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Bouisset N, Laakso I. Induced electric fields in MRI settings and electric vestibular stimulations: same vestibular effects? Exp Brain Res 2024:10.1007/s00221-024-06910-y. [PMID: 39261353 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
In Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner environments, the continuous Lorentz Force is a potent vestibular stimulation. It is nowadays so well known that it is now identified as Magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS). Alongside MVS, some authors argue that through induced electric fields, electromagnetic induction could also trigger the vestibular system. Indeed, for decades, vestibular-specific electric stimulations (EVS) have been known to precisely impact all vestibular pathways. Here, we go through the literature, looking at potential time varying magnetic field induced vestibular outcomes in MRI settings and comparing them with EVS-known outcomes. To date, although theoretically induction could trigger vestibular responses the behavioral evidence remains poor. Finally, more vestibular-specific work is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bouisset
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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2
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Bouisset N, Nissi J, Laakso I, Reynolds RF, Legros A. Is activation of the vestibular system by electromagnetic induction a possibility in an MRI context? Bioelectromagnetics 2024; 45:171-183. [PMID: 38348647 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have discussed the mechanisms of vestibular activation in strong magnetic field settings such as occur in a magnetic resonance imaging scanner environment. Amid the different hypotheses, the Lorentz force explanation currently stands out as the most plausible mechanism, as evidenced by activation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Other hypotheses have largely been discarded. Nonetheless, both human data and computational modeling suggest that electromagnetic induction could be a valid mechanism which may coexist alongside the Lorentz force. To further investigate the induction hypothesis, we provide, herein, a first of its kind dosimetric analysis to estimate the induced electric fields at the vestibular system and compare them with what galvanic vestibular stimulation would generate. We found that electric fields strengths from induction match galvanic vestibular stimulation strengths generating vestibular responses. This review examines the evidence in support of electromagnetic induction of vestibular responses, and whether movement-induced time-varying magnetic fields should be further considered and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bouisset
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janita Nissi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Raymond F Reynolds
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Legros
- Human Threshold Research Group, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Medical Imaging Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Eurostim, Montpellier, France
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3
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Herb M. NADPH Oxidase 3: Beyond the Inner Ear. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:219. [PMID: 38397817 PMCID: PMC10886416 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were formerly known as mere byproducts of metabolism with damaging effects on cellular structures. The discovery and description of NADPH oxidases (Nox) as a whole enzyme family that only produce this harmful group of molecules was surprising. After intensive research, seven Nox isoforms were discovered, described and extensively studied. Among them, the NADPH oxidase 3 is the perhaps most underrated Nox isoform, since it was firstly discovered in the inner ear. This stigma of Nox3 as "being only expressed in the inner ear" was also used by me several times. Therefore, the question arose whether this sentence is still valid or even usable. To this end, this review solely focuses on Nox3 and summarizes its discovery, the structural components, the activating and regulating factors, the expression in cells, tissues and organs, as well as the beneficial and detrimental effects of Nox3-mediated ROS production on body functions. Furthermore, the involvement of Nox3-derived ROS in diseases progression and, accordingly, as a potential target for disease treatment, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Herb
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany;
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Brito RC, Olivato T, Kitabatake TT, Zhang K, de Oliveira Guirro EC, de Araujo JE. Static magnetic field blocked alprazolam-induced behavior of Wistar rats in the elevated plus-maze test. Neurosci Lett 2023; 794:137013. [PMID: 36521644 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that psychotropic drugs change rat behavior in the elevated plus-maze test (EPM). This study investigated whether static magnetic fields could alter alprazolam-induced rat behavior in the EPM. 66 male Wistar rats (270-300 g weight) were assigned to one of the following groups: Sham Magnetic + Saline (SMS), North Pole + Saline (NPS), South Pole + Saline (SPS), Sham magnetic + alprazolam (SMA), NP + alprazolam (NPA), and SP + alprazolam (SPA). After five days of static magnetic stimulation (3200 Gauss), they received alprazolam or saline (1 mg/kg), and their behavior was evaluated. Two-way ANOVA and Holm-Sidak post-hock were used, with a significant P value of <0.05. The SMA and NPA groups showed an increased number of entries and time in the open arms compared with the SMS group. SPA showed a decrease in these measures when compared to SMA [F(2,61) = 6.43 and F(2,61) = 3.72, respectively]. The SMA and NPA groups showed increased head dipping and end-arm activity compared with the SMS group. SPA showed a decrease in these measures when compared to SMA [F(2,61) = 3.37 and [F(2,61) = 4.72, respectively]. These results show that the south magnetic pole of a static magnetic field blocked the alprazolam effect in the space-time variables of the open arms and ethological anxiolytic-like behavior in the EPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Cardoso Brito
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thairyne Olivato
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Takae Tamy Kitabatake
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine Caldeira de Oliveira Guirro
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo de Araujo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychobiology and Motor Behavior, Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo (USP), AV. dos Bandeirantes, 3900 Ribeirão Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil.
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Yang X, Yu B, Song C, Feng C, Zhang J, Wang X, Cheng G, Yang R, Wang W, Zhu Y. The Effect of Long-Term Moderate Static Magnetic Field Exposure on Adult Female Mice. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11111585. [PMID: 36358286 PMCID: PMC9687991 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Because of the high cost and safety of ultra-high magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), its application has certain limitations. Whereas 0.5−3 T MRI has been widely applied in hospitals, static magnetic fields (SMFs) have been shown to improve mice mental health and have anti-tumor potentials. Here, we compared the effects of the upward and downward 150 mT SMF groups with the sham group on C57BL/6J adult female mice. Locomotor and exploratory activity were also measured by behavioral tests, including the open field and elevated plus test. Additionally, physiology, pathology indicators and gut microbiota were examined. We found that 150 mT SMFs long-term exposure enhanced locomotive and exploratory activity of mice, especially the downward 150 mT SMF. Compared with the downward 150 mT SMF group, the movement speed and distance in the center area of the sham group were increased by 65.99% (p < 0.0001) and 68.58% (p = 0.0038), respectively. Moreover, compared to the sham group, downward 150 mT SMF increased the number of entrances to the center area by 67.0% (p = 0.0082) and time in the center area by 77.12% (p = 0.0054). Additionally, we observed that upward 150 mT SMF improved the number of follicles (~2.5 times, p = 0.0325) and uterine glands through increasing the total antioxidant capacity and reducing lipid peroxidation level in mice. Gut microbiome analysis showed that 150 mT SMFs long-term exposure improved the microbiota abundance (Clostridium, Bifidobacterium, Ralstonia and Yaniella) in the genus level, which may affect metabolism, anxiety and behavior in adult female mice. Our results demonstrated that 150 mT SMFs long-term exposure not only had good biosafety, but also improved athletic performance, emotion and the function of ovarian, uterine and gut microbiota abundance in adult female mice, which unraveled the potential of moderate long-term SMF exposure in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Biao Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chao Song
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chuanlin Feng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Guofeng Cheng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Rui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yong Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
- Correspondence:
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Lv Y, Fan Y, Tian X, Yu B, Song C, Feng C, Zhang L, Ji X, Zablotskii V, Zhang X. The Anti-Depressive Effects of Ultra-High Static Magnetic Field. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 56:354-365. [PMID: 34921571 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has obvious advantages in acquiring high-resolution images. 7 T MRI has been clinically approved and 21.1 T MRI has also been tested on rodents. PURPOSE To examine the effects of ultra-high field on mice behavior and neuron activity. STUDY TYPE Prospective, animal model. ANIMAL MODEL Ninety-eight healthy C57BL/6 mice and 18 depression model mice. FIELD STRENGTH 11.1-33.0 T SMF (static magnetic field) for 1 hour and 7 T for 8 hours. Gradients were not on and no imaging sequence was used. ASSESSMENT Open field test, elevated plus maze, three-chambered social test, Morris water maze, tail suspension test, sucrose preference test, blood routine, biochemistry examinations, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescent assay. STATISTICAL TESTS The normality of the data was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk test, followed by Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test for statistical significance. The statistical cut-off line is P < 0.05. RESULTS Compared to the sham group, healthy C57/6 mice spent more time in the center area (35.12 ± 4.034, increased by 47.19%) in open field test and improved novel index (0.6201 ± 0.02522, increased by 16.76%) in three-chambered social test a few weeks after 1 hour 11.1-33.0 T SMF exposure. 7 T SMF exposure for 8 hours alleviated the depression state of depression mice, including less immobile time in tail suspension test (58.32% reduction) and higher sucrose preference (increased by 8.80%). Brain tissue analysis shows that 11.1-33.0 T and 7 T SMFs can increase oxytocin by 164.65% and 36.03%, respectively. Moreover, the c-Fos level in hippocampus region was increased by 14.79%. DATA CONCLUSION 11.1-33.0 T SMFs exposure for 1 hour or 7 T SMF exposure for 8 hours did not have detrimental effects on healthy or depressed mice. Instead, these ultra-high field SMFs have anti-depressive potentials. EVIDENCE LEVEL 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lv
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yixiang Fan
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaofei Tian
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Song
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanlin Feng
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinmiao Ji
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Vitalii Zablotskii
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,International Magnetobiology Frontier Research Center, Hefei, China
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Tkáč I, Benneyworth MA, Nichols-Meade T, Steuer EL, Larson SN, Metzger GJ, Uğurbil K. Long-term behavioral effects observed in mice chronically exposed to static ultra-high magnetic fields. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:1544-1559. [PMID: 33821502 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The primary goal of this study was to investigate whether chronic exposures to ultra-high B0 fields can induce long-term cognitive, behavioral, or biological changes in C57BL/6 mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were chronically exposed to 10.5-T or 16.4-T magnetic fields (3-h exposures, two exposure sessions per week, 4 or 8 weeks of exposure). In vivo single-voxel 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to investigate possible neurochemical changes in the hippocampus. In addition, a battery of behavioral tests, including the Morris water-maze, balance-beam, rotarod, and fear-conditioning tests, were used to examine long-term changes induced by B0 exposures. RESULTS Hippocampal neurochemical profile, cognitive, and basic motor functions were not impaired by chronic magnetic field exposures. However, the balance-beam-walking test and the Morris water-maze testing revealed B0 -induced changes in motor coordination and balance. The tight-circling locomotor behavior during Morris water-maze tests was found as the most sensitive factor indexing B0 -induced changes. Long-term behavioral changes were observed days or even weeks subsequent to the last B0 exposure at 16.4 T but not at 10.5 T. Fast motion of mice in and out of the 16.4-T magnet was not sufficient to induce such changes. CONCLUSION Observed results suggest that the chronic exposure to a magnetic field as high as 16.4 T may result in long-term impairment of the vestibular system in mice. Although observation of mice may not directly translate to humans, nevertheless, they indicate that studies focused on human safety at very high magnetic fields are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tkáč
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael A Benneyworth
- Mouse Behavioral Core, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tessa Nichols-Meade
- Mouse Behavioral Core, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Steuer
- N Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research & Care, Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah N Larson
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gregory J Metzger
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kâmil Uğurbil
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Tian X, Lv Y, Fan Y, Wang Z, Yu B, Song C, Lu Q, Xi C, Pi L, Zhang X. Safety evaluation of mice exposed to 7.0-33.0 T high-static magnetic fields. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 53:1872-1884. [PMID: 33382516 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of 7 T and higher can provide superior image resolution and capability. Clinical tests have been performed in 9.4 T MRI, and 21.1 T small-bore-size MRI has also been tested in rodents. Although the safety issue is a prerequisite for their future medical application, there are very few relevant studies for the safety of static magnetic fields (SMFs) of ≧20 T. The aim of this study was to assess the biological effects of 7.0-33.0 T SMFs in healthy adult mice. This was a prospective study, in which 104 healthy adult C57BL/6 mice were divided into control, sham control, and 7.0-33.0 T SMF-exposed groups.The sham control group and SMF group were handled identically, except for the electric current for producing SMF. A separate control group was placed outside the magnet and their data were used as normal range. After 1 h exposure, all mice were routinely fed for another 2 months while their body weight and food/water consumption were monitored. After 2 months, their complete blood count, blood biochemistry, key organ weight, and histomorphology were examined. All data are normally distributed. Differences between the sham and SMF-exposed groups were evaluated by unpaired t test. Most indicators did not show statistically significant changes or were still within the normal ranges, with only a few exceptions. For example, mono % in Group 2 (11.1 T) is 6.03 ± 1.43% while the normal range is 6.60-9.90% (p < 0.05). The cholesterol level in 33 T group is 3.38 ± 0.36 mmol/L while the normal range is 2.48-3.29 mmol/L (p < 0.05). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level in 33 T group is 2.54 ± 0.29 mmol/L while the normal reference range is 1.89-2.43 mmol/L (p < 0.01). Exposure to 7.0-33.0 T for 1 h did not have detrimental effects on normal adult mice. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Tian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yue Lv
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yixiang Fan
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ze Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Biao Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Song
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qingyou Lu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanying Xi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Li Pi
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China.,Science Island Branch of Graduate School, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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9
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Zablotskii V, Polyakova T, Dejneka A. Modulation of the Cell Membrane Potential and Intracellular Protein Transport by High Magnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 42:27-36. [PMID: 33179821 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To explore cellular responses to high magnetic fields (HMF), we present a model of the interactions of cells with a homogeneous HMF that accounts for the magnetic force exerted on paramagnetic/diamagnetic species. There are various chemical species inside a living cell, many of which may have large concentration gradients. Thus, when an HMF is applied to a cell, the concentration-gradient magnetic forces act on paramagnetic or diamagnetic species and can either assist or oppose large particle movement through the cytoplasm. We demonstrate possibilities for changing the machinery in living cells with HMFs and predict two new mechanisms for modulating cellular functions with HMFs via (i) changes in the membrane potential and (ii) magnetically assisted intracellular diffusiophoresis of large proteins. By deriving a generalized form for the Nernst equation, we find that an HMF can change the membrane potential of the cell and thus have a significant impact on the properties and biological functionality of cells. The elaborated model provides a universal framework encompassing current studies on controlling cell functions by high static magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. 2021;42:27-36. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalii Zablotskii
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tatyana Polyakova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Dejneka
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Mouse Magnetic-field Nystagmus in Strong Static Magnetic Fields Is Dependent on the Presence of Nox3. Otol Neurotol 2019; 39:e1150-e1159. [PMID: 30444848 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS) elicits nystagmus in C57BL/6J mice but not head tilt mice lacking Nox3, which is required for normal otoconial development. BACKGROUND Humans have vertigo and nystagmus in strong magnetic fields within magnetic resonance imaging machines. The hypothesized mechanism is a Lorentz force driven by electrical current entering the utricular neuroepithelium, acting indirectly on crista hair cells via endolymph movement deflecting cupulae. We tested an alternate hypothesized mechanism: Lorentz action directly on crista hair cell stereocilia, driven by their currents independent of the utricle. METHODS Before MVS, vestibulo-ocular reflex responses of eight C57BL/6J mice and six head tilt mice were measured during whole-body sinusoidal rotations and tilts using video-oculography. Mice were then placed within a 4.7 Tesla magnetic field with the horizontal semicircular canals approximately Earth-horizontal for ≥1 minute in several head orientations, while eye movements were recorded via infrared video in darkness. RESULTS Outside the magnet, both C57BL/6J and head tilt mice had intact horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex, but only C57BL/6J mice exhibited static counter-roll responses to tilt (normal utiruclo-ocular reflex). When placed in the magnet nose-first, C57BL/6J mice had left-beating nystagmus, lasting a median of 32.8 seconds. When tail-first, nystagmus was right-beating and similar duration (median 28.0 s, p > 0.05). In contrast, head tilt mice lacked magnetic field-induced nystagmus (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS C57BL/6J mice generate nystagmus in response to MVS, while mice deficient in Nox3 do not. This suggests 1) a normal utricle is necessary, and 2) functioning semicircular canals are insufficient, to generate MVS-induced nystagmus in mice.
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Gurrera D, Gallias KK, Spanò M, Abbate BF, D'Alia F, Iacoviello G, Caputo V. Moving across the static magnetic field of a 1.5 T MRI scanner: Analysing compliance with Directive 2013/35/EU. Phys Med 2018; 57:238-244. [PMID: 30470532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Does the exposure of magnetic resonance imaging personnel to static magnetic fields fully comply with Directive 2013/35/EU? Despite the obligation to satisfy this question, a general answer cannot be provided, nor are final satisfying good practices methods for exposure assessment currently available. In order to contribute to fix this problem, three different 1.5 T scanners are analysed and - by a new theoretical insight - a positive answer is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Gurrera
- Università degli Studi di Palermo, Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Viale delle Scienze Ed. 18, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Karmenos K Gallias
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marco Spanò
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Boris F Abbate
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Alia
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Iacoviello
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vittorio Caputo
- A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, U.O.C. Fisica Sanitaria, Piazza Nicola Leotta 4, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Ward BK, Roberts DC, Della Santina CC, Carey JP, Zee DS. Vestibular stimulation by magnetic fields. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1343:69-79. [PMID: 25735662 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Individuals working next to strong static magnetic fields occasionally report disorientation and vertigo. With the increasing strength of magnetic fields used for magnetic resonance imaging studies, these reports have become more common. It was recently learned that humans, mice, and zebrafish all demonstrate behaviors consistent with constant peripheral vestibular stimulation while inside a strong, static magnetic field. The proposed mechanism for this effect involves a Lorentz force resulting from the interaction of a strong static magnetic field with naturally occurring ionic currents flowing through the inner ear endolymph into vestibular hair cells. The resulting force within the endolymph is strong enough to displace the lateral semicircular canal cupula, inducing vertigo and the horizontal nystagmus seen in normal mice and in humans. This review explores the evidence for interactions of magnetic fields with the vestibular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Ward
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Ward BK, Roberts DC, Della Santina CC, Carey JP, Zee DS. Magnetic vestibular stimulation in subjects with unilateral labyrinthine disorders. Front Neurol 2014; 5:28. [PMID: 24659983 PMCID: PMC3952138 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered that static magnetic fields from high-strength MRI machines induce nystagmus in all normal humans, and that a magneto-hydrodynamic Lorentz force, derived from ionic currents in the endolymph and pushing on the cupula, best explains this effect. Individuals with no labyrinthine function have no nystagmus. The influence of magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS) in individuals with unilateral deficits in labyrinthine function is unknown and may provide insight into the mechanism of MVS. These individuals should experience MVS, but with a different pattern of nystagmus consistent with their unilateral deficit in labyrinthine function. We recorded eye movements in the static magnetic field of a 7 T MRI machine in nine individuals with unilateral labyrinthine hypofunction, as determined by head impulse testing and vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP). Eye movements were recorded using infrared video-oculography. Static head positions were varied in pitch with the body supine, and slow-phase eye velocity (SPV) was assessed. All subjects exhibited predominantly horizontal nystagmus after entering the magnet head-first, lying supine. The SPV direction reversed when entering feet-first. Pitching chin-to-chest caused subjects to reach a null point for horizontal SPV. Right unilateral vestibular hypofunction (UVH) subjects developed slow-phase-up nystagmus and left UVH subjects, slow-phase-down nystagmus. Vertical and torsional components were consistent with superior semicircular canal excitation or inhibition, respectively, of the intact ear. These findings provide compelling support for the hypothesis that MVS is a result of a Lorentz force and suggest that the function of individual structures within the labyrinth can be assessed with MVS. As a novel method of comfortable and sustained labyrinthine stimulation, MVS can provide new insights into vestibular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K Ward
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Dale C Roberts
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Charles C Della Santina
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - John P Carey
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - David S Zee
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Houpt TA, Kwon B, Houpt CE, Neth B, Smith JC. Orientation within a high magnetic field determines swimming direction and laterality of c-Fos induction in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R793-803. [PMID: 23720133 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00549.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
High-strength static magnetic fields (>7 tesla) perturb the vestibular system causing dizziness, nystagmus, and nausea in humans; and head motion, locomotor circling, conditioned taste aversion, and c-Fos induction in brain stem vestibular nuclei in rodents. To determine the role of head orientation, mice were exposed for 15 min within a 14.1-tesla magnet at six different angles (mice oriented parallel to the field with the head toward B+ at 0°; or pitched rostrally down at 45°, 90°, 90° sideways, 135°, and 180°), followed by a 2-min swimming test. Additional mice were exposed at 0°, 90°, and 180° and processed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Magnetic field exposure induced circular swimming that was maximal at 0° and 180° but attenuated at 45° and 135°. Mice exposed at 0° and 45° swam counterclockwise, whereas mice exposed at 135° and 180° swam clockwise. Mice exposed at 90° (with their rostral-caudal axis perpendicular to the magnetic field) did not swim differently than controls. In parallel, exposure at 0° and 180° induced c-Fos in vestibular nuclei with left-right asymmetries that were reversed at 0° vs. 180°. No significant c-Fos was induced after 90° exposure. Thus, the optimal orientation for magnetic field effects is the rostral-caudal axis parallel to the field, such that the horizontal canal and utricle are also parallel to the field. These results have mechanistic implications for modeling magnetic field interactions with the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear (e.g., the model of Roberts et al. of an induced Lorenz force causing horizontal canal cupula deflection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Houpt
- Department of Biological Science, Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida; and
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Antunes A, Glover PM, Li Y, Mian OS, Day BL. Magnetic field effects on the vestibular system: calculation of the pressure on the cupula due to ionic current-induced Lorentz force. Phys Med Biol 2012; 57:4477-87. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/57/14/4477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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MRI magnetic field stimulates rotational sensors of the brain. Curr Biol 2011; 21:1635-40. [PMID: 21945276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vertigo in and around magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines has been noted for years [1, 2]. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain these sensations [3, 4], yet without direct, objective measures, the cause is unknown. We found that all of our healthy human subjects developed a robust nystagmus while simply lying in the static magnetic field of an MRI machine. Patients lacking labyrinthine function did not. We use the pattern of eye movements as a measure of vestibular stimulation to show that the stimulation is static (continuous, proportional to static magnetic field strength, requiring neither head movement nor dynamic change in magnetic field strength) and directional (sensitive to magnetic field polarity and head orientation). Our calculations and geometric model suggest that magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS) derives from a Lorentz force resulting from interaction between the magnetic field and naturally occurring ionic currents in the labyrinthine endolymph fluid. This force pushes on the semicircular canal cupula, leading to nystagmus. We emphasize that the unique, dual role of endolymph in the delivery of both ionic current and fluid pressure, coupled with the cupula's function as a pressure sensor, makes magnetic-field-induced nystagmus and vertigo possible. Such effects could confound functional MRI studies of brain behavior, including resting-state brain activity.
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Houpt TA, Cassell J, Carella L, Neth B, Smith JC. Head tilt in rats during exposure to a high magnetic field. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:388-93. [PMID: 21903121 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During exposure to high strength static magnetic fields, humans report vestibular symptoms such as vertigo, apparent motion, and nausea. Rodents also show signs of vestibular perturbation after magnetic field exposure at 7 tesla (T) and above, such as locomotor circling, activation of vestibular nuclei, and acquisition of conditioned taste aversions. We hypothesized that the acute effects of the magnetic field might be seen as changes in head position during exposure within the magnet. Using a yoked restraint tube that allowed movement of the head and neck, we found that rats showed an immediate and persistent deviation of the head during exposure to a static 14.1 T magnetic field. The direction of the head tilt was dependent on the orientation of the rat in the magnetic field (B), such that rats oriented head-up (snout towards B+) showed a rightward tilt of the head, while rats oriented head-down (snout towards B-) showed a leftward tilt of the head. The tilt of the head during magnet exposure was opposite to the direction of locomotor circling immediately after exposure observed previously. Rats exposed in the yoked restraint tube showed significantly more locomotor circling compared to rats exposed with the head restrained. There was little difference in CTA magnitude or extinction rate, however. The deviation of the head was seen when the rats were motionless within the homogenous static field; movement through the field or exposure to the steep gradients of the field was not necessary to elicit the apparent vestibulo-collic reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Houpt
- Department of Biological Science, King Life Sciences Building, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, United States.
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Behavioral effects on rats of motion within a high static magnetic field. Physiol Behav 2010; 102:338-46. [PMID: 21118699 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some human subjects report vestibular disturbances such as vertigo, apparent motion, and nausea around or within high strength MRI systems operating at 4 T to 9.4 T. These vestibular effects have been ascribed to the consequences of movement through the high magnetic field. We have previously found that exposure to magnetic fields above 7 T suppresses rearing, causes locomotor circling, and induces conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in rodents. The present experiments were designed to test the effects on rats of motion through the magnetic field of the 14.1 T superconducting magnet. In Experiment 1, we compared the effects of multiple rapid insertions and removals from the center of the magnet to the effects of continuous exposure. Repeated traversal of the magnetic field gradient with only momentary exposure to 14.1 T was sufficient to suppress rearing and induce a significant CTA. Repeated insertion and removal from the magnet, however, did not have a greater effect than a single 30-min exposure on either acute locomotor behavior or CTA acquisition. Prolonged exposure was required to induce locomotor circling. In the second series of experiments, we controlled the rate of insertion and removal by means of an electric motor. Locomotor circling appeared to be dependent on the speed of insertion and removal, but the suppression of rearing and the acquisition of CTA were independent of speed of insertion and removal. In Experiment 3, we inserted rats into the center of the magnet and then rotated them about their rostral-caudal axis during a 30-min 14.1 T exposure. Rotation within the magnet did not modulate the behavioral effects of exposure. We conclude that, in rats, movement through the steep gradient of a high magnetic field has some behavioral effects, but sustained exposure to the homogenous center of the field is required for the full behavioral consequences.
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