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Wan C, Song X, Zhang Z, Hu W, Chen Y, Sun W, Liu Z, Wang S, Meng W. Voluntary exercise during puberty promotes spatial memory and hippocampal DG/CA3 synaptic transmission in mice. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad497. [PMID: 38124544 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has been shown to have an impact on memory and hippocampal function across different age groups. Nevertheless, the influence and mechanisms underlying how voluntary exercise during puberty affects memory are still inadequately comprehended. This research aims to examine the impacts of self-initiated physical activity throughout adolescence on spatial memory. Developing mice were exposed to a 4-wk voluntary wheel running exercise protocol, commencing at the age of 30 d. After engaging in voluntary wheel running exercise during development, there was an enhancement in spatial memory. Moreover, hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 neurons rather than CA1 neurons exhibited an increase in the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition, there was an increase in the expression of NR2A/NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and α1GABAA subunit of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, as well as dendritic spine density, specifically within dentate gyrus and CA3 regions rather than CA1 region. The findings suggest that voluntary exercise during development can enhance spatial memory in mice by increasing synapse numbers and improving synaptic transmission in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 regions, but not in CA1 region. This study sheds light on the neural mechanisms underlying how early-life exercise improves cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Xueqing Song
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Zhuyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wenxiang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 33001, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Songhua Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
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Kaloğlu HA, Örsel S, Erzin G. Evaluation of the Relationships between Irisin Levels and Cognitive Functions in Individuals with Schizophrenia. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 21:724-731. [PMID: 37859445 PMCID: PMC10591173 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.22.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective : Irisin is a myokine that is involved in neurogenesis, neuronal proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. Many research examine the relationship between irisin and schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between irisin levels and cognitive functions in individuals with schizophrenia. Methods : Ninety-six individuals who were diagnosed with schizophrenia were included. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) was used to assess disease severity. To evaluate the cognitive functions of the patients, the trail-making test was evaluated with the A and B forms and the verbal memory processes scale. After a 12-hour night fast, samples of fasting blood were obtained from the participants. Results : There was no significant correlation between irisin, duration of disease, and BPRS total score. In the analysis performed, a positive correlation was found between the plasma irisin level and the error score of the trail-making test form B. Other than that, no correlation was found between irisin level and cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients. In addition, in subgroup analysis between genders, it was determined that the duration of the trail-making test B was longer in female schizophrenia patients. Conclusion : In this study, there was a positive correlation between the trail-making test B-form error scores and the irisin levels. This relationship between impaired executive functions and irisin levels may suggest that the irisin level is increased as compensation for the impairment in executive functions. More research is needed to understand the role of irisin in cognitive impairment and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Ayça Kaloğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Örsel
- Department of Psychiatry, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gamze Erzin
- Department of Psychiatry, Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Hernández-Ramírez S, Salcedo-Tello P, Osorio-Gómez D, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Pacheco-López G, Ferreira G, Lafenetre P, Guzmán-Ramos KR. Voluntary physical activity improves spatial and recognition memory deficits induced by post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113910. [PMID: 35820628 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescent exposure to obesogenic environments has contributed to the development of several health disorders, including neurocognitive impairment. Adolescence is a critical neurodevelopmental window highly influenced by environmental factors that affect brain function until adulthood. Post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) adversely affects memory performance; physical activity is one approach to coping with these dysfunctions. Previous studies indicate that voluntary exercise prevents HFD's detrimental effects on memory; however, it remains to evaluate whether it has a remedial/therapeutical effect when introduced after a long-term HFD exposure. This study was conducted on a diet-induced obesity mice model over six months. After three months of HFD exposure (without interrupting the diet) access to voluntary physical activity was provided. HFD produced weight gain, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Voluntary physical exercise ameliorated glucose tolerance and halted weight gain and fat accumulation. Additionally, physical activity mitigated HFD-induced spatial and recognition memory impairments. Our data indicate that voluntary physical exercise starting after several months of periadolescent HFD exposure reverses metabolic and cognitive alterations demonstrating that voluntary exercise, in addition to its known preventive effect, also has a restorative impact on metabolism and cognition dysfunctions associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernández-Ramírez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Pamela Salcedo-Tello
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Daniel Osorio-Gómez
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro Laboratory, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Lafenetre
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kioko R Guzmán-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico.
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Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Social Behavior in Rats Exposed to Thimerosal with Respect to the Hippocampal Level of GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1345-1357. [PMID: 35597884 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thimerosal (THIM) kills brain neurons via induction of apoptosis and necrosis and induces the pathological features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats. THIM also affects the function of glutamatergic receptors. On the other hand, exercise induces both improvement and impairment effects on memory, depending on intensity, type, and duration. Treadmill exercise can also alter the expression of glutamatergic receptors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of THIM and three protocols of treadmill exercise on social interaction memory and hippocampal expression of GluN1, GluN2A, and GluN2B in rats. THIM was injected intramuscularly at the dose of 300 µg/kg. The three-chamber apparatus was used to evaluate social interaction memory, and western blotting was used to assess protein expression. The results showed that THIM impaired social memory. Exercise 1 impaired social affiliation in controls. Social memory was impaired in all exercise groups of controls. Exercise 1 + 2 impaired social affiliation in THIM rats. Social memory was impaired in all groups of THIM rats. Exercises 2 and 1 + 2 decreased the expression of GluN1, and exercise 1 increased the expression of GluN2A and GluN2B in controls. THIM increased the expression of GluN2B, while exercise 1 reversed this effect. All exercise protocols increased the expression of GluN2A, and exercises 2 and 1 + 2 increased the expression of GluN1 in THIM rats. In conclusion, both THIM and exercise impaired social memory. Of note, the results did not show a separate and influential role for glutamatergic subunits in modulating memory processes following THIM injection or exercise.
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Santos MJ, Picco S, Fernández R, Pedreira ME, Boccia M, Klappenbach M, Krawczyk MC. Remembering how to run: a descriptive wheel run analysis in CF1 males and females mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:333-341. [PMID: 35746966 PMCID: PMC9210458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to have beneficial effects on general health and wellbeing in humans and it is also related to neuronal plasticity, increasing neurogenesis and consequently leading to improvements in processes such as learning and memory. In this sense, wheel running performance in mice appears as an extensively used behavioral approach for neurobiological studies. Here, we explored the running patterns in CF1 male and female mice allowing voluntary wheel running for 20 min along three consecutive days. We analyzed differences in the accumulated distance traveled, instant velocity, and latency to run and breaks taken in both males and females, comparing performance between days. Results revealed that after a first experience with the wheel, animals that had learnt how to run on day 1 quickly look forward to stepping into the wheel in subsequent training days, reflected by a significant increase in daily running distance and velocity. Further, no differences were found in the running performance between males and females. In summary, in a first experience with the wheel, animals get familiarized with the wheel and grow accustomed to it.
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Malekloo R, Nematollahi S, Vafei AA, Rashidy-Pour A. Effects of different intensities of treadmill exercise on cued fear extinction failure, hippocampal BDNF decline, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio alteration in chronic-morphine treated male rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 421:113732. [PMID: 34990697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic morphine impairs cued fear extinction, which may contribute to the high prevalence of anxiety disorders and the replase of opiate addiction. This work investigated the effects of forced exercise with different intensities on cued fear extinction impairment and alternations of hippocampal BDNF and apoptotic proteins induced by chronic morphine. Rats were injected with bi-daily doses of morphine or saline for ten days and then received a cued or contextual fear conditioning training, which was followed by fear extinction training for four consecutive days. Cued, but the not contextual fear response was impaired in morphine-treated rats. Then, different saline or morphine-treated rats underwent forced exercise for 4-weeks with light, moderate or high intensities. Subsequently, rats received a cued fear conditioning followed by four days of extinction training, and the expression of hippocampal BDNF and apoptotic proteins was determined. A relatively long time after the last injection of morphine (35 days), rats again showed cued fear extinction failure and reduced hippocampal BDNF, which recovered by light and moderate, but not high exercise. Light and moderate, but not high-intensity treadmill exercise enhanced the up-regulation of Bcl-2 and down-regulation of the Bax proteins in both saline- and morphine-treated rats, which shifted the balance between pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors in favor of cell survival. These findings highlight the impact of exercise up to moderate intensity in the recovery of cued extinction failure, more likely via BDNF in addicted individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Malekloo
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Ali Vafei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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7
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Garrigos D, Martínez-Morga M, Toval A, Kutsenko Y, Barreda A, Do Couto BR, Navarro-Mateu F, Ferran JL. A Handful of Details to Ensure the Experimental Reproducibility on the FORCED Running Wheel in Rodents: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:638261. [PMID: 34040580 PMCID: PMC8141847 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.638261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A well-documented method and experimental design are essential to ensure the reproducibility and reliability in animal research. Experimental studies using exercise programs in animal models have experienced an exponential increase in the last decades. Complete reporting of forced wheel and treadmill exercise protocols would help to ensure the reproducibility of training programs. However, forced exercise programs are characterized by a poorly detailed methodology. Also, current guidelines do not cover the minimum data that must be included in published works to reproduce training programs. For this reason, we have carried out a systematic review to determine the reproducibility of training programs and experimental designs of published research in rodents using a forced wheel system. Having determined that most of the studies were not detailed enough to be reproducible, we have suggested guidelines for animal research using FORCED exercise wheels, which could also be applicable to any form of forced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Morga
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Barreda
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando Navarro-Mateu
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Unidad de Docencia, Investigación y Formación en Salud Mental (UDIF-SM), Servicio Murciano de Salud, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia—IMIB, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- *Correspondence: José Luis Ferran,
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Toval A, Vicente-Conesa F, Martínez-Ortega P, Kutsenko Y, Morales-Delgado N, Garrigos D, Alonso A, Ribeiro Do Couto B, Popović M, Ferran JL. Hypothalamic Crh/ Avp, Plasmatic Glucose and Lactate Remain Unchanged During Habituation to Forced Exercise. Front Physiol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32499715 PMCID: PMC7243680 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that physical activity contributes to a healthier life. However, there is a knowledge gap regarding the neural mechanisms producing these effects. One of the keystones to deal with this problem is to use training programs with equal loads of physical activity. However, irregular motor and stress responses have been found in murine exercise models. Habituation to forced exercise facilitates a complete response to a training program in all rodents, reaching the same load of physical activity among animals. Here, it was evaluated if glucose and lactate - which are stress biomarkers - are increased during the habituation to exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats received an 8-days habituation protocol with progressive increments of time and speed of running. Then, experimental and control (non-habituated) rats were subjected to an incremental test. Blood samples were obtained to determine plasmatic glucose and lactate levels before, immediately after and 30 min after each session of training. Crh and Avp mRNA expression was determined by two-step qPCR. Our results revealed that glucose and lactate levels are not increased during the habituation period and tend to decrease toward the end of the protocol. Also, Crh and Avp were not chronically activated by the habituation program. Lactate and glucose, determined after the incremental test, were higher in control rats without previous contact with the wheel, compared with habituated and wheel control rats. These results suggest that the implementation of an adaptive phase prior to forced exercise programs might avoid non-specific stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Vicente-Conesa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paloma Martínez-Ortega
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yevheniy Kutsenko
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Daniel Garrigos
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miroljub Popović
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Luis Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Boyne P, Meyrose C, Westover J, Whitesel D, Hatter K, Reisman DS, Carl D, Khoury JC, Gerson M, Kissela B, Dunning K. Effects of Exercise Intensity on Acute Circulating Molecular Responses Poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2020; 34:222-234. [PMID: 31976813 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319899915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background. Exercise intensity can influence functional recovery after stroke, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Objective. In chronic stroke, an intensity-dependent increase in circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was previously found during vigorous exercise. Using the same serum samples, this study tested acute effects of exercise intensity on other circulating molecules related to neuroplasticity, including vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), and cortisol, with some updated analyses involving BDNF. Methods. Using a repeated-measures design, 16 participants with chronic stroke performed 3 exercise protocols in random order: treadmill high-intensity interval training (HIT-treadmill), seated-stepper HIT (HIT-stepper), and treadmill moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCT-treadmill). Serum molecular changes were compared between protocols. Mediation and effect modification analyses were also performed. Results. VEGF significantly increased during HIT-treadmill, IGF1 increased during both HIT protocols and cortisol nonsignificantly decreased during each protocol. VEGF response was significantly greater for HIT-treadmill versus MCT-treadmill when controlling for baseline. Blood lactate positively mediated the effect of HIT on BDNF and cortisol. Peak treadmill speed positively mediated effects on BDNF and VEGF. Participants with comfortable gait speed ≥0.4 m/s had significantly lower VEGF and higher IGF1 responses, with a lower cortisol response during MCT-treadmill. Conclusions. BDNF and VEGF are promising serum molecules to include in future studies testing intensity-dependent mechanisms of exercise on neurologic recovery. Fast training speed and anaerobic intensity appear to be critical ingredients for eliciting these molecular responses. Serum molecular response differences between gait speed subgroups provide a possible biologic basis for previously observed differences in training responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kristal Hatter
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Daniel Carl
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jane C Khoury
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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10
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Shahroodi A, Mohammadi F, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Bandegi AR, Rashidy-Pour A. Impact of different intensities of forced exercise on deficits of spatial and aversive memory, anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal BDNF during morphine abstinence period in male rats. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:135-147. [PMID: 31773433 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00518-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Forced exercise can alleviate cognitive-behavioral deficits in an experimental model of addiction. However, the effects of different intensities of forced exercise in improving behavioral, cognitive and biochemical deficits during morphine abstinence period are not well investigated. Thus, the current work examined the effects of different loads of forced exercise on cognition functions, anxiety behavior and BDNF changes in the hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and also serum levels of BDNF and corticosterone during the abstinent period in male rats. Animals received morphine injections (10 mg/kg, twice a day) for 10 consecutive days. Then, the animals were exposed to a 4-week forced exercise training program under low, moderate or high intensities (30 min per session on 5 days a week), which accompanied by behavioral and biochemical tests. In Experiment 1, anxiety-like behaviors using elevated plus maze (EPM), and light/dark box (L/D box) were examined. In Experiment 2, cognitive functions using T-maze alteration and passive avoidance tasks were tested, which accompanied by BDNF measurements in the hippocampus and PFC. In Experiment 3, serum levels of BDNF and corticosterone following the termination of forced exercise regimen were measured. Morphine-abstinent animals exhibited anxiogenic -like behaviors in the EPM, but not L/D box. They also exhibited impaired T-maze alternation performance and passive avoidance memory, and a decline in hippocampal BDNF, but not PFC. Forced exercise at a moderate intensity alleviated anxiety, cognitive and BDNF defects in morphine-abstinent animals. The high load exercise enhanced serum levels of corticosterone in both saline and morphine groups. Thus, regular moderate forced exercise may be beneficial in preserving cognitive and mood functions in male addicts during the abstinent period and drug rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Shahroodi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 15131-38111, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 15131-38111, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 15131-38111, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hossein Miladi-Gorji
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 15131-38111, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 15131-38111, Iran
- Laboratory of Endocrine Research, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, 15131-38111, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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11
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Jahangiri Z, Gholamnezhad Z, Hosseini M, Beheshti F, Kasraie N. The effects of moderate exercise and overtraining on learning and memory, hippocampal inflammatory cytokine levels, and brain oxidative stress markers in rats. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:993-1004. [PMID: 31637588 PMCID: PMC10717043 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the exercise intensity effects on rats' memory and learning, animals were divided into control, moderate training (MT), and overtraining (OT) groups. At training last week, learning and memory was assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance (PA) tests. Finally, the rat's brains were removed for evaluating oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Overtraining impaired animal's performance in MWM and PA tests. In MT group, hippocampal levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased, and thiol contents in hippocampal and cortical tissues decreased compared to control. In OT group, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and C-reactive protein hippocampal levels increased, MDA and nitric oxide metabolite in hippocampal and cortical tissues increased, thiol contents, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity in hippocampal and cortical tissues decreased compared to control and MT groups. Overtraining might lead to learning and memory impairment by increasing the inflammatory cytokine and oxidative stress markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jahangiri
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, 9177948564, Iran
| | - Zahra Gholamnezhad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, 9177948564, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farimah Beheshti
- Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Narges Kasraie
- Rosenberg School of Optometry, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, USA
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12
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Remarkable cell recovery from cerebral ischemia in rats using an adaptive escalator-based rehabilitation mechanism. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223820. [PMID: 31603928 PMCID: PMC6788702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, many ischemic stroke patients worldwide suffer from physical and mental impairments, and thus have a low quality of life. However, although rehabilitation is acknowledged as an effective way to recover patients’ health, there does not exist yet an adaptive training platform for animal tests so far. For this sake, this paper aims to develop an adaptive escalator (AE) for rehabilitation of rats with cerebral ischemia. Rats were observed to climb upward spontaneously, and a motor-driven escalator, equipped with a position detection feature and an acceleration/deceleration mechanism, was constructed accordingly as an adaptive training platform. The rehabilitation performance was subsequently rated using an incline test, a rotarod test, the infarction volume, the lesion volume, the number of MAP2 positive cells and the level of cortisol. This paper is presented in 3 parts as follows. Part 1 refers to the escalator mechanism design, part 2 describes the adaptive ladder-climbing rehabilitation mechanism, and part 3 discusses the validation of an ischemic stroke model. As it turned out, a rehabilitated group using this training platform, designated as the AE group, significantly outperformed a control counterpart in terms of a rotarod test. After the sacrifice of the rats, the AE group gave an average infarction volume of (34.36 ± 3.8)%, while the control group gave (66.41 ± 3.1)%, validating the outperformance of the escalator-based rehabilitation platform in a sense. An obvious difference between the presented training platform and conventional counterparts is the platform mechanism, and for the first time in the literature rats can be well and voluntarily rehabilitated at full capacity using an adaptive escalator. Taking into account the physical diversity among rats, the training strength provided was made adaptive as a reliable way to eliminate workout or secondary injury. Accordingly, more convincing arguments can be made using this mental stress-free training platform.
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13
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Enhancing effect of aerobic training on learning and memory performance in rats after long-term treatment with Lacosamide via BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2019; 370:111963. [PMID: 31116960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic training has a neuroprotective effect, reduces the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases and facilitates functional recovery. The present study assesses the effect of aerobic training on cognitive functions, hippocampal BDNF/TrkB ligand receptor system expression and serum levels of BDNF and corticosterone in intact rats after chronic treatment with Lacosamide (LCM). Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups. One group was exercised on a treadmill (Ex) and the other one was sedentary (Sed). Half of the rats from each group received saline (veh) while the other half - LCM. The rats underwent a month-long training and LCM treatment before being subjected to one active and two passive avoidance tests. Both trained groups increased significantly the number of avoidances compared with the sedentary animals during the learning session and on memory retention tests, while the number of avoidances of the LCM-treated rats was significantly lower in comparison with the saline-treated animals. Both passive avoidance tests revealed that trained animals spent more time in the lighted compartment or caused longer stay on the platform than did the sedentary rats during acquisition and short- and long-term memory retention tests. Aerobic training increased BDNF and TrkB hippocampal immunoreactivity. We found no significant difference between BDNF serum levels but corticosterone levels of the Sed-LCM rats were lower than those of the Sed-veh animals. Our results show that aerobic training increases the hippocampal BDNF/TrkB expression suggesting a role in preventing the negative effect of Lacosamide on cognitive functions in rats.
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14
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Feizolahi F, Azarbayjani MA, Nasehi M, Peeri M, Zarrindast MR. The combination of swimming and curcumin consumption may improve spatial memory recovery after binge ethanol drinking. Physiol Behav 2019; 207:139-150. [PMID: 31071339 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Chen CC, Chang CP, Yang CL. An adaptive fall-free rehabilitation mechanism for ischemic stroke rat patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:984. [PMID: 30700758 PMCID: PMC6353993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Today’s commercial forced exercise platforms had been validated not as a well-designed rehabilitation environment for rats with a stroke, for the reason that rat with a stroke cannot take exercise at a constant intensity for a long period of time. In light of this, this work presented an adaptive, fall-free ischemic stroke rehabilitation mechanism in an animal model, which was implemented in an infrared-sensing adaptive feedback control running wheel (IAFCRW) platform. Consequently, rats with a stroke can be safely rehabilitated all the time, and particularly at full capacity for approximately one third of a training duration, in a completely fall-free environment according to individual physical differences by repeated use of an acceleration/deceleration mechanism. The performance of this platform was assessed using an animal ischemic stroke model. The IAFCRW therapy regimen was validated to outperform a treadmill and a conventional running wheel counterpart with respect to the reduction in the neurobehavioral deficits caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). IAFCRW is the first adaptive forced exercise training platform short of electrical stimulation-assistance in the literature, and ischemic stroke rats benefit more in terms of the behavioral tests run at the end of a 3-week rehabilitation program after a stroke thereby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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16
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Mahboubi S, Nasehi M, Imani A, Sadat-Shirazi MS, Zarrindast MR, Vousooghi N, Noroozian M. Benefit effect of REM-sleep deprivation on memory impairment induced by intensive exercise in male wistar rats: with respect to hippocampal BDNF and TrkB. Nat Sci Sleep 2019; 11:179-188. [PMID: 31576186 PMCID: PMC6767759 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s207339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many factors affect our learning and memory quality, but according to different studies, having a positive or negative impact pertains to their characteristics like intensity or the amount. PURPOSE The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of 24-hour REM-sleep deprivation on continuous-high intensity forced exercise-induced memory impairment and its effect on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) levels in the hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex area (PFC). MATERIAL AND METHODS Animals were conditioned to run on treadmills for 5 weeks then, were deprived of sleep for 24 h using the modified multiple platforms. The effect of intensive exercise and/or 24-h REM-SD was studied on behavioral performance using Morris Water Maze protocol for 2 days, and BDNF/TrkB levels were assessed in hippocampus and PFC after behavioral probe test using western blotting. RESULTS After 5 weeks of intensive exercise and 24-h REM-SD, spatial memory impairment and reduction of BDNF and TrkB levels were found in hippocampus and PFC. 24-h REM-SD improved memory impairment and intensive exercise-induced downregulation of BDNF and TrkB protein levels. CONCLUSION The results of the study suggested that sleep deprivation might act as a compensatory factor to reduce memory impairment when the animal is under severe stressful condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mahboubi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nasehi
- Department of Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Imani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Occupational Sleep Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra-Sadat Sadat-Shirazi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Occupational Sleep Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Noroozian
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Amir-Almomenin Hospital, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Occupational Sleep Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Shepherd A, Zhang TD, Zeleznikow-Johnston AM, Hannan AJ, Burrows EL. Transgenic Mouse Models as Tools for Understanding How Increased Cognitive and Physical Stimulation Can Improve Cognition in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:127-150. [PMID: 30564551 PMCID: PMC6296266 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline appears as a core feature of dementia, of which the most prevalent form, Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects more than 45 million people worldwide. There is no cure, and therapeutic options remain limited. A number of modifiable lifestyle factors have been identified that contribute to cognitive decline in dementia. Sedentary lifestyle has emerged as a major modifier and accordingly, boosting mental and physical activity may represent a method to prevent decline in dementia. Beneficial effects of increased physical activity on cognition have been reported in healthy adults, showing potential to harness exercise and cognitive stimulation as a therapy in dementia. 'Brain training' (cognitive stimulation) has also been investigated as an intervention protecting against cognitive decline with normal aging. Consequently, the utility of exercise regimes and/or cognitive stimulation to improve cognition in dementia in clinical populations has been a major area of study. However, these therapies are in their infancy and efficacy is unclear. Investigations utilising animal models, where dose and timing of treatment can be tightly controlled, have provided many mechanistic insights. Genetically engineered mouse models are powerful tools to investigate mechanisms underlying cognitive decline, and also how environmental manipulations can alter both cognitive outcomes and pathology. A myriad of effects following physical activity and housing in enriched environments have been reported in transgenic mice expressing Alzheimer's disease-associated mutations. In this review, we comprehensively evaluate all studies applying environmental enrichment and/or increased physical exercise to transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. It is unclear whether interventions must be applied before first onset of cognitive deficits to be effective. In order to determine the importance of timing of interventions, we specifically scrutinised studies exposing transgenic mice to exercise and environmental enrichment before and after first report of cognitive impairment. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these preclinical studies and suggest approaches for enhancing rigor and using mechanistic insights to inform future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Shepherd
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy D Zhang
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ariel M Zeleznikow-Johnston
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Hannan
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma L Burrows
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Lai ZL, Tseng CH, Ho HJ, Cheung CKY, Lin JY, Chen YJ, Cheng FC, Hsu YC, Lin JT, El-Omar EM, Wu CY. Fecal microbiota transplantation confers beneficial metabolic effects of diet and exercise on diet-induced obese mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15625. [PMID: 30353027 PMCID: PMC6199268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33893-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and exercise are conventional methods for controlling body weight and are linked to alterations in gut microbiota. However, the associations of diet, exercise, and gut microbiota in the control of obesity remain largely unknown. In the present study, using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), normal fat diet (NFD), exercise and their combination resulted in improved metabolic profiles in comparison to sedentary lifestyle with high fat diet (HFD). Moreover, diet exerted more influence than exercise in shaping the gut microbiota. HFD-fed mice receiving FMT from NFD-exercised donors not only showed remarkably reduced food efficacy, but also mitigated metabolic profiles (p < 0.05). The transmissible beneficial effects of FMT were associated with bacterial genera Helicobacter, Odoribacter and AF12 and overrepresentation of oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis genes. Our findings demonstrate that the beneficial effects of diet and exercise are transmissible via FMT, suggesting a potential therapeutic treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Lun Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiu J Ho
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cynthia K Y Cheung
- Institute of Digestive Disease, the Chinese University of, Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | | | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chou Cheng
- Stem Cell Center, Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chun Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Town Lin
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Emad M El-Omar
- Microbiome Research Centre, St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Chun-Ying Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Division of Translational Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan. .,Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Sciences and Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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19
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dos Santos FV, Targa AD, Hammerschmidt I, Zanata SM, Maia FG, Visentainer JV, Santos Junior OO, da Costa BA, Lagranha CJ, Ferraz AC. Fish oil supplementation reverses behavioral and neurochemical alterations induced by swimming exercise in rats. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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20
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Alkadhi KA. Exercise as a Positive Modulator of Brain Function. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3112-3130. [PMID: 28466271 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various forms of exercise have been shown to prevent, restore, or ameliorate a variety of brain disorders including dementias, Parkinson's disease, chronic stress, thyroid disorders, and sleep deprivation, some of which are discussed here. In this review, the effects on brain function of various forms of exercise and exercise mimetics in humans and animal experiments are compared and discussed. Possible mechanisms of the beneficial effects of exercise including the role of neurotrophic factors and others are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim A Alkadhi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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21
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Ghodrati-Jaldbakhan S, Ahmadalipour A, Rashidy-Pour A, Vafaei AA, Miladi-Gorji H, Alizadeh M. Low- and high-intensity treadmill exercise attenuates chronic morphine-induced anxiogenesis and memory impairment but not reductions in hippocampal BDNF in female rats. Brain Res 2017; 1663:20-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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22
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Rezaei S, Agha-Alinejad H, Molanouri Shamsi M, Jafari M, Azevedo Voltarelli F, Naderi A, Earnest C. Evaluation of efforts in untrained Wistar rats following exercise on forced running wheel at maximal lactate steady state. J Exerc Nutrition Biochem 2017; 21:26-32. [PMID: 28712262 PMCID: PMC5508056 DOI: 10.20463/jenb.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] We aimed to examine the effect of running speed on metabolic responses associated with maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in rats during forced running wheel (FRW) exercise.
[Methods] Forty male adult Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. The blood lactate threshold and peak running speed were determined for an incremental power test group. Five groups participated in constant power tests at intensities 10, 13, 14.5, 16, and 17.5 m/min to determine MLSS and a non-exercise group was chosen as the control. Animals were euthanized immediately after constant power tests and their corticosterone, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), blood glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) levels analyzed. The differences among groups were identified by one-way analysis of variance (p < 0.05).
[Results] Blood lactate threshold corresponded a running intensity of 15 m/min, while MLSS was determined to be 16 m/min. Serum corticosterone concentrations were significantly higher in 14.5, 16, and 17.5 m/min groups (298.8±62, 338.3±65, and 354±26 nM, respectively) as compared to that in the control group (210.6±16 nM). Concentrations of NEFA observed in groups 13, 14.5, 16, and 17.5 m/min (662.8±24, 702.35±69, 718.4±34, and 752.8±77 μM, respectively) were significantly higher than those in 10 m/min and control groups (511.1±53 and 412.1±56 μM, respectively). The serum CK concentration recorded for group 17.5 m/min (372.4±56 U/L) was higher than those recorded for other groups.
[Conclusion] The speed above 16 m/min on FRW resulted in increased physiological demands and muscle damage in untrained healthy Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Rezaei
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Agha-Alinejad
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Molanouri Shamsi
- Physical Education & Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahvash Jafari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fabricio Azevedo Voltarelli
- Graduation Program of Physical Education, Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Sport Physiology, Boroujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Boroujerd, Iran
| | - Conrad Earnest
- Exercise Science and Sport Nutrition, College Station, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA
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23
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Toval A, Baños R, De la Cruz E, Morales-Delgado N, Pallarés JG, Ayad A, Tseng KY, Ferran JL. Habituation Training Improves Locomotor Performance in a Forced Running Wheel System in Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:42. [PMID: 28337132 PMCID: PMC5340750 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that physical activity promotes mental health; and regular exercise may confer positive effects in neurological disorders. There is growing number of reports that requires the analysis of the impact of physical activity in animal models. Exercise in rodents can be performed under voluntary or forced conditions. The former presents the disadvantage that the volume and intensity of exercise varies from subject to subject. On the other hand, a major challenge of the forced training protocol is the low level of performance typically achieved within a given session. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gradual increasing of the volume and intensity (training habituation protocol) to improve the locomotor performance in a forced running-wheel system in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either a group that received an exercise training habituation protocol, or a control group. The locomotor performance during forced running was assessed by an incremental exercise test. The experimental results reveal that the total running time and the distance covered by habituated rats was significantly higher than in control ones. We conclude that the exercise habituation protocol improves the locomotor performance in forced running wheels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Toval
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Raúl Baños
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Cruz
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Nicanor Morales-Delgado
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Jesús G Pallarés
- Human Performance and Sports Science Laboratory, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | - Abdelmalik Ayad
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
| | - Kuei Y Tseng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, The Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose L Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB), Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain
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24
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Modulation of Irisin and Physical Activity on Executive Functions in Obesity and Morbid obesity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30820. [PMID: 27476477 PMCID: PMC4967861 DOI: 10.1038/srep30820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether the executive profile is different between obesity (OB) and morbid obesity (MO) remains unclear. Recent evidence suggests that physical activity (PA) can act as a cognitive enhancer. Irisin is a recently discovered hormone associated with some of the positive effects of PA. The objective of the study was to investigate the executive profile in OB and MO, and to explore the role of PA and irisin. 114 participants were included (21 OB, 44 MO and 49 healthy controls-HC) in the study and assessed with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Stroop Color and Word Test, and Iowa Gambling Task. All participants were female, aged between 18 and 60 years. Results showed a similar dysfunctional profile on decision making in OB and MO compared with HC. Thus, no specific neuropsychological profiles between OB and MO can be clearly observed in our sample. However, a negative correlation was found between irisin and executive functioning. These results demonstrate a specific executive profile in OB and a relevant and negative modulation of irisin on executive functioning. Although irisin might be a promising target for the treatment of obesity, its effects on cognition might be considered when thinking about its therapeutic use.
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Gradari S, Pallé A, McGreevy KR, Fontán-Lozano Á, Trejo JL. Can Exercise Make You Smarter, Happier, and Have More Neurons? A Hormetic Perspective. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:93. [PMID: 27013955 PMCID: PMC4789405 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise can make you smarter, happier and have more neurons depending on the dose (intensity) of the training program. It is well recognized that exercise protocols induce both positive and negative effects depending on the intensity of the exercise, among other key factors, a process described as a hormetic-like biphasic dose-response. However, no evidences have been reported till very recently about the biphasic response of some of the potential mediators of the exercise-induced actions. This hypothesis and theory will focus on the adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) as a putative physical substrate for hormesis responses to exercise in the context of exercise-induced actions on cognition and mood, and on the molecular pathways which might potentially be mediating these actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gradari
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Pallé
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Kerry R McGreevy
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Fontán-Lozano
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Trejo
- Laboratory of Adult Neurogenesis, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Cajal Institute, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Madrid, Spain
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Effects of treadmill exercise intensity on spatial working memory and long-term memory in rats. Life Sci 2016; 149:96-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jafary L, Reisi P, Naghsh N. Effects of fluoxetine on memory under forced treadmill exercise conditions in male rats. Adv Biomed Res 2015; 4:235. [PMID: 26645020 PMCID: PMC4647126 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.167962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies show inconsistent effects of forced exercise on cognitive processes. These differences are probably due to the stress of coercion in forced exercise. Because fluoxetine is used to treat complications caused by stress, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of fluoxetine on memory in rats under forced treadmill exercise. Materials and Methods: Experimental groups were the control, the control exercise, the fluoxetine, and the fluoxetine exercise. The exercise program was treadmill running at 22 m/min, 0° inclination for 50 min/day, 6 days/week, for 4 weeks. Fluoxetine (5 mg/kg) was injected 30 min before treadmill. Morris water maze and passive avoidance learning tests were used for evaluation of memory. Acquisition phase of both tests were performed before interventions and memory was evaluated 1-day and 1-week after the last session of exercise and treatments. Results: Our data showed that forced exercise impaired performance in passive avoidance learning test (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, 1-day and 1-week after the last session of exercise and treatments, respectively). Spatial memory was only impaired after 1-week in the exercise group. Fluoxetine improved spatial memory after 1-day in the control group. However, it had no significant effects on memory in the exercise group. Conclusion: The data correspond to the possibility that forced treadmill exercise can cause stress, and thereby cause damage to memory. The present results suggest that although fluoxetine may improve memory in intact rats but it cannot prevent damages that are caused by forced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jafary
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran ; Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nooshin Naghsh
- Department of Biology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
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Hong SS, Lee JY, Lee JS, Lee HW, Kim HG, Lee SK, Park BK, Son CG. The traditional drug Gongjin-Dan ameliorates chronic fatigue in a forced-stress mouse exercise model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 168:268-278. [PMID: 25865680 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gongjin-Dan is a representative traditional Oriental medicine herbal drug that has been used to treat chronic fatigue symptoms for several hundred years. We evaluated the anti-fatigue effects of Gongjin-Dan and the underlying mechanisms in a chronic forced exercise mouse model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Balb/C male mice underwent an extreme treadmill-based running stress (1-h, 5 days/week), and daily oral administration of distilled water, Gongjin-Dan (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg), or ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg) for 28 days. The anti-fatigue effects of Gongjin-Dan were evaluated with behavioral tests (exercise tolerance and swimming tests), and the corresponding mechanisms were investigated based on oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine and stress hormone levels in skeletal muscle, sera, and brain tissue. RESULTS Gongjin-Dan significantly increased exercise tolerance and latency times but reduced the number of electric shocks and immobilization time on the treadmill running and swimming tests, compared with the control group. Gongjin-Dan also significantly ameliorated alterations in oxidative stress-related biomarkers (reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde), inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and interferon-γ) and glycogen and L-lactate levels in skeletal muscle, compared with those in the control group. Moreover, Gongjin-Dan considerably normalized the forced running stress-induced changes in serum corticosterone and adrenaline levels, as well as brain serotonin level. These antioxidant and anti-stress effects of Gongjin-Dan were supported by the results of Western blotting (4-hydroxynonenal and heme oxygenase-1) and the gene expression levels (serotonin receptor and serotonin transporter). CONCLUSION These results support the clinical relevance of Gongjin-Dan regarding anti-chronic fatigue properties. The underlying mechanisms involve attenuation of oxidative and inflammatory reactions in muscle and regulation of the stress response through the hypothalmo-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Shin Hong
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 22-5 Yongwoon-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon 301-724, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 22-5 Yongwoon-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon 301-724, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 22-5 Daeheung-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-704, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Won Lee
- TKM-based Herbal Drug Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Geug Kim
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 22-5 Daeheung-dong, Jung-gu, Daejeon 301-704, Republic of Korea
| | - Sam-Keun Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Oriental Medicine College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 300-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Ki Park
- Medical research division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 22-5 Yongwoon-dong, Dong-gu, Daejeon 301-724, Republic of Korea.
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Chen CC, Chang MW, Chang CP, Chang WY, Chang SC, Lin MT, Yang CL. Improved infrared-sensing running wheel systems with an effective exercise activity indicator. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122394. [PMID: 25875841 PMCID: PMC4395283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes an infrared-sensing running wheel (ISRW) system for the quantitative measurement of effective exercise activity in rats. The ISRW system provides superior exercise training compared with commercially available traditional animal running platforms. Four infrared (IR) light-emitting diode/detector pairs embedded around the rim of the wheel detect the rat's real-time position; the acrylic wheel has a diameter of 55 cm and a thickness of 15 cm, that is, it is larger and thicker than traditional exercise wheels, and it is equipped with a rubber track. The acrylic wheel hangs virtually frictionless, and a DC motor with an axially mounted rubber wheel, which has a diameter of 10 cm, drives the acrylic wheel from the outer edge. The system can automatically train rats to run persistently. The proposed system can determine effective exercise activity (EEA), with the IR sensors (which are connected to a conventional PC) recording the rat exercise behavior. A prototype of the system was verified by a hospital research group performing ischemic stroke experiments on rats by considering middle cerebral artery occlusion. The experimental data demonstrated that the proposed system provides greater neuroprotection in an animal stroke model compared with a conventional treadmill and a motorized running wheel for a given exercise intensity. The quantitative exercise effectiveness indicator showed a 92% correlation between an increase in the EEA and a decrease in the infarct volume. This indicator can be used as a noninvasive and objective reference in clinical animal exercise experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chun Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Wen Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ping Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Chieh Chang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsun Lin
- Department of Medical Research, ChiMei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lung Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and medical devices hold the promise of enhancing brain function, not only of those suffering from neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative illnesses, but also of healthy individuals. However, a number of lifestyle interventions are proven cognitive enhancers, improving attention, problem solving, reasoning, learning and memory or even mood. Several of these interventions, such as physical exercise, cognitive, mental and social stimulation, may be described as environmental enrichments of varying types. Use of these non-pharmacological cognitive enhancers circumvents some of the ethical considerations associated with pharmaceutical or technological cognitive enhancement, being low in cost, available to the general population and presenting low risk to health and well-being. In this chapter, there will be particular focus on the effects of exercise and enrichment on learning and memory and the evidence supporting their efficacy in humans and in animal models will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Áine M Kelly
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Level 2, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland,
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Svensson M, Lexell J, Deierborg T. Effects of Physical Exercise on Neuroinflammation, Neuroplasticity, Neurodegeneration, and Behavior: What We Can Learn From Animal Models in Clinical Settings. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2014; 29:577-89. [PMID: 25527485 DOI: 10.1177/1545968314562108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a cornerstone in the management of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia, and stroke. However, much of its beneficial effects on improving motor functions and cognition as well as decreasing neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are not yet well understood. The obvious limitations of studying the protective mechanisms behind exercise, for example, brain plasticity and neurodegeneration, could be overcome by generating novel animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. In this narrative review, we discuss the beneficial effects of exercise performed in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders and how the results from animal studies can be used in clinical settings. From preclinical studies, the positive effects of exercise have been related to increased levels of neurotrophic factors, elevated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia. It is clear that parameters influencing the effect of exercise, such as intensity, still remain to be investigated in animal studies in order to find the optimal program that can be translated into exercise interventions for patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Svensson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Lexell
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Tsuboi H, Hirai Y, Maezawa H, Notani K, Inoue N, Funahashi M. Effects of treadmill exercise on the LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion in rats. Physiol Behav 2014; 138:1-5. [PMID: 25447753 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that exercise can enhance learning and memory. Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is an avoidance behavior induced by associative memory of the taste sensation for something pleasant or neutral with a negative visceral reaction caused by the coincident action of a toxic substance that is tasteless or administered systemically. We sought to measure the effects of treadmill exercise on CTA in rats by investigating the effects of exercise on acquisition, extinction and spontaneous recovery of CTA. We made two groups of rats: an exercise group that ran on a treadmill, and a control group that did not have structured exercise periods. To condition rats to disfavor a sweet taste, consumption of a 0.1% saccharin solution in place of drinking water was paired with 0.15M LiCl (2% body weight, i.p.) to induce visceral discomfort. We measured changes of saccharin consumption during acquisition and extinction of CTA. The exercise and no-exercise groups both acquired CTA to similar levels and showed maximum extinction of CTA around 6 days after acquisition. This result indicates that exercise affects neither acquisition nor extinction of CTA. However, in testing for preservation of CTA after much longer extinction periods that included exercise or not during the intervening period, exercising animals showed a significantly lower saccharin intake, irrespective of having exercised or not during the conditioning phase of the trial. This result suggests that exercise may help to preserve aversive memory (taste aversion in this example) as evidence by the significant spontaneous recovery of aversion in exercising animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Tsuboi
- Department of Gerodontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan; Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirai
- Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Maezawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Kenji Notani
- Department of Gerodontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Inoue
- Department of Gerodontology, Division of Oral Health Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | - Makoto Funahashi
- Department of Oral Physiology, Division of Oral Functional Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Kita 13, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
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Chen CC, Chang MW, Chang CP, Chan SC, Chang WY, Yang CL, Lin MT. A forced running wheel system with a microcontroller that provides high-intensity exercise training in an animal ischemic stroke model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:858-68. [PMID: 25140816 PMCID: PMC4181221 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We developed a forced non-electric-shock running wheel (FNESRW) system that provides rats with high-intensity exercise training using automatic exercise training patterns that are controlled by a microcontroller. The proposed system successfully makes a breakthrough in the traditional motorized running wheel to allow rats to perform high-intensity training and to enable comparisons with the treadmill at the same exercise intensity without any electric shock. A polyvinyl chloride runway with a rough rubber surface was coated on the periphery of the wheel so as to permit automatic acceleration training, and which allowed the rats to run consistently at high speeds (30 m/min for 1 h). An animal ischemic stroke model was used to validate the proposed system. FNESRW, treadmill, control, and sham groups were studied. The FNESRW and treadmill groups underwent 3 weeks of endurance running training. After 3 weeks, the experiments of middle cerebral artery occlusion, the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), an inclined plane test, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed platform. The proposed platform showed that enhancement of motor function, mNSS, and infarct volumes was significantly stronger in the FNESRW group than the control group (P<0.05) and similar to the treadmill group. The experimental data demonstrated that the proposed platform can be applied to test the benefit of exercise-preconditioning-induced neuroprotection using the animal stroke model. Additional advantages of the FNESRW system include stand-alone capability, independence of subjective human adjustment, and ease of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - M W Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C P Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - S C Chan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - W Y Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - C L Yang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - M T Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
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Hatchard T, Ting JJ, Messier C. Translating the impact of exercise on cognition: methodological issues in animal research. Behav Brain Res 2014; 273:177-88. [PMID: 25026095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise and fitness have been proposed as potential factors that promote healthy cognitive aging. Some of the support for this hypothesis has come from animal research. Animal studies are also used to propose the physiological mechanisms underlying the cognitive performance improvement associated with exercise. In the present review and meta-analysis, we discuss several methodological problems that limit the contribution of animal studies to the understanding of the putative effects of exercise on cognitive aging. We suggest that the most likely measure to equate exercise intensity in rodent and humans may be oxygen consumption (VO2) because observed values are surprisingly similar in young and older rodents and humans. For practical reasons, several animal studies use young rodents kept in social isolation. We show that social isolation is associated with an enhanced impact of exercise on cognitive performance but not on some physiological measures thought to mediate the effect of exercise. Surprisingly, two months or more of exercise intervention appeared to be ineffective to promote cognitive performance compared to shorter durations. We argue that impact of exercise in socially isolated animals is explained by an alleviation of environmental impoverishment as much as an effect of physical exercise. It is possible that the introduction of exercise in rodents is partly mediated by environmental changes. It may explain why larger effects are observed for the shorter durations of exercise while much smaller effects are found after longer periods of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Hatchard
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Room 2076A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jaimee J Ting
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Room 2076A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Claude Messier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Room 2076A, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Zancada-Menendez C, Begega A, Rubio S, Arias J. Effects of environmental enrichment on anxiety responses, spatial memory and cytochrome c oxidase activity in adult rats. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Roig M, Nordbrandt S, Geertsen SS, Nielsen JB. The effects of cardiovascular exercise on human memory: A review with meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1645-66. [PMID: 23806438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Roig
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec 3654, Canada; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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37
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Sampedro-Piquero P, Zancada-Menendez C, Begega A, Mendez M, Arias J. Effects of forced exercise on spatial memory and cytochrome c oxidase activity in aged rats. Brain Res 2013; 1502:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Alomari MA, Alzubi MA. Changes in spatial memory and BDNF expression to simultaneous dietary restriction and forced exercise. Brain Res Bull 2012; 90:19-24. [PMID: 23000024 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous literature suggests that learning and memory formation can be influenced by diet and exercise. In the current study, we investigated the combined effects of forced swimming exercise (FSE) and every other day fasting (EODF) on spatial memory formation and on the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus of Wistar male rats. The radial arm water maze (RAWM) paradigm was used to assess changes in learning and memory formation, whereas ELISA assay was used to measure BDNF protein levels. The FSE and/or EODF were simultaneously instituted for 6 weeks. Results show that FSE improved learning, short-term as well as long-term memory formation, and significantly increased BDNF protein in the hippocampus (p<0.05). However, EODF had no effect on either spatial learning and memory formation or the levels of hippocamapal BDNF protein (p>0.05). In addition, EODF did not modulate beneficial effect of swimming exercise on cognitive function (p>0.05). Thus exercise enhanced, while EODF did not affect spatial learning and memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar F Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan.
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Training your brain: Do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus? Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:506-14. [PMID: 22898496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
New neurons are produced each day in the hippocampus through the process of neurogenesis. Both mental and physical training can modify this process by increasing the number of new cells that mature into functional neurons in the adult brain. However, the mechanisms whereby these increases occur are not necessarily the same. Physical activity, especially aerobic exercise greatly increases the number of new neurons that are produced in the hippocampal formation. In contrast, mental training via skill learning increases the numbers that survive, particularly when the training goals are challenging. Both manipulations can increase cognitive performance in the future, some of which are reportedly mediated by the presence of new neurons in the adult hippocampus. Based on these data, we suggest that a combination of mental and physical training, referred to here as MAP training, is more beneficial for neuronal recruitment and overall mental health than either activity alone. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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40
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Dobson CC, Mongillo DL, Poklewska-Koziell M, Winterborn A, Brien JF, Reynolds JN. Sensitivity of modified Biel-maze task, compared with Y-maze task, to measure spatial learning and memory deficits of ethanol teratogenicity in the guinea pig. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:162-8. [PMID: 22562040 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol consumption during pregnancy can produce a variety of teratogenic effects in offspring, termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). The most debilitating and permanent consequence of chronic prenatal ethanol exposure (CPEE) is neurobehavioral teratogenicity, which often manifests as cognitive and behavioral impairments, including deficits in spatial learning and memory. This study tested the hypothesis that a modified dry-land version of the multi-choice Biel-maze task is more sensitive than the rewarded-alternation Y-maze task for the determination of spatial learning and memory deficits of ethanol teratogenicity. Pregnant guinea pigs received ethanol (4 g/kg maternal body weight/day) or isocaloric-sucrose/pair-feeding (control) for 5days/week throughout gestation. CPEE resulted in ethanol neurobehavioral teratogenicity in offspring, as demonstrated by increased spontaneous locomotor activity at postnatal day (PD) 10 and decreased brain weight at euthanasia (PD 150-200). On PD 21, offspring were randomly assigned to one of two tasks to assess spatial learning and memory performance: a dry-land version of the Biel maze or a rewarded-alternation Y-maze. Animals were habituated to the environment of their assigned task and performance of each CPEE or control offspring was measured. In the modified Biel maze, CPEE and control offspring were not different for percent completed trials or time to complete a trial. However, CPEE offspring made more errors (reversals and entering dead ends) in the Biel maze, demonstrating impaired spatial learning and memory. In contrast, CPEE offspring did not have impaired performance of the rewarded-alternation Y-maze task. Therefore, the modified dry-land version of the Biel-maze task, which measures cognitive performance using a complex multi-choice design, is more sensitive in demonstrating CPEE-induced spatial learning and memory deficits compared with a simple, rewarded-alternation Y-maze task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Dobson
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Pharmacology and Toxicology Graduate Program, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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