkers and 163 corresponding targets; network pharmacology analysis identified 111 potential targets for TGP to treat RA. By intersecting the results of the two, three key targets such as ADA, PNP and TYR were determined. Pharmacological verification experiments showed that the levels of ADA and PNP in the small intestine of CIA rats were significantly increased, while TGP significantly decreased their ADA and PNP levels. In conclusion, purine metabolism may play an important role in the process of TGP improving RA-induced intestinal immune imbalance and impaired epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jine Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Meijing Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Guo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Nan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Sihui Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Muxin Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
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Chen JH, Zhao CL, Li YS, Yang YB, Luo JG, Zhang C, Wang L. Moutai Distiller's grains Polyphenol extracts and rutin alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice: Modulation of gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function (R2). Heliyon 2023; 9:e22186. [PMID: 38045189 PMCID: PMC10692825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Distiller's grains, byproducts of the brewing process, represent a valuable resource for extracting natural phenolic compounds due to their significant global production. This study presents the first evidence of the protective effects of Moutai distiller's grain polyphenol extract (MDGP) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. These protective effects manifest predominantly through the amelioration of general colitis indices and histopathological improvements. Utilizing liquid chromatography-high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-HR-ESI-MS), the main components of MDGP were identified as rutin, quercetin, naringenin, and dihydroquercetin. Moreover, a novel mechanism was elucidated by which rutin, the primary active component of MDGP, alleviates DSS-induced colitis. Assessment of intestinal barrier function, microbial sequencing, fecal transplantation, and antibiotic depletion experiments revealed that rutin suppresses the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Helicobacter, Klebsiella, and Veillonella) while promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria (Ruminococcus_torques_group, Lachnoclostridium, and norank_f__Muribaculaceae). This modulation culminates in elevated butyric acid concentrations within short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amplified integrity of tight (ZO-1, occludin) and adherent (E-cadherin, β-catenin) junctional complexes, fortified intestinal barrier function, and diminished intestinal inflammation.This investigation accentuates the innovative therapeutic potential of MDGP and its main active component, rutin, in assuaging DSS-induced intestinal inflammation and fortifying the intestinal barrier through a mechanism predominantly mediated by the intestinal microbiota. Such insights potentially elevate the prominence of distiller's grains in the realm of functional food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-hu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Cai-li Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yong-su Li
- Kweichow Moutai Co., Ltd, Zunyi, Guizhou 564501, China
- Baijiu manufacturing innovation center of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 564501, China
| | - Yu-bo Yang
- Kweichow Moutai Co., Ltd, Zunyi, Guizhou 564501, China
- Baijiu manufacturing innovation center of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 564501, China
| | - Jian-guang Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Li Wang
- Baijiu manufacturing innovation center of Guizhou Province, Zunyi, Guizhou 564501, China
- Kweichow Moutai Group, Zunyi, Guizhou 564501, China
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Zhang Y, Wang X, Ding Z, Lin N, Zhang Y. Enhanced efficacy with reduced toxicity of tripterygium glycoside tablet by compatibility with total glucosides of paeony for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115417. [PMID: 37666179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Drug-induced liver injury remains a critical issue to hinder clinical application of Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets (TGTs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapy. Combination of TGTs with Total Glucosides of Peony (TGP) may be the most common therapeutic strategy for enhancing TGTs' efficacy and reducing its toxicity. Herein, we aimed to investigate the efficacy-enhancing and toxicity-reducing properties and mechanisms of TGT-TGP combination. METHODS Both TGT-induced acute and chronic liver injury animal models were established. ELISA, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, western blot and quantitative PCR were performed to determine the efficacy, toxicity and regulatory mechanisms of TGT-TGP combination. RESULTS The compatibility of TGP significantly reduced the abnormal serum ALT and AST levels, and improved liver histopathological changes in both acute and chronic DILI animal models induced by TGTs, with the most effective dosage of TGP-M (medium-dose TGP, 450 mg/kg). Additionally, TGP and TGT synergistically alleviated joint swelling and improved the elevation of serum inflammatory factors, in line with the positive changes in joint histopathological features of collagen induced arthritis mice, with the same effective dosage of TGP-M following 5 weeks' drug combination treatment. Mechanically, TGT significantly increased the number of autophagosomes and the expression of LC3II protein while reducing p62 protein expression in the liver tissues, which were significantly reversed by the compatibility with TGP, similar to the findings based on the inflamed joint tissues. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest an enhanced efficacy with reduced toxicity of TGT by the compatibility with TGP for RA therapy, possibly through regulating various autophagy-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zihe Ding
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Na Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Yuan S, Wang KS, Meng H, Hou XT, Xue JC, Liu BH, Cheng WW, Li J, Zhang HM, Nan JX, Zhang QG. The gut microbes in inflammatory bowel disease: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:114893. [PMID: 37352702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes constitute the main microbiota in the human body, which can regulate biological processes such as immunity, cell proliferation, and differentiation, hence playing a specific function in intestinal diseases. In recent years, gut microbes have become a research hotspot in the pharmaceutical field. Because of their enormous number, diversity, and functional complexity, gut microbes have essential functions in the development of many digestive diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease with a complex etiology, the exact cause and pathogenesis are unclear. There are no medicines that can cure IBD, and more research on therapeutic drugs is urgently needed. It has been reported that gut microbes play a critical role in pathogenesis, and there is a tight and complex association between gut microbes and IBD. The dysregulation of gut microbes may be a predisposing factor for IBD, and at the same time, IBD may exacerbate gut microbes' disorders, but the mechanism of interaction between the two is still not well defined. The study of the relationship between gut microbes and IBD is not only important to elucidate the pathogenesis but also has a positive effect on the treatment based on the regimen of regulating gut microbes. This review describes the latest research progress on the functions of gut microbes and their relationship with IBD, which can provide reference and assistance for further research. It may provide a theoretical basis for the application of probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and other therapeutic methods to regulate gut microbes in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Ke-Si Wang
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Hou
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Jia-Chen Xue
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China; Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Bao-Hong Liu
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cheng
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Hua-Min Zhang
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Qing-Gao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China; Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
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Yang F, Zhang S, Tian D, Zhou G, Tang X, Miao X, He Y, Yao X, Tang J. Deciphering chemical and metabolite profiling of Chang-Kang-Fang by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and its potential active components identification. Chin J Nat Med 2023; 21:459-480. [PMID: 37407177 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(23)60474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Chang-Kang-Fang (CKF) formula, a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription, has been widely used for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, its potential material basis and underlying mechanism remain elusive. Therefore, this study employed an integrated approach that combined ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) with network pharmacology to systematically characterize the phytochemical components and metabolites of CKF, as well as elucidating its underlying mechanism. Through this comprehensive analysis, a total of 150 components were identified or tentatively characterized within the CKF formula. Notably, six N-acetyldopamine oligomers from CicadaePeriostracum and eight resin glycosides from Cuscutae Semen were characterized in this formula for the first time. Meanwhile, 149 xenobiotics (58 prototypes and 91 metabolites) were detected in plasma, urine, feces, brain, and intestinal contents, and the in vivo metabolic pathways of resin glycosides were elaborated for the first time. Furthermore, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses revealed that alkaloids, flavonoids, chromones, monoterpenes, N-acetyldopamine dimers, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, and Cus-3/isomer might be responsible for the beneficial effects of CKF in treating IBS, and CASP8, MARK14, PIK3C, PIK3R1, TLR4, and TNF may be its potential targets. These discoveries offer a comprehensive understanding of the potential material basis and clarify the underlying mechanism of the CKF formula in treating IBS, facilitating the broader application of CKF in the field of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sihao Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Danmei Tian
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guirong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Xiyang Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xinglong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China; Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China.
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jinshan Tang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research/International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Ministry of Education (MOE) of China, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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9
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Zhang Z, Jia Y, Tao L, Liu X, Han Y, Wang X. Clinical Evaluation of Dexamethasone Plus Gentamycin Mouthwash Use in Combination with Total Glucosides of Paeony for Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus without Fungal Infection: A Comparative Study with Long-Term Follow-Up. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237004. [PMID: 36498580 PMCID: PMC9739003 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa and considered a potential malignant disease, for which a method for complete cure is lacking. The dexamethasone and gentamicin mouthwash, combined with total glucosides of paeony (TGP), was tested in the treatment of OLP patients without fungal infection, with a view to provide evidence that may assist in resolving the dilemma. Methods: A randomized and single-blind clinical trial of 48 non-erosive and erosive OLP patients was conducted, with the patients divided into two groups. Group A was treated with dexamethasone plus gentamycin mouthwash and Group B received an additional TGP capsule together with the aforementioned mouthwash. All the patients were followed up with four times, at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months. The clinical manifestations, sign score, and VAS scale were recorded. The total effective rate (%) was defined as (cases of complete resolution + cases of partial resolution)/total cases observed × 100%. Results: A total of 43 patients completed all follow-up appointments. Among the 21 patients in Group A, the total effective rate was 61.9%. Of the 22 patients in Group B, the total effective rate was 89.66%. The clinical manifestation, sign score, and VAS of the two groups all indicated improvements, and there were significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Dexamethasone plus gentamycin mouthwash combined with TGP treatment for OLP patients is a safe and effective treatment of OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Liyuan Tao
- Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
- Correspondence: (Y.H.); (X.W.)
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Cao Z, Gao J, Huang W, Yan J, Shan A, Gao X. Curcumin mitigates deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption by regulating Nrf2/p53 and NF-κB/MLCK signaling in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 167:113281. [PMID: 35817260 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) induces intestinal epithelial barrier disruption, posing a threat to the body. Curcumin (Cur) possesses pharmacological bioactivities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that help maintain intestinal health. Here, the protective effects of Cur against DON-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption were explored. Cur (75 or 150 mg/kg body weight [B.W.]) alleviated DON-induced (2.4 mg/kg B.W.) inhibition of growth performance and morphological damage to intestinal epithelium in mice. Cur also significantly attenuated DON-induced intestinal epithelial barrier disruption and structural damage to the tight junctions (TJs), as assessed by ultrastructure observation, serum FITC-dextran concentrations and diamine oxidase activity. Cur mitigated the DON-induced increase in reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels; p53, cytoplasmic cytochrome c, Bax, and Bcl-2 expression; and TUNEL-positive cell rate and caspase-3 activity. It decreased the total antioxidant capacity and expression of nuclear Nrf2 and its downstream target genes. Lastly, Cur attenuated the DON-induced increase in MLCK, p-MLC, nuclear NF-κB p65 expression, and the NF-κB downstream target genes; decrease in the expression of TJs proteins (claudin-1, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1]); and abnormal ZO-1 distribution. Overall, Cur mitigated the DON-induced disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier by regulating the Nrf2/p53-mediated apoptotic pathway and NF-κB/MLCK-mediated TJs pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Post-doctoral Research Station of Animal Husbandry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinsong Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Juli Yan
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Post-doctoral Research Station of Animal Husbandry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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11
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Wang Y, You K, You Y, Li Q, Feng G, Ni J, Cao X, Zhang X, Wang Y, Bao W, Wang X, Chen T, Li H, Huang Y, Lyu J, Yu S, Li H, Xu S, Zeng K, Shen X. Paeoniflorin prevents aberrant proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells by controlling C1q release from macrophages in chronic colitis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106309. [PMID: 35716915 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathological features of inflammatory bowel disease necessitate therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring intestinal mucosal barrier function in addition to controlling inflammation. Paeoniflorin, a bioactive herbal constituent isolated from the root of Paeonia albiflora Pall, has been reported to protect against acute colitis in mice. However, the direct molecular target of paeoniflorin in preventing colitis remains elusive. Here, we evaluated the therapeutical effects of Paeoniflorin using IL-10-/- chronic colitis model, and explored the precise mechanism of action involved. Our results demonstrated that intragastric administration of Paeoniflorin significantly ameliorated inflammatory response and restored the aberrant intestinal proliferation and differentiation in IL-10-/-colitis mice. By utilizing a chemical biology approach, we identified C1qa, a crucial component of C1q, is the direct target of Paeoniflorin. Binding of Paeoniflorin to C1qa prevented the cleavage of C1q on macrophages, resulting in the aggregation of surface membrane-anchored C1q and the diminished C1q secretion. The excessive surface membrane-anchored C1q significantly enhanced the phagocytic capability of macrophages and promoted the elimination of infiltrated bacteria and inflammatory cells in mouse colon. The reduced C1q secretion conferred by Paeoniflorin dampened Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation, thereby rectifying the aberrant proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs). In summary, our study demonstrates that Paeoniflorin can orchestrate mucosal healing and intestinal inflammation elimination through C1q-bridged macrophage-ISCs crosstalk, highlighting a novel strategy to treat chronic colitis by restoring mucosal homeostasis via targeting C1q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Keyuan You
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yan You
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Guize Feng
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiahui Ni
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinyue Cao
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yanhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weilian Bao
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tongqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haidong Li
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuran Huang
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiaren Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shihang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China.
| | - Kewu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Shen
- Department of Pharmacology & the Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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12
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Chen Z, Lv Y, Xu H, Deng L. Herbal Medicine, Gut Microbiota, and COVID-19. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:646560. [PMID: 34305582 PMCID: PMC8293616 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.646560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has grown to a worldwide pandemic with substantial mortality. The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild flu-like symptoms, including cough and fever, to life threatening complications. There are still quite a number of patients with COVID-19 showed enteric symptoms including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. The gastrointestinal tract may be one of the target organs of SARS-CoV-2. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main receptor of SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is significantly expressed in intestinal cells. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Intestinal flora imbalance and endotoxemia may accelerate the progression of COVID-19. Many herbs have demonstrated properties relevant to the treatment of COVID-19, by supporting organs and systems of the body affected by the virus. Herbs can restore the structure of the intestinal flora, which may further modulate the immune function after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regulation of intestinal flora by herbal medicine may be helpful for the treatment and recovery of the disease. Understanding the role of herbs that regulate intestinal flora in fighting respiratory virus infections and maintaining intestinal flora balance can provide new ideas for preventing and treating COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Lv
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huachong Xu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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