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Huang Q, Fan M, Ji F, Wang Y, Ding H, Xu J, Wang X, Liu B, Wang B, Yu X, Qiu Z, Yao F. The safety evaluation of Shenze Shugan capsule and mechanism of apoptosis induced by five potentially nephrotoxic components. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 324:117777. [PMID: 38219879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shenze Shugan capsule is a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis treatment. It includes Rhei Radix et Rhizoma (RR), Cassiae Semen (CS) and Alismatis Rhizoma(AR), which widely contains rhein, emodin, aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aimed to explore the safety of the medicine, and further elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis induction in HK-2 cells by five components, including rhein, emodin, aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated the nephrotoxicity of Shenze Shugan capsule, including RR, CS, AR and mixed herbs given for two months in rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidney tissues, urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (CRE) in serum were detected, and renal pathology analysis was performed. In cell experiments, the apoptotic rate and cell cycle distribution of HK-2 cells were tested by flow cytometry. The levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and related protein expression in mitochondrial pathway were measured as well. RESULTS We confirmed that two months of administering high doses(60 times the dose for clinical use in adults) of RR, CS or mixed herbs upregulated the levels of CRE and RUN, inhibited SOD activity, and increased the degree of tubular degeneration and glomerular dilatation, but Shenze Shugan capsule has no significant differences in renal structure or renal function. In addition, we found that five components all concentration-dependently inhibited HK-2 cells proliferation and induced apoptosis, especially aurantio-obtusin as the novel nephrotoxic component. Rhein and emodin significantly induced S/M accumulation, but aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate significantly induced G1/M accumulation in HK-2 cells. Similarly, they could induce Caspase3 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax. CONCLUSIONS Through a two-month subchronic toxicity study in rats, our preliminary determination is that this formulation is safe and reliable for long-term use. Interestingly, the potentially toxic herbs such as RR, CS, AR can reduce toxicity by drug compatibility. When further exploring the mechanism of action of toxic herbs, we found that mitochondrial pathway is involved in the apoptosis of HK -2 cells induced by rhein, emodin, aurantio-obtusin, alisol A and alisol B 23-monoacetate. Our findings provide new ideas for safety studies of Shenze Shugan capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Meiling Fan
- Affiliated Hospital of ChangChun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Fenglan Ji
- Jilin Province Academy of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sciences, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Hongyue Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Jilin Province Academy of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sciences, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Jilin Province Academy of Chinese Traditional Medicine Sciences, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Chemical Industry Vocational College, Chongqing, 401228, China
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhidong Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Fan Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Li J, Qin X, Xu W, Zhang H, Huang S, Yang Y, Qin M, Mi Z, Zhong X. Herb pair of Rhubarb-Astragalus mitigates renal interstitial fibrosis through downregulation of autophagy via p38-MAPK/TGF-β1 and p38-MAPK/smad2/3 pathways. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2024; 169:106549. [PMID: 38340950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2024.106549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a high incidence and poor prognosis; however, no effective treatment is currently available. Our previous study found that the improvement effect of the herb pair of Rhubarb-Astragalus on CKD is likely related to the inhibition of the TGF-β1/p38-MAPK pathway. In the present study, a p38-MAPK inhibitor was used to further investigate the inhibitory effect of Rhubarb-Astragalus on the TGF-β1/p38-MAPK pathway and its relationship with autophagy. METHODS A rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was established, and a subgroup of rats was administered Rhubarb-Astragalus. Renal function and renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) were assessed 21 d after UUO induction. In vitro, HK-2 cells were treated with TGF-β1 and a subset of cells were treated with Rhubarb-Astragalus or p38-MAPK inhibitor. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and qRT-PCR analyses were used to detect the relevant protein and mRNA levels. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe autophagosomes. RESULTS Rhubarb-Astragalus treatment markedly decreased the elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, and urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase; attenuated renal damage and RIF induced by UUO; and reduced the number of autophagosomes and lysosomes in UUO-induced renal tissues. Additionally, Rhubarb-Astragalus reduced the protein and mRNA levels of α-SMA, collagen I, LC3, Atg3, TGF-β1, p38-MAPK, smad2/3, and TAK1 in renal tissues of UUO rats. Rhubarb-Astragalus also reduced protein and mRNA levels of these indicators in vitro. Importantly, the effect of the p38-MAPK inhibitor was similar to that of Rhubarb-Astragalus. CONCLUSIONS Rhubarb-Astragalus improves CKD possibly by downregulating autophagy via the p38-MAPK/TGF-β1 and p38-MAPK/smad2/3 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiu Li
- Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiping Qin
- Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Weimin Xu
- Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Songqing Huang
- Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yufang Yang
- Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Mengyuan Qin
- Student Affairs Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengcheng Mi
- Pharmacy Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhong
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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3
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Mo C, Zhao J, Liang J, Chen Y, Wang H, Dai Y, Huang G. Effects of Zhuang medicine compound Xiancao Granule on diabetic kidney disease: A multi-omics analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 321:117517. [PMID: 38042391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) poses a severe threat to human health. Compound Xiancao Granule (CXCG), a classic Zhuang medicinal formula, is reported as highly effective in treating DKD. However, the mechanisms underlying the action of CXCG in DKD remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of action of CXCG against DKD using multi-omics analysis, including 16s rRNA sequencing, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical compounds of CXCG were identified using ultra-high- performance liquid chromatography quadrupole/electrostatic field orbital trap high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis. A rat model of DKD was established by combining nephrectomy of the left kidney, high-fat diet, and streptozotocin. The therapeutic effects of CXCG on DKD were assessed based on body weight, blood glucose level, renal function, inflammatory cytokine levels, and histological staining. Subsequently, 16s rRNA sequencing, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry untargeted metabolomic profiling, and RNA sequencing analysis were used to investigate the mechanisms of action of CXCG in DKD. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to elucidate the correlations between efficacy indicators, gut microbiota, metabolites, and inflammation-related genes. RESULTS A total of 118 compounds were identified in CXCG. CXCG significantly ameliorated glucose metabolism disorders, improved renal function, attenuated inflammation, and delayed renal pathological changes in DKD rats. CXCG modulated gut microbiota dysbiosis, including Alloprevotella, Oscillibacter, Anaeroplasma, Anaerotruncus, and Faecalibacterium. In addition, metabolic disruption in DKD rats was regulated by CXCG, which is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Transcriptome analysis showed that CXCG affected DKD mainly by regulating inflammation-related genes and pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, there were significant correlations between efficacy indicators, gut microbiota, metabolites, and genes. CONCLUSION This multi-omics association study provides novel insights into the effects of CXCG on DKD by remodeling the gut microbiota structure and restoring the metabolic homeostasis through the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and inflammation-related pathways, highlighting a potential therapeutic strategy for DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Mo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, PR China; Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, PR China.
| | - Jingyan Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530201, PR China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
| | - Huiling Wang
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
| | - Yuchong Dai
- Graduate School, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
| | - Guodong Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Guangxi International Zhuang Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530201, PR China.
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Wei Q, Gao F, Gao L, Gao H, Zhang J, Bao R, Zhang H, Wang J, Shen Q, Gu M. Construction of chrysophanol loaded nanoparticles with N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan for enhanced nephroprotective effect. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 193:106685. [PMID: 38154506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural occurring anthraquinone like chrysophanol has been studied because of its anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties. Nonetheless, its poor water solubility and unstable nature are big concerns in achieving efficient delivery and associated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects. Herein, this study sought to solve the above-mentioned problem through development of chrysophanol-loaded nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability of chrysophanol and to evaluate its anti-renal fibrosis effect in rats. After synthesis of a safe N-octyl-O-sulfate chitosan, we used it to prepare chrysophanol-loaded nanoparticles through dialysis technique before we performed and physical characterization. Also, we tested the stability of the nanoparticles for 21 days at 4 °C and room temperature (25 °C) and evaluated their pharmacokinetics and anti-renal fibrosis effect in rat model of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In terms of results, the nano-preparation demonstrated an acceptable narrow size distribution, wherein the encapsulation rate, size, polydispersed index (PDI) and electrokinetic potential at room temperature were respectively 83.41±0.89 %, 364.88±13.62 nm, 0.192±0.015 and 23.78±1.39 mV. During 21 days of storage, we observed that size of particles and electrokinetic potential altered slightly but the difference was statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Also, in vitro release studies showed that the formulation reached 84.74 % at 24 h. Chrysophanol nanoparticles showed a 2.57-fold increase in bioavailability compared to unformulated chrysophanol. More importantly, chrysophanol nanoparticles demonstrated certain renal internalization properties and anti-renal fibrosis effects, which could ultimately result in reduced blood-urea nitrogen (BUN), kidney-injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels in model rats. In conclusion, the prepared chrysophanol-loaded nanoparticles potentially increased bioavailability and enhanced nephroprotective effects of chrysophanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Fuping Gao
- Department of Pathology, Gaochun People's Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211300, China
| | - Leiping Gao
- Department of Nephrology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Hong Gao
- PharmaMax Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., No.1 Nanbatang Road, China Medical City, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taicang Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No.58 Changsheng South Road, Taicang, Jiangsu 215499, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qiusheng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Changshu Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China.
| | - Mingjia Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 6 Huanghe Road, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China.
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5
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Ren N, Wang WF, Zou L, Zhao YL, Miao H, Zhao YY. The nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway is a master regulator of renal fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1335094. [PMID: 38293668 PMCID: PMC10824958 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1335094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is increasingly recognized as a global public health problem. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) both result in renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation play central roles in progressive renal fibrosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely linked and form a vicious cycle in which oxidative stress induces inflammation through various molecular mechanisms. Ample evidence has indicated that a hyperactive nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ƙB) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in renal fibrosis. Hyperactive NF-ƙB causes the activation and recruitment of immune cells. Inflammation, in turn, triggers oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen species by activating leukocytes and resident cells. These events mediate organ injury through apoptosis, necrosis, and fibrosis. Therefore, developing a strategy to target the NF-ƙB signaling pathway is important for the effective treatment of renal fibrosis. This Review summarizes the effect of the NF-ƙB signaling pathway on renal fibrosis in the context of AKI and CKD (immunoglobulin A nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephropathy, and kidney transplantation). Therapies targeting the NF-ƙB signaling pathway, including natural products, are also discussed. In addition, NF-ƙB-dependent non-coding RNAs are involved in renal inflammation and fibrosis and are crucial targets in the development of effective treatments for kidney disease. This Review provides a clear pathophysiological rationale and specific concept-driven therapeutic strategy for the treatment of renal fibrosis by targeting the NF-ƙB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen-Feng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Zou
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan-Long Zhao
- Dialysis Department of Nephrology Hospital, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hua Miao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Song L, Zhang W, Tang SY, Luo SM, Xiong PY, Liu JY, Hu HC, Chen YQ, Jia B, Yan QH, Tang SQ, Huang W. Natural products in traditional Chinese medicine: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets of renal fibrosis and state-of-the-art drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 170:116039. [PMID: 38157643 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis (RF) is the end stage of several chronic kidney diseases. Its series of changes include excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of renal tubular cells, fibroblast activation, immune cell infiltration, and renal cell apoptosis. RF can eventually lead to renal dysfunction or even renal failure. A large body of evidence suggests that natural products in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have great potential for treating RF. In this article, we first describe the recent advances in RF treatment by several natural products and clarify their mechanisms of action. They can ameliorate the RF disease phenotype, which includes apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and EMT, by affecting relevant signaling pathways and molecular targets, thereby delaying or reversing fibrosis. We also present the roles of nanodrug delivery systems, which have been explored to address the drawback of low oral bioavailability of natural products. This may provide new ideas for using natural products for RF treatment. Finally, we provide new insights into the clinical prospects of herbal natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Shi-Yun Tang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China
| | - Si-Min Luo
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Pei-Yu Xiong
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jun-Yu Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Heng-Chang Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ying-Qi Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Bo Jia
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Qian-Hua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210000, China.
| | - Song-Qi Tang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Theofilis P, Vordoni A, Kalaitzidis RG. Novel therapeutic approaches in the management of chronic kidney disease: a narrative review. Postgrad Med 2023; 135:543-550. [PMID: 37401536 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2023.2233492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a pathologic entity with constantly rising incidence and high rates of morbidity and mortality, which are associated with serious cardiovascular complications. Moreover, the incidence of end-stage renal disease tends to increase. The epidemiological trends of CKD warrant the development of novel therapeutic approaches aiming to prevent its development or retard its progression through the control of major risk factors: type 2 diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Contemporary therapeutics such as sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and second-generation mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are utilized in this direction. Additionally, experimental and clinical studies present novel drug categories that could be employed in managing CKD, such as aldosterone synthesis inhibitors or activators guanylate cyclase, while the role of melatonin should be further tested in the clinical setting. Finally, in this patient population, the use of hypolipidemic agents may provide incremental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Theofilis
- Center for Nephrology, "G. Papadakis" General Hospital of Nikaia-Piraeus "Ag. Panteleimon", Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Vordoni
- Center for Nephrology, "G. Papadakis" General Hospital of Nikaia-Piraeus "Ag. Panteleimon", Athens, Greece
| | - Rigas G Kalaitzidis
- Center for Nephrology, "G. Papadakis" General Hospital of Nikaia-Piraeus "Ag. Panteleimon", Athens, Greece
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Wang K, Liao Q, Chen X. Research progress on the mechanism of renal interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18723. [PMID: 37593609 PMCID: PMC10428074 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a common result for various chronic kidney diseases developing to the end stage. It is a pathological process characterized by the destruction of normal kidney structure and the subsequent replacement with fibrous tissue, which primarily involves fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Obstruction is a common cause of renal fibrosis, and obstructive renal fibrosis is a common disease in urology. Obstructive renal fibrosis, characterized by its insidious onset, is the result of a complex interplay of multiple factors. These factors encompass renal tubular epithelial cell injury, the presence of a hypoxic microenvironment in affected kidney tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration, release of inflammatory mediators, and the release of renal fibrosis growth factors, among others. This paper reviews the research progress on the mechanism and treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangning Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410008, China
| | - Qiuling Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410011, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Urology Surgery, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha City, Hunan Province, 410008, China
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Zhang M, Ding ZX, Huang W, Luo J, Ye S, Hu SL, Zhou P, Cai B. Chrysophanol exerts a protective effect against Aβ 25-35-induced Alzheimer's disease model through regulating the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:1511-1527. [PMID: 36976486 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary pathogenic factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been identified as oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and apoptosis. Chrysophanol (CHR) has a good neuroprotective effect on AD, however, the potential mechanism of CHR remains unclear. PURPOSE In this study, we focused on the ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway to determine whether CHR regulates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. METHODS D-galactose and Aβ25-35 combination were used to build an in vivo model of AD, and the Y-maze test was used to evaluate the learning and memory function of rats. Morphological changes of neurons in the rat hippocampus were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. AD cell model was established by Aβ25-35 in PC12 cells. The DCFH-DA test identified reactive oxygen species (ROS). The apoptosis rate was determined using Hoechst33258 and flow cytometry. In addition, the levels of MDA, LDH, T-SOD, CAT, and GSH in serum, cell, and cell culture supernatant were detected by colorimetric method. The protein and mRNA expressions of the targets were detected by Western blot and RT-PCR. Finally, molecular docking was used to further verify the in vivo and in vitro experimental results. RESULTS CHR could significantly improve learning and memory impairment, reduce hippocampal neuron damage, and reduce ROS production and apoptosis in AD rats. CHR could improve the survival rate, and reduce the oxidative stress and apoptosis in the AD cell model. Moreover, CHR significantly decreased the levels of MDA and LDH, and increased the activities of T-SOD, CAT, and GSH in the AD model. Mechanically, CHR significantly reduced the protein and mRNA expression of TXNIP, NLRP3, Caspase-1, IL-1β, and IL-18, and increase TRX. CONCLUSIONS CHR exerts neuroprotective effects on the Aβ25-35-induced AD model mainly by reducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and the mechanism may be related to ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xian Ding
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Ye
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Lin Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Biao Cai
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine (Anhui University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230012, People's Republic of China.
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Chrysophanol-Induced Autophagy Disrupts Apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 59:medicina59010042. [PMID: 36676666 PMCID: PMC9864245 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Natural products are necessary sources for drug discovery and have contributed to cancer chemotherapy over the past few decades. Furthermore, substances derived from plants have fewer side effects. Chrysophanol is an anthraquinone derivative that is isolated from rhubarb. Although the anticancer effect of chrysophanol on several cancer cells has been reported, studies on the antitumor effect of chrysophanol on oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anticancer effect of chrysophanol on OSCC cells (CAL-27 and Ca9-22) via apoptosis and autophagy, among the cell death pathways. Results: It was found that chrysophanol inhibited the growth and viability of CAL-27 and Ca9-22 and induced apoptosis through the intrinsic pathway. It was also found that chrysophanol activates autophagy-related factors (ATG5, beclin-1, and P62/SQSTM1) and LC3B conversion. That is, chrysophanol activated both apoptosis and autophagy. Here, we focused on the roles of chrysophanol-induced apoptosis and the autophagy pathway. When the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and PI3K/Akt inhibitor were used to inhibit the autophagy induced by chrysophanol, it was confirmed that the rate of apoptosis significantly increased. Therefore, we confirmed that chrysophanol induces apoptosis and autophagy at the same time, and the induced autophagy plays a role in interfering with apoptosis processes. Conclusions: Therefore, the potential of chrysophanol as an excellent anticancer agent in OSCC was confirmed via this study. Furthermore, the combined treatment of drugs that can inhibit chrysophanol-induced autophagy is expected to have a tremendous synergistic effect in overcoming oral cancer.
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