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Sdravou K, Printza A, Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki E, Michou E, Sotiriadou F, Fotoulaki M. Developmental Feeding Stages and Their Impact on Child Feeding Behavior. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 77:769-778. [PMID: 37490588 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous research has shown that critical periods of feeding skills development exist and feeding problems can arise in children due to delays in attaining feeding developmental milestones. This study aims to delineate the transitional process of feeding development in healthy children and children with gastrointestinal diseases (GIDs) and to examine the relationship between feeding milestones and the appearance of later feeding problems. METHODS A cross-sectional case-control study among 711 healthy Greek children and 119 children with GID, aged 2-7 years. Parents completed the Greek version of the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale and "self-reported" questionnaires assessing child's feeding history. RESULTS Differences in feeding behavior of preschoolers between the 2 groups were found concerning the time of introduction of complementary (pureed), lumpy, and table foods as well as finger feeding and regular cup-drinking. Age-specific milestones as proposed by guidelines were not reached. Late introduction of complementary and lumpy foods (>6 months and >9 months, respectively) as well as finger feeding (>9 months) were predictive of more problematic feeding behaviors later on. CONCLUSIONS The trajectory of feeding development, including less studied feeding milestones, both in healthy children and children with GIDs, indicates that there are discrepancies between current feeding practices and infant feeding guidelines, and a tendency to delay the acquisition of all assessed feeding milestones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athanasia Printza
- the 1st Otolaryngology Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Hospital AXEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elpida Emmanouilidou-Fotoulaki
- the 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital "Ippokrateio", Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Emilia Michou
- the Speech and Language Therapy Department, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
- the Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Fotini Sotiriadou
- the 4th Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General "Papageorgiou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Fotoulaki
- the 4th Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General "Papageorgiou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Mahari HT, Kahsay ZA, Abraha GG, Abraha AZ, Henry CJ, Nickerson MT, Mulugeta Bezabih A. Contribution of home garden vegetables on reducing stunting among 6- to 23-month-old children in South Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:4713-4721. [PMID: 37576059 PMCID: PMC10420768 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to analyze the contribution of home garden vegetables in reducing stunting among 6- to 23-month-old children from South Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. The quasi-experimental study design was used. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the districts and study communities. A total of 94 purposively selected vegetable producer (intervention) households and 260 randomly selected non-producer (control) households were included in the study (1:3 ratio). The recumbent length of children was measured using horizontal wooden board to the nearest 0.1 cm. The length-for-age Z-scores were computed using WHO-Anthro 2006 software. Propensity score-matching and difference-in-difference (DID) estimates were used to analyze data using STATA software version 12. Prevalence of child stunting was 19.8 (12.7-29.4) and 21.1 (16.4-26.7)% (baseline) and 43.5 (33.5-54.1) and 46.5 (45.7-47.2)% (end line) among intervention and control groups, respectively. Child stunting was higher for boys and older children from both intervention and control households. DID estimation revealed that there was no significant difference in child stunting between intervention and control households (DID = 1.7, p = .604). However, there was an intervention effect of -0.5, 2.5, and 1.7% in the prevalence of child stunting among females, males, and both sexes, respectively. Vegetable production as an intervention strategy reduced the prevalence of stunting in children aged 6-23 months. However, vegetable production needs to be well integrated with other nutrition-sensitive interventions to realize the objective of reducing child stunting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zenebe Abraha Kahsay
- Department of Agricultural and Resources EconomicsMekelle UniversityMekelleEthiopia
| | - Girmay Gebresamuel Abraha
- Department of Land Resource Management and Environmental ProtectionMekelle UniversityMekelleEthiopia
| | | | - Carol J. Henry
- College of Pharmacy and NutritionUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
| | - Michael T. Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct SciencesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSaskatchewanCanada
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Bougma S, Tapsoba F, Semporé JN, Bougma S, Dounia P, Songré-Ouattara LT, Savadogo A. Socio-cultural influences on children's feeding habits and feeding frequencies in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: a retrospective survey. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:45. [PMID: 36895038 PMCID: PMC9999533 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From 6 months of age, children need, in addition to breast milk, a complementary food whose nutritional composition meets their needs. However, low consumption of child-specific foods in favor of adult foods has been documented. Thus, the lack of adaptation of children to family feeding conditions has been the source of frequent malnutrition in some low-income countries. In Burkina Faso, little data is available on family-type food consumption by children. The objective was to describe the socio-cultural influences on feeding habits and food consumption frequencies of infants aged 6-23 months in Ouagadougou. METHODS The study was conducted from March to June 2022 using a structured questionnaire. A reminder of the previous 24 h' meals was used to assess 618 children's food consumption. Mother-child pairs were selected using the simple random sampling method, and data collection was done by the interview method. Sphinx V5, IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 and XLSTAT 2016 software were used to process data. RESULTS Influences between the consumption of certain foods and the mother's social status were observed. The most consumed foods are simple porridges (67.48%), Tô/rice (65.70%), cookies and cakes (62.94%), juices and sweetened drinks (62.94%). Cowpeas (17.31%), improved porridge (13.92%) and eggs (6.63%) are the least consumed. The most meals frequency was three meals daily (33.98%), and children with the minimum daily meal frequency were 86.41%. Principal component analysis showed that the mother's social status influenced the consumption of imported infant flours, fish soups, fruits, juices and sweetened drinks, cookies and cakes, simple porridge, and tô/rice. Concerning the consumption of local infant porridges, 55.72% of the children who consumed them appreciated positively. However, for 57.75% of the parents, the lack of information limits the consumption rate of this type of flour. CONCLUSION High consumption of family-type meals was observed and was influenced by parental social status. In addition, the rate of acceptable meal frequencies was generally high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanogo Bougma
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LaBIA)/Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, 03 PO Box 7021, Burkina Faso.
| | - François Tapsoba
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LaBIA)/Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, 03 PO Box 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Judith Nomwendé Semporé
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Food Technology and Nutrition (LABIOTAN)/Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, 09 PO Box 848, Burkina Faso
| | - Sibiri Bougma
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LaBIA)/Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, 03 PO Box 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Prudence Dounia
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LaBIA)/Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, 03 PO Box 7021, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Aly Savadogo
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Immunology (LaBIA)/Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, 03 PO Box 7021, Burkina Faso
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Fazzino TL, Kong KL. A new paradigm for investigating the etiology of obesity in early childhood: Exposure to added sugars and hyper-palatable foods in infancy and dysregulation of food reinforcement processes. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13526. [PMID: 36358033 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tera L Fazzino
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA.,Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Kai Ling Kong
- Baby Health Behavior Lab, Division of Health Services and Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Research Institute, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Huss LR, Dean J, Lamothe LM, Hamaker B, Reuhs B, Goran MI, Lê KA. Micronutrient Profile and Carbohydrate Microstructure of Commercially Prepared and Home Prepared Infant Fruit and Vegetable Purees. Nutrients 2022; 15:45. [PMID: 36615703 PMCID: PMC9823441 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Large variability exists in ingredient selection and preparation of home prepared infant purees and there is a lack of data on nutritional quality in comparison to commercially prepared purees. This work had two aims. Study 1 compared the nutritional value of commercially prepared and home prepared infant purees. Food profiles from national food composition databases were used as a proxy for home prepared puree and served as the benchmark for the commercially prepared infant purees. Study 2 focused on a subset of produce that underwent molecular weight analysis to determine differences in carbohydrate profiles. Eighty-eight percent of the measurable micronutrients fell within or above the home prepared norm range with micronutrients falling below the range explained by differences in soil and growing conditions. Physicochemical characterization showed similar carbohydrate profiles with >90% of the carbohydrate fraction in the water extract constituted by low molecular weight sugars for purees produced with home preparation and commercial preparation. The estimated glycemic load (eGL) showed comparable potential impact on blood sugar levels with all purees having a low eGL (<10 glucose equivalent). In conclusion, these data suggest that both preparations provide similar micronutrient density and carbohydrate profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey R. Huss
- Nestlé Development Center, 445 State Street, Fremont, MI 49412, USA
| | - Julie Dean
- Nestlé USA, 30500 Bainbridge Rd, Solon, OH 44139, USA
| | - Lisa M. Lamothe
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc CP44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruce Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brad Reuhs
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Michael I. Goran
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, The Saban Research Institute, 4650 West Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Kim-Anne Lê
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc CP44, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Klerks M, Román S, Juan Francisco Haro-Vicente, Bernal MJ, Sanchez-Siles LM. Healthier and more natural reformulated baby food pouches: Will toddlers and their parents sensory accept them? Food Qual Prefer 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Early Feeding Factors and Eating Behaviors among Children Aged 1–3: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112279. [PMID: 35684080 PMCID: PMC9183102 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early nutrition plays a crucial role not only in providing essential nutrients for proper child development, but may also be an important step in creating desirable eating behaviors, which can be transmitted into adulthood. The aim of this study was to assess possible links between early feeding factors, such as breastfeeding, complementary feeding (timing and method) as well as types of complementary foods and mealtime environment during the first three months of complementary feeding and eating behaviors in children aged 1–3 years old. This cross-sectional, online survey involved 467 mothers of toddlers aged 1–3 years old from the whole of Poland. The questionnaire consisted of questions about early feeding and the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ). The adjusted linear regression model revealed that longer duration of any breastfeeding was negatively related to enjoyment of food (EF), desire to drink (DD) and positively related to satiety responsiveness (SR) and slowness in eating (SE) subscales. Moreover, offering homemade complementary foods more often than commercial may be related to higher SR. Eating meals during distraction seems to be negatively associated with EF, and positively with DD and SE subscales. Our study highlights possible links between early feeding factors and toddlers’ eating behaviors, so further investigation, also including dietary factors, is needed.
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Sanchez-Siles L, Román S, Haro-Vicente JF, Bernal MJ, Klerks M, Ros G, Gil Á. Less Sugar and More Whole Grains in Infant Cereals: A Sensory Acceptability Experiment With Infants and Their Parents. Front Nutr 2022; 9:855004. [PMID: 35634381 PMCID: PMC9137414 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.855004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to reduce sugar intake in early childhood. Commercial infant cereals are among the first solid foods introduced to infants at the beginning of the complementary feeding period in most countries. The aim of this study was to examine infants' overall acceptability of low-sugar complementary cereals. To do so, a between-subjects experimental study with 165 parents and their infants aged 6-24 months was conducted where one group tested a high-sugar refined cereal (21 g/100 g), and the other a low-sugar cereal (<1 g/100 g) with 50% of whole grain, which represented a 95.2% decrease in sugar content. We found no significant differences between the two groups in terms of infants' overall acceptability (infant's reaction, estimated intake and relative intake). Importantly, infants' reactions to high- and low-sugar cereals were not influenced by the time that infants had been consuming sweet cereals (15-25% sugar) before the experiment took place. In addition, parent's overall liking and sensory evaluation (sweetness, color, taste, texture, and aroma) was positive and very similar in both groups. Overall, our findings show that it is feasible to reduce sugar content in infant cereals without sacrificing its sensory acceptability by infants and their parents. This represents a good opportunity for the infant food industry to adhere to current healthy and sustainable demands of lowering the sugar intake leading to important benefits in infants' health, without compromising competitiveness in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisma Sanchez-Siles
- Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Román
- Department of Marketing, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan F. Haro-Vicente
- Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jose Bernal
- Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Klerks
- Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Gaspar Ros
- Department of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Center of Biomedical Research, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- ibs. GRANADA, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Fuchs-Neuhold B, Staubmann W, Peterseil M, Rath A, Schweighofer N, Kronberger A, Riederer M, van der Kleyn M, Martin J, Hörmann-Wallner M, Waldner I, Konrad M, Aufschnaiter AL, Siegmund B, Berghold A, Holasek S, Pail E. Investigating New Sensory Methods Related to Taste Sensitivity, Preferences and Diet of Mother-Infant Pairs and its Relationship to Body Composition and Biomarkers: Protocol for an Explorative Study (Preprint). JMIR Res Protoc 2022; 11:e37279. [PMID: 35475790 PMCID: PMC9096638 DOI: 10.2196/37279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early experiences with different flavors play an important role in infant development, including food and taste acceptance. Flavors are already perceived in utero with the development of the taste and olfactory system and are passed on to the child through breast and bottle feeding. Therefore, the first 1000 days of life are considered a critical window for infant developmental programming. Objective The objective of our study is to investigate, both in the prenatal and postnatal period, taste sensitivity, preferences, and dietary diversity of mother-infant pairs. The explorative study design will also report on the impact of these variables on body composition (BC) and biomarkers. In contrast to conventional methods, this study involves long-term follow-up data collection from mother-infant pairs; moreover, the integration of audiovisual tools for recording infants' expressions pertaining to taste stimuli is a novelty of this study. Considering these new methodological approaches, the study aims to assess taste-related data in conjunction with BC parameters like fat-free mass or fat mass, biomarkers, and nutritional intake in infants and children. Methods Healthy pregnant women aged between 18 and 50 years (BMI≥18.5 kg/m2 to ≤30 kg/m2; <28 weeks of gestation) were recruited from January 2014 to October 2014. The explorative design implies 2 center visits during pregnancy (24-28 weeks of gestation and 32-34 weeks of gestation) and 2 center visits after delivery (6-8 weeks postpartum and 14-16 weeks postpartum) as well as follow-up visits at 1, 3-3.5, and 6 years after delivery. Data collection encompasses anthropometric and biochemical measurements as well as BC analyses with air displacement plethysmography, taste perception assessments, and multicomponent questionnaires on demographics, feeding practices, and nutritional and lifestyle behaviors. Audiovisual data from infants’ reactions to sensory stimuli are collected and coded by trained staff using Baby Facial Action Coding and the Body Action Posture System. Birth outcomes and weight development are obtained from medical records, and additional qualitative data are gathered from 24 semistructured interviews. Results Our cohort represents a homogenous group of healthy women with stringent exclusion criteria. A total of 54 women met the eligibility criteria, whereas 47 mother-child pairs completed data collection at 4 center visits during and after pregnancy. Follow-up phases, data analyses, and dissemination of the findings are scheduled for the end of 2023. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Medical University of Graz (EC No 26–066 ex 13/14), and all participants provided informed consent. Conclusions The results of this study could be useful for elucidating the connections between maternal and infant statuses regarding diet, taste, biomarkers, and prenatal and postnatal weight development. This study may also be relevant to the establishment of further diagnostic and interventional strategies targeting childhood obesity and early body fat development. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/37279
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Fuchs-Neuhold
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Staubmann
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Marie Peterseil
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Rath
- Institute of Midwifery, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Natascha Schweighofer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Anika Kronberger
- Institute of Design and Communication, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Riederer
- Institute of Biomedical Science, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Moenie van der Kleyn
- Institute of Midwifery, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Jochen Martin
- Institute of Design and Communication, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Marlies Hörmann-Wallner
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Irmgard Waldner
- Institute of Midwifery, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuela Konrad
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Lena Aufschnaiter
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Siegmund
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sandra Holasek
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Pail
- Health Perception Lab, Institute of Dietetics and Nutrition, FH JOANNEUM GmbH - University of Applied Sciences, Graz, Austria
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Garro-Mellado L, Guerra-Hernández E, García-Villanova B. Sugar Content and Sources in Commercial Infant Cereals in Spain. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9010115. [PMID: 35053740 PMCID: PMC8774868 DOI: 10.3390/children9010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Instant infant cereals reconstituted with infant formula are the first complementary food for most Spanish infants. The main aim is to provide information on sugars in the formulation of infant cereals. Product information was collected from department stores, supermarkets, and pharmacies and completed with data from brand websites. A portion of the samples was selected for total sugars determination using the HPLC and Luff-Schoorl methods. The information regarding a total of 120 milk-free instant infant cereals marketed in Spain from 12 companies was summarized. The mean of total sugars was 23 ± 9 g/100 g (25–42%), providing 24% of the calories. Most of porridges are prepared with partially hydrolyzed flours providing free sugars (glucose and maltose). The most commonly added sugar is sucrose. A total of 43.3% of products contain added sucrose, and 16.7% contain fruits. Infant cereals analyzed with added sugars can have a sugar content similar to that found in products without added sugars. Consistent differences were found in sugars content between assayed methods and this label information. Although the European legislation of infant cereals establishes values for added sugars, the labeling reflects the content of total sugars, but not that of added sugars.
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Does Responsiveness to Basic Tastes Influence Preadolescents' Food Liking? Investigating Taste Responsiveness Segment on Bitter-Sour-Sweet and Salty-Umami Model Food Samples. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082721. [PMID: 34444881 PMCID: PMC8401806 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between taste responsiveness and food liking in preadolescents. Model food samples of grapefruit juice (GF) and vegetable broth (VB) modified with four additions of sucrose and sodium chloride, respectively, were employed. Intensity perception for sweetness, sourness, and bitterness were measured in GF while saltiness and umami were measured in VB. The children (N = 148) also completed food choice, familiarity, stated liking and neophobia questionnaires. The test was conducted at school, with instructions provided remotely via video call. Four segments were defined differing in basic taste responsiveness. Segments and sucrose concentrations significantly affected liking for GF, while no significant effect of segments and sodium chloride concentrations occurred on liking for VB. An increasing sucrose concentration was positively associated with liking for GF only in the segment with low responsiveness to bitter and sour tastes. No significant differences across segments were found for food choice, familiarity, stated liking, and neophobia. Conclusively, relationships between taste responsiveness and liking are product and basic taste-dependent in addition to being subject-dependent. Strategies to improve acceptance by using sucrose as a suppressor for warning sensations of bitterness and sourness can be more or less effective depending on individual responsiveness to the basic tastes.
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Chawner LR, Hetherington MM. Utilising an integrated approach to developing liking for and consumption of vegetables in children. Physiol Behav 2021; 238:113493. [PMID: 34116053 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Children eat too few vegetables and this is attributed to disliked flavours and texture as well as low energy density. Vegetables confer selective health benefits over other foods and so children are encouraged to eat them. Parents and caregivers face a challenge in incorporating vegetables into their child's habitual diet. However, liking and intake may be increased through different forms of learning. Children learn about vegetables across development from exposure to some vegetable flavours in utero, through breastmilk, complementary feeding and transitioning to family diets. Infants aged between 5 and 7 m are most amenable to accepting vegetables. However, a range of biological, social, environmental and individual factors may act independently and in tandem to reduce the appeal of eating vegetables. By applying aspects of learning theory, including social learning, liking and intake of vegetables can be increased. We propose taking an integrated and individualised approach to child feeding in order to achieve optimal learning in the early years. Simple techniques such as repeated exposure, modelling, social praise and creating social norms for eating vegetables can contribute to positive feeding experiences which in turn, contributes to increased acceptance of vegetables. However, there is a mismatch between experimental studies and the ways that children eat vegetables in real world settings. Therefore, current knowledge of the best strategies to increase vegetable liking and intake gained from experimental studies must be adapted and integrated for application to home and care settings, while responding to individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Chawner
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Bell LK, Gardner C, Tian EJ, Cochet-Broch MO, Poelman AAM, Cox DN, Nicklaus S, Matvienko-Sikar K, Daniels LA, Kumar S, Golley RK. Supporting strategies for enhancing vegetable liking in the early years of life: an umbrella review of systematic reviews. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1282-1300. [PMID: 33693488 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children worldwide do not eat recommended amounts of vegetables. Disliking vegetables is a key factor associated with low intake. OBJECTIVE This umbrella review synthesized systematic reviews to determine the effectiveness of sensory and behavioral strategies to facilitate liking of vegetables (primary outcome) in young children up to 5 y of age, as key predictors of vegetable intake (secondary outcome). METHODS Nine databases were searched up to May 2019 (updated in September 2020). Two reviewers independently conducted study screening and selection, data extraction, and assessment of methodological quality using AMSTAR 2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews). Eleven reviews (n = 1 rated strong quality, n = 4 moderate quality, n = 6 low/critically low quality) examining 85 primary studies met the review criteria: systematic reviews and meta-analyses of primary studies (any quantitative design) that examined sensory or behavioral strategies on vegetable liking or intake (outcomes reported separately for children ≤5 y). Strategy effectiveness was synthesized into 3 categories based on evidence strength: 1) promising (large and consistent body of moderate quality evidence), 2) emerging (small to moderate body of mixed consistency and quality evidence), and 3) limited (small body of limited consistency and quality evidence). RESULTS Promising evidence was identified for repeated exposure to a single or a variety of vegetables. Emerging evidence was identified for several strategies that increase familiarity with vegetable flavors (e.g., via exposure in utero and through breast milk, and a "vegetable first" approach to complementary feeding) and/or willingness to try vegetables (e.g., via parental role modeling, nonfood rewards, and vegetable-based story books). CONCLUSIONS Current evidence supports incorporation of tailored advice into guideline documents for parents and carers to repeatedly expose their children to a variety of vegetables to increase vegetable intake. Ongoing robust research on strategies to facilitate children's liking of vegetables is warranted to strengthen the evidence base underpinning advice for parents and health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda K Bell
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claire Gardner
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Esther J Tian
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Maeva O Cochet-Broch
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, North Ryde, Sydney, Australia
| | - Astrid A M Poelman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, North Ryde, Sydney, Australia
| | - David N Cox
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Lynne A Daniels
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Saravana Kumar
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Golley
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Bernal MJ, Roman S, Klerks M, Haro-Vicente JF, Sanchez-Siles LM. Are Homemade and Commercial Infant Foods Different? A Nutritional Profile and Food Variety Analysis in Spain. Nutrients 2021; 13:777. [PMID: 33673542 PMCID: PMC7997232 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary feeding (CF) is an important determinant of early and later life nutrition with great implications for the health status and the development of an adequate growth. Parents can choose between homemade foods (HMFs) and/or commercial infant foods (CIFs). There is no consistent evidence as to whether HMFs provide a better nutritional profile and variety over CIFs. The aim of this study was to compare the nutritional profiles and food variety of HMFs versus CIFs in the Spanish market targeted for infants (6-11 months) and young children (12-18 months). Thirty mothers with their children aged 6 to 18 months were included in this cross-sectional study, following a 3-day weighed food diary of which HMFs were collected and chemically analyzed. HMFs meals for infant provided significantly lower energy, higher protein and higher fiber, for young children provided significantly higher protein and fiber than CIFs meals. HMFs fruit purees for infant shown significantly higher fiber and for young children provided higher energy than CIFs. HMFs meals contained a significantly greater number of different vegetables than CIFs meals (3.7 vs. 3.3), with carrot as the most frequently used in both. However, in CIFs fruit purees shown higher different fruits than HMFs, in both the banana was the fruit most frequently used. There was a predominance of meat and lack of oily fish and legumes in both HMFs and CIFs meals. HMFs and CIFs were equally characterized by a soft texture and yellow-orange colours. Importantly, our findings emphasize the need for clear guidelines for the preparation of HMFs as well as the promotion of food variety (taste and textures) in both HMFs and CIFs to suit infants' and young children's nutritional and developmental needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Bernal
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.F.H.-V.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Roman
- Marketing Department, Facultad de Economía y Empresa, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Michelle Klerks
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.F.H.-V.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Juan Francisco Haro-Vicente
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.F.H.-V.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
| | - Luis Manuel Sanchez-Siles
- Research and Nutrition Department, Hero Group, 30820 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (M.K.); (J.F.H.-V.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland
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15
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Johansson U, Lindberg L, Öhlund I, Hernell O, Lönnerdal B, Lundén S, Sandell M, Lind T. Acceptance of a Nordic, Protein-Reduced Diet for Young Children during Complementary Feeding-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Foods 2021; 10:275. [PMID: 33573094 PMCID: PMC7911089 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life is critical for developing healthy eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a Nordic, protein-reduced complementary diet (ND) compared to a diet following the current Swedish dietary guidelines on eating patterns and food acceptance. At 4-6 months (mo) of age infants were randomized to a Nordic group (NG, n = 41) or a Conventional group (CG, n = 40), and followed until 18 mo of age. Daily intake of fruits and vegetables (mean ± sd) at 12 mo was significantly higher in the NG compared to the CG: 341 ± 108 g/day vs. 220 ± 76 g/day (p < 0.001), respectively. From 12 to 18 mo, fruit and vegetable intake decreased, but the NG still consumed 32% more compared to the CG: 254 ± 99 g/day vs. 193 ± 67 g/day (p = 0.004). To assess food acceptance, both groups were tested with home exposure meals at 12 and 18 mo. No group differences in acceptance were found. We find that a ND with parental education initiates healthy eating patterns during infancy, but that the exposure meal used in the present study was insufficient to detect major differences in food acceptance. This is most likely explained by the preparation of the meal. Nordic produce offers high environmental sustainability and favorable taste composition to establish healthy food preferences during this sensitive period of early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrica Johansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (I.Ö.); (O.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Lene Lindberg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet and Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, SE 104 31 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Inger Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (I.Ö.); (O.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (I.Ö.); (O.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Saara Lundén
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Mari Sandell
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (S.L.); (M.S.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torbjörn Lind
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, SE 901 85 Umeå, Sweden; (I.Ö.); (O.H.); (T.L.)
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16
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Sanchez-Siles LM, Bernal MJ, Gil D, Bodenstab S, Haro-Vicente JF, Klerks M, Plaza-Diaz J, Gil Á. Are Sugar-Reduced and Whole Grain Infant Cereals Sensorially Accepted at Weaning? A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:1883. [PMID: 32599738 PMCID: PMC7353261 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The way infants are fed during the complementary period can have a significant impact on infants' health and development. Infant cereals play an important role in complementary feeding in many countries. In spite of well documented benefits of a low sugar and high whole grain diet, commercial infant cereals are often refined and contain a high amount of sugars. The aim of the present study was to compare the sensory acceptability, gastrointestinal tolerance and bowel habits of two commercially available infant cereals in Spain with varying sugar and whole grain contents in infants at weaning. Forty-six healthy infants (mean age = 5.2 ± 0.4 months) received one of the two infant cereals containing either 0% whole grain flour and a high sugar content produced by starch hydrolysis (24 g/100 g) (Cereal A) or 50% whole grain flour and a medium-sugar content produced by hydrolysis (12 g/100 g) (Cereal B) in a randomized, triple blind, cross-over controlled trial. Both types of infant cereals were consumed for seven weeks. The cross-over was carried out after seven weeks. Sensory acceptability, anthropometry, gastrointestinal tolerance and adverse events were measured, and results evaluated using a linear regression model. No significant differences were observed between groups in any of the main variables analyzed. Importantly, the long-term health implications of our findings represent a wake-up call for the food industry to reduce or even eliminate simple sugars in infant cereals and for regulatory bodies and professional organizations to recommend whole grain infant cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Manuel Sanchez-Siles
- Research and Nutrition Lab, Hero Group, 30820 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (J.F.H.-V.); (M.K.)
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland;
| | - Maria Jose Bernal
- Research and Nutrition Lab, Hero Group, 30820 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (J.F.H.-V.); (M.K.)
| | - David Gil
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Stefan Bodenstab
- Institute for Research and Nutrition, Hero Group, 5600 Lenzburg, Switzerland;
| | | | - Michelle Klerks
- Research and Nutrition Lab, Hero Group, 30820 Murcia, Spain; (M.J.B.); (J.F.H.-V.); (M.K.)
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain; (J.P.-D.); (Á.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Gil
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s/n., 18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain; (J.P.-D.); (Á.G.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- ibs.GRANADA, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18014 Granada, Spain
- CIBEROBN (CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Nandagire WH, Atuhaire C, Egeineh AT, Nkfusai CN, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Cumber SN. Exploring cultural beliefs and practices associated with weaning of children aged 0-12 months by mothers attending services at Maternal Child Health Clinic Kalisizo Hospital, Uganda. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 34:47. [PMID: 31762913 PMCID: PMC6859021 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.47.16940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite the fact that mothers know the exact age to wean their infants, majority of the mothers do not practice exclusive breastfeeding due to cultural beliefs and practices. The purpose of the study was to explore cultural beliefs and practices associated with weaning children at the Maternal Child Health Clinic Kalisizo Hospital. Methods This was a simple qualitative study. Seven in-depth-interviews were conducted among 7 mothers of children within the ages 0-12 months attending post-natal care services using self-generated semi-structured key informant's guide. This took place at the Maternal Child Health Clinic Kalisizo Hospital. Purposive sampling method was used to select mothers for the study. Three themes were generated namely: identification of the different cultural beliefs and practices associated with weaning, how the different cultural beliefs are practiced and the impacts of these cultural beliefs and practices. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results Although a majority of the mothers knew the recommended age to wean their infants, they did not ignore the ill-informed cultural beliefs, taboos and practices from their elders such as peer pressure, advice and counselling from mother-in laws and teachings from older women who are seen as role models. Conclusion Adherence to cultural beliefs, taboos and practices, have a powerful influence on weaning, hence hindering exclusive breast feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakabi Hellen Nandagire
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Catherine Atuhaire
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ambirigen Teclar Egeineh
- Public Health and Hygiene, Department of Public Health and Hygiene, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.,Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Claude Ngwayu Nkfusai
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | | | - Samuel Nambile Cumber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.,School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.,Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, Institute of Medicine (EPSO), The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE-405 Gothenburg, Sweden
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18
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Maternal diet during lactation and breast-feeding practices have synergistic association with child diet at 6 years. Public Health Nutr 2019; 23:286-294. [PMID: 31290381 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980019001782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children breast-fed during infancy consume more fruits and vegetables than formula-fed children. This pattern is likely due, in part, to infant learning from flavours of the mother's diet transmitted through breast milk, but more research is needed to understand associations between early flavour exposures and later dietary patterns. We examined whether breast-feeding and maternal fruit and vegetable consumption during nursing were synergistically associated with higher child fruit and vegetable consumption. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of breast-feeding duration, maternal diet postpartum and child diet. Complete breast-feeding and maternal diet data were available for 1396 mother-child dyads; multiple imputation was used for missing data in other variables. In separate multivariable logistic regression models, we estimated the adjusted odds of high child fruit or vegetable consumption at 12 months or 6 years as a function of breast-feeding duration, maternal fruit or vegetable consumption during nursing, and their interaction. SETTING The Infant Feeding Practices Study II and Year 6 Follow-Up. PARTICIPANTS Mother-child dyads followed from birth to 6 years during 2005-2012 in the USA. RESULTS Longer breast-feeding duration was associated with high child fruit and vegetable consumption at 12 months. At 6 years, the interaction between breast-feeding duration and maternal vegetable consumption was associated with high child vegetable consumption. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal vegetable consumption and longer breast-feeding duration were synergistically associated with high child vegetable consumption at 6 years, independent of sociodemographic characteristics and fruit and vegetable availability. Exposures to vegetable flavours through breast milk may promote later child vegetable consumption.
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Cont G, Paviotti G, Montico M, Paganin P, Guerra M, Trappan A, Demarini S, Gasparini P, Robino A. TAS2R38 bitter taste genotype is associated with complementary feeding behavior in infants. GENES AND NUTRITION 2019; 14:13. [PMID: 31073343 PMCID: PMC6499955 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0640-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetically mediated sensitivity to bitter taste has been associated with food preferences and eating behavior in adults and children. The aim of this study was to assess the association between TAS2R38 bitter taste genotype and the first complementary food acceptance in infants. Parents of healthy, breastfed, term-born infants were instructed, at discharge from the nursery, to feed their baby with a first complementary meal of 150 mL at 4 to 6 months of age. They recorded the day when the child ate the whole meal in a questionnaire. Additional data included food composition, breastfeeding duration, feeding practices, and growth at 6 months. Infants’ TAS2R38 genotypes were determined at birth, and infants were classified as “bitter-insensitive” (genotype AVI/AVI) and “bitter-sensitive” (genotypes AVI/PAV or PAV/PAV). Results One hundred seventy-six infants and their mothers were enrolled; completed data were available for 131/176 (74.4%) infants (gestational age 39.3 ± 1.1 weeks, birth weight 3390 ± 430 g). Bitter-insensitive were 45/131 (34.3%), and bitter-sensitive were 86/131 (65.6%). Thirty-one percent of bitter-insensitive infants consumed the whole complementary meal at first attempt, versus 13% of bitter-sensitive ones (p = 0.006). This difference was significant independently of confounding variables such as sex, breastfeeding, or foods used in the meal. Growth at 6 months did not differ between the two groups. Conclusions Differences in TAS2R38 bitter taste gene were associated with acceptance of the first complementary food in infants, suggesting a possible involvement in eating behavior at weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cont
- 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Paviotti
- 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Marcella Montico
- 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Paganin
- 2Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Martina Guerra
- 2Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonella Trappan
- 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sergio Demarini
- 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy.,2Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- 1Institute for Maternal and Child Health-IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65/1, 34137 Trieste, Italy
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Bournez M, Ksiazek E, Charles MA, Lioret S, Brindisi MC, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Nicklaus S. Frequency of Use of Added Sugar, Salt, and Fat in Infant Foods up to 10 Months in the Nationwide ELFE Cohort Study: Associated Infant Feeding and Caregiving Practices. Nutrients 2019; 11:E733. [PMID: 30934918 PMCID: PMC6520717 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of sugar, salt, and fat in infancy may influence later health. The objective of this study was to describe the frequency of use of added sugar, salt, and fat during the complementary feeding period and the associated infant caregiving practices. Data were obtained from a monthly questionnaire filled by parents for 10,907 infants from the French Etude Longitudinale Française depuis l'Enfance (ELFE) cohort. A score of frequency of use (SU) for added sugar, salt, and fat (oil, margarine, butter, and/or cream) was calculated from the age at complementary feeding introduction (CFI) to the 10th month. Associations between the SU of each added ingredient with infant feeding and caregiving practices were studied with multivariable linear regressions adjusted for familial characteristics. Only 28% of the parents followed the recommendation of adding fat and simultaneously not adding sugar or salt. Breastfeeding mothers were more prone to add sugar, salt, and fat than non-breastfeeding mothers. CFI before four months was positively associated with the SU of added sugar and salt and negatively associated with the SU of added fat. The use of commercial baby food was negatively related to the SU of added salt and fat. The use of these added ingredients was mainly related to breastfeeding, age at CFI, and use of commercial food, and it was independent of the household socioeconomic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Bournez
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Hôpital d'Enfants, Pediatrics, 21079 Dijon, France.
| | - Eléa Ksiazek
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Marie-Aline Charles
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Early life research on later health Team (EAROH), F-75014 Paris, France.
- 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Early life research on later health Team (EAROH), F-75014 Paris, France.
- 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Claude Brindisi
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, Hôpital d'Enfants, Endocrinology, Nutrition, 21079 Dijon, France.
| | - Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), Early life research on later health Team (EAROH), F-75014 Paris, France.
- 12 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Differences in parental feeding styles and practices and toddler eating behaviour across complementary feeding methods: Managing expectations through consideration of effect size. Appetite 2019; 137:198-206. [PMID: 30853451 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional experiences during infancy and toddlerhood influence the development of healthy eating habits later in life. Interest into solid food introduction practices has experienced resurgence due to the popularization of the baby-led weaning (BLW) approach as an alternative to more traditional parent-led weaning (PLW) practices. Although the literature shows beneficial effects of BLW on eating behaviours, the magnitude of those effects is unknown making parental expectation management challenging. This study provides an estimation of the size of the difference between the solid feeding practices groups for a variety of practices consistent with the development of healthy food preferences and behaviours. 565 participants with infants between 12 and 36 months old completed a survey concerning their preferred parental feeding styles, parental feeding practices, sources of information on feeding and toddler's eating behaviour. Participants were categorised to one of four groups reflecting the level of infant self-feeding level a month after the introduction of solid food (Strict PLW, Predominant PLW, Predominant BLW and Strict BLW). Estimated effect sizes of the observed significant differences showed that the magnitude of effects was modest to minimal. Moderate effect sizes were observed in comparisons regarding breastfeeding duration, maternal feeding practices, sources of information and types of first food given to the infants at the beginning of solid feeding introduction. When it comes to toddlers' eating behaviour and the family food environment, although some differences were statistically significant, the effect sizes were very small. Considering the long-lasting impact of food preferences developed at this stage along with the stress surrounding infant feeding decisions, it is crucial that the complementary feeding advice parents receive reflects realistic expectations of the outcomes regarding the effects on eating behaviour.
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Abstract
Complementary feeding is an important developmental milestone in children and occurs at a formative time for the development of healthy eating habits that can continue into later childhood and beyond. The timing of weaning has been a controversial subject and recommendations in the UK differ from those in Europe. In the UK and New Zealand, baby-led weaning is becoming increasingly popular. The importance of responsive feeding is highlighted to make parents aware of a baby's cues indicating hunger or fullness. There have also been advances in the science of immunology that deem the early introduction of allergens to be a preventive strategy for food allergies. This article discusses the nutritional requirements for infants and reviews the foods that should be introduced and avoided. Guidelines are changing all the time, so nurses must keep up to date with current research to be able to offer advice to parents of infants.
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23
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Patterns and predictors of food texture introduction in French children aged 4–36 months. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:1065-1077. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518002386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aims of this study were to describe which and when food textures are offered to children between 4 and 36 months in France and to identify the associated factors. An online cross-sectional survey was designed, including questions about 188 food texture combinations representing three texture levels: purées (T1), soft small pieces (T2) and hard/large pieces and double textures (T3). Mothers indicated which combinations they already offered to their child. A food texture exposure score (TextExp) was calculated for all of the texture levels combined and for each texture level separately. Associations between TextExp and maternal and child characteristics and feeding practices were explored by multiple linear regressions, per age class. Answers from 2999 mothers living in France, mostly educated and primiparous, were analysed. Over the first year, children were mainly exposed to purées. Soft and small pieces were slowly introduced between 6 and 22 months, whereas hard/large pieces were mainly introduced from 13 months onwards. TextExp was positively associated with children’s number of teeth and ability to eat alone with their finger or a fork. For almost all age classes, TextExp was higher in children introduced to complementary feeding earlier, lower for children who were offered only commercial baby foods and higher for those who were offered only home-made/non-specific foods during the second year. Our study shows that until 12 months of age the majority of French children were exposed to pieces to a small extent. It provides new insights to further understand the development of texture acceptance during a key period for the development of eating habits.
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Fry Vennerød FF, Nicklaus S, Lien N, Almli VL. The development of basic taste sensitivity and preferences in children. Appetite 2018; 127:130-137. [PMID: 29729324 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims at understanding how preference and sensitivity to the basic tastes develop in the preschool years, and how the two relate to each other. To expand on the existing literature regarding taste preferences conducted in cross-sectional studies, a longitudinal design was applied with children from age four to six years old. During the springs of 2015, 2016, and 2017, 131 children born in 2011 were tested in their kindergartens. To investigate preferences for sweet, sour and bitter tastes, the children performed ranking-by-elimination procedures on fruit-flavored beverages and chocolates with three taste intensity levels. The beverages varied in either sucrose, citric acid, or the bitter component isolone. The chocolates varied in the bitter component theobromine from cocoa and sucrose content. Each year, the children also performed paired-comparison tasks opposing plain water to tastant dilutions at four concentrations. The stimuli consisted of the five basic tastes: sweet (sucrose) sour (citric acid monohydrate) umami (monosodium glutamate), salty (sodium chloride), and bitter (quinine hydrochloride dihydrate). Preference for sweetness levels increased with age, while preference for bitterness and sourness levels were stable. Concerning taste sensitivity, the children showed an increase in sensitivity for sourness and saltiness, a decrease for sweetness, and stability for umami and bitterness. A negative association was found between sweetness sensitivity and preference for sweetness. The study highlights different trajectories of sensitivity and preferences across tastes. On average, a reduction in sweetness sensitivity combined with an increase in preference for higher sweetness was observed from the age of four to six. The weak relationship between taste sensitivity and taste preference in our data suggests that taste preference development is shaped by a multitude of factors in addition to taste sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Felicia Fry Vennerød
- Nofima AS, P.O. Box 210, 1431 Ås, Norway; Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nanna Lien
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Afeiche MC, Villalpando-Carrión S, Reidy KC, Fries LR, Eldridge AL. Many Infants and Young Children Are Not Compliant with Mexican and International Complementary Feeding Recommendations for Milk and Other Beverages. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040466. [PMID: 29642599 PMCID: PMC5946251 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexican and international authorities provide guidelines for milk and beverage consumption for young children. This study classifies beverages as appropriate or inappropriate by age (0-5.9, 6-11.9, and 12-23.9 months) and details consumption patterns, amounts consumed, and the associated socio-demographic characteristics. Analysis of the Mexican National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENSANUT 2012) was conducted (n = 949). Among 0-5.9 month olds, 66.7% consumed either breast milk, infant formula, or a combination with no other beverages, whereas 29.3% consumed breast milk and/or infant formula with water (mean = 58 g/day) and/or other beverages (mean = 115 g/day), such as 100% fruit juice, milk, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). For infants 6-11.9 months, appropriate beverages include breast milk, infant formula, and water; only 40.2% met these recommendations. Many 6-11.9 month olds consumed age-inappropriate beverages, including milk (31%) and SSBs (35%). After 12 months of age, appropriate beverages include water, milk, and a limited amount of 100% fruit juice and SSBs; 32.4% complied fully, 18.3% consumed appropriate and inappropriate beverages, and 49.3% consumed only inappropriate beverages. Among 12-23.9 month olds, 58% consumed milk, 18% juice, and 42% water while 63% consumed SSBs. Many infants and young children are not compliant with Mexican and international breastfeeding and complementary feeding guidelines for beverages. Communication and guidance about age-appropriate beverages should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam C Afeiche
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Center, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Salvador Villalpando-Carrión
- Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mexico City and Nestlé Infant Nutrition, Av. Ejercito Nacional 453, Delegacion Miguel Hidalgo, Col. Granada, Mexico City 11520, Mexico.
| | - Kathleen C Reidy
- Nestlé Nutrition Global R&D, 12 Vreeland Road, Florham Park, NJ 07932, USA.
| | - Lisa R Fries
- Consumer Science and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Material Science, Nestlé Research Center, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Alison L Eldridge
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Nestlé Research Center, Route du Jorat 57, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Lange C, Yuan WL, Schoumacker R, Deglaire A, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Chabanet C, Nicklaus S. Assessment of liking for saltiness, sweetness and fattiness sensations in children: Validation of a questionnaire. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Anzman-Frasca S, Ventura AK, Ehrenberg S, Myers KP. Promoting healthy food preferences from the start: a narrative review of food preference learning from the prenatal period through early childhood. Obes Rev 2018; 19:576-604. [PMID: 29266778 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The palatable, energy-dense foods that characterize modern environments can promote unhealthy eating habits, along with humans' predispositions to accept sweet tastes and reject those that are sour or bitter. Yet food preferences are malleable, and examining food preference learning during early life can highlight ways to promote acceptance of healthier foods. This narrative review describes research from the past 10 years focused on food preference learning from the prenatal period through early childhood (ages 2-5 years). Exposure to a variety of healthy foods from the start, including during the prenatal period, early milk-feeding and the introduction to complementary foods and beverages, can support subsequent acceptance of those foods. Yet development is plastic, and healthier food preferences can still be promoted after infancy. In early childhood, research supports starting with the simplest strategies, such as repeated exposure and modelling, reserving other strategies for use when needed to motivate the initial tasting necessary for repeated exposure effects to begin. This review can help caregivers and practitioners to promote the development of healthy food preferences early in life. Specific implementation recommendations, the role of individual differences and next steps for research in this area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anzman-Frasca
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - A K Ventura
- Department of Kinesiology, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - S Ehrenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - K P Myers
- Department of Psychology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
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Schwartz C, Vandenberghe-Descamps M, Sulmont-Rossé C, Tournier C, Feron G. Behavioral and physiological determinants of food choice and consumption at sensitive periods of the life span, a focus on infants and elderly. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Schwartz C, Chabanet C, Szleper E, Feyen V, Issanchou S, Nicklaus S. Infant Acceptance of Primary Tastes and Fat Emulsion: Developmental Changes and Links with Maternal and Infant Characteristics. Chem Senses 2017; 42:593-603. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cheled-Shoval SL, Reicher N, Niv MY, Uni Z. Detecting thresholds for bitter, umami, and sweet tastants in broiler chicken using a 2-choice test method. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2206-2218. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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de Barse LM, Jansen PW, Edelson-Fries LR, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH, Tiemeier H, Steenweg-de Graaff J. Infant feeding and child fussy eating: The Generation R Study. Appetite 2017; 114:374-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Madrelle J, Lange C, Boutrolle I, Valade O, Weenen H, Monnery-Patris S, Issanchou S, Nicklaus S. Development of a new in-home testing method to assess infant food liking. Appetite 2017; 113:274-283. [PMID: 28274649 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to develop a new elaborate method to evaluate infants' liking of foods that could be applied at home and to compare the results of this elaborate method with those of a basic method. Mothers of infants aged 4 to 7 (n = 44) and 12-15 months (n = 46) participated in this study. For the basic method, mothers were asked to assess their infant's global liking at the end of a meal. Then, for the elaborate method, mothers received detailed instructions on how to feed their infant, how infants might express like/dislike and when to stop the meal. During the first nine spoons, they were asked to report the presence/absence of positive and negative behaviours after each spoon, and the infant's initial liking was reported after each triplet of spoons. They also assessed their infant's global liking at the end of the meal. Both methods were applied using three commercial familiar baby foods adapted to each age range. In 4-7-month-olds, the elaborate method showed a significant difference across products for liking, whereas the basic method did not show any difference. In 12-15-month-olds, the elaborate method showed more differences across products for liking than the basic method. In both age groups, negative behaviours, despite being less frequently reported, provided better liking discrimination than positive behaviours. In conclusion, the elaborate method produced better product liking discrimination than the basic method by focusing maternal attention on infants' eating behaviours since the first spoons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Madrelle
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - C Lange
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - I Boutrolle
- Blédina SA, 383 rue Philippe Héron, BP 432, F-69654 Villefranche-sur-Saône Cedex, France
| | - O Valade
- Blédina SA, 383 rue Philippe Héron, BP 432, F-69654 Villefranche-sur-Saône Cedex, France
| | - H Weenen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalaan 12, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Monnery-Patris
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - S Issanchou
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - S Nicklaus
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Developmental Readiness, Caregiver and Child Feeding Behaviors, and Sensory Science as a Framework for Feeding Young Children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1097/nt.0000000000000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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De Cosmi V, Scaglioni S, Agostoni C. Early Taste Experiences and Later Food Choices. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9020107. [PMID: 28165384 PMCID: PMC5331538 DOI: 10.3390/nu9020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Nutrition in early life is increasingly considered to be an important factor influencing later health. Food preferences are formed in infancy, are tracked into childhood and beyond, and complementary feeding practices are crucial to prevent obesity later in life. Methods. Through a literature search strategy, we have investigated the role of breastfeeding, of complementary feeding, and the parental and sociocultural factors which contribute to set food preferences early in life. Results. Children are predisposed to prefer high-energy, -sugar, and -salt foods, and in pre-school age to reject new foods (food neophobia). While genetically determined individual differences exist, repeated offering of foods can modify innate preferences. Conclusions. Starting in the prenatal period, a varied exposure through amniotic fluid and repeated experiences with novel flavors during breastfeeding and complementary feeding increase children’s willingness to try new foods within a positive social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Cosmi
- Valentina De Cosmi Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Silvia Scaglioni
- Silvia Scaglioni Fondazione De Marchi Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Carlo Agostoni Pediatric Intermediate Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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Haro-Vicente JF, Bernal-Cava MJ, Lopez-Fernandez A, Ros-Berruezo G, Bodenstab S, Sanchez-Siles LM. Sensory Acceptability of Infant Cereals with Whole Grain in Infants and Young Children. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010065. [PMID: 28098769 PMCID: PMC5295109 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries, infant cereals are one of the first foods introduced during the complementary feeding stage. These cereals are usually made with refined cereal flours, even though several health benefits have been linked to the intake of whole grain cereals. Prior evidence suggests that food preferences are developed at early stages of life, and may persist in later childhood and adulthood. Our aim was to test whether an infant cereal with 30% of whole grain was similarly accepted both by parents and infants in comparison to a similar cereal made from refined flour. A total of 81 infants between 4 and 24 months old were included in the study. Parent-infant pairs participated in an 8-day experimental study. Acceptance was rated on hedonic scales (4-points for infants and 7-points for parents). Other attributes like color, smell, and taste were evaluated by the parents. Acceptability for infant cereals with whole grain and refined cereals was very similar both for infants (2.30 ± 0.12 and 2.32 ± 0.11, p = 0.606) and parents (6.1 ± 0.8 and 6.0 ± 0.9, p = 0.494). Therefore, our findings show that there is an opportunity to introduce whole grain cereals to infants, including those who are already used to consuming refined infant cereals, thereby accelerating the exposure of whole grain in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amparo Lopez-Fernandez
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia 30071, Spain.
| | - Gaspar Ros-Berruezo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Espinardo, Murcia 30071, Spain.
| | - Stefan Bodenstab
- Department of Research and Development, Hero Group, Lenzburg 5600, Switzerland.
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Longfier L, Soussignan R, Reissland N, Leconte M, Marret S, Schaal B, Mellier D. Emotional expressiveness of 5–6 month-old infants born very premature versus full-term at initial exposure to weaning foods. Appetite 2016; 107:494-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Complementary Feeding Strategies to Facilitate Acceptance of Fruits and Vegetables: A Narrative Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111160. [PMID: 27869776 PMCID: PMC5129370 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Complementary feeding (CF), which should begin after exclusive breastfeeding for six months, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), or after four months and before six months according to the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN), is a period when the infant implicitly learns what, when, how, and how much to eat. At the onset of CF, the brain and the gut are still developing and maturing, and food experiences contribute to shaping brain connections involved in food hedonics and in the control of food intake. These learning processes are likely to have a long-term impact. Children’s consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) is below recommendations in many countries. Thus, it is crucial to establish preferences for FV early, when infants are learning to eat. The development of food preferences mainly starts when infants discover their first solid foods. This narrative review summarizes the factors that influence FV acceptance at the start of the CF period: previous milk feeding experience; timing of onset of CF; repeated exposures to the food; variety of foods offered as of the start of the CF period; quality and sensory properties of the complementary foods; quality of the meal time context; and parental responsive feeding.
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Coulthard H, Harris G, Fogel A. Association between tactile over-responsivity and vegetable consumption early in the introduction of solid foods and its variation with age. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 12:848-59. [PMID: 26792423 PMCID: PMC6860046 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of the current study was to test the hypothesis that early reactions to a vegetable in infants may be associated with sensory processing, in particular, tactile over-responsivity. A secondary aim was to see whether the relationship between sensory over-responsivity and vegetable consumption would be moderated by the age of the infant. A sample of 61 infants was recruited from children's centres and playgroups in South Birmingham, UK. Infant's acceptance of carrot was measured in grams during the first week of complementary feeding in one testing situation. Mothers filled in self-report measures of infant sensory processing, as well as their own fruit and vegetable consumption. Infant carrot consumption in the first week of solid food consumption was negatively associated with total sensory over-responsivity across different sensory domains (P < 0.01). Across the sensory domains only tactile over-responsivity predicted carrot consumption, accounting for 10.7% of the variance in consumption scores. Across the sample as a whole, the relationship between carrot consumption and tactile over-responsivity varied according to the age of introduction to solid foods. In particular, those who were weaned later and had high tactile over-responsivity ate less carrot (P < 0.001). Infants who were weaned early ate a similar amount of carrot, regardless of their tactile responsivity (P > 0.05). This study constitutes some of the first evidence to suggest that sensory processing styles be associated with early vegetable acceptance; however, more research is needed to evaluate the best strategies to use when feeding infants who are sensitive to tactile information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Coulthard
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hawthorn Building, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, UK.
| | - Gillian Harris
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna Fogel
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Nicklaus S. The role of food experiences during early childhood in food pleasure learning. Appetite 2016; 104:3-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chambers L, Hetherington M, Cooke L, Coulthard H, Fewtrell M, Emmett P, Lowdon J, Blissett J, Lanigan J, Baseley C, Stanner S. Reaching consensus on a ‘vegetables first’ approach to complementary feeding. NUTR BULL 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - L. Cooke
- University College London; London UK
| | | | - M. Fewtrell
- Department of Paediatric Nutrition; UCL Institute of Child Health; London UK
| | | | - J. Lowdon
- Manchester Children's Hospital; Manchester UK
| | - J. Blissett
- Childhood Eating Behaviour; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - J. Lanigan
- UCL Institute of Child Health; London UK
| | - C. Baseley
- Consultant Nutritionist; representing Ella's Kitchen; UK
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Application and validation of the Feeding Infants: Behaviour and Facial Expression Coding System (FIBFECS) to assess liking and wanting in infants at the time of complementary feeding. Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Stability of food neophobia from infancy through early childhood. Appetite 2015; 97:72-8. [PMID: 26612089 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine whether rejection of novel foods during infancy predicted child behavioral and parent-reported neophobia at 4.5 years of age. Data for the present study were drawn from a longitudinal study following individuals (n = 82) from infancy through early childhood. At 6 and 12 months of age, the infants tasted a novel food (green beans, hummus, or cottage cheese) and their reactions were coded for rejection of the food (i.e. crying, force outs, or refusals). The children returned to the laboratory at 4.5 years of age and participated in a behavioral neophobia task where they were offered three novel foods (lychee, nori, and haw jelly) and the number of novel foods they tasted was recorded. Mothers also reported their own and their children's levels of food neophobia. Regression analyses revealed that rejection of novel foods at 6 months interacted with maternal neophobia to predict parent-rated child neophobia. Infants who exhibited low levels of rejection at 6 months showed higher levels of parent-rated neophobia when their mothers also showed high compared to low levels of neophobia. At 12 months of age, however, infants who exhibited high levels of rejection tended to have high levels of parent-rated neophobia regardless of their mothers' levels of neophobia. These results provide preliminary evidence that rejection of novel foods during infancy does predict neophobia during early childhood, but the results vary depending on when rejection of new foods is measured.
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Monnery-Patris S, Wagner S, Rigal N, Schwartz C, Chabanet C, Issanchou S, Nicklaus S. Smell differential reactivity, but not taste differential reactivity, is related to food neophobia in toddlers. Appetite 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Campos AADO, Cotta RMM, Oliveira JMD, Santos AK, Araújo RMA. [Nutritional counseling for children under two years of age: opportunities and obstacles as strategic challenges]. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2015; 19:529-38. [PMID: 24863829 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232014192.09642012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article sought to conduct a critical analysis of the state of the art of the scientific production in counseling practices in nutrition for infants under two years of age, discussing the opportunities and obstacles in terms of strategic challenges for implementing healthy nutrition practices. It is a bibliographic study, with the core interest being counseling on infant nutrition. The majority (58.1 %) of the articles analyzed was published between 2008 and 2011. The educative actions of counseling on infant feeding were directed at health professionals and caregivers to children under two years of age. As opportunities in the practice of nutritional counseling the following stand out: an improvement in the performance of health professionals, the adoption of healthy eating practices by caregivers, and an improvement in the nutritional status of the children. As obstacles, the following stand out: a lack of training of caregivers and professionals regarding complementary healthy feeding and difficulties regarding the practice of counseling by a health care professional. This evidence reaffirms the importance of incorporating counseling guidance on infant feeding, as permanent practices in policies for child health care.
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Hetherington MM, Schwartz C, Madrelle J, Croden F, Nekitsing C, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H. A step-by-step introduction to vegetables at the beginning of complementary feeding. The effects of early and repeated exposure. Appetite 2014; 84:280-90. [PMID: 25453593 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Breastfeeding (BF) is associated with willingness to accept vegetables. This may be due to the variety of flavours delivered via breast milk. Some mothers add vegetables to milk during complementary feeding (CF) to enhance acceptance. The present study tested a step-by-step exposure to vegetables in milk then rice during CF, on intake and liking of vegetables. Just before CF, enrolled mothers were randomised to an intervention (IG, n = 18; 6 BF) or control group (CG, n = 18; 6 BF). IG infants received 12 daily exposures to vegetable puree added to milk (days 1-12), then 12 × 2 daily exposures to vegetable puree added to rice at home (days 13-24). Plain milk and rice were given to CG. Then both received 11 daily exposures to vegetable puree. Intake was weighed and liking rated on days 25-26 and 33-35 after the start of CF in the laboratory, supplemented by the same data recorded at home. Vegetables were rotated daily (carrots, green beans, spinach, broccoli). Intake, liking and pace of eating were greater for IG than CG infants. Intake and liking of carrots were greater than green beans. However, at 6m then 18m follow up, vegetable (carrot > green beans) but not group differences were observed. Mothers reported appreciation of the structure and guidance of this systematic approach. Early exposure to vegetables in a step-by-step method could be included in CF guidelines and longer term benefits assessed by extending the exposure period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Schwartz
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Paul Bocuse, Château du Vivier, 69130 Ecully, France
| | - J Madrelle
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - F Croden
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - C Nekitsing
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - H Weenen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wagner S, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Lange C, Schaal B, Monnery-Patris S. Liking the odour, liking the food. Toddlers’ liking of strongly flavoured foods correlates with liking of their odour. Appetite 2014; 81:60-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bouhlal S, Issanchou S, Chabanet C, Nicklaus S. 'Just a pinch of salt'. An experimental comparison of the effect of repeated exposure and flavor-flavor learning with salt or spice on vegetable acceptance in toddlers. Appetite 2014; 83:209-217. [PMID: 25171850 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Children's vegetable intake is below the recommended amounts. No studies to date have tested the relevance of using salt or spices to increase children's vegetable acceptance. Our objective was to compare the effect of repeated exposure (RE) and of flavor-flavor learning (FFL) on toddlers' acceptance of a non-familiar vegetable. Two unconditioned stimuli were used: salt and a salt-associated spice. Toddlers attending six nurseries were assigned to 3 groups in a between subject design. Groups were exposed 8 times to a basic salsify puree (0.2% salt w/w; RE group; n = 47), a salty salsify puree (0.5% salt w/w; FFL-Salt group; n = 54) or a spiced salsify puree (0.2% salt and 0.02% nutmeg w/w; FFL-Nutmeg group; n = 50). Acceptance (intake and liking) of the target vegetable (basic salsify puree) and of a control vegetable (carrot puree) was evaluated at pre-exposure, at each exposure of the learning period, at post-exposure, and at 1, 3 and 6 months after exposure. In all groups, intake of the target vegetable increased from pre- to post-exposure. This increase was significantly higher in the RE group (64 ± 11 g) than in the FFL-Salt group (23 ± 11 g) and marginally higher than in the FFL-Nutmeg group (36 ± 11 g). No difference between groups was observed on the increase in liking of the target vegetable from pre- to post-exposure. The increase of the target vegetable intake was still observed after 6 months for all groups. Thus, repeated exposure appears to be the simplest choice to increase vegetable intake on the short and long term in toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bouhlal
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvie Issanchou
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Claire Chabanet
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Nicklaus
- UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, INRA, F-21000 Dijon, France; UMR Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Salivary protein profiles are linked to bitter taste acceptance in infants. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:575-82. [PMID: 24248522 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-013-2216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Based on recent studies in adult subjects, saliva composition is increasingly considered as a physiological factor contributing to taste sensitivity or acceptance. In order to evaluate a possible link between salivary protein composition and taste acceptance in infants, 73 infants participated longitudinally in taste acceptance tests and donated saliva at the age at 3 and 6 months. Intake ratios, reflecting acceptance of a taste solution relative to water were calculated for the five basic tastes. Salivary proteins were separated by one-dimensional electrophoresis and bands were semi-quantified by image analysis. Partial least square (PLS) regression analyses were performed for each taste at both ages to explain intake ratios by band intensities. Bitterness acceptance in the younger infants was unique in the sense that salivary protein profiles could partly predict bitter taste acceptance. At that age, infants were on average indifferent to the 0.18-M urea solution, but great variability in acceptance was observed. The six bands considered as the best predictors for bitterness acceptance were identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Higher abundance of bands containing secretory component, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein and carbonic anhydrase 6 was associated to a lower bitterness acceptance, while higher abundance of bands containing lactoperoxidase, prolactin-inducible protein and S-type cystatins was associated to a higher bitterness acceptance. In a second stage, S-type cystatin abundance was measured by Western blotting in order to tentatively confirm this particular finding in an independent group of 22 infants. Although not reaching statistical significance, probably due to a relatively small sample size, it was again observed that cystatin abundance was higher in infants accepting more readily the bitter solution over water. CONCLUSION saliva protein composition may contribute to bitter taste acceptance in the younger infants.
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