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Zhang J, Chen Y, Luo G, Luo Y. Molecular mechanism of geniposide against ANIT-induced intrahepatic cholestasis by integrative analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03320-3. [PMID: 39052058 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Geniposide (GE), a bioactive compound extracted from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, has attracted significant attention for its hepatoprotective therapeutic applications. Although GE displays a protective effect on treating intrahepatic cholestasis (IC), the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the pharmacological mechanisms of GE in treating IC by an integrated analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics. Firstly, we evaluated the hepatoprotective effect of GE in α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced IC rats by examining biochemical indices, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress levels. Secondly, by transcriptomics and serum metabolomics, we identified differentially expressed genes and metabolites, revealing phenotype-related metabolic pathways and gene functions. Lastly, we screened the core targets of GE in the treatment of IC by integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic data and validated these targets using western blotting. The results indicated that GE improved serum indexes and alleviated inflammation reactions and oxidative stress in the liver. The transcriptomics analysis revealed 739 differentially expressed genes after GE treatment, mainly enriched in retinol metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, PPAR signal transduction, bile secretion metabolism, and other pathways. The metabolomics analysis identified 98 differential metabolites and 10 metabolic pathways. By constructing a "genes-targets-pathways-compounds" network, we identified two pathways: the bile secretion pathway and the glutathione pathway. Within these pathways, we discovered nine crucial targets that were subsequently validated through western blotting. The results revealed that the GE group significantly increased the expression of ABCG5, NCEH1, OAT3, and GST, compared with the ANIT group. We speculate that GE has a therapeutic effect on IC by modulating the bile secretion pathway and the glutathione pathway and regulating the expression of ABCG5, NCEH1, OAT3, and GST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunting Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guangming Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Yangjing Luo
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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Liu Z, Chen L, Chen M, Linghu L, Liao Z, Chen M, Wang G. Sarmentol H derived from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge directly targets FXR to mitigate cholestasis by recruiting SRC-1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 130:155759. [PMID: 38788394 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a vital receptor for bile acids and plays an important role in the treatment of cholestatic liver disease. In addition to traditional bile acid-based steroidal agonists, synthetic alkaloids are the most commonly reported non-steroidal FXR agonists. Sarmentol H is a nor-sesquiterpenoid obtained from Sedum sarmentosum Bunge, and in vitro screening experiments have shown that it might be related to the regulation of the FXR pathway in a previous study. PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic effects of sarmentol H on cholestasis and to determine whether sarmentol H directly targets FXR to mitigate cholestasis. Furthermore, this study aimed to explore the key amino acid residues involved in the binding of sarmentol H to FXR through site-directed mutagenesis. METHODS An intrahepatic cholestasis mouse model was established to investigate the therapeutic effects of sarmentol H on cholestasis. In vitro experiments, including Co-Ip and FXR-EcRE-Luc assays, were performed to assess whether sarmentol H activates FXR by recruiting the receptor coactivator SRC1. CETSA, SIP, DARTS, and ITC were used to determine the binding of sarmentol H to FXR protein. The key amino acid residues for sarmentol H binding to FXR were analyzed by molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis. Finally, we conducted in vivo experiments on wild-type and Fxr-/- mice to further validate the anticholestatic target of sarmentol H. RESULTS Sarmentol H had significant ameliorative effects on the pathological conditions of cholestatic mice induced with ANIT. In vitro experiments suggested that it is capable of activating FXR and regulating downstream signaling pathways by recruiting SRC1. The target validation experiments showed that sarmentol H had the ability to bind to FXR as a ligand (KD = 2.55 μmol/L) and enhance the stability of its spatial structure. Moreover, site-directed mutagenesis revealed that THR292 and TYR365 were key binding sites for sarmentol H and FXR. Furthermore, knockout of the Fxr gene resulted in a significantly higher degree of ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury than that in wild-type cholestatic mice, and the amelioration of cholestasis or regulatory effects on FXR downstream genes by sarmentol H also disappeared in Fxr-/- cholestatic mice. CONCLUSION Sarmentol H is an FXR agonist. This is the first study to show that it exerts a significant therapeutic effect on cholestatic mice, and can directly bind to FXR and activate it by recruiting the coactivator SRC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxiu Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingyun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lang Linghu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Guowei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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Hu Z, Cheng X, Cai J, Huang C, Hu J, Liu J. Emodin alleviates cholestatic liver injury by modulating Sirt1/Fxr signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16756. [PMID: 39033253 PMCID: PMC11271454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Emodin (EMO) has the effect of anti-cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). But its mechanism is still unclear. The farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) is the master bile acid nuclear receptor. Recent studies have reported that Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) can regulate the activities of Fxr. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the mechanism of EMO against ANIT-induced liver injury based on Sirt1/Fxr signaling pathway. The ANIT-induced cholestatic rats were used with or without EMO treatment. Serum biochemical indicators, as well as liver histopathological changes were examined. The genes expressions of Sirt1, Fxr, Shp, Bsep and Mrp2 were detected. The expressions of Sirt1, Fxr and their downstream related genes were investigated in vitro. The results showed that EMO significantly alleviated ANIT-induced liver injury in rats, and increased Sirt1, Fxr, Shp, Bsep and Mrp2 gene expression in liver, while decreased the expression of Cyp7a1. EMO significantly activated Fxr, while Sirt1 inhibitor and Sirt1 gene silencing significantly reduced Fxr activity in vitro. Collectively, EMO in the right dose has a protective effect on liver injury induced by ANIT, and the mechanism may be through activation of Fxr by Sirt1, thus regulating bile acid metabolism, and reducing bile acid load in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianming Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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Abdulaal WH, Omar UM, Zeyadi M, El-Agamy DS, Alhakamy NA, Ibrahim SRM, Almalki NAR, Asfour HZ, Al-Rabia MW, Mohamed GA, Elshal M. Pirfenidone ameliorates ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury via modulation of FXR, NF-кB/TNF-α, and Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 490:117038. [PMID: 39019095 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.117038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a hepatobiliary disorder characterized by the excessive accumulation of toxic bile acids in hepatocytes, leading to cholestatic liver injury (CLI) through multiple pathogenic inflammatory pathways. Currently, there are limited therapeutic options for the management of cholestasis and associated CLI; therefore, new options are urgently needed. Pirfenidone (PF), an oral bioavailable pyridone analog, is used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PF has recently demonstrated diverse potential therapeutic activities against different pathologies. Accordingly, the present study adopted the α-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced CLI model in mice to explore the potential protective impact of PF and investigate the underlying mechanisms of action. PF intervention markedly reduced the serum levels of ALT, AST, LDH, total bilirubin, and total bile acids, which was accompanied by a remarkable amelioration of histopathological lesions induced by ANIT. PF also protected the mice against ANIT-induced redox imbalance in the liver, represented by reduced MDA levels and elevated GSH and SOD activities. Mechanistically, PF inhibited ANIT-induced downregulated expressions of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), as well as the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) bile acid efflux channels. PF further repressed ANIT-induced NF-κB activation and TNF-α and IL-6 production. These beneficial effects were associated with its ability to dose-dependently inhibit Wnt/GSK-3β/β-catenin/cyclin D1 signaling. Collectively, PF protects against ANIT-induced CLI in mice, demonstrating powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as an ability to oppose BA homeostasis disorder. These protective effects are primarily mediated by modulating the interplay between FXR, NF-κB/TNF-α/IL-6, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesam H Abdulaal
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Cancer and Mutagenesis Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ulfat M Omar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Princess Dr. Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mustafa Zeyadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Dina S El-Agamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sabrin R M Ibrahim
- Preparatory Year Program, Department of Chemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif A R Almalki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Centre, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hani Z Asfour
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed W Al-Rabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gamal A Mohamed
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud Elshal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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Pi Y, Zuo H, Wang Y, Zheng W, Zhou H, Deng L, Song H. Oleanolic acid alleviating ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat severe steatotic liver via KEAP1/NRF2/ARE. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112617. [PMID: 38972213 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Severe steatosis in donor livers is contraindicated for transplantation due to the high risk of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). Although Ho-1 gene-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (HO-1/BMMSCs) can mitigate IRI, the role of gut microbiota and metabolites in this protection remains unclear. This study aimed to explore how gut microbiota and metabolites contribute to HO-1/BMMSCs-mediated protection against IRI in severe steatotic livers. Using rat models and cellular models (IAR20 and THLE-2 cells) of steatotic liver IRI, this study revealed that ischemia-reperfusion led to significant liver and intestinal damage, heightened immune responses, impaired liver function, and altered gut microbiota and metabolite profiles in rats with severe steatosis, which were partially reversed by HO-1/BMMSCs transplantation. Integrated microbiome and metabolome analyses identified gut microbial metabolite oleanolic acid as a potential protective agent against IRI. Experimental validation showed that oleanolic acid administration alone alleviated IRI and inhibited ferroptosis in both rat and cellular models. Network pharmacology and molecular docking implicated KEAP1/NRF2 pathway as a potential target of oleanolic acid. Indeed, OA experimentally upregulated NRF2 activity, which underlies its inhibition of ferroptosis and protection against IRI. The gut microbial metabolite OA protects against IRI in severe steatotic liver by promoting NRF2 expression and activity, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Pi
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
| | - Huaiwen Zuo
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China.
| | - Weiping Zheng
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin 300192, PR China.
| | - Huiyuan Zhou
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
| | - Lamei Deng
- Tianjin First Central Hospital Clinic Institute, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China.
| | - Hongli Song
- Department of Liver Transplantation, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin 300192, PR China.
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Wang Y, Liu K. Therapeutic potential of oleanolic acid in liver diseases. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:4537-4554. [PMID: 38294504 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-02959-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Liver-associated diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide. In developed countries, the incidence of viral hepatitis is reducing due to advancements in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. However, with improvements in living standards, the prevalence of metabolic liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol-related liver disease, is expected to increase; notably, this rise in the prevalence of metabolic liver disease can lead to the development of more severe liver diseases, including liver failure, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. The growing demand for natural alternative therapies for chronic diseases has highlighted the importance of studying the pharmacology of bioactive compounds in plants. One such compound is oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antibacterial, antiviral, antihypertensive, anti-obesity, anticancer, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, and anti-neurodegenerative properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that OA treatment can reduce the risk of pathological liver damage, ultimately alleviating liver dysregulation and restoring overall liver function. This review aims to explore the latest research on the biological effects of OA and its derivatives. Notably, it explores the mechanisms of action of these compounds in both in vitro and in vivo research models and, ultimately, highlights OA as a promising candidate for alternative therapies in the treatment and management of chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Guan G, Cao H, Tang Z, Zhang K, Zhong M, Lv R, Wan W, Guo F, Wang Y, Gao Y. Mechanistic studies on the alleviation of ANIT-induced cholestatic liver injury by Polygala fallax Hemsl. polysaccharides. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118108. [PMID: 38574780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygala fallax Hemsl. is a traditional folk medicine commonly used by ethnic minorities in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and has a traditional application in the treatment of liver disease. Polygala fallax Hemsl. polysaccharides (PFPs) are of interest for their potential health benefits. AIM OF THIS STUDY This study explored the impact of PFPs on a mouse model of cholestatic liver injury (CLI) induced by alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT), as well as the potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A mouse CLI model was constructed using ANIT (80 mg/kg) and intervened with different doses of PFPs or ursodeoxycholic acid. Their serum biochemical indices, hepatic oxidative stress indices, and hepatic pathological characteristics were investigated. Then RNA sequencing was performed on liver tissues to identify differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways and to elucidate the mechanism of liver protection by PFPs. Finally, Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to verify the differentially expressed genes. RESULTS Data analyses showed that PFPs reduced the levels of liver function-related biochemical indices, such as ALT, AST, AKP, TBA, DBIL, and TBIL. PFPs up-regulated the activities of SOD and GSH, down-regulated the contents of MDA, inhibited the release of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, or promoted IL-10. Pathologic characterization of the liver revealed that PFPs reduced hepatocyte apoptosis or necrosis. The RNA sequencing indicated that the genes with differential expression were primarily enriched for the biosynthesis of primary bile acids, secretion or transportation of bile, the reactive oxygen species in chemical carcinogenesis, and the NF-kappa B signaling pathway. In addition, the results of qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis were consistent with those of RNA sequencing analysis. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study showed that PFPs improved intrahepatic cholestasis and alleviated liver damage through the modulation of primary bile acid production, Control of protein expression related to bile secretion or transportation, decrease in inflammatory reactions, and inhibition of oxidative pressure. As a result, PFPs might offer a hopeful ethnic dietary approach for managing intrahepatic cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China; Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Houkang Cao
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Zixuan Tang
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Mingli Zhong
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Rui Lv
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Weimin Wan
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Fengyue Guo
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China
| | - Yongwang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541001, China.
| | - Ya Gao
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, China.
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Pingale TD, Gupta GL. Oleanolic acid-based therapeutics ameliorate rotenone-induced motor and depressive behaviors in parkinsonian male mice via controlling neuroinflammation and activating Nrf2-BDNF-dopaminergic signaling pathways. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:335-349. [PMID: 38084769 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2288198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is often accompanied by depression, which may appear before motor signs. Oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid substance, have many pharmacological properties. However, its efficacy in treating PD-related chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) is unknown. Our study used behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques to assess how OA affected PDrelated CUS. Rotenone (1 mg/kg i.p. for first 21 days) was used to induce Parkinsonism, and modest psychological & environmental stresses generated CUS (from day 22 to day 43) in animals. The study included daily i.p.administration of OA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) from day 1 to day 57 in male swiss albino mice. Animals were evaluated for behavioral, biochemical parameters, neurotransmitters, and immunohistochemical expression following the treatment. Results of the study revealed that treatment with OA at all doses alleviated the core symptoms of CUS linked to PD and improved motor and non-motor function. OA therapy significantly lowered IL-1β, TNF-α (p < 0.01, < 0.01, < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.05, < 0.01, < 0.001), oxidative stress (p < 0.05, < 0.01, < 0.01), and elevated norepinephrine (p < 0.05, < 0.01, < 0.01), dopamine, and serotonin (p < 0.05, < 0.01, < 0.001) levels. Moreover, OA therapy substantially reduced α-synuclein (p < 0.05, < 0.01, < 0.01) aggregation and increased BDNF (p < 0.05, < 0.01, < 0.001) & Nrf-2 (p < 0.05, < 0.01, < 0.01) levels, which boosts neuronal dopamine survival. The study's findings indicated that OA ameliorates depressive-like behavior persuaded by CUS in PD, decreases neuroinflammation, and improves neurotransmitter concentration via activating Nrf2-BDNF-dopaminergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Dayanand Pingale
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai India
| | - Girdhari Lal Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai India
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Shirpur India
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Han X, Lin C, Liu H, Li S, Hu B, Zhang L. Allocholic acid protects against α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis in mice by ameliorating disordered bile acid homeostasis. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:582-594. [PMID: 37968239 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a pathological condition characterized by disruptions in bile flow, leading to the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) in hepatocytes. Allocholic acid (ACA), a unique fetal BA known for its potent choleretic effects, reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis. In this research, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of ACA against mice with cholestasis brought on by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). To achieve this, we combined network pharmacology, targeted BA metabolomics, and molecular biology approaches. The results demonstrated that ACA treatment effectively reduced levels of serum AST, ALP, and DBIL, and ameliorated the pathological injury caused by cholestasis. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that ACA primarily regulated BA and salt transport, along with the signaling pathway associated with bile secretion, to improve cholestasis. Subsequently, we examined changes in BA metabolism using UPLC-MS/MS. The findings indicated that ACA pretreatment induced alterations in the size, distribution, and composition of the liver BA pool. Specifically, it reduced the excessive accumulation of BAs, especially cholic acid (CA), taurocholic acid (TCA), and β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), facilitating the restoration of BA homeostasis. Furthermore, ACA pretreatment significantly downregulated the expression of hepatic BA synthase Cyp8b1, while enhancing the expression of hepatic efflux transporter Mrp4, as well as the renal efflux transporters Mdr1 and Mrp2. These changes collectively contributed to improved BA efflux from the liver and enhanced renal elimination of BAs. In conclusion, ACA demonstrated its potential to ameliorate ANIT-induced liver damage by inhibiting BA synthesis and promoting both BA efflux and renal elimination pathways, thus, restoring BA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Lin
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Raj R, Shen P, Yu B, Zhang J. A patent review on HMGB1 inhibitors for the treatment of liver diseases. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:127-140. [PMID: 38557201 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2338105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HMGB1 is a non-histone chromatin protein released or secreted in response to tissue damage or infection. Extracellular HMGB1, as a crucial immunomodulatory factor, binds with several different receptors to innate inflammatory responses that aggravate acute and chronic liver diseases. The increased levels of HMGB1 have been reported in various liver diseases, highlighting that it represents a potential biomarker and druggable target for therapeutic development. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structure, function, and interacting receptors of HMGB1 and its significance in multiple liver diseases. The latest patented and preclinical studies of HMGB1 inhibitors (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) for liver diseases are summarized by using the keywords 'HMGB1,' 'HMGB1 antagonist, HMGB1-inhibitor,' 'liver disease' in Web of Science, Google Scholar, Google Patents, and PubMed databases in the year from 2017 to 2023. EXPERT OPINIONS In recent years, extensive research on HMGB1-dependent inflammatory signaling has discovered potent inhibitors of HMGB1 to reduce the severity of liver injury. Despite significant progress in the development of HMGB1 antagonists, few of them are approved for clinical treatment of liver-related diseases. Developing safe and effective specific inhibitors for different HMGB1 isoforms and their interaction with receptors is the focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Raj
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Shen
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Resources Science of Traditional Chinese Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Mei Y, Li X, He C, Zhang Y, Kong W, Xue R, Huang X, Shi Y, Tao G, Xing M, Wang X. Detrimental Role of CXCR3 in α-Naphthylisothiocyanate- and Triptolide-Induced Cholestatic Liver Injury. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:42-56. [PMID: 38091573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR3 is functionally pleiotropic, not only recruiting immune cells to the inflamed liver but also mediating the pathological process of cholestatic liver injury (CLI). However, the mechanism of its involvement in the CLI remains unclear. Both alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and triptolide are hepatotoxicants that induce CLI by bile acid (BA) dysregulation, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/oxidative stress. Through molecular docking, CXCR3 is a potential target of ANIT and triptolide. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of CXCR3 in ANIT- and triptolide-induced CLI and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Wild-type mice and CXCR3-deficient mice were administered with ANIT or triptolide to compare CLI, BA profile, hepatic recruitment of IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-17+CD4+T cells, IFN-γ/IL-4/IL-17+iNKT cells and IFN-γ/IL-4+NK cells, and the expression of ER/oxidative stress pathway. The results showed that CXCR3 deficiency ameliorated ANIT- and triptolide-induced CLI. CXCR3 deficiency alleviated ANIT-induced dysregulated BA metabolism, which decreased the recruitment of IFN-γ+NK cells and IL-4+NK cells to the liver and inhibited ER stress. After triptolide administration, CXCR3 deficiency ameliorated dysregulation of BA metabolism, which reduced the migration of IL-4+iNKT cells and IL-17+iNKT cells and reduced oxidative stress through inhibition of Egr1 expression and AKT phosphorylation. Our findings suggest a detrimental role of CXCR3 in ANIT- and triptolide-induced CLI, providing a promising therapeutic target and introducing novel mechanisms for understanding cholestatic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Mei
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China
| | - Yiying Zhang
- Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Weichao Kong
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Rufeng Xue
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Xin Huang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yaxiang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Gang Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang 212003, China
| | - Mengtao Xing
- Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xinzhi Wang
- New Drug Screening Center, Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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12
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Wang MQ, Zhang KH, Liu FL, Zhou R, Zeng Y, Chen AL, Yu Y, Xia Q, Zhu CC, Lin CZ. Wedelolactone alleviates cholestatic liver injury by regulating FXR-bile acid-NF-κB/NRF2 axis to reduce bile acid accumulation and its subsequent inflammation and oxidative stress. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 122:155124. [PMID: 38014837 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholestatic liver diseases (CLD) comprise a variety of disorders of bile formation, which causes chronic exposure to bile acid (BA) in the liver generally and results in hepatotoxicity and progressive hepatobiliary injury. Wedelolactone (7-methoxy-5, 11, 12-trihydroxy-coumestan, WED), the natural active compound derived from Ecliptae Herba, has been reported with valuable bioactivity for liver protection. Nevertheless, the effect of WED on cholestatic liver injury (CLI) remains unexplored. PURPOSE The present study aims to elucidate the protective effect of WED on Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced CLI mice, and to investigate its potential pharmacological mechanism. METHODS The anit-cholestatic and hepatoprotective effects of WED were evaluated in ANIT-induced CLI mice. Non-targeted metabolomics study combined with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used to explore the key mechanism of WED. The BA metabolic profile in enterohepatic circulation was analyzed to evaluate the effect of WED in regulating BA metabolism. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) were used to simulate and verify the targeting activation of WED on the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR). The core role of FXR in WED promoting BA transportation, and alleviating BA accumulation-induced hepatotoxicity was further evaluated in WT and FXR knockout mice or hepatocytes. RESULTS WED dose-dependently alleviated ANIT-induced cholestasis and liver injury in mice, and simultaneously suppressed the signaling pathway of nuclear factor-kappa B/nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NF-κB/NRF2) to relieve inflammation and oxidative stress. At the metabolite level, WED improved the metabolic disorder in CLI mice focusing on the metabolism of BA, arachidonic acid, and glycerophospholipid, that closely related to the process of BA regulation, inflammation, and oxidative damage. WED targeting activated FXR, which then transcribed its target genes, including the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the BA transporter, and subsequently increased BA transportation to restore the damaged enterohepatic circulation of BA. Meanwhile, WED alleviated hepatic BA accumulation and protected the liver from BA-induced damage via NF-κB/NRF2 signaling pathway. Furthermore, FXR deficiency suppressed the protective effect of WED in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION WED regulated BA metabolism and alleviated hepatic damage in cholestasis. It protected the liver according to adjusted BA transportation and relieved BA accumulation-related hepatotoxicity via FXR-bile acid-NF-κB/NRF2 axis. Our study provides novel insights that WED might be a promising strategy for cholestatic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Qi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai-Hui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Le Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - A-Li Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chen-Chen Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chao-Zhan Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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13
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Xu H, Yuan Q, Wu Z, Xu Y, Chen J. Integrative transcriptome and single-cell sequencing technology analysis of the potential therapeutic benefits of oleanolic acid in liver injury and liver cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:15267-15286. [PMID: 38127054 PMCID: PMC10781501 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oleanolic acid has important hepatoprotective effects and inhibits liver tissue carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of oleanolic acid in inhibiting liver injury and liver cancer. METHOD In this study, we applied differential gene analysis and gene enrichment analysis to identify the targets of oleanolic acid for the treatment of liver injury. And this study also applied Cibersort and GSVA methods to investigate the targets of oleanolic acid in liver injury. Based on oleanolic acid targets, we explored the major targets and further explored the role of the major targets in liver cancer. This study used the oncoPredict and the TIDE algorithm to predict the effect of oleanolic acid on drug resistance. Finally, the binding effect of oleanolic acid to relevant targets was explored using molecular docking techniques. RESULT In this study, oleanolic acid was found to inhibit liver injury and promote liver regeneration mainly by promoting elevated expression of HMOX1. Oleanolic acid can inhibit oxidative stress and promotes Ferroptosis in liver injury. In liver cancer, we identified that the main target of oleanolic acid is HMOX1 and HDAC1. And we determined that HMOX1 promotes Ferroptosis in liver cancer. This reduced the sensitivity of liver cancer to targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Molecular docking showed high binding of oleanolic acid to HDAC1 and HMOX1. CONCLUSIONS Oleanolic acid is an antioxidant by promoting high expression of HMOX1 and promotes the development of Ferroptosis in liver cancer and liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Xu
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Qihang Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingsong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery II, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Kadasah SF, Radwan MO. Overview of Ursolic Acid Potential for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders, Autoimmune Diseases, and Cancers via Nuclear Receptor Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2845. [PMID: 37893218 PMCID: PMC10604592 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) form a family of druggable transcription factors that are regulated by ligand binding to orchestrate multifaceted physiological functions, including reproduction, immunity, metabolism, and growth. NRs represent attractive and valid targets for the management and treatment of a vast array of ailments. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are ubiquitously distributed natural products in medicinal and aromatic plants, of which ursolic acid (UA) is an extensively studied member, due to its diverse bio-pertinent activities against different cancers, inflammation, aging, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and liver injury. In fact, PTs share a common lipophilic structure that resembles NRs' endogenous ligands. Herein, we present a review of the literature on UA's effect on NRs, showcasing the resulting health benefits and potential therapeutic outcomes. De facto, UA exhibited numerous pharmacodynamic effects on PPAR, LXR, FXR, and PXR, resulting in remarkable anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, and hepatoprotective properties, by lowering lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and mitigating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its subsequent liver fibrosis. Furthermore, UA reversed valproate and rifampicin-induced hepatic lipid accumulation. Additionally, UA showed great promise for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune arthritis by antagonizing RORγ. UA exhibited antiproliferative effects against skin, prostate, and breast cancers, partially via PPARα and RORγ pathways. Herein, for the first time, we explore and provide insights into UA bioactivity with respect to NR modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan F. Kadasah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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15
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Radwan MO, Kadasah SF, Aljubiri SM, Alrefaei AF, El-Maghrabey MH, El Hamd MA, Tateishi H, Otsuka M, Fujita M. Harnessing Oleanolic Acid and Its Derivatives as Modulators of Metabolic Nuclear Receptors. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1465. [PMID: 37892147 PMCID: PMC10604226 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) constitute a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors with a paramount role in ubiquitous physiological functions such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Owing to their physiological role and druggability, NRs are deemed attractive and valid targets for medicinal chemists. Pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) represent one of the most important phytochemical classes present in higher plants, where oleanolic acid (OA) is the most studied PTs representative owing to its multitude of biological activities against cancer, inflammation, diabetes, and liver injury. PTs possess a lipophilic skeleton that imitates the NRs endogenous ligands. Herein, we report a literature overview on the modulation of metabolic NRs by OA and its semi-synthetic derivatives, highlighting their health benefits and potential therapeutic applications. Indeed, OA exhibited varying pharmacological effects on FXR, PPAR, LXR, RXR, PXR, and ROR in a tissue-specific manner. Owing to these NRs modulation, OA showed prominent hepatoprotective properties comparable to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in a bile duct ligation mice model and antiatherosclerosis effect as simvastatin in a model of New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits. It also demonstrated a great promise in alleviating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis, attenuated alpha-naphthol isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury, and controlled blood glucose levels, making it a key player in the therapy of metabolic diseases. We also compiled OA semi-synthetic derivatives and explored their synthetic pathways and pharmacological effects on NRs, showcasing their structure-activity relationship (SAR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review article to highlight OA activity in terms of NRs modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed O. Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Sultan F. Kadasah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salha M. Aljubiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Mahmoud H. El-Maghrabey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed A. El Hamd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Hiroshi Tateishi
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
- Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., Kumamoto 862-0976, Japan
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; (H.T.); (M.O.); (M.F.)
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16
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Santa K, Watanabe K, Kumazawa Y, Nagaoka I. Phytochemicals and Vitamin D for a Healthy Life and Prevention of Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12167. [PMID: 37569540 PMCID: PMC10419318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of phytocompounds contained in medical plants have been used as medication, including Kampo (traditional Japanese) medicine. Phytochemicals are one category of the chemical compounds mainly known as antioxidants, and recently, their anti-inflammatory effects in preventing chronic inflammation have received much attention. Here, we present a narrative review of the health-promotion and disease-prevention effects of phytochemicals, including polyphenols, the latter of which are abundant in onions, oranges, tea, soybeans, turmeric, cacao, and grapes, along with the synergetic effects of vitamin D. A phenomenon currently gaining popularity in Japan is finding non-disease conditions, so-called ME-BYO (mibyou) and treating them before they develop into illnesses. In addition to lifestyle-related diseases such as metabolic syndrome and obesity, dementia and frailty, commonly found in the elderly, are included as underlying conditions. These conditions are typically induced by chronic inflammation and might result in multiple organ failure or cancer if left untreated. Maintaining gut microbiota is important for suppressing (recently increasing) intestinal disorders and for upregulating immunity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the interest in phytochemicals and vitamin D for disease prevention increased, as viral and bacterial infection to the lung causes fatal inflammation, and chronic inflammation induces pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, sepsis is a disorder inducing severe organ failure by the infection of microbes, with a high mortality ratio in non-coronary ICUs. However, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) working using natural immunity suppress sepsis at the early stage. The intake of phytochemicals and vitamin D enhances anti-inflammatory effects, upregulates immunity, and reduces the risk of chronic disorders by means of keeping healthy gut microbiota. Evidence acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic revealed that daily improvement and prevention of underlying conditions, in terms of lifestyle-related diseases, is very important because they increase the risk of infectious diseases. This narrative review discusses the importance of the intake of phytochemicals and vitamin D for a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of ME-BYO, non-disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Santa
- Department of Biotechnology, Tokyo College of Biotechnology, Ota-ku, Tokyo 114-0032, Japan;
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Center for Kampo Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
- Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yoshio Kumazawa
- Vino Science Japan Inc., Kawasaki 210-0855, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Isao Nagaoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Faculty of Medical Science, Juntendo University, Urayasu 279-0013, Japan
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Identification of Yinchenwuling fang's active components and hepatoprotective effects against cholestatic liver damage induced by alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate in mice. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1215:123570. [PMID: 36542898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Yinchenwuling Fang (YCWLF), a famous traditional Chinese medicine, has been used clinically for cholestatic liver disease treatment. However, quantification analysis for YCWLF components and their pharmacological effects remains largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to determine the YCWLF components and their activities. Quantification analysis of 12 YCWLF components was performed using a comprehensive ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with the triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry method. Then, the anti-cholestasis effect and potential mechanism of YCWLF were performed in a mouse model induced by alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT). YCWLF decreased serum biochemical indicators (ALT, AST, ALP, TBA, TBIL, and DBIL) and ameliorated liver tissue damage in cholestatic mice. Mechanically, YCWLF increased the expression of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and its downstream efflux transporters and metabolic enzyme genes, reversed the disordered homeostasis of bile acids, and decreased cholestatic liver injury. Based on the important role of FXR in YCWLF amelioration on cholestasis, a dual-luciferase assay was used to screen the potential agonist of FXR from 12 YCWLF components. Chlorogenic acid, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, scoparone, atractylenolide Ⅰ, atractylenolide Ⅱ, and alisol B 23-acetate exhibited an activity effect of FXR. This study provides novel a therapeutic mechanism and potential active compounds of YCWLF on cholestatic liver injury.
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Zou J, Xiang Q, Tan D, Shi L, Liu X, Wu Y, Yu R. Zuogui-Jiangtang-Qinggan-Fang alleviates high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating gut microbiome-metabolites-short chain fatty acid composition. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 157:114002. [PMID: 36410120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis is affected by dysbiosis of the gut microbiome and the metabolites it generates. Therefore, restoring the equilibrium between the gut microbiome and the generated metabolites may have therapeutic potential for the syndrome. Zuogui Jiangtang Qinggan Fang (ZGJTQGF) is a Chinese herbal formulation used clinically to treat type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) and fatty liver disease. However, its pharmacological mechanisms have not been well characterized. This work aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective mechanism of ZGJTQGF in T2DM with NAFLD mice by incorporating gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs), and metabolomic analysis, and then to provide strong support for clinical treatment of T2DM with NAFLD. The sequencing of 16 S rRNA revealed that ZGJTQGF therapy modified the composition and abundance of the gut microbiome, raised the level of SCFAs, and restored the intestinal mucosal barrier. The non-targeted metabolomic analysis of liver tissues identified 212 compounds, of which108 were differentially expressed between the HFD and ZGJTQGF groups. Moreover, L-glutamic acid, L-Phenylalanine, Glycine, Taurine, Deoxycholic acid, and citric acid levels were also considerably altered by ZGJTQGF. Our findings suggest that ZGJTQGF ameliorates HFD-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating the gut microbiota composition and its metabolites and boosting the levels of SCFAs. More notably, ZGJTQGF may be a promising medication for preventing and treating NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junju Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; National Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Chinese Medicinal Powder & Innovative Medicinal Jointly Established by Province and Ministry, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Qin Xiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Danni Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Liuyang Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Pharmacy, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
| | - Rong Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prescription and Syndromes Translational Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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Liu J, Liu J, Meng C, Gu Q, Huang C, Liu F, Xia C. NRF2 and FXR dual signaling pathways cooperatively regulate the effects of oleanolic acid on cholestatic liver injury. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154529. [PMID: 36343550 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that the anti-cholestatic effect of oleanolic acid (OA) is associated with FXR and NRF2. However, how the two signaling pathways cooperate to regulate the anti-cholestatic effect of OA remains unclear. PURPOSE This study aimed to further demonstrate the effect of OA on alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate (ANIT)-induced cholestatic liver injury and the interaction mechanism between NRF2 and FXR signaling pathways in maintaining bile acid homeostasis. METHODS Gene knockout animals and cell models, metabolomics analysis, and co-immunoprecipitation were used to investigate the mechanism of OA against cholestatic liver injury. RESULTS The effect of OA against ANIT-induced liver injury in rats was dramatically reduced after Nrf2 gene knockdown. With the silencing of Fxr, the hepatoprotective effect of OA was weakened, but it still effectively alleviated cholestatic liver injury in rats. In L02 cells, OA can up-regulate the levels of NRF2, FXR, BSEP and UGT1A1, and reduce the expression of CYP7A1. Silencing of NRF2 or FXR significantly attenuated the protective effect of OA on ANIT-induced L02 cell injury and its regulation on downstream target genes, and the influence of NRF2 gene silencing on OA appeared to be greater. The NRF2 activator sulforaphane, and the FXR activator GW4064 both remarkably promoted NRF2 binding to P300 and FXR to RXRα, but reduced β-catenin binding to P300 and β-catenin binding to FXR. CONCLUSION The effect of OA on cholestatic liver injury is closely related to the simultaneous activation of NRF2 and FXR dual signaling pathways, in which NRF2 signaling pathway plays a more important role. The dual signaling pathways of NRF2 and FXR cooperatively regulate bile acid metabolic homeostasis through the interaction mechanism with β-catenin/P300.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China; Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Chao Meng
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Qi Gu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Chao Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Nanchang 330031, P. R. China.
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Chu S, Lu Y, Liu W, Ma X, Peng J, Wang X, Jiang M, Bai G. Ursolic acid alleviates tetrandrine-induced hepatotoxicity by competitively binding to the substrate-binding site of glutathione S-transferases. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 104:154325. [PMID: 35820303 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetrandrine (TET), a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, is the only approved medicine in China for silicosis. However, TET-induced hepatotoxicity has raised safety concerns. The underlying toxic targets and mechanism induced by TET remain unclear; there are no targeted detoxification strategies developed for TET-induced hepatotoxicity. Ursolic acid (UA), a pentacyclic triterpene with liver protective effects, may have detoxification effects on TET-induced hepatotoxicity. PURPOSE This study aims to explore toxic targets and mechanism of TET and present UA as a potential targeted therapy for alleviating TET-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS A TET-induced liver-injury model was established to evaluate TET toxicity and the potential UA detoxification effect. Alkenyl-modified TET and UA probes were designed to identify potential liver targets. Pharmacological and molecular biology methods were used to explore the underlying toxicity/detoxification mechanism. RESULTS TET induced liver injury by covalently binding to the substrate-binding pocket (H-site) of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and inhibiting GST activity. The covalent binding led to toxic metabolite accumulation and caused redox imbalance and liver injury. UA protected the liver from TET-induced damage by competitively binding to the GST H-site. CONCLUSION The mechanism of TET-induced hepatotoxicity is related to irreversible binding with the GST H-site and GST-activity inhibition. UA, a natural antidote, competed with TET on H-site binding and reversed the redox imbalance. This study revealed the hepatotoxic mechanism of TET and provided a targeted detoxifying agent, UA, to alleviate hepatotoxicity caused by GST inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, PR China
| | - Yujie Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, PR China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, PR China
| | - Jiamin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, PR China.
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, PR China.
| | - Gang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Haihe Education Park, 38 Tongyan Road, Tianjin, 300353, PR China.
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