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Lin S, Chen Z, Wu Z, Fei F, Xu Z, Tong Y, Sun W, Wang P. Involvement of PI3K/AKT Pathway in the Rapid Antidepressant Effects of Crocetin in Mice with Depression-Like Phenotypes. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:477-491. [PMID: 37935859 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The current first-line antidepressants have the drawback of slow onset, which greatly affects the treatment of depression. Crocetin, one of the main active ingredients in saffron (Crocus sativus L.), has been demonstrated to have antidepressant activities, but whether it has a rapid antidepressant effect remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the onset, duration, and mechanisms of the rapid antidepressant activity of crocetin (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) in male mice subjected to chronic restraint stress (CRS). The results of behavioral tests showed that crocetin exerted rapid antidepressant-like effect in mice with depression-like phenotypes, including rapid normalization of depressive-like behaviors within 3 h, and the effects could be maintained for 2 days. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Nissl staining showed that crocetin ameliorated hippocampal neuroinflammation and nerve injuries in mice with depression-like phenotypes. The levels of inflammatory factors, corticosterone and pro brain-derived neurotrophic factor in crocetin-administrated mice serum were significantly reduced compared with those in the CRS group, as well as the levels of inflammatory factors in hippocampus. What's more, Western blot analyses showed that, compared to CRS-induced mice, the relative levels of mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase 1 and toll-like receptor 4 were significantly reduced after the administration of crocetin, and the relative expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), cAMP-response element binding protein, phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3 kinase (p-PI3K)/PI3K, phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT)/AKT, phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β)/GSK3β, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR)/mTOR were markedly upregulated. In conclusion, crocetin exerted rapid antidepressant effects via suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the apoptosis of neuronal cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. The rapid antidepressant effect of crocetin (40 mg/kg) could be maintained for at least 2 days after single treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Lin
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoruncheng Wu
- School of Biomedical engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Fei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Medical College, Shangrao, 334000, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingpeng Tong
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Product, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Sun
- The First Hospital of Jiaxing, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Sucrose Preference Test as a Measure of Anhedonic Behavior in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model of Depression: Outstanding Issues. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12101287. [PMID: 36291221 PMCID: PMC9599556 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on the neurobiology of depression, the etiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of this disorder remain poorly understood. A large number of animal models and tests to evaluate depressive-like behavior have been developed. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is the most common and frequently used model of depression, and the sucrose preference test (SPT) is one of the most common tests for assessing anhedonia. However, not all laboratories can reproduce the main effects of CUMS, especially when this refers to a decrease in sucrose preference. It is also unknown how the state of anhedonia, assessed by the SPT, relates to the state of anhedonia in patients with depression. We analyzed the literature available in the PubMed database using keywords relevant to the topic of this narrative review. We hypothesize that the poor reproducibility of the CUMS model may be due to differences in sucrose consumption, which may be influenced by such factors as differences in sucrose preference concentration threshold, water and food deprivation, and differences in animals’ susceptibility to stress. We also believe that comparisons between animal and human states of anhedonia should be made with caution because there are many inconsistencies between the two, including in assessment methods. We also tried to offer some recommendations that should improve the reproducibility of the CUMS model and provide a framework for future research.
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Villarreal-Silva EE, González-Navarro AR, Salazar-Ybarra RA, Quiroga-García O, Cruz-Elizondo MADJ, García-García A, Rodríguez-Rocha H, Morales-Gómez JA, Quiroga-Garza A, Elizondo-Omaña RE, de León ÁRMP, Guzmán-López S. Aged rats learn Morris Water maze using non-spatial search strategies evidenced by a parameter-based algorithm. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:134-144. [PMID: 35855084 PMCID: PMC9250324 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial learning and memory are used by all individuals who need to move in a space. Morris water maze (MWM) is an accepted method for its evaluation in murine models and has many protocols, ranging from the classic parameters of latency, distance, and number of crossings to the platform zone, to other more complex methods involving computerized trajectory analysis. Algorithm-based SS analysis is an alternative that enriches traditional classic parameters. We developed a non-computerized parameter-based Search Strategy Algorithm (SSA), to classify strategies and detect changes in spatial memory and learning. For this, our algorithm was validated using young and aged rats, evaluated by two observers who classified the trajectories of the rats based on the effectiveness, localization, and precision to reach the platform. SSA is classified into 10 categories, classified by effectiveness, initial direction, and precision. Traditional measurements were unable to show significant differences in the learning process. However, significant differences were identified in SSA. Young rats used a direct search strategy (SS), while aged rats preferred indirect ones. The number of platform crossings was the only variable to show the difference in the intermediate probe trial. The parameter-based algorithm represents an alternative to the computerized SS methods to analyze the spatial memory and learning process in young and age rats. We validate the use of SSA as an alternative to computerized SS analysis spatial learning acquisition. We demonstrated that aged rats had the ability to learn spatial memory tasks using different search strategies. The use of SSA resulted in a reliable and reproducible method to analyze MWM protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliud Enrique Villarreal-Silva
- Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular Therapy Department, “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero Av. and Dr. Aguirre Pequeño s/n. Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey C.P. 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | | | | | - Oscar Quiroga-García
- Human Anatomy Department, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Nuevo León, México
| | | | - Aracely García-García
- Histology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Nuevo León, México
| | - Humberto Rodríguez-Rocha
- Histology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Nuevo León, México
| | - Jesús Alberto Morales-Gómez
- Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular Therapy Department, “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero Av. and Dr. Aguirre Pequeño s/n. Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey C.P. 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alejandro Quiroga-Garza
- Human Anatomy Department, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Nuevo León, México
| | | | - Ángel Raymundo Martínez-Ponce de León
- Neurosurgery and Neuroendovascular Therapy Department, “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Madero Av. and Dr. Aguirre Pequeño s/n. Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey C.P. 64460, Nuevo León, México
| | - Santos Guzmán-López
- Human Anatomy Department, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, School of Medicine, Nuevo León, México
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de la Tremblaye PB, Wellcome JL, Wiley K, Lomahan CA, Moschonas EH, Cheng JP, Bondi CO, Kline AE. Chronic unpredictable stress during adolescence protects against adult traumatic brain injury-induced affective and cognitive deficits. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147544. [PMID: 34090883 PMCID: PMC8349874 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pre-clinical early-life stress paradigms model early adverse events in humans. However, the long-term behavioral consequences of early-life adversities after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in adults have not been examined. In addition, endocannabinoids may protect against TBI neuropathology. Hence, the current study assessed the effects of adverse stress during adolescence on emotional and cognitive performance in rats sustaining a TBI as adults, and how cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activation impacts the outcome. On postnatal days (PND) 30-60, adolescent male rats were exposed to four weeks of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), followed by four weeks of no stress (PND 60-90), or no stress at any time (Control), and then anesthetized and provided a cortical impact of moderate severity (2.8 mm tissue deformation at 4 m/s) or sham injury. TBI and Sham rats (CUS and Control) were administered either arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide (ACEA; 1 mg/kg, i.p.), a CB1 receptor agonist, or vehicle (VEH; 1 mL/kg, i.p.) immediately after surgery and once daily for 7 days. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed in an open field test (OFT) and learning and memory in novel object recognition (NOR) and Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. No differences were revealed among the Sham groups in any behavioral assessment and thus the groups were pooled. In the ACEA and VEH-treated TBI groups, CUS increased exploration in the OFT, enhanced NOR focus, and decreased the time to reach the escape platform in the MWM, suggesting decreased anxiety and enhanced learning and memory relative to the Control group receiving VEH (p < 0.05). ACEA also enhanced NOR and MWM performance in the Control + TBI group (p < 0.05). These data suggest that 4 weeks of CUS provided during adolescence may provide protection against TBI acquired during adulthood and/or induce adaptive behavioral responses. Moreover, CB1 receptor agonism produces benefits after TBI independent of CUS protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia B de la Tremblaye
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - JoDy L Wellcome
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Wiley
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Carolyn A Lomahan
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Eleni H Moschonas
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Cheng
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Corina O Bondi
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Anthony E Kline
- Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States.
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Taghadosi Z, Zarifkar A, Razban V, Owjfard M, Aligholi H. Effect of chronically electric foot shock stress on spatial memory and hippocampal blood brain barrier permeability. Behav Brain Res 2021; 410:113364. [PMID: 33992668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) contributes critically to preserving normal brain functions. According to the available evidence, intense or chronic exposure to stress would potentially affect different brain structures, such as the hippocampus, negatively. The purpose of this study was to define the relationship between the BBB permeability of the hippocampus and the performance of spatial learning and memory under chronically electric foot shock stress. Sixteen rats were divided into the control and stress groups equally. Animals in the stress group were exposed to foot shock (1 mA, 1 Hz) for 10-s duration every 60 s (1 h/day) for 10 consecutive days. The anxiety-related behavior, spatial learning, and memory were assessed by an Open Field (OF) and the Morris Water Maze (MWM) respectively. The hippocampal BBB permeability was determined by Evans blue penetration assay. Our results demonstrated that the stress model not only increased locomotor activities in the OF test but reduced spatial learning and memory in MWM. Moreover, these effects coincided with a significant increase in hippocampal BBB permeability. In sum, the stress model can be used in future studies focusing on the relationship between stress and BBB permeability of the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Taghadosi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Asadollah Zarifkar
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Razban
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Science and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Fan Y, Bi Y, Chen H. Salidroside Improves Chronic Stress Induced Depressive Symptoms Through Microglial Activation Suppression. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:635762. [PMID: 34168556 PMCID: PMC8217647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.635762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a severe neurological disorder highly associated with chronic mental stress stimulation, which involves chronic inflammation and microglial activation in the central nervous system (CNS). Salidroside (SLDS) has been reported to exhibit anti-neuroinflammatory and protective properties on neurological diseases. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of SLDS on depressive symptoms has not been well elaborated. In the present study, the effects of SLDS on depressive behaviors and microglia activation in mice CNS were investigated. Behavioral tests, including Forced swimming test (FST), Open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze (MWM) revealed that SLDS treatment attenuated the depressive behaviors in stress mice. SLDS treatment significantly reduced the microglial immunoreactivity for both Iba-1 and CD68, characteristic of deleterious M1 phenotype in hippocampus of stress mice. Additionally, SLDS inhibited microglial activation involving the suppression of ERK1/2, P38 MAPK and p65 NF-κB activation and thus reduced the expression and release of neuroinflammatory cytokines in stress mice as well as in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced primary microglia. Also, SLDS changed microglial morphology, attachment and reduced the phagocytic ability in LPS-induced primary microglia. The results demonstrated that SLDS treatment could improve the depressive symptoms caused by unpredictable chronic stress, indicating a potential therapeutic application of SLDS in depression treatment by interfering microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Lin S, Li Q, Jiang S, Xu Z, Jiang Y, Liu L, Jiang J, Tong Y, Wang P. Crocetin ameliorates chronic restraint stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice by regulating MEK/ERK pathways and gut microbiota. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 268:113608. [PMID: 33242618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE This study aimed at determining the effects of saffron on depression as well as its neuroprotective and pharmacological effects on the intestinal function of crocetin in mice exposed to chronic restraint stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chronic stress was induced in two-week-old ICR mice by immobilizing them for 6 h per day for 28 days. The mice were orally administered with crocetin (20, 40, 80 mg/kg), fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) or distilled water. The treatments were administered daily and open field and tail suspension tests were performed. Immunofluorescent and Western-bolt (WB) assays were conducted to determine the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), the precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (proBDNF), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein in the hippocampus. Serum levels of dopamine (DA), proBDNF, MKP-1 and CREB were measured by Elisa kits. High-throughput sequencing was carried out to analyze the composition of intestinal microbiota. RESULTS Crocetin ameliorated depressive-like behaviors caused by chronic restraint stress-induced depressive mice. It significantly attenuated the elevated levels of MKP-1, proBDNF, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and increased the serum levels of DA as well as CREB. Histopathological analysis showed that crocetin suppressed hippocampus injury in restraint stress mice by protecting neuronal cells. Immunofluorescent and WB analysis showed elevated expression levels of ERK1/2, CREB and inhibited expression levels of MKP-1, proBDNF in the hippocampus. The intestinal ecosystem of the crocetin group partially recovered and was close to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Crocetin has neuroprotective properties and ameliorates the effects of stress-associated brain damage by regulating the MKP-1-ERK1/2-CREB signaling and intestinal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Lin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zijin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Jiang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingpeng Tong
- Institute of Natural Medicine and Health Products, School of Advanced Study, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 318000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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Maramis MM, Mahajudin MS, Khotib J. Impaired Cognitive Flexibility and Working Memory Precedes Depression: A Rat Model to Study Depression. Neuropsychobiology 2020; 80:225-233. [PMID: 32712605 PMCID: PMC8220918 DOI: 10.1159/000508682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Depressive disorders are the 4th leading cause of health problems and the 2nd leading cause of burden among all diseases. Almost all depressive disorder patients have cognitive impairments to a certain extend. Studies about cognitive impairments in depression had been conducted, but whether cognitive dysfunctions are the cause or the effect is still not clear. OBJECTIVES To analyze the process of working memory and cognitive flexibility impairments in a rat model of depression. METHODS In this experimental study, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) was used as a model of depression in 30 rats (Rattus novergicus). Cognitive function was assessed with the Morris water maze and attentional set shifting test. RESULTS This study found a significant difference on day 21 in working memory (p = 0.002) and cognitive flexibility (p = 0.036), which continued to day 41 in working memory (p = 0.001) and cognitive flexibility (p = 0.020). In the CUMS model of depression, parameters peak on day 41 and reveal parameter changes in weight gain (p = 0.018), food intake (p < 0.001), changes in food intake (p = 0.001), and the sucrose preference (p = 0.005), elevated plus maze (p = 0.001), and light dark box tests (p = 0.020). CONCLUSION In a rat model of depression, cognitive impairment preceded depression, but it might be caused by anxiety-like behavior that occurred in early stimulation of chronic unpredictable mild stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita M Maramis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia,
| | - Marlina S Mahajudin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Nagy SA, Vranesics A, Varga Z, Csabai D, Bruszt N, Bali ZK, Perlaki G, Hernádi I, Berente Z, Miseta A, Dóczi T, Czéh B. Stress-Induced Microstructural Alterations Correlate With the Cognitive Performance of Rats: A Longitudinal in vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:474. [PMID: 32581670 PMCID: PMC7283577 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Stress-induced cellular changes in limbic brain structures contribute to the development of various psychopathologies. In vivo detection of these microstructural changes may help us to develop objective biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced neuroimaging technique that enables the non-invasive examination of white matter integrity and provides insights into the microstructure of pathways connecting brain areas. Objective: Our aim was to examine the temporal dynamics of stress-induced structural changes with repeated in vivo DTI scans and correlate them with behavioral alterations. Methods: Out of 32 young adult male rats, 16 were exposed to daily immobilization stress for 3 weeks. Four DTI measurements were done: one before the stress exposure (baseline), two scans during the stress (acute and chronic phases), and a last one 2 weeks after the end of the stress protocol (recovery). We used a 4.7T small-animal MRI system and examined 18 gray and white matter structures calculating the following parameters: fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). T2-weighted images were used for volumetry. Cognitive performance and anxiety levels of the animals were assessed in the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, open field, and elevated plus maze tests. Results: Reduced FA and increased MD and RD values were found in the corpus callosum and external capsule of stressed rats. Stress increased RD in the anterior commissure and reduced MD and RD in the amygdala. We observed time-dependent changes in several DTI parameters as the rats matured, but we found no evidence of stress-induced volumetric alterations in the brains. Stressed rats displayed cognitive impairments and we found numerous correlations between the cognitive performance of the animals and between various DTI metrics of the inferior colliculus, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and amygdala. Conclusions: Our data provide further support to the translational value of DTI studies and suggest that chronic stress exposure results in similar white matter microstructural alterations that have been documented in stress-related psychiatric disorders. These DTI findings imply microstructural abnormalities in the brain, which may underlie the cognitive deficits that are often present in stress-related mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Anett Nagy
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anett Vranesics
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Research Group for Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Varga
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Csabai
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Nóra Bruszt
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Kristóf Bali
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Grastyán Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Perlaki
- MTA-PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - István Hernádi
- Translational Neuroscience Research Group, Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Grastyán Translational Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Experimental Zoology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Berente
- Research Group for Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Attila Miseta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tamás Dóczi
- MTA-PTE, Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Pécs Diagnostic Centre, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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10
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Behavioural characterisation of chronic unpredictable stress based on ethologically relevant paradigms in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17403. [PMID: 31758000 PMCID: PMC6874551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) paradigm is extensively used in preclinical research. However, CUS exhibits translational inconsistencies, some of them resulting from the use of adult rodents, despite the evidence that vulnerability for many psychiatric disorders accumulates during early life. Here, we assessed the validity of the CUS model by including ethologically-relevant paradigms in juvenile rats. Thus, socially-isolated (SI) rats were submitted to CUS and compared with SI (experiment 1) and group-housed controls (experiment 1 and 2). We found that lower body-weight gain and hyperlocomotion, instead of sucrose consumption and preference, were the best parameters to monitor the progression of CUS, which also affected gene expression and neurotransmitter contents associated with that CUS-related phenotype. The behavioural characterisation after CUS placed locomotion and exploratory activity as the best stress predictors. By employing the exploratory factor analysis, we reduced each behavioural paradigm to few latent variables which clustered into two general domains that strongly predicted the CUS condition: (1) hyper-responsivity to novelty and mild threats, and (2) anxiety/depressive-like response. Altogether, the analyses of observable and latent variables indicate that early-life stress impairs the arousal-inhibition system leading to augmented and persistent responses towards novel, rewarding, and mildly-threatening stimuli, accompanied by lower body-weight gain.
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11
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Commins S, Kirby BP. The complexities of behavioural assessment in neurodegenerative disorders: A focus on Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2019; 147:104363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Milanesi LH, Rossato DR, Dias VT, Kronbauer M, D’avila LF, Somacal S, Duarte T, Duarte MMF, Emanuelli T, Burger ME. Mediterranean X Western based diets: Opposite influences on opioid reinstatement. Toxicol Lett 2019; 308:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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13
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Lormant F, Cornilleau F, Constantin P, Meurisse M, Lansade L, Leterrier C, Lévy F, Calandreau L. A trait for a high emotionality favors spatial memory to the detriment of cue-based memory in Japanese quail. Behav Processes 2018; 157:256-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Zain MA, Pandy V, Majeed ABA, Wong WF, Mohamed Z. Chronic restraint stress impairs sociability but not social recognition and spatial memoryin C57BL/6J mice. Exp Anim 2018; 68:113-124. [PMID: 30393276 PMCID: PMC6389516 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.18-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress has been associated with impairment of memory, learning, and social
cognition. In animal studies, chronic stress has been shown to impair rodent sociability
behaviour which mimics social withdrawal as observed in depression patients. The effect of
chronic stress on social recognition, however, is uncertain. Moreover, with reference to
spatial learning and memory, the effect of chronic stress is dependent on the type of
behavioural task: an appetitively or aversively motivated tasks. The effect of chronic
stress was consistent in impairing spatial learning and memory in the appetitive task;
however, the effect was inconsistent in an aversive task like the Morris water maze. Thus,
we aimed to investigate the effect of chronic restraint stress on sociability and social
recognition by using a modified protocol of the three-chamber paradigm and the effect of
chronic restraint stress on spatial learning and memory by using the Morris water maze
test in young adult C57BL/6J male mice. The present report also describes a modified
protocol of the three-chamber paradigm. Our modification is based on measurement of
sniffing behaviour, which is a direct social interaction that represents sociability. We
used the chronic restraint stress paradigm for 6 h/day for 21 days to induce
depression-like symptoms in male C57BL/6J mice which were validated by forced-swim test.
We observed that the stressed group had impairments in their sociability behaviour but
that social recognition was not affected. Furthermore, we confirmed that chronic stress
produced no significant impairment in spatial learning and memory of the mice in the water
maze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Aizat Zain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Vijayapandi Pandy
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia.,Department of Pharmacology, Chalapathi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chalapathi Nagar, LAM, Guntur, 522034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Abu Bakar Abdul Majeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 42300, Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.,Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Core, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
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15
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Role of Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors in Diminution of Dissimilar Stress-induced Depressive Behavior and Memory Impairment in Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 370:121-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Kuhlman KR, Chiang JJ, Horn S, Bower JE. Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:166-184. [PMID: 28577879 PMCID: PMC5705276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity has been repeatedly and robustly linked to physical and mental illness across the lifespan. Yet, the biological pathways through which this occurs remain unclear. Functioning of the inflammatory arm of the immune system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis are both hypothesized pathways through which childhood adversity leads to disease. This review provides a novel developmental framework for examining the role of adversity type and timing in inflammatory and HPA-axis functioning. In particular, we identify elements of childhood adversity that are salient to the developing organism: physical threat, disrupted caregiving, and unpredictable environmental conditions. We propose that existing, well-characterized animal models may be useful in differentiating the effects of these adversity elements and review both the animal and human literature that supports these ideas. To support these hypotheses, we also provide a detailed description of the development and structure of both the HPA-axis and the inflammatory arm of the immune system, as well as recent methodological advances in their measurement. Recommendations for future basic, developmental, translational, and clinical research are discussed.
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17
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Bhakta A, Gavini K, Yang E, Lyman-Henley L, Parameshwaran K. Chronic traumatic stress impairs memory in mice: Potential roles of acetylcholine, neuroinflammation and corticotropin releasing factor expression in the hippocampus. Behav Brain Res 2017; 335:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Karbaschi R, Zardooz H, Khodagholi F, Dargahi L, Salimi M, Rashidi F. Maternal high-fat diet intensifies the metabolic response to stress in male rat offspring. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:20. [PMID: 28261314 PMCID: PMC5329934 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-017-0177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mother's consumption of high-fat food can affect glucose metabolism and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness in the offspring and potentially affect the metabolic responses to stress as well. This study examines the effect of maternal high-fat diet on the expression of pancreatic glucose transporter 2 and the secretion of insulin in response to stress in offspring. METHODS Female rats were randomly divided into normal and high-fat diet groups and were fed in accordance with their given diets from pre-pregnancy to the end of lactation. The offspring were divided into control (NC and HFC) and stress (NS and HFS) groups based on their mothers' diet and exposure to stress in adulthood. After the two-week stress induction period was over, an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed and plasma glucose and insulin levels were assessed. The pancreas was then removed for measuring insulin secretion from the isolated islets as well as glucose transporter 2 mRNA expression and protein levels. RESULTS According to the results obtained, plasma corticosterone concentrations increased significantly on days 1 and 14 of the stress induction period and were lower on the last day compared to on the first day. In both the NS and HFS groups, stress reduced plasma insulin concentration in the IPGTT without changing the plasma glucose concentration, suggesting an increased insulin sensitivity in the NS and HFS groups, although more markedly in the latter. Stress reduced insulin secretion (at high glucose concentrations) and increased glucose transporter 2 mRNA and protein expression, especially in the HFS group. CONCLUSION Mothers' high-fat diet appears to intensify the stress response by changing the programming of the neuroendocrine system in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Karbaschi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19615-1178 Tehran, Iran
| | - Homeira Zardooz
- Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19615-1178 Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19615-1178 Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Salimi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19615-1178 Tehran, Iran
| | - FatemehSadat Rashidi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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19
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Willner P. Reliability of the chronic mild stress model of depression: A user survey. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 6:68-77. [PMID: 28229110 PMCID: PMC5314419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression is considered by many to be the animal model of depression that has the greatest validity and translational potential, but it has often been criticized for a perceived lack of reliability. The aims of this study were to establish the extent to which the procedure is reproducible, and to identify experimental variables relevant to its reliability. Because failures to replicate frequently remain unpublished, a survey methodology was used. A questionnaire was circulated to 170 labs identified from a PubMed search as having published a CMS study in the years 2010 or 2015 (with no selection in respect of the results reported). Responses were returned by 71 (42%) of the recipients, followed by further correspondence with some of them. Most of the respondents (n = 53: 75%) reported that the CMS procedure worked reliably in their hands. Of the others, 15 (21%) reported that the procedure was usually reliable, but not always (n = 9: 13%) or not for all measures (n = 6: 8%). Only three respondents (4%) reported being unable to reproduce the characteristic effects, two of whom may be using an insufficient duration of CMS exposure. A series of analyses compared the 75% of 'reliable' labs with the 25% of 'less reliable' labs on a range of experimenter, subject, stress and outcome variables. Few if any significant differences between these two samples were identified, possibly because of the small size and diversity of the 'less reliable' sample. Two other limitations of the study include the (unavoidable) omission of labs that may have worked with the model but not published their data, and the use of ad hoc measures to compare the severity of different stress regimes. The results are discussed in relation to relevant published observations. It is concluded that CMS is in fact a rather robust model, but the factors that result in a less effective implementation in a minority of laboratories remain to be firmly established.
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20
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Wang X, Huang Y, Yuan S, Tamadon A, Ma S, Feng Y. The Role of Hippocampal Estradiol Receptor- α in a Perimenopausal Affective Disorders-Like Rat Model and Attenuating of Anxiety by Electroacupuncture. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2016; 2016:4958312. [PMID: 28044085 PMCID: PMC5156811 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4958312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hormone replacement therapy is the principal treatment for perimenopausal affective disorders which can cause severe side effects. The present study compared the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and estradiol treatment on perimenopausal affective disorders at the behavioral and cellular levels. In this randomized experimental in vivo study, adult female rats were divided into intact, ovariectomy, chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), and ovariectomy and CUS combination groups. After week 6, all groups were subdivided to three subgroups of control, EA, and estradiol treatment. The behavioral parameters in the open field and the elevated plus maze tests were assessed before and after treatments. Alterations of serum steroid hormones and changes of estradiol receptor-α (ER-α) immunofluorescence neurons in the hippocampus sections were evaluated. EA treatment caused more antianxiety effects than estradiol treatment in CUS group (P < 0.05). Notably, estradiol and EA treatments had better significant behavioral effects when the models were not estrogen-deficient. Importantly, within each group, compared to the control group, the numbers of ER-α-positive neurons were significantly larger in EA subgroups. Therefore, EA had antianxiety effects on perimenopausal affective disorders caused by CUS but not by estrogen deficiency and upregulation of hippocampus ER-α neurons may contribute to its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- 2008 Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongheng Huang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- 2008 Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shiwen Yuan
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- 2008 Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Amin Tamadon
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shulan Ma
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Acupuncture Research (WHO Collaborating Center for Traditional Medicine), Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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21
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Moreira PS, Almeida PR, Leite-Almeida H, Sousa N, Costa P. Impact of Chronic Stress Protocols in Learning and Memory in Rodents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163245. [PMID: 27662580 PMCID: PMC5035061 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea that maladaptive stress impairs cognitive function has been a cornerstone of decades in basic and clinical research. However, disparate findings have reinforced the need to aggregate results from multiple sources in order to confirm the validity of such statement. In this work, a systematic review and meta-analyses were performed to aggregate results from rodent studies investigating the impact of chronic stress on learning and memory. Results obtained from the included studies revealed a significant effect of stress on global cognitive performance. In addition, stressed rodents presented worse consolidation of learned memories, although no significantly differences between groups at the acquisition phase were found. Despite the methodological heterogeneity across studies, these effects were independent of the type of stress, animals’ strains or age. However, our findings suggest that stress yields a more detrimental effect on spatial navigation tests’ performance. Surprisingly, the vast majority of the selected studies in this field did not report appropriate statistics and were excluded from the quantitative analysis. We have therefore purposed a set of guidelines termed PROBE (Preferred Reporting Orientations for Behavioral Experiments) to promote an adequate reporting of behavioral experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Silva Moreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Almeida
- School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrício Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal
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22
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Fokos S, Pavlidis M, Yiotis T, Tsalafouta A, Papandroulakis N, Dermon CR. Early life low intensity stress experience modifies acute stress effects on juvenile brain cell proliferation of European sea bass (D. Labrax). Behav Brain Res 2016; 317:109-121. [PMID: 27638037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early life adversity may be critical for the brain structural plasticity that in turn would influence juvenile behaviour. To address this, we questioned whether early life environment has an impact on stress responses latter in life, using European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, as a model organism. Unpredictable chronic low intensity stress (UCLIS), using a variety of moderate intensity stressors, was applied during two early ontogenetic stages, flexion or formation all fins. At juvenile stage, fish were exposed to acute stress and plasma cortisol, brain mRNA expression of corticosteroid receptors' genes (gr1, gr2, mr) and brain cell proliferation (using BrdU immunohistochemistry) were determined in experimental and matched controls. UCLIS treatment specifically decreased brain gr1 expression in juveniles, but had no effect on the juvenile brain cell proliferation pattern within the major neurogenic zones studied of dorsal (Dm, Dld) and ventral (Vv) telencephalic, preoptic (NPO) areas, periventricular tectum gray zone (PGZ) and valvula cerebellum (VCe). In contrast, exposure to acute stress induced significant plasma cortisol rise, decreases of cerebral cell proliferation in juveniles, not previously exposed to UCLIS, but no effect detected on the expression levels of gr1, gr2 and mr in all groups of different early life history. Interestingly, juveniles with UCLIS history showed modified responses to acute stress, attenuating acute stress-induced cell proliferation decreases, indicating a long-lasting effect of early life treatment. Taken together, early life mild stress experience influences an acute stress plasticity end-point, cerebral cell proliferation, independently of the stress-axis activation, possibly leading to more effective coping styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fokos
- Dept. of Biology, Human and Animal Physiology Lab, University of Patras, Greece(1)
| | - M Pavlidis
- Dept. of Biology, University of Crete, Greece
| | - T Yiotis
- Dept. of Biology, Human and Animal Physiology Lab, University of Patras, Greece(1)
| | - A Tsalafouta
- Dept. of Biology, University of Crete, Greece; Aquaculture Institute, Hellenic Centre Marine Research, Crete, Greece
| | - N Papandroulakis
- Aquaculture Institute, Hellenic Centre Marine Research, Crete, Greece
| | - C R Dermon
- Dept. of Biology, Human and Animal Physiology Lab, University of Patras, Greece(1).
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23
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Role of Leptin and Orexin-A Within the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus on Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Hamsters. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2674-2684. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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Jothie Richard E, Illuri R, Bethapudi B, Anandhakumar S, Bhaskar A, Chinampudur Velusami C, Mundkinajeddu D, Agarwal A. Anti-stress Activity of Ocimum sanctum: Possible Effects on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Phytother Res 2016; 30:805-14. [PMID: 26899341 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated anti-stress potential of Ocimum sanctum in chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm. Further, the possible mechanism of anti-stress was explored in vitro using cell and cell-free assays. Rats were administered O. sanctum followed by CVS regimen for a period of 16 days. On days 4, 8, 12, and 16, body weight and immobility time in forced swim test were measured. In addition, the possible inhibitory effect of O. sanctum and ursolic acid on cortisol release and CRHR1 receptor activity were studied in cell-based assays, while inhibitory effects on 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) were studied in cell-free assays. CVS group demonstrated less body weight gain and higher immobility time than O. sanctum administered groups, while oral administration of O. sanctum significantly increased body weight gain and decreased the immobility time. Further, O. sanctum and its constituents inhibited cortisol release and exhibited a significant CRHR1 receptor antagonist activity. Also, they had specific inhibitory activity towards 11β-HSD1 and COMT activity. Thus, O. sanctum was found to be effective in the management of stress effects, and anti-stress activity could be due to inhibition of cortisol release, blocking CRHR1 receptor, and inhibiting 11β-HSD1 and COMT activities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amit Agarwal
- R&D Centre, Natural Remedies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, India
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25
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Aslani S, Vieira N, Marques F, Costa PS, Sousa N, Palha JA. The effect of high-fat diet on rat's mood, feeding behavior and response to stress. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e684. [PMID: 26795748 PMCID: PMC5545690 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between obesity and depression has been indicated in studies addressing common physical (metabolic) and psychological (anxiety, low self-esteem) outcomes. Of consideration in both obesity and depression are chronic mild stressors to which individuals are exposed to on a daily basis. However, the response to stress is remarkably variable depending on numerous factors, such as the physical health and the mental state at the time of exposure. Here a chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol was used to assess the effect of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity on response to stress in a rat model. In addition to the development of metabolic complications, such as glucose intolerance, diet-induced obesity caused behavioral alterations. Specifically, animals fed on HFD displayed depressive- and anxious-like behaviors that were only present in the normal diet (ND) group upon exposure to CMS. Of notice, these mood impairments were not further aggravated when the HFD animals were exposed to CMS, which suggest a ceiling effect. Moreover, although there was a sudden drop of food consumption in the first 3 weeks of the CMS protocol in both ND and HFD groups, only the CMS-HFD displayed an overall noticeable decrease in total food intake during the 6 weeks of the CMS protocol. Altogether, the study suggests that HFD impacts on the response to CMS, which should be considered when addressing the consequences of obesity in behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aslani
- Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho,
Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS)/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory,
Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - N Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho,
Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS)/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory,
Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - F Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho,
Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS)/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory,
Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - P S Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho,
Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS)/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory,
Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - N Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho,
Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS)/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory,
Guimarães, Braga, Portugal
| | - J A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho,
Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research
Institute (ICVS)/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory,
Guimarães, Braga, Portugal,Neuroscience Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences
Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho,
Campus Gualtar, Braga
4710-057, Portugal. E-mail:
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26
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Riaz MS, Bohlen MO, Gunter BW, Quentin H, Stockmeier CA, Paul IA. Attenuation of social interaction-associated ultrasonic vocalizations and spatial working memory performance in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:128-134. [PMID: 26367455 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to unpredictable chronic mild stress (CUS) is a commonly used protocol in rats that is reported to evoke antidepressant-reversible behaviors such as loss of preference for a sweetened water solution which is taken as an analog of the anhedonia seen in major depression. However, the induction of anhedonic-like behavior by chronic mild stress, gauged by an animal's preference for sucrose solution, is not fully reproducible and consistent across laboratories. In this study, we compared a widely used behavioral marker of anhedonia - the sucrose preference test, with another phenotypic marker of emotional valence, social interaction-associated ultrasonic vocalizations as well as a marker of an anxiety-like phenotype, novelty-suppressed feeding, and cognitive performance in the eight arm radial maze task in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chronic four-week exposure to unpredictable mild stressors resulted in 1) attenuation of social interaction-associated ultrasonic vocalizations 2) attenuation of spatial memory performance on the radial arm maze 3) attenuation of body weight gain and 4) increased latency to feed in a novelty-suppressed feeding task. However, chronic exposure to CUS did not result in any significant change in sucrose preference at one-week and three-week intervals. Our results argue for the utility of ultrasonic vocalizations in a social interaction context as a comparable alternative or adjunct to the sucrose preference test in determining the efficacy of CUS to generate an anhedonic-like phenotypic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Riaz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Martin O Bohlen
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Barak W Gunter
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Henry Quentin
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Ian A Paul
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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27
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Exposure to sub-chronic unpredictable stress accounts for antidepressant-like effects in hamsters treated with BDNF and CNQX. Brain Res Bull 2015; 118:65-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Wang ZZ, Yang WX, Zhang Y, Zhao N, Zhang YZ, Liu YQ, Xu Y, Wilson SP, O'Donnell JM, Zhang HT, Li YF. Phosphodiesterase-4D Knock-down in the Prefrontal Cortex Alleviates Chronic Unpredictable Stress-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors and Memory Deficits in Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11332. [PMID: 26161529 PMCID: PMC4498385 DOI: 10.1038/srep11332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) has four isoforms (PDE4A-D) with at least 25 splice variants. PDE4 subtype nonselective inhibitors produce potent antidepressant-like and cognition-enhancing effects via increased intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in the brain. Our previous data have demonstrated that long-form PDE4Ds appear to be involved in these pharmacological properties of PDE4 inhibitors in the normal animals. However, it is not clear whether long-form PDE4Ds are critical for the behaviors and related cellular signaling/neuronal plasticity/neuroendocrine alterations in the depressed animals. In the present study, animals exposed to the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), a rodent model of depression, exhibited elevated corticosterone, depressive-like behavior, memory deficits, accompanied with decreased cAMP-PKA-CREB and cAMP-ERK1/2-CREB signaling and neuroplasticity. These alterations induced by CUS were reversed by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated prefrontal cortex long-form PDE4Ds (especially PDE4D4 and PDE4D5) knock-down, similar to the effects of the PDE4 subtype nonselective inhibitor rolipram. Furthermore, these effects of RNAi were not enhanced by rolipram. These data indicate a predominant role of long-form PDE4Ds in the pharmacotherapies of PDE4 inhibitors for depression and concomitant memory deficits. Long-form PDE4Ds, especially PDE4D4 and PDE4D5, appear to be the promising targets for the development of antidepressants with high therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Wang
- 1] Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China [2] State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica &Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wei-Xing Yang
- 1] Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China [2] Department of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Preclinical Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - You-Zhi Zhang
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yan-Qin Liu
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Pharmacy &Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, NY 14260, USA
| | - Steven P Wilson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - James M O'Donnell
- School of Pharmacy &Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, NY 14260, USA
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Departments of Behavioral Medicine &Psychiatry and Physiology &Pharmacology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV26506, USA
| | - Yun-Feng Li
- Department of New Drug Evaluation, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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29
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Shea CJA, Carhuatanta KAK, Wagner J, Bechmann N, Moore R, Herman JP, Jankord R. Variable impact of chronic stress on spatial learning and memory in BXD mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 150:69-77. [PMID: 26079812 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic stress on learning are highly variable across individuals. This variability stems from gene-environment interactions. However, the mechanisms by which stress affects genetic predictors of learning are unclear. Thus, we aim to determine whether the genetic pathways that predict spatial memory performance are altered by previous exposure to chronic stress. Sixty-two BXD recombinant inbred strains of mice, as well as parent strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, were randomly assigned as behavioral control or to a chronic variable stress paradigm and then underwent behavioral testing to assess spatial memory and learning performance using the Morris water maze. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was completed for average escape latency times for both control and stress animals. Loci on chromosomes 5 and 10 were found in both control and stress environmental populations; eight additional loci were found to be unique to either the control or stress environment. In sum, results indicate that certain genetic loci predict spatial memory performance regardless of prior stress exposure, while exposure to stress also reveals unique genetic predictors of training during the memory task. Thus, we find that genetic predictors contributing to spatial learning and memory are susceptible to the presence of chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J A Shea
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Kimberly A K Carhuatanta
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States; Research Associate Program, National Research Council, National Academies of Science, Washington DC 20001, United States
| | - Jessica Wagner
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States
| | - Naomi Bechmann
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States; Infoscitex, Inc., Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - Raquel Moore
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States; Infoscitex, Inc., Dayton, OH 45435, United States
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States
| | - Ryan Jankord
- Applied Neuroscience, 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, United States.
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Abstract
Chronic stress can influence behaviors associated with medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) function, such as cognition and emotion regulation. Dopamine in the mPFC is responsive to stress and modulates its behavioral effects. The current study tested whether exposure to 10 days of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) altered the effects of acute elevation stress on dopamine release in the mPFC and on spatial recognition memory. Male rats previously exposed to CUS or nonstressed controls were tested behaviorally, underwent microdialysis to assess mPFC dopamine levels or underwent blood sampling for corticosterone analysis. Dopamine in the mPFC significantly increased in both groups during acute elevation stress compared with baseline levels, but the level was attenuated in CUS rats compared with controls. Control rats exposed to elevation stress immediately before the T-maze test showed impaired performance, whereas CUS rats did not. No group differences were observed in general motor activity or plasma corticosterone levels following elevation stress. The present results indicate that prior exposure to this CUS procedure reduced dopamine release in the mPFC during acute elevation stress and prevented the impairment of performance on a spatial recognition test following an acute stressor. These findings may contribute to an understanding of the complex behavioral consequences of stress.
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Environmental enrichment and cafeteria diet attenuate the response to chronic variable stress in rats. Physiol Behav 2015; 139:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Liu M, Li J, Dai P, Zhao F, Zheng G, Jing J, Wang J, Luo W, Chen J. Microglia activation regulates GluR1 phosphorylation in chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive dysfunction. Stress 2015; 18:96-106. [PMID: 25472821 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2014.995085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress is considered to be a major risk factor in the development of psychopathological syndromes in humans. Cognitive impairments and long-term potentiation (LTP) impairments are increasingly recognized as major components of depression, anxiety disorders and other stress-related chronic psychological illnesses. It seems timely to systematically study the potentially underlying neurobiological mechanisms of altered cognitive and synaptic plasticity in the course of chronic stress. In the present study, a rat model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) induced a cognitive impairment in spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) test and a hippocampal LTP impairment. CUS also induced hippocampal microglial activation and attenuated phosphorylation of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1 or GluA1). Moreover, chronic treatment with the selective microglial activation blocker, minocycline (120 mg/kg per day), beginning 3 d before CUS treatment and continuing through the behavioral testing period, prevented the CUS-induced impairments of spatial memory and LTP induction. Additional studies showed that minocycline-induced inhibition of microglia activation was associated with increased phosphorylation of GluR1. These results suggest that hippocampal microglial activation modulates the level of GluR1 phosphorylation and might play a causal role in CUS-induced cognitive and LTP disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchao Liu
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China and
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33
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Lycium barbarum polysaccharide improves traumatic cognition via reversing imbalance of apoptosis/regeneration in hippocampal neurons after stress. Life Sci 2015; 121:124-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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34
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Alò R, Mele M, Avolio E, Fazzari G, Canonaco M. Distinct Amygdalar AMPAergic/GABAergic Mechanisms Promote Anxiolitic-Like Effects in an Unpredictable Stress Model of the Hamster. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:541-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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35
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Liu D, Wang Z, Gao Z, Xie K, Zhang Q, Jiang H, Pang Q. Effects of curcumin on learning and memory deficits, BDNF, and ERK protein expression in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress. Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:116-21. [PMID: 24914461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning and memory, are affected in depression and antidepressant treatment may ameliorate cognitive impairments. Recent studies have shown that curcumin exhibits antidepressant-like effects. The aim of the present study was to determine whether curcumin administration influences chronic unpredictable stress (CUS)-induced cognitive deficits and explores underlying mechanisms. Male Wistar rats were subjected to CUS protocol for a period of 5 weeks to induce depression. The depressive-like behavior was tested using sucrose preference test, open field test and Morris water maze test. Effects of curcumin on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) levels in the hippocampus were also examined. Chronic treatment with curcumin significantly reversed the CUS-induced behavioral and cognitive parameters (reduced sucrose preference and impaired learning and memory function) in stressed rats. Additionally, CUS reduced hippocampal BDNF and ERK levels, while curcumin effectively reversed these alterations. Taken together, our results indicate that the antidepressant-like effects of curcumin in CUS rats are related to its aptitude to promote BDNF and ERK in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexiang Liu
- Department of Medical Psychology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Ze Gao
- School of Life Science, Shandong University, 27#, Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Kai Xie
- Department of Medical Psychology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Qingrui Zhang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Medical Psychology, Shandong University School of Medicine, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR China.
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36
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Gao J, Wang H, Liu Y, Li YY, Chen C, Liu LM, Wu YM, Li S, Yang C. Glutamate and GABA imbalance promotes neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus after stress. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:499-512. [PMID: 24675061 PMCID: PMC3976216 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background People who experience traumatic events have an increased risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, PTSD-related pathological changes in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex remain poorly understood. Material/Methods We investigated the effect of a PTSD-like animal model induced by severe stress. The experimental rats received 20 inescapable electric foot shocks in an enclosed box for a total of 6 times in 3 days. The physiological state (body weight and plasma corticosterone concentrations), emotion, cognitive behavior, brain morphology, apoptosis, and balance of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were observed. Cell damages were examined with histological staining (HE, Nissl, and silver impregnation), while apoptosis was analyzed with flow cytometry using an Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) binding and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Results In comparison with the sham litter-mates, the stressed rats showed decreased body weight, inhibition of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation, increase in freezing response to trauma reminder, hypoactivity and anxiety-like behaviors in elevated plus maze and open field test, poor learning in Morris water maze, and shortened latency in hot-plate test. There were significant damages in the hippocampus but not in the prefrontal cortex. Imbalance between glutamate and GABA was more evident in the hippocampus than in the prefrontal cortex. Conclusions These results suggest that neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus after severe traumatic stress is related to the imbalance between glutamate and GABA. Such modifications may resemble the profound changes observed in PTSD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ying-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Liang-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ya-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Sen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Ce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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37
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Aslani S, Harb MR, Costa PS, Almeida OFX, Sousa N, Palha JA. Day and night: diurnal phase influences the response to chronic mild stress. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:82. [PMID: 24672446 PMCID: PMC3954061 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic mild stress (CMS) protocols are widely used to create animal models of depression. Despite this, the inconsistencies in the reported effects may be indicative of crucial differences in methodology. Here, we considered the time of the diurnal cycle in which stressors are applied as a possible relevant temporal variable underlying the association between stress and behavior. Most laboratories test behavior during the light phase of the diurnal cycle, which corresponds to the animal's resting period. Here, rats stressed either in their resting (light phase) or active (dark phase) periods were behaviorally characterized in the light phase. When exposure to CMS occurred during the light phase of the day cycle, rats displayed signs of depressive and anxiety-related behaviors. This phenotype was not observed when CMS was applied during the dark (active) period. Interestingly, although no differences in spatial and reference memory were detected (Morris water maze) in animals in either stress period, those stressed in the light phase showed marked impairments in the probe test. These animals also showed significant dendritic atrophy in the hippocampal dentate granule neurons, with a decrease in the number of spines. Taken together, the observations reported demonstrate that the time in which stress is applied has differential effects on behavioral and neurostructural phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilan Aslani
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Mazen R Harb
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal ; NeuroAdaptations Group, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Munich, Germany
| | - Patricio S Costa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | | | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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38
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Oyewole AL, Owoyele BV. Long–term spatial memory and morphological changes in hippocampus of Wistar rats exposed to smoke from Carica papaya leaves. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:213-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(14)60234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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39
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Yang J, Hu L, Wu Q, Liu L, Zhao L, Zhao X, Song T, Huang C. A terrified-sound stress induced proteomic changes in adult male rat hippocampus. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:32-8. [PMID: 24518870 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the biochemical mechanisms in the adult rat hippocampus underlying the relationship between a terrified-sound induced psychological stress and spatial learning. Adult male rats were exposed to a terrified-sound stress, and the Morris water maze (MWM) has been used to evaluate changes in spatial learning and memory. The protein expression profile of the hippocampus was examined using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics analysis. The data from the MWM tests suggested that a terrified-sound stress improved spatial learning. The proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of 52 proteins was down-regulated, while that of 35 proteins were up-regulated, in the hippocampus of the stressed rats. We identified and validated six of the most significant differentially expressed proteins that demonstrated the greatest stress-induced changes. Our study provides the first evidence that a terrified-sound stress improves spatial learning in rats, and that the enhanced spatial learning coincides with changes in protein expression in rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Qiuhua Wu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Liying Liu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaoge Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Tusheng Song
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Disease-Related Gene, Ministry of Education, 76 Western Yanta Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China.
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40
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Sun X, Xu H, Meng X, Qi J, Cui Y, Li Y, Zhang H, Xu L. Potential use of hyperoxygenated solution as a treatment strategy for carbon monoxide poisoning. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81779. [PMID: 24312588 PMCID: PMC3847038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning can cause permanent damage in tissues that are sensitive to hypoxia. We explored the feasibility and efficacy of using a hyperoxygenated solution (HOS) to treat severe acute CO poisoning in an animal model. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to CO poisoning. The HOS was administered into the femoral vein of these rats through a catheter (10 ml/kg). Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and blood gases were used to assess the early damage caused by CO poisoning. S100β was measured to predict the development of late cognitive sequelae of CO. The Morris water maze test was performed to assess cognitive function, and Nissl staining was performed to observe histologic change. RESULTS The COHb concentrations rapidly decreased at 5 min after the HOS administration; however, the PaO2 and SaO2 in rats treated with HOS increased significantly 5 min after the HOS administration. The S100β concentrations, which increased significantly after CO poisoning, increased at a much slower rate in the rats treated with HOS (HOS group) compared with the rats treated with O2 inhalation (O2 group). The escape latency in the place navigation test was shortened after CO poisoning on days 11-15 and days 26-30, and the swimming time in quadrant 4 in the spatial probe test on days 15 and 30 after CO poisoning was prolonged in the rats treated with HOS injection compared with the rats treated with oxygen inhalation or normal saline injection. The neuronal degeneration in the HOS group was alleviated than that in the CO or O2 group. CONCLUSION HOS efficiently alleviates the brain damage in acute CO-poisoned rats and thus may serve as a new way to treat human patients with CO poisoning in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiangzhong Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the 323 military hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Qi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lixian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
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41
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Hu L, Yang J, Song T, Hou N, Liu Y, Zhao X, Zhang D, Wang L, Wang T, Huang C. A new stress model, a scream sound, alters learning and monoamine levels in rat brain. Physiol Behav 2013; 123:105-13. [PMID: 24096192 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Most existing animal models for stress involve the simultaneous application of physical and psychological stress factors. In the current study, we described and used a novel psychological stress model (scream sound stress). To study the validity of it, we carried out acute and chronic scream sound stress. First, adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into white noise, stress and background groups. The white noise group and stress group were treated with white noise and scream sound for 4h in the morning respectively. Compared with white noise and background groups, exposure to acute scream sound increased corticosterone (CORT) level and decreased latency in Morris water maze (MWM) test. The levels of noradrenaline (NE), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were altered in the striatum, hypothalamus and hippocampus of stress rats. Second, adult SD rats were randomly divided into background and stress groups, which were treated with scream sound for three weeks. Exposure to chronic scream sound suppressed body weight gain, increased corticosterone (CORT) level, influenced the morphology of adrenal gland, improved spleen and thymus indices, and decreased latency in MWM test. NE, DA, DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA levels were also altered in the brain of stress rats. Our results suggested that scream sound, as a novel stressor, facilitated learning ability, as well as altered monoamine levels in the rat brain. Moreover, scream sound is easy to apply and can be applied in more animals at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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42
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Noorafshan A, Abdollahifar MA, Karbalay-Doust S, Asadi-Golshan R, Rashidian-Rashidabadi A. Protective effects of curcumin and sertraline on the behavioral changes in chronic variable stress-induced rats. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:96-106. [PMID: 23833558 PMCID: PMC3699679 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral characteristics of the animal models and humans are impaired in chronic stress. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the protective effects of sertraline and curcumin on stress-induced learning and memory impairment, anxiety and anhedonia in rats. Male rats were divided into seven groups: stress+water, stress+olive oil, stress+curcumin (100 mg/kg/day), stress+sertraline (10 mg/kg/day), curcumin, sertraline, and control groups. The rats were exposed to chronic variable stress for 56 days. At the end of 40 days and while the previous treatments were continued, the rats were tested in the eight radial maze, elevated plus maze, and sucrose consumption for learning and memory, anxiety, and anhedonia, respectively. In comparison to the non-stressed group, stress+water and stress+olive oil groups revealed a significantly lower percent of correct choices and higher reference and working memory errors during learning and retention phases (p<0.001). In addition these stress groups showed a significant lower percent of the open arms time and open arms entries in the elevated plus maze and consuming less sucrose solution. In addition, the stress+curcumin and stress+sertraline groups showed a better performance in the evaluated parameters of the radial arm maze, elevated plus maze, and sucrose consumption tests. It appears that curcumin and sertraline have the similar effectiveness on behavioral changes in chronic variable stress-induced rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noorafshan
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Centre, Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran. ; Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
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43
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Boufleur N, Antoniazzi CTD, Pase CS, Benvegnú DM, Dias VT, Segat HJ, Roversi K, Roversi K, Nora MD, Koakoskia G, Rosa JG, Barcellos LJG, Bürger ME. Neonatal handling prevents anxiety-like symptoms in rats exposed to chronic mild stress: behavioral and oxidative parameters. Stress 2013; 16:321-30. [PMID: 22998434 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2012.723075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of neonatal handling on behavioral and biochemical consequences of chronic mild stress (CMS) in adulthood. Male rat pups were submitted to daily tactile stimulation (TS) or maternal separation (MS), from postnatal day 1 (PND1) to postnatal day 21 (PND21), for 10 min/day. In adulthood, half the number of animals were exposed to CMS for 3 weeks and submitted to behavioral testing, including sucrose preference (SP), elevated plus maze (EPM), and defensive burying tasks (DBTs), followed by biochemical assessments. CMS reduced SP, increased anxiety in EPM and DBT, and increased adrenal weight. In addition, CMS decreased plasma vitamin C (VIT C) levels and increased protein carbonyl (PC) levels, catalase (CAT) activity in hippocampus and cortex, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in cortex. In contrast, both forms of neonatal handling were able to prevent reduction in SP, anxiety behavior in DBT, and CMS-induced adrenal weight increase. Furthermore, they were also able to prevent plasma VIT C reduction, hippocampal PC levels increase, CAT activity increase in hippocampus and cortex, and SOD levels increase in cortex following CMS. Only TS was able to prevent CMS-induced anxiety symptoms in EPM and PC levels in cortex. Taken together, these findings show the protective role of neonatal handling, especially TS, which may enhance ability to cope with stressful situations in adulthood.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Psychological
- Adrenal Glands/pathology
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Anxiety/blood
- Anxiety/etiology
- Anxiety/pathology
- Anxiety/prevention & control
- Anxiety/psychology
- Anxiety, Separation/psychology
- Ascorbic Acid/blood
- Behavior, Animal
- Biomarkers/blood
- Catalase/blood
- Cerebral Cortex/metabolism
- Conditioning, Psychological
- Food Preferences
- Handling, Psychological
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Male
- Maze Learning
- Organ Size
- Oxidative Stress
- Protein Carbonylation
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/pathology
- Stress, Psychological/psychology
- Sucrose
- Superoxide Dismutase/blood
- Touch
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardeli Boufleur
- Programa de pós Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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44
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Sandi C. Stress and cognition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2013; 4:245-261. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandi
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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The Effects of Reboxetine Treatment on Depression-like Behavior, Brain Neurotrophins, and ERK Expression in Rats Exposed to Chronic Mild Stress. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 50:88-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Remarkable changes in behavior and physiology of laboratory mice after the massive 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44475. [PMID: 22957073 PMCID: PMC3434141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A devastating earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, followed by several long and intense aftershocks. Laboratory mice housed in the Tokyo, located approximately 330 km south of this earthquake’s epicenter, displayed remarkable changes in a variety of behaviors and physiological measures. Although unusual pre-earthquake behaviors have been previously reported in laboratory animals, little is known about behavioral and physiological changes that occur after a great earthquake. In the present study, the effects of Tohoku earthquake on mice behavior were investigated. “Earthquake-experienced” mice displayed a marked increase in food consumption without gaining body weight in response to the earthquake. They also displayed enhanced anxiety, and in a formal fear memory task, showed significantly greater tone- and context-dependent conditioned freezing. Water maze performance of earthquake-experienced mice showed the quicker acquisition of the task, faster swim speed and longer swim distance than the naive mice. Serum corticosterone levels were elevated compared to the naive mice, indicating that the earthquake and aftershocks were stressful for the mice. These results demonstrate that great earthquakes strongly affect mouse behaviors and physiology. Although the effects of a variety of experimental manipulations on mouse behaviors in disease models or in models of higher cognitive functions have been extensively examined, researchers need to be aware how natural phenomena, such as earthquakes and perhaps other natural environmental factors, influence laboratory animal behaviors and physiology.
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Abstract
Previous studies in rodents showed that chronic stress induces structural and functional alterations in several brain regions, including shrinkage of the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, which are accompanied by cognitive and emotional disturbances. Reduced expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) following chronic stress has been proposed to be crucially involved in neuronal retraction and behavioral alterations. Since NCAM gene polymorphisms and altered expression of alternatively spliced NCAM isoforms have been associated with bipolar depression and schizophrenia in humans, we hypothesized that reduced expression of NCAM renders individuals more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of stress on behavior. Here, we specifically questioned whether mice in which the NCAM gene is inactivated in the forebrain by cre-recombinase under the control of the calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II promoter (conditional NCAM-deficient mice), display increased vulnerability to stress. We assessed the evolving of depressive-like behaviors and spatial learning and memory impairments following a subchronic stress protocol (2 weeks) that does not result in behavioral dysfunction, nor in altered NCAM expression, in wild-type mice. Indeed, while no behavioral alterations were detected in wild-type littermates after subchronic stress, conditional NCAM-deficient mice showed increased immobility in the tail suspension test and deficits in reversal spatial learning in the water maze. These findings indicate that diminished NCAM expression might be a critical vulnerability factor for the development of behavioral alterations by stress and further support a functional involvement of NCAM in stress-induced cognitive and emotional disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Bisaz
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de LausanneCH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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48
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Chen Y, Wang Q, Wang FF, Gao HB, Zhang P. Stress induces glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis of rat Leydig cells in vivo. Stress 2012; 15:74-84. [PMID: 21790368 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.585188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress can disrupt endocrine signalling in the male reproductive axis through high concentrations of glucocorticoids, the hallmark of stress. Our previous work revealed that a stress level of exogenous glucocorticoids could induce apoptosis of rat Leydig cells, which are the primary source of testosterone. The aim of this study was to investigate whether stress can induce apoptosis in rat Leydig cells in vivo and, if so, whether the process is the result of a direct effect of glucocorticoids. In a chronically stressed rat model, serum corticosterone concentration was increased significantly whereas serum testosterone was decreased. The frequency of apoptotic Leydig cells in stressed rats was also increased. Adrenalectomised rats subjected to chronic stress showed an elevated serum testosterone, while the apoptotic frequency of Leydig cells was not increased. It was established that glucocorticoid-induced Leydig cell apoptosis is mediated by glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), which translocate from cytoplasm to nucleus. Adenovirus microRNA-induced downregulation of GR expression in vitro alleviated the corticosterone-induced increase in apoptosis of Leydig cells. These results indicate that the stress-induced increase in corticosterone secretion resulted in apoptosis in rat Leydig cells in vivo, and thereby decreased testosterone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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49
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Learning and memory alterations are associated with hippocampal N-acetylaspartate in a rat model of depression as measured by 1H-MRS. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28686. [PMID: 22194886 PMCID: PMC3237477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that cognitive processes, such as learning and memory, are affected in depression. The present study used a rat model of depression, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), to determine whether hippocampal volume and neurochemical changes were involved in learning and memory alterations. A further aim was to determine whether these effects could be ameliorated by escitalopram treatment, as assessed with the non-invasive techniques of structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Our results demonstrated that CUMS had a dramatic influence on spatial cognitive performance in the Morris water maze task, and CUMS reduced the concentration of neuronal marker N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in the hippocampus. These effects could be significantly reversed by repeated administration of escitalopram. However, neither chronic stress nor escitalopram treatment influenced hippocampal volume. Of note, the learning and memory alterations of the rats were associated with right hippocampal NAA concentration. Our results indicate that in depression, NAA may be a more sensitive measure of cognitive function than hippocampal volume.
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50
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Sex differences and phase of light cycle modify chronic stress effects on anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Behav Brain Res 2011; 222:212-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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