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Pérez-Morales M, Bello-Medina PC, González-Franco DA, Díaz-Cintra S, García-Mena J, Pacheco-López G. STEERING THE MICROBIOTA-GUT-BRAIN AXIS BY ANTIBIOTICS TO MODEL NEURO-IMMUNE-ENDOCRINE DISORDERS. Neuroimmunomodulation 2024:000538927. [PMID: 38631302 DOI: 10.1159/000538927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over the last century, animal models have been employed to study the gut-brain axis and its relationship with physiological processes, including those necessary for survival, such as food intake regulation and thermoregulation; those involved in diseases, ranging from inflammation to obesity; and those concerned to the development of neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and autism spectrum disorder, respectively. SUMMARY The gut microbiota has been recognized in the last decade as an essential functional component of this axis. Many reports demonstrate that the gut microbiota influences the development of a vast array of physiological processes. Experiments that use animal models to assess the effect of the gut microbiota on the brain and behavior may involve the acute or chronic administration of wide-spectrum antibiotics. KEY MESSAGES This narrative review summarizes the beneficial or detrimental effects of antibiotics administered prenatally or postnatally to rodents during acute or chronic periods in a wide range of protocols. These include animal models of disease and behavioral paradigms of learning and memory, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. Biomarkers and behavioral assays associated with antibiotic exposure are also included in this review.
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López-Troncoso ÓJ, Reyes-Lagos JJ, Hadamitzky M, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, Lückemann L, Schedlowski M, Pacheco-López G. Assessing the effects of oxytocin in changes of core body temperature during LPS-induced endotoxemia: A novel approach using Extended Poincaré Plot Analysis. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103756. [PMID: 38056359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin has shown cardioprotective effects during inflammation and may modify the core body temperature changes in LPS-induced endotoxemia. Notably, the time series analysis of core body temperature fluctuations may indicate thermoregulation alterations. This study aims to assess the effects of oxytocin on changes in the core body temperature by analyzing the fluctuations of the temperature time series of endotoxemic rats. Twelve hours of continuous core body temperature fluctuations time series were obtained from adult male Dark Agouti rats implanted with a telemetric transmitter under the following treatment: lipopolysaccharide (LPS); oxytocin (O); lipopolysaccharide + oxytocin (LPS + O), and vehicle or control (C). The temperature fluctuations time series were analyzed using the Extended Poincaré Plot Analysis (EPPA), a novel approach for measuring nonlinear features, to compute the autocorrelation by Pearson's correlation coefficient r, the standard deviation perpendicular to the line of identity (SD1), and the standard deviation parallel to the line of identity (SD2). The autocorrelation of the temperature fluctuations assessed by Pearson's coefficient was significantly higher in the LPS group compared to control rats (C). Likewise, the co-administration of oxytocin during endotoxemia (LPS + O) significantly reduced the autocorrelation and increased the short-term variability (SD1) of temperature fluctuations compared to those recorded with a single dose of LPS. Thus, we concluded that oxytocin may introduce thermoregulatory changes under LPS-induced endotoxemia. The EPPA is a simple and powerful approach to assess physiological variability that can provide valuable insights into changes in thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Javier Reyes-Lagos
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMéx), School of Medicine, Toluca, 50180, Mexico
| | - Martin Hadamitzky
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Laura Lückemann
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Biological and Health Sciences Division, Lerma, 52005, Mexico.
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Ferraretto A, Donetti E, García-Mena J, Pacheco-López G. Editorial: The gut-skin-brain axis in human health and disease. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1155614. [PMID: 36875850 PMCID: PMC9979212 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1155614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ferraretto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Donetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Mexico, Mexico
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Hernández-Ramírez S, Salcedo-Tello P, Osorio-Gómez D, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Pacheco-López G, Ferreira G, Lafenetre P, Guzmán-Ramos KR. Voluntary physical activity improves spatial and recognition memory deficits induced by post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet. Physiol Behav 2022; 254:113910. [PMID: 35820628 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Childhood and adolescent exposure to obesogenic environments has contributed to the development of several health disorders, including neurocognitive impairment. Adolescence is a critical neurodevelopmental window highly influenced by environmental factors that affect brain function until adulthood. Post-weaning chronic exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) adversely affects memory performance; physical activity is one approach to coping with these dysfunctions. Previous studies indicate that voluntary exercise prevents HFD's detrimental effects on memory; however, it remains to evaluate whether it has a remedial/therapeutical effect when introduced after a long-term HFD exposure. This study was conducted on a diet-induced obesity mice model over six months. After three months of HFD exposure (without interrupting the diet) access to voluntary physical activity was provided. HFD produced weight gain, increased adiposity, and impaired glucose tolerance. Voluntary physical exercise ameliorated glucose tolerance and halted weight gain and fat accumulation. Additionally, physical activity mitigated HFD-induced spatial and recognition memory impairments. Our data indicate that voluntary physical exercise starting after several months of periadolescent HFD exposure reverses metabolic and cognitive alterations demonstrating that voluntary exercise, in addition to its known preventive effect, also has a restorative impact on metabolism and cognition dysfunctions associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Hernández-Ramírez
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Pamela Salcedo-Tello
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Daniel Osorio-Gómez
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias. Instituto de Fisiología Celular. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro Laboratory, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Lafenetre
- Université de Bordeaux, Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kioko R Guzmán-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma. Av. de las Garzas No. 10, Col. el Panteón, Lerma de Villada, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, Mexico.
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Romero-Rebollar C, García-Gómez L, Báez-Yáñez MG, Gutiérrez-Aguilar R, Pacheco-López G. Adiposity affects emotional information processing. Front Psychol 2022; 13:879065. [PMID: 36225672 PMCID: PMC9549075 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.879065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide epidemic associated with severe health and psychological wellbeing impairments expressed by an increased prevalence of affective disorders. Emotional dysfunction is important due to its effect on social performance. The aim of the present narrative review is to provide a general overview of human research exploring emotional information processing in overweight and obese people. Evidence suggests that obesity is associated with an attenuation of emotional experience, contradictory findings about emotion recognition, and scarce research about automatic emotional information processing. Finally, we made some concluding considerations for future research on emotional information processing in overweight and obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonor García-Gómez
- School of Psychology, Intercontinental University (UIC), Mexico City, Mexico
- Department of Research on Smoking and COPD, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases (INER) Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario G. Báez-Yáñez
- Radiology Department, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ruth Gutiérrez-Aguilar
- Division of Research, School of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases: Obesity and Diabetes, Hospital Infantil de México “Federico Gómez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Gustavo Pacheco-López,
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Pinacho-Guendulain B, Montiel-Castro AJ, Ramos-Fernández G, Pacheco-López G. Social complexity as a driving force of gut microbiota exchange among conspecific hosts in non-human primates. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:876849. [PMID: 36110388 PMCID: PMC9468716 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.876849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergent concept of the social microbiome implies a view of a highly connected biological world, in which microbial interchange across organisms may be influenced by social and ecological connections occurring at different levels of biological organization. We explore this idea reviewing evidence of whether increasing social complexity in primate societies is associated with both higher diversity and greater similarity in the composition of the gut microbiota. By proposing a series of predictions regarding such relationship, we evaluate the existence of a link between gut microbiota and primate social behavior. Overall, we find that enough empirical evidence already supports these predictions. Nonetheless, we conclude that studies with the necessary, sufficient, explicit, and available evidence are still scarce. Therefore, we reflect on the benefit of founding future analyses on the utility of social complexity as a theoretical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio Pinacho-Guendulain
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Augusto Jacobo Montiel-Castro
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Augusto Jacobo Montiel-Castro,
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Fernández
- Institute for Research on Applied Mathematics and Systems (IIMAS), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
- Center for Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico
- Gustavo Pacheco-López,
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Bello-Medina PC, Corona-Cervantes K, Zavala Torres NG, González A, Pérez-Morales M, González-Franco DA, Gómez A, García-Mena J, Díaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Chronic-Antibiotics Induced Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Rescues Memory Impairment and Reduces β-Amyloid Aggregation in a Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8209. [PMID: 35897785 PMCID: PMC9331718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial pathology characterized by β-amyloid (Aβ) deposits, Tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammatory response, and cognitive deficit. Changes in the bacterial gut microbiota (BGM) have been reported as a possible etiological factor of AD. We assessed in offspring (F1) 3xTg, the effect of BGM dysbiosisdysbiosis in mothers (F0) at gestation and F1 from lactation up to the age of 5 months on Aβ and Tau levels in the hippocampus, as well as on spatial memory at the early symptomatic stage of AD. We found that BGM dysbiosisdysbiosis with antibiotics (Abx) treatment in F0 was vertically transferred to their F1 3xTg mice, as observed on postnatal day (PD) 30 and 150. On PD150, we observed a delay in spatial memory impairment and Aβ deposits, but not in Tau and pTau protein in the hippocampus at the early symptomatic stage of AD. These effects are correlated with relative abundance of bacteria and alpha diversity, and are specific to bacterial consortia. Our results suggest that this specific BGM could reduce neuroinflammatory responses related to cerebral amyloidosis and cognitive deficit and activate metabolic pathways associated with the biosynthesis of triggering or protective molecules for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola C. Bello-Medina
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Karina Corona-Cervantes
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.C.-C.); (N.G.Z.T.)
| | - Norma Gabriela Zavala Torres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.C.-C.); (N.G.Z.T.)
| | - Antonio González
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Marcel Pérez-Morales
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Diego A. González-Franco
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Astrid Gómez
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Zacatenco, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.C.-C.); (N.G.Z.T.)
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomus University (UAM), Lerma 52005, Mexico; (A.G.); (M.P.-M.); (D.A.G.-F.); (A.G.); (G.P.-L.)
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Vargas-Rodríguez I, Reyes-Castro LA, Pacheco-López G, Lomas-Soria C, Zambrano E, Díaz-Ruíz A, Diaz-Cintra S. POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE COMBINED WITH HIGH-FAT DIET CONSUMPTION INDUCES IMMUNE TOLERANCE WITHOUT PREVENTION IN SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY IMPAIRMENT. Behav Brain Res 2022; 423:113776. [PMID: 35120930 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) consumption has been related to metabolic alterations, such as obesity and cardiovascular problems, and has pronounced effects on brain plasticity and memory impairment. HFD exposure has a pro-inflammatory effect associated with microglial cell modifications in the hippocampus, a region involved in the working memory process. Immune tolerance can protect from inflammation in periphery induced by HFD consumption, when the immune response is desensitized in development period with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure, maybe this previously state can change the course of the diseases associated to HFDs but is not known if can protect the hippocampus's inflammatory response. In the present study, male mice were injected with LPS (100μg.kg-1 body weight) on postnatal day 3 and fed with HFD for 16 weeks after weaning. Ours results indicated that postnatal exposure to LPS in the early postnatal developmental stage combined with HFD consumption prevented glycemia, insulin, HOMA-IR, microglial process, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression, without changes in body weight gain and spatial working memory with respect vehicle + HFD group. These findings suggest that HFD consumption after postnatal LPS exposure induces hippocampal immune tolerance, without prevention in spatial working memory impairment on male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Vargas-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, C.P. 76230, México
| | - Luis Antonio Reyes-Castro
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, México 14080
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- División de Ciencias de Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Lerma, Estado de México, C.P. 52005, México
| | - Consuelo Lomas-Soria
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, México 14080; CONACyT-Cátedras, Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, México 14080
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Salvador Zubirán, México 14080
| | - Araceli Díaz-Ruíz
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurologı́a y Neurocirugı́a, Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A, México, CP, 14269, México
| | - Sofía Diaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología. Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, C.P. 76230, México.
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Pacheco-López G, Pérez-Morales M, Guzmán-Ramos KR, Figueroa JD, Krügel U, Bravo JA. Editorial: Obesogenic Environmental Conditions Affect Neurodevelopment and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:724503. [PMID: 34421531 PMCID: PMC8371235 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.724503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Marcel Pérez-Morales
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Kioko Rubí Guzmán-Ramos
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | | | - Ute Krügel
- Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Javier A Bravo
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile
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Bello-Medina PC, Hernández-Quiroz F, Pérez-Morales M, González-Franco DA, Cruz-Pauseno G, García-Mena J, Díaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Spatial Memory and Gut Microbiota Alterations Are Already Present in Early Adulthood in a Pre-clinical Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:595583. [PMID: 33994914 PMCID: PMC8116633 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.595583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The irreversible and progressive neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive decline, extracellular β-amyloid peptide accumulation, and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the cortex and hippocampus. The triple-transgenic (3xTg) mouse model of AD presents memory impairment in several behavioral paradigms and histopathological alterations from 6 to 16 months old. Additionally, it seems that dysbiotic gut microbiota is present in both mouse models and patients of AD at the cognitive symptomatic stage. The present study aimed to assess spatial learning, memory retention, and gut microbiota alterations in an early adult stage of the 3xTg-AD mice as well as to explore its sexual dimorphism. We evaluated motor activity, novel-object localization training, and retention test as well as collected fecal samples to characterize relative abundance, alpha- and beta-diversity, and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis in gut microbiota in both female and male 3xTg-AD mice, and controls [non-transgenic mice (NoTg)], at 3 and 5 months old. We found spatial memory deficits in female and male 3xTg-AD but no alteration neither during training nor in motor activity. Importantly, already at 3 months old, we observed decreased relative abundances of Actinobacteria and TM7 in 3xTg-AD compared to NoTg mice, while the beta diversity of gut microbiota was different in female and male 3xTg-AD mice in comparison to NoTg. Our results suggest that gut microbiota modifications in 3xTg-AD mice anticipate and thus could be causally related to cognitive decline already at the early adult age of AD. We propose that microbiota alterations may be used as an early and non-invasive diagnostic biomarker of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola C Bello-Medina
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Fernando Hernández-Quiroz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Unidad Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marcel Pérez-Morales
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Diego A González-Franco
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Cruz-Pauseno
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV) del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Unidad Zacatenco, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Lerma, Lerma, Mexico
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Reyes-Lagos JJ, Abarca-Castro EA, Echeverría JC, Mendieta-Zerón H, Vargas-Caraveo A, Pacheco-López G. A Translational Perspective of Maternal Immune Activation by SARS-CoV-2 on the Potential Prenatal Origin of Neurodevelopmental Disorders: The Role of the Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway. Front Psychol 2021; 12:614451. [PMID: 33868085 PMCID: PMC8044741 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.614451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could produce a maternal immune activation (MIA) via the inflammatory response during gestation that may impair fetal neurodevelopment and lead to postnatal and adulthood mental illness and behavioral dysfunctions. However, so far, limited evidence exists regarding long-term physiological, immunological, and neurodevelopmental modifications produced by the SARS-CoV-2 in the human maternal-fetal binomial and, particularly, in the offspring. Relevant findings derived from epidemiological and preclinical models show that a MIA is indeed linked to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. We hypothesize that a gestational infection triggered by SARS-CoV-2 increases the risks leading to neurodevelopmental disorders of the newborn, which can affect childhood and the long-term quality of life. In particular, disruption of either the maternal or the fetal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) could cause or exacerbate the severity of COVID-19 in the maternal-fetal binomial. From a translational perspective, in this paper, we discuss the possible manifestation of a MIA by SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent neurodevelopmental disorders considering the role of the fetal-maternal cytokine cross-talk and the CAP. Specifically, we highlight the urgent need of preclinical studies as well as multicenter and international databanks of maternal-fetal psychophysiological data obtained pre-, during, and post-infection by SARS-CoV-2 from pregnant women and their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Alonso Abarca-Castro
- Multidisciplinary Research Center in Education (CIME), Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Toluca, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Campus Iztapalapa, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Mendieta-Zerón
- Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Toluca, Mexico
- Health Institute of the State of Mexico (ISEM), “Mónica Pretelini Sáenz” Maternal-Perinatal Hospital, Toluca, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Vargas-Caraveo
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico
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Montero-Nava JE, Pliego-Carrillo AC, Ledesma-Ramírez CI, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, Pacheco-López G, Reyes-Lagos JJ. Analysis of the fetal cardio-electrohysterographic coupling at the third trimester of gestation in healthy women by Bivariate Phase-Rectified Signal Averaging. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236123. [PMID: 32649719 PMCID: PMC7351174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fetal cardio-electrohysterographic coupling (FCEC) is defined as the influence of the uterine electrical activity on fetal heart rate. FCEC has been mainly evaluated by visual analysis of cardiotocographic data during labor; however, this physiological phenomenon is poorly explored during the antenatal period. Here we propose an approach known as Bivariate Phase-Rectified Signal Averaging analysis (BPRSA) to assess such FCEC in the late third trimester of low-risk pregnancies. We hypothesized that BPRSA is a more reliable measure of FCEC than visual analysis and conventional measures such as cross-correlation, coherence, and cross-sample entropy. Additionally, by using BPRSA it is possible to detect FCEC even from the third trimester of pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Healthy pregnant women in the last third trimester of pregnancy (36.6 ± 1.8 gestational weeks) without any clinical manifestation of labor were enrolled in the Maternal and Childhood Research Center (CIMIGen), Mexico City (n = 37). Ten minutes of maternal electrohysterogram (EHG) and fetal heart rate (FHR) data were collected by a transabdominal non-invasive device. The FCEC was quantified by the coefficient of coherence, the maximum normalized cross-correlation, and the cross-sample entropy obtained either from the EHG and FHR raw signals or from the corresponding BPRSA graphs. RESULTS We found that by using BPRSA, the FCEC was detected in 92% cases (34/37) compared to 48% cases (18/37) using the coefficient of coherence between the EHG and FHR raw signals. Also, BPRSA indicated FCEC in 82% cases (30/37) compared to 30% cases (11/37) using the maximum normalized cross-correlation. By comparing the analyses, the BPRSA evidenced higher FCEC in comparison to the coupling estimated from the raw EHG and FHR signals. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the consideration that in the third trimester of pregnancy, the fetal heart rate is also influenced by uterine activity despite the emerging manifestation of this activity before labor. To quantify FCEC, the BPRSA can be applied to FHR and EHG transabdominal signals acquired in the third trimester of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Biological and Health Sciences Division, Lerma, Mexico
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Abstract
The phenomenon of behaviorally conditioned immunological and neuroendocrine functions has been investigated for the past 100 yr. The observation that associative learning processes can modify peripheral immune functions was first reported and investigated by Ivan Petrovic Pavlov and his co-workers. Their work later fell into oblivion, also because so little was known about the immune system’s function and even less about the underlying mechanisms of how learning, a central nervous system activity, could affect peripheral immune responses. With the employment of a taste-avoidance paradigm in rats, this phenomenon was rediscovered 45 yr ago as one of the most fascinating examples of the reciprocal functional interaction between behavior, the brain, and peripheral immune functions, and it established psychoneuroimmunology as a new research field. Relying on growing knowledge about efferent and afferent communication pathways between the brain, neuroendocrine system, primary and secondary immune organs, and immunocompetent cells, experimental animal studies demonstrate that cellular and humoral immune and neuroendocrine functions can be modulated via associative learning protocols. These (from the classical perspective) learned immune responses are clinically relevant, since they affect the development and progression of immune-related diseases and, more importantly, are also inducible in humans. The increased knowledge about the neuropsychological machinery steering learning and memory processes together with recent insight into the mechanisms mediating placebo responses provide fascinating perspectives to exploit these learned immune and neuroendocrine responses as supportive therapies, the aim being to reduce the amount of medication required, diminishing unwanted drug side effects while maximizing the therapeutic effect for the patient’s benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hadamitzky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Lückemann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Mexico; and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Egolf A, Siegrist M, Ammann J, Pacheco-López G, Etale A, Hartmann C. Cross-cultural validation of the short version of the Food Disgust Scale in ten countries. Appetite 2019; 143:104420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Reyes-Lagos JJ, Ledesma-Ramírez CI, Hadamitzky M, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, Lückemann L, Schedlowski M, Berg K, Wessel N, Pacheco-López G. Symbolic analysis of heart rate fluctuations identifies cardiac autonomic modifications during LPS-induced endotoxemia. Auton Neurosci 2019; 221:102577. [PMID: 31445407 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2019.102577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare linear and symbolic dynamics (SD) indices for detecting the autonomic cardiac changes produced by endotoxemia in freely-moving rats. In this context, we analyzed ECG-derived R-R time series in freely moving Dark Agouti rats, which received lipopolysaccharide (LPS, n = 9), or vehicle (V, n = 7). Five minutes R-R time series were assessed every hour up to +12 h and + 24 h post-LPS injection. We found that SD indices showed significant differences at +7 h between V vs. LPS groups and at +9 h between basal levels of LPS (-3 h) and post-LPS injection (pre-LPS vs. post-LPS). In general, SD seems more appropriate than linear indices to evaluate the autonomic changes of endotoxemic rats. Overall, the symbolic parameters detected decreased R-R variability and complexity, which indicate a modification of the autonomic regulation during LPS-induced endotoxemia. This modification is probably related to a reduced activity of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway at the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Reyes-Lagos
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Faculty of Medicine, Toluca, 50180, Mexico
| | | | - Martin Hadamitzky
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Juan C Echeverría
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Laura Lückemann
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen 45122, Germany
| | - Karsten Berg
- Cardiovascular Physics, Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Niels Wessel
- Cardiovascular Physics, Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Biological and Health Sciences Division, Lerma 52005, Mexico; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Department of Health Sciences, and Technology, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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16
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Münger E, Montiel-Castro AJ, Langhans W, Pacheco-López G. Reciprocal Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Host Social Behavior. Front Integr Neurosci 2018; 12:21. [PMID: 29946243 PMCID: PMC6006525 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals harbor an extensive, dynamic microbial ecosystem in their gut. Gut microbiota (GM) supposedly modulate various host functions including fecundity, metabolism, immunity, cognition and behavior. Starting by analyzing the concept of the holobiont as a unit of selection, we highlight recent findings suggesting an intimate link between GM and animal social behavior. We consider two reciprocal emerging themes: (i) that GM influence host social behavior; and (ii) that social behavior and social structure shape the composition of the GM across individuals. We propose that, throughout a long history of coevolution, GM may have become involved in the modulation of their host’s sociality to foster their own transmission, while in turn social organization may have fine-tuned the transmission of beneficial endosymbionts and prevented pathogen infection. We suggest that investigating these reciprocal interactions can advance our understanding of sociality, from healthy and impaired social cognition to the evolution of specific social behaviors and societal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Münger
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Health Sciences Department, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Mexico.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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17
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Reyes-Lagos JJ, Ledesma-Ramírez CI, Pliego-Carrillo AC, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, Becerril-Villanueva E, Pavón L, Pacheco-López G. Neuroautonomic activity evidences parturition as a complex and integrated neuro-immune-endocrine process. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1437:22-30. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Campus Iztapalapa; Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Campus Iztapalapa; Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM); Mexico City Mexico
| | - Enrique Becerril-Villanueva
- Department of Psychoimmunology; National Institute of Psychiatry (INP) Ramon de la Fuente; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology; National Institute of Psychiatry (INP) Ramon de la Fuente; Mexico City Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Biological and Health Sciences Division, Campus Lerma; Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM); Lerma Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences, and Technology; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich; Schwerzenbach Switzerland
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18
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Langhans W, Adan R, Arnold M, Banks WA, Card JP, Dailey MJ, Daniels D, de Kloet AD, de Lartigue G, Dickson S, Fedele S, Grill HJ, Jansson JO, Kaufman S, Kolar G, Krause E, Lee SJ, Le Foll C, Levin BE, Lutz TA, Mansouri A, Moran TH, Pacheco-López G, Ramachandran D, Raybould H, Rinaman L, Samson WK, Sanchez-Watts G, Seeley RJ, Skibicka KP, Small D, Spector AC, Tamashiro KL, Templeton B, Trapp S, Tso P, Watts AG, Weissfeld N, Williams D, Wolfrum C, Yosten G, Woods SC. New horizons for future research - Critical issues to consider for maximizing research excellence and impact. Mol Metab 2018; 14:53-59. [PMID: 29886182 PMCID: PMC6034110 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Roger Adan
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Dept. of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584, CG, The Netherlands; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Patrick Card
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Megan J Dailey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Derek Daniels
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Suzanne Dickson
- Dept Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shahana Fedele
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Harvey J Grill
- Lynch Laboratories University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John-Olov Jansson
- Dept Physiology/Endocrine, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sharon Kaufman
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Grant Kolar
- Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Eric Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Shin J Lee
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Le Foll
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barry E Levin
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdelhak Mansouri
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Timothy H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Health Sciences Department, Lerma, Edo Mex, 52005, Mexico
| | - Deepti Ramachandran
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Helen Raybould
- Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Linda Rinaman
- Florida State University, Dept. of Psychology, Tallahassee, FL, 32303, USA
| | - Willis K Samson
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Graciela Sanchez-Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Departments of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Karolina P Skibicka
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dana Small
- Yale University School of Medicine, The Modern Diet and Physiology Research Center, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Alan C Spector
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Kellie L Tamashiro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Brian Templeton
- Midwest Community Fundraising, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, 45223, USA
| | - Stefan Trapp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
| | - Alan G Watts
- The Department of Biological Sciences, USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Nadja Weissfeld
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Schorenstr. 16, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Diana Williams
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA
| | - Christian Wolfrum
- Translational Nutrition Biology Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8603, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Gina Yosten
- Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45237, USA
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Escalante-Gaytán J, Reyes-Lagos JJ, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, García-González MT, Becerril-Villanueva E, Pavón L, Ledesma-Ramírez CI, Ayala-Yáñez R, González-Camarena R, Pacheco-López G. Associations of Immunological Markers and Anthropometric Measures with Linear and Nonlinear Electrohysterographic Parameters at Term Active Labor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/nib-170127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Escalante-Gaytán
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Faculty of Medicine, Toluca, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Teresa García-González
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Lenin Pavón
- Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry, “Ramón de la Fuente”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ramón González-Camarena
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Division of Biological and Health Sciences, Lerma, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Pineda-Ortíz M, Pacheco-López G, Rubio-Osornio M, Rubio C, Valadez-Rodríguez J. Neurorehabilitation of saccadic ocular movement in a patient with a homonymous hemianopia postgeniculate caused by an arteriovenous malformation: A Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e9890. [PMID: 29538218 PMCID: PMC5882405 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000009890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Visual therapy, which includes a restorative and compensatory approach, seems to be a viable treatment option for homonymous defects of the visual field in patients with postgeniculate injury of the visual pathway, due to occipital arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Until now, the Mexican population suffering from homonymous hemianopia did not have health services that provided any type of visual therapy for their condition. PATIENT CONCERNS A 31-year-old patient, who underwent a surgical procedure for resection of the AVM, was referred with posterior low vision on the left side. DIAGNOSES The patient was diagnosed with left homonymous hemianopia. INTERVENTIONS Visual neurorehabilitation therapy (NRT), which integrated restorative and compensatory approaches, was administered for 3 hours each week. NRT included fixation, follow-up, search, peripheral vision, and reading. OUTCOMES The NRT did not change visual field defects and, retinotopocally, the same campimetric defects remained. However, after training the tracking ocular movements improved to standard values on the ENG, further, the visual search became more organized. The reading reached a level without mistakes, with rhythm and goog intonation. The Beck test demostrated an improvement in depression symptoms. Regarding the daily life activities, the patient reported significant improvements. LESSONS Visual NRT can significantly improve eye movements, as well as the quality of life and independence of the patient. This integral approach could be an effective therapeutic option for homonymous defects of the visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Pineda-Ortíz
- Health Sciences Department, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Edo. Mex
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Health Sciences Department, Campus Lerma, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Lerma, Edo. Mex
| | - Moisés Rubio-Osornio
- National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez.” Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Rubio
- National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez.” Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Valadez-Rodríguez
- National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez.” Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Tekampe J, van Middendorp H, Meeuwis SH, van Leusden JWR, Pacheco-López G, Hermus ARMM, Evers AWM. Conditioning Immune and Endocrine Parameters in Humans: A Systematic Review. Psychother Psychosom 2017; 86:99-107. [PMID: 28183096 DOI: 10.1159/000449470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditioned pharmacological effects may provide relevant clinical opportunities to improve treatment for patients with a variety of conditions. The aim of this systematic review was to create an overview of studies in this field of research and to investigate whether specific characteristics of the study design make for successful conditioning. METHODS The protocol of this review was registered in Prospero (PROSPERO 2015: CRD42015024148). A systematic literature search was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, and PsychInfo. Studies were included if they were placebo-controlled trials in humans in which the effects of a pharmacological agent on immune or endocrine outcomes (e.g., interleukin-2 and cortisol) were conditioned, using a specific conditioned stimulus. The risk of bias of each study was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS The final selection included 16 studies. Overall, those studies indicate that conditioning of immunosuppression, conditioning of allergic responses, and conditioning of insulin and glycemic responses is possible. Regarding immunostimulants, antiallergic effects, and cortisol conditioning, the preliminary results are promising, but additional studies are needed. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review shows classical conditioning of immune and endocrine responses for various pharmaceutical substances. The studies reviewed here indicate that the number of acquisition and evocation sessions, and characteristics of the unconditioned and conditioned stimuli, are important determinants of the effectiveness of pharmacological conditioning on immune and endocrine parameters. In the future, conditioned pharmacological effects may be used clinically as adjunct therapy in various patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Tekampe
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Morin JP, Rodríguez-Durán LF, Guzmán-Ramos K, Perez-Cruz C, Ferreira G, Diaz-Cintra S, Pacheco-López G. Palatable Hyper-Caloric Foods Impact on Neuronal Plasticity. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:19. [PMID: 28261067 PMCID: PMC5306218 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural plasticity is an intrinsic and essential characteristic of the nervous system that allows animals “self-tuning” to adapt to their environment over their lifetime. Activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system is a form of neural plasticity that underlies learning and memory formation, as well as long-lasting, environmentally-induced maladaptive behaviors, such as drug addiction and overeating of palatable hyper-caloric (PHc) food. In western societies, the abundance of PHc foods has caused a dramatic increase in the incidence of overweight/obesity and related disorders. To this regard, it has been suggested that increased adiposity may be caused at least in part by behavioral changes in the affected individuals that are induced by the chronic consumption of PHc foods; some authors have even drawn attention to the similarity that exists between over-indulgent eating and drug addiction. Long-term misuse of certain dietary components has also been linked to chronic neuroimmune maladaptation that may predispose individuals to neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. In this review article, we discuss recent evidence that shows how consumption of PHc food can cause maladaptive neural plasticity that converts short-term ingestive drives into compulsive behaviors. We also discuss the neural mechanisms of how chronic consumption of PHc foods may alter brain function and lead to cognitive impairments, focusing on prenatal, childhood and adolescence as vulnerable neurodevelopmental stages to dietary environmental insults. Finally, we outline a societal agenda for harnessing permissive obesogenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Morin
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-EssenEssen, Germany
| | - Luis F Rodríguez-Durán
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Division of Research and Graduate Studies, Faculty of Psychology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM)Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kioko Guzmán-Ramos
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM) Lerma, Mexico
| | - Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research and Advance Studies (CINVESTAV) Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillaume Ferreira
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, National Institute of Agricultural Research (INRA), UMR 1286Bordeaux, France; Laboratory of Nutrition and Integrative Neurobiology, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Sofia Diaz-Cintra
- Institute of Neurobiology, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM)Lerma, Mexico; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichSchwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Reyes-Lagos JJ, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, Pérez-Sánchez G, Álvarez-Herrera S, Becerril-Villanueva E, Pavón L, Ayala-Yáñez R, González-Camarena R, Pacheco-López G. Women Serum Concentrations of the IL-10 Family of Cytokines and IFN-γ Decrease from the Third Trimester of Pregnancy to Active Labor. Neuroimmunomodulation 2017; 24:162-170. [PMID: 29131096 DOI: 10.1159/000480734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Labor is regarded as increased myometrial activity with a regular contractility pattern. At this final stage of pregnancy, myometrial quiescence is lost, accompanied by altered immune homeostasis. It is well known that the interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines modulates immunological responses mainly in epithelial cells, including the endometrium. To investigate their inflammatory profile during labor, we performed a longitudinal study in a group of healthy pregnant women (n = 20) with uncomplicated pregnancies in the third trimester of pregnancy and during active labor. Blood was sampled from pregnant women in the third trimester (gestational age 32-38 weeks, mean 36 ± 2 weeks) and during active labor (39-41 weeks of gestation, mean 40 ± 1 weeks). Serum levels of several cytokines were measured using multiplex immunoassays for both stages, indicating that the concentrations of IL-10, IL-20, IL-22, IL-28A, and interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly decreased during active labor in comparison with third-trimester levels (p < 0.05). Our analysis did not find significant correlations between IL-10, IL-20, IL-22, IL-28A, and IFN-γ levels and gestational age. However, our data suggest that the systemic downregulation of several members of the IL-10 family of cytokines plays an important role in the activation of myometrial smooth cells associated with uterine contractions during active labor. Downregulation of this IL-10 family of cytokines seems to coincide with the well-reported functional progesterone withdrawal during labor. Likewise, lower plasma IFN-γ concentrations may indicate a role for IFN-γ in active labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Reyes-Lagos
- Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Campus Iztapalapa, Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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24
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Bauer D, Busch M, Pacheco-López G, Kasper M, Wildschütz L, Walscheid K, Bähler H, Schröder M, Thanos S, Schedlowski M, Heiligenhaus A. Behavioral Conditioning of Immune Responses with Cyclosporine A in a Murine Model of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2017; 24:87-99. [PMID: 28848192 DOI: 10.1159/000479185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the role of behavioral conditioning of immune responses with cyclosporine A (CsA) on the development of Th1/Th17-driven experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). METHODS Mice received a 0.2% w/v saccharin solution as conditioned stimulus combined with CsA (20 mg/kg) in 6 association trials at 72-h intervals. For evocation periods, conditioned mice were reexposed to saccharin, whereas the conditioned but not reexposed group received water only. Animals were immunized with human interphotoreceptor-retinoid-binding protein peptide 161-180 (hIRBPp161-180) peptide in complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) and a concomitant injection of pertussis toxin. RESULTS In naïve mice subjected to the behavioral conditioning regimen, mitogen-induced interleukin (IL)-2 production was decreased in conditioned mice compared to conditioned but not reexposed animals. Incidence and severity of EAU were not significantly lower in behaviorally conditioned and immunized mice. ELISA analysis of splenocytes revealed a reduced interferon (IFN)-γ/IL-17 ratio in CsA-treated, conditioned but not reexposed, and conditioned animals. The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific splenocytes from animals behaviorally conditioned with CsA to naïve mice decreased the severity of EAU in recipient mice compared to the control group. In vitro activation of splenocytes isolated from immunized mice with agonists targeting TLR2 and NOD2 together with β2-adrenergic activation (induced by epinephrine, norepinephrine, or salbutamol) resulted in decreased IFN-γ but increased IL-17 immune responses. The β2-adrenergic antagonist propranolol could restore IFN-γ production, whereas only the norepinephrine-induced increase in IL-17 production was abrogated. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that CsA conditioning in the EAU model mitigates Th1 but enhances Th17 immune responses, and does not ameliorate disease. The results imply that in EAU the mechanism of immune conditioning interacts with CFA components during active immunization, most likely via the TLR2/NOD2 pathway, and induces differentiation of Th17 cells that drive autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bauer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Ophtha-Lab, St. Franziskus Hospital, Münster, Germany
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25
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Morin JP, Cerón-Solano G, Velázquez-Campos G, Pacheco-López G, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Díaz-Cintra S. Spatial Memory Impairment is Associated with Intraneural Amyloid-β Immunoreactivity and Dysfunctional Arc Expression in the Hippocampal-CA3 Region of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 51:69-79. [PMID: 26836189 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of synaptic communication in cortical and hippocampal networks has been suggested as one of the neuropathological hallmarks of the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Also, several lines of evidence have linked disrupted levels of activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc), an immediate early gene product that plays a central role in synaptic plasticity, with AD "synaptopathy". The mapping of Arc expression patterns in brain networks has been extensively used as a marker of memory-relevant neuronal activity history. Here we evaluated basal and behavior-induced Arc expression in hippocampal networks of the 3xTg-AD mouse model of AD. The basal percentage of Arc-expressing cells in 10-month-old 3xTg-AD mice was higher than wild type in CA3 (4.88% versus 1.77% , respectively) but similar in CA1 (1.75% versus 2.75% ). Noteworthy, this difference was not observed at 3 months of age. Furthermore, although a Morris water maze test probe induced a steep (∼4-fold) increment in the percentage of Arc+ cells in the CA3 region of the 10-month-old wild-type group, no such increment was observed in age-matched 3xTg-AD, whereas the amount of Arc+ cells in CA1 increased in both groups. Further, we detected that CA3 neurons with amyloid-β were much more likely to express Arc protein under basal conditions. We propose that in 3xTg-AD mice, intraneuronal amyloid-β expression in CA3 could increase unspecific neuronal activation and subsequent Arc protein expression, which might impair further memory-stabilizing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Morin
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Lerma, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Lerma, Edo. Mex., México.,Departamento de Neurofisiología y Desarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Giovanni Cerón-Solano
- Departamento de Neurofisiología y Desarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Giovanna Velázquez-Campos
- Departamento de Neurofisiología y Desarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Lerma, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Lerma, Edo. Mex., México.,Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Leiden, AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Sofía Díaz-Cintra
- Departamento de Neurofisiología y Desarrollo, Instituto de Neurobiología (INB), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
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Elorza-Ávila AR, Reyes-Lagos JJ, Hadamitzky M, Peña-Castillo MÁ, Echeverría JC, Ortiz-Pedroza MDR, Lückemann L, Schedlowski M, Pacheco-López G. Oxytocin's role on the cardiorespiratory activity of endotoxemic rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 236:19-22. [PMID: 27989889 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent findings concerning oxytocin indicate its anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and parasympathetic modulating properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of systemically applied oxytocin on the cardiorespiratory activity in a rodent model of moderate endotoxemia. METHODS Telemetrically recorded electrocardiogram (ECGs) from animals which received lipopolysaccharide (LPS); oxytocin (Ox); lipopolysaccharide+oxytocin (LPS+Ox), or vehicle (V) were analyzed using the ECG-derived respiration (EDR) technique to estimate the respiratory rate. The mean R-R interval and the spectral parameters of heart rate variability (HRV), such as the natural logarithm of the high frequency (lnHF) and low frequency (lnLF) components were also estimated up to 24h after treatment. RESULTS The endotoxemic animals (LPS) showed an elevated respiratory rate as well as a reduced mean R-R interval, lnHF and lnLF components compared to controls (V) from +5 to +12h after the treatment. The administration of oxytocin significantly attenuated the hyperventilation produced by the LPS-induced endotoxemia (LPS+Ox) and restored the values of the mean R-R interval and such spectral parameters at different time points. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the existence of a link among the respiratory, cardiovascular, and immune systems in which oxytocin seems to act as a potential cardioprotective peptide by favoring cardiac cholinergic autonomic coupling. As a result, oxytocin diminished animal's endotoxemic tachypnea and restored the cardiorespiratory interactions, which was indicated by the spectral components of HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rosa Elorza-Ávila
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Faculty of Medicine, Toluca, 50180, Mexico
| | - José Javier Reyes-Lagos
- Autonomous University of the State of Mexico (UAEMex), Faculty of Medicine, Toluca, 50180, Mexico; Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Martin Hadamitzky
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Echeverría
- Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - María Del Rocío Ortiz-Pedroza
- Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Laura Lückemann
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Manfred Schedlowski
- University of Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), Campus Lerma, Biological and Health Sciences Division, Lerma, 52005, Mexico; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schwerzenbach, 8603, Switzerland.
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Reyes-Lagos JJ, Echeverría-Arjonilla JC, Peña-Castillo MÁ, García-González MT, Ortiz-Pedroza MDR, Pacheco-López G, Vargas-García C, Camal-Ugarte S, González-Camarena R. A comparison of heart rate variability in women at the third trimester of pregnancy and during low-risk labour. Physiol Behav 2015; 149:255-61. [PMID: 26048301 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) has been recognised as a non-invasive method for assessing cardiac autonomic regulation. Aiming to characterize HRV changes at labour in women, we studied 10 minute ECG recordings from young mothers (n=30) at the third trimester of pregnancy (P) or during augmentation of labour (L) (n=30). Data of the L group were collected when no-contractions (L-NC) or the contractile activity (L-C) was manifested. Accordingly, the inter-beat interval (IBI) time series were processed to estimate relevant parameters of HRV such as the mean IBI (IBI¯), the mean heart rate HR¯, the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) in IBIs, the natural logarithm of high-frequency component (LnHF), the short-term scaling parameters from detrended fluctuation and magnitude and sign analyses such as (α1, α1(MAG), α1(SIGN)), and the sample entropy (SampEn). We found statistical differences (p<0.05) for RMSSD among P and L-NC/L-C groups (25 ± 13 vs. 36 ± 14/34 ± 16 ms) and for LnHF between P and L-NC (5.37 ± 1.15 vs. 6.05 ± 0.86 ms(2)). Likewise, we identified statistical differences (p<0.05) for α1(SIGN) among P and L-NC/L-C groups (0.19 ± 0.20 vs. 0.32 ± 0.17/0.39 ± 0.13). By contrast, L-NC and L-C groups showed statistical differences (p<0.05) in α1(MAG) (0.67 ± 0.12 vs. 0.79 ± 0.12), and SampEn (1.62 ± 0.26 vs. 1.20 ± 0.44). These results suggest that during labour, despite preserving a concomitant non-linear influence, the maternal short-term cardiac autonomic regulation becomes weakly anticorrelated (as indicated by α1(SIGN)); furthermore, an increased vagally mediated activity is observed (as indicated by RMSSD and LnHF), which may reflect a cholinergic pathway activation owing to the use of oxytocin or the anti-inflammatory cholinergic response triggered during labour.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Reyes-Lagos
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Peña-Castillo
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - María Teresa García-González
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - María Del Rocío Ortiz-Pedroza
- Metropolitan Autonomous University (UAM), Campus Iztapalapa, Basic Sciences and Engineering Division, Mexico City 09340, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- UAM, Campus Lerma, Biological and Health Sciences Division, Lerma 52000, Mexico; University of Leiden, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Montiel-Castro, Augusto J, Báez-Yáñez, Mario G, Pacheco-López G. Social neuroeconomics: the influence of microbiota in partner-choice and sociality. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:4774-83. [PMID: 24588821 DOI: 10.2174/1381612820666140130210631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By focusing on the studies of primate behaviour and human neuroscience, we describe how different neurological processes are the base of proximate aspects of social-decision making. We also review the fact that distinct aspects of animal behaviour are not under conscious or abstract control and that instead they may be regulated by adaptive 'rules of thumb'. In particular, by describing the microbiota- gut-brain axis we elaborate on suggesting that microbiota has an influence on within-individual aspects of social decision making and in particular facilitating social interactions. Finally, we present comparative evidence of the role of microorganisms as modifiers of aspects of kinship, reproduction and group-members' recognition, suggesting how microbiota also has an influence on between individual aspects of decision making, which are themselves primary aspects of cooperation. In summary, we propose that modern socioeconomic choice theories may still benefit from alternative theoretical frameworks that consider the human being as a complex organism, with intrinsic constraints and capacities product of its evolutionary history, and not just as an exclusively-cognitive decision maker acting independently of its closest partners and commensals: its microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana (UAM) at Lerma, Health Sciences Department, Av. Hidalgo 46 Pte., 52000, Lerma, Edo. Mex., Mexico.
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Mansouri A, Pacheco-López G, Ramachandran D, Arnold M, Leitner C, Prip-Buus C, Langhans W, Morral N. Enhancing hepatic mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation stimulates eating in food-deprived mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 308:R131-7. [PMID: 25427767 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00279.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic fatty acid oxidation (FAO) has long been implicated in the control of eating. Nevertheless, direct evidence for a causal relationship between changes in hepatic FAO and changes in food intake is still missing. Here we tested whether increasing hepatic FAO via adenovirus-mediated expression of a mutated form of the key regulatory enzyme of mitochondrial FAO carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1mt), which is active but insensitive to inhibition by malonyl-CoA, affects eating and metabolism in mice. CPT1mt expression increased hepatocellular CPT1 protein levels. This resulted in an increase in circulating ketone body levels in fasted CPT1mt-expressing mice, suggesting an increase in hepatic FAO. These mice did not show any significant changes in cumulative food intake, energy expenditure, or respiratory quotient after 4-h food deprivation. After 24-h food deprivation, however, the CPT1mt-expressing mice displayed increased food intake. Thus expression of CPT1mt in the liver increases hepatic FAO capacity, but does not inhibit eating. Rather, it may even stimulate eating after prolonged food deprivation. These data do not support the hypothesis that an increase in hepatic FAO decreases food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Mansouri
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Deepti Ramachandran
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myrtha Arnold
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Leitner
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carina Prip-Buus
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Paris, France; and
| | - Wolfgang Langhans
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Núria Morral
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, and Center for Diabetes Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Punjabi M, Arnold M, Rüttimann E, Graber M, Geary N, Pacheco-López G, Langhans W. Circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibits eating in male rats by acting in the hindbrain and without inducing avoidance. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1690-9. [PMID: 24601880 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To address the neural mediation of the eating-inhibitory effect of circulating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), we investigated the effects of 1) intra-fourth ventricular infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin-9 or 2) area postrema lesion on the eating-inhibitory effect of intrameal hepatic portal vein (HPV) GLP-1 infusion in adult male rats. To evaluate the physiological relevance of the observed effect we examined 3) the influence of GLP-1 on flavor acceptance in a 2-bottle conditioned flavor avoidance test, and 4) measured active GLP-1 in the HPV and vena cava (VC) in relation to a meal and in the VC after HPV GLP-1 infusion. Intrameal HPV GLP-1 infusion (1 nmol/kg body weight-5 min) specifically reduced ongoing meal size by almost 40% (P < .05). Intra-fourth ventricular exendin-9 (10 μg/rat) itself did not affect eating, but attenuated (P < .05) the satiating effect of HPV GLP-1. Area postrema lesion also blocked (P < .05) the eating-inhibitory effect of HPV GLP-1. Pairing consumption of flavored saccharin solutions with HPV GLP-1 infusion did not alter flavor acceptance, indicating that HPV GLP-1 can inhibit eating without inducing malaise. A regular chow meal transiently increased (P < .05) HPV, but not VC, plasma active GLP-1 levels, whereas HPV GLP-1 infusion caused a transient supraphysiological increase (P < .01) in VC GLP-1 concentration 3 minutes after infusion onset. The results implicate hindbrain GLP-1 receptors and the area postrema in the eating-inhibitory effect of circulating GLP-1, but question the physiological relevance of the eating-inhibitory effect of iv infused GLP-1 under our conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Punjabi
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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Montiel-Castro AJ, González-Cervantes RM, Bravo-Ruiseco G, Pacheco-López G. The microbiota-gut-brain axis: neurobehavioral correlates, health and sociality. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:70. [PMID: 24109440 PMCID: PMC3791857 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that the human body is not such a neatly self-sufficient island after all. It is more like a super-complex ecosystem containing trillions of bacteria and other microorganisms that inhabit all our surfaces; skin, mouth, sexual organs, and specially intestines. It has recently become evident that such microbiota, specifically within the gut, can greatly influence many physiological parameters, including cognitive functions, such as learning, memory and decision making processes. Human microbiota is a diverse and dynamic ecosystem, which has evolved in a mutualistic relationship with its host. Ontogenetically, it is vertically inoculated from the mother during birth, established during the first year of life and during lifespan, horizontally transferred among relatives, mates or close community members. This micro-ecosystem serves the host by protecting it against pathogens, metabolizing complex lipids and polysaccharides that otherwise would be inaccessible nutrients, neutralizing drugs and carcinogens, modulating intestinal motility, and making visceral perception possible. It is now evident that the bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, mainly through the vagus nerve, the so called “microbiota–gut–vagus–brain axis,” is vital for maintaining homeostasis and it may be also involved in the etiology of several metabolic and mental dysfunctions/disorders. Here we review evidence on the ability of the gut microbiota to communicate with the brain and thus modulate behavior, and also elaborate on the ethological and cultural strategies of human and non-human primates to select, transfer and eliminate microorganisms for selecting the commensal profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto J Montiel-Castro
- Centro Darwin de Pensamiento Evolucionista and Philosophy Department, Social Sciences and Humanities Division, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa Mexico City, Mexico ; Health Sciences Department, Biological and Health Sciences Division, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Lerma Lerma, Mexico
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Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with increased risk for multiple metabolic abnormalities, including altered glucose homeostasis, type-2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Some of the metabolic alterations can already exist in psychosis-prone subjects prior to the onset of chronic schizophrenic disease and pharmacotherapy, indicating that they may have a developmental origin. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that metabolic alterations pertinent to schizophrenic disease can be primed by an environmental risk factor associated with the disorder, namely prenatal exposure to immune challenge. We used a well-established mouse model of prenatal immune challenge induced by maternal gestational treatment with poly(I:C) (="polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidilic acid"), an analog of double-stranded RNA that stimulates a cytokine-associated viral-like acute phase response. Metabolic effects were studied using high-resolution computed tomography and fully automated indirect calorimetry system, along with an oral glucose tolerance test and plasma cytokine and corticosterone measurements. We found that prenatal immune activation caused altered glycemic regulation and abnormal ingestive behavior in periadolescence and led to an adult onset of excess visceral and subcutaneous fat deposition. These effects were accompanied by age-dependent changes in peripheral secretion of proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and T cell-related (IL-2 and interferon [IFN]-γ) cytokines and by increased release of the stress hormone corticosterone in periadolescence. Our findings show that schizophrenia-relevant metabolic and physiological abnormalities can be primed by prenatal viral-like immune activation, but at the same time, our study emphasizes that this environmental insult is unlikely to precipitate the full spectrum of metabolic and immunological changes pertinent to chronic schizophrenic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Urs Meyer
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +41-44-655-7403, fax: +41-44-655-7203, e-mail:
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Schober G, Arnold M, Birtles S, Buckett LK, Pacheco-López G, Turnbull AV, Langhans W, Mansouri A. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibition enhances intestinal fatty acid oxidation and reduces energy intake in rats. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1369-84. [PMID: 23449193 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT-1) catalyzes the final step in triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis and is highly expressed in the small intestine. Because DGAT-1 knockout mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity, we investigated the acute effects of intragastric (IG) infusion of a small molecule diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 inhibitor (DGAT-1i) on eating, circulating fat metabolites, indirect calorimetry, and hepatic and intestinal expression of key fat catabolism enzymes in male rats adapted to an 8 h feeding-16 h deprivation schedule. Also, the DGAT-1i effect on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) was investigated in enterocyte cell culture models. IG DGAT-1i infusions reduced energy intake compared with vehicle in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats, but scarcely in chow-fed rats. IG DGAT-1i also blunted the postprandial increase in serum TAG and increased β-hydroxybutyrate levels only in HFD-fed rats, in which it lowered the respiratory quotient and increased intestinal, but not hepatic, protein levels of Complex III of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and of mitochondrial hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase. Finally, the DGAT-1i enhanced FAO in CaCo2 (EC50 = 0.3494) and HuTu80 (EC50 = 0.00762) cells. Thus, pharmacological DGAT-1 inhibition leads to an increase in intestinal FAO and ketogenesis when dietary fat is available. This may contribute to the observed eating-inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schober
- Physiology and Behavior Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Labouesse MA, Stadlbauer U, Weber E, Arnold M, Langhans W, Pacheco-López G. Vagal afferents mediate early satiation and prevent flavour avoidance learning in response to intraperitoneally infused exendin-4. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1505-16. [PMID: 22827554 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists such as exendin-4 (Ex-4) affect eating and metabolism and are potential candidates for treating obesity and type II diabetes. In the present study, we tested whether vagal afferents mediate the eating-inhibitory and avoidance-inducing effects of Ex-4. Subdiaphragmatic vagal deafferentation (SDA) blunted the short-term (< 1 h) but not long-term eating-inhibitory effect of i.p.-infused Ex-4 (0.1 μg/kg) in rats. A dose of 1 μg/kg Ex-4 reduced 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 h cumulative food intake in SDA and sham-operated rats to a similar extent. Paradoxically, SDA but not sham rats developed a conditioned flavour avoidance (CFA) after i.p. Ex-4 (0.1 μg/kg). SDA completely blunted the induction of c-Fos expression by Ex-4 in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Ex-4, however, increased the number of c-Fos expressing cells, independent of intact vagal afferents, in the nucleus accumbens and in the central nucleus of the amygdala, the lateral external parabrachial nucleus, the caudal ventrolateral medulla and the dorsal vagal complex. These data suggest that intact vagal afferents are only necessary for the full expression of the early satiating effect of Ex-4 but not for later eating-inhibitory actions, when circulating Ex-4 might reach the brain via the circulation. Our data also dissociate the satiating and avoidance-inducing effects of the low Ex-4 dose tested under our conditions and suggest that vagal afferent signalling may protect against the development of CFA. Taken together, these findings reveal a complex role of vagal afferents in mediating the effects of GLP-1R activation on ingestive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Labouesse
- Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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35
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Prager G, Hadamitzky M, Engler A, Doenlen R, Wirth T, Pacheco-López G, Krügel U, Schedlowski M, Engler H. Amygdaloid signature of peripheral immune activation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide or staphylococcal enterotoxin B. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012; 8:42-50. [PMID: 22639228 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-012-9373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Activated immune cells produce soluble mediators that not only coordinate local and systemic immune responses but also act on the brain to initiate behavioral, neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptations. Earlier studies have shown that the amygdala, a group of nuclei located in the medial temporal lobe, is engaged in the central processing of afferent signals from the peripheral immune system. Here, we compared amygdaloid responses to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), two prototypic bacterial products that elicit distinct immune responses. Intraperitoneal administration of LPS (0.1 mg/kg) or SEB (1 mg/kg) in adult rats induced substantial increases in amygdaloid neuronal activity as measured by intracerebral electroencephalography and c-fos gene expression. Amygdaloid neuronal activation was accompanied by an increase in anxiety-related behavior in the elevated plus-maze test. However, only treatment with LPS, but not SEB, enhanced amygdaloid IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA expression. This supports the view of the immune system as a sensory organ that recognizes invading pathogens and rapidly relays this information to the brain, independent of the nature of the immune response induced. The observation that neuronal and behavioral responses to peripheral immune challenges are not necessarily accompanied by increased brain cytokine expression suggests that cytokines are not the only factors driving sickness-related responses in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Prager
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany
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36
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Pacheco-López G, Bermúdez-Rattoni F. Brain-immune interactions and the neural basis of disease-avoidant ingestive behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2011; 366:3389-405. [PMID: 22042916 PMCID: PMC3189354 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuro-immune interactions are widely manifested in animal physiology. Since immunity competes for energy with other physiological functions, it is subject to a circadian trade-off between other energy-demanding processes, such as neural activity, locomotion and thermoregulation. When immunity is challenged, this trade-off is tilted to an adaptive energy protecting and reallocation strategy that is identified as 'sickness behaviour'. We review diverse disease-avoidant behaviours in the context of ingestion, indicating that several adaptive advantages have been acquired by animals (including humans) during phylogenetic evolution and by ontogenetic experiences: (i) preventing waste of energy by reducing appetite and consequently foraging/hunting (illness anorexia), (ii) avoiding unnecessary danger by promoting safe environments (preventing disease encounter by olfactory cues and illness potentiation neophobia), (iii) help fighting against pathogenic threats (hyperthermia/somnolence), and (iv) by associative learning evading specific foods or environments signalling danger (conditioned taste avoidance/aversion) and/or at the same time preparing the body to counteract by anticipatory immune responses (conditioning immunomodulation). The neurobiology behind disease-avoidant ingestive behaviours is reviewed with special emphasis on the body energy balance (intake versus expenditure) and an evolutionary psychology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory, ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)-Zurich, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- Neuroscience Division, Cellular Physiology Institute, UNAM (National University of Mexico), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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37
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Engler H, Doenlen R, Engler A, Riether C, Prager G, Niemi MB, Pacheco-López G, Krügel U, Schedlowski M. Acute amygdaloid response to systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25:1384-92. [PMID: 21521653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The amygdala, a group of nuclei located in the medial temporal lobe, is a key limbic structure involved in mood regulation, associative learning, and modulation of cognitive functions. Functional neuroanatomical studies suggest that this brain region plays also an important role in the central integration of afferent signals from the peripheral immune system. In the present study, intracerebral electroencephalography and microdialysis were employed to investigate the electrophysiological and neurochemical consequences of systemic immune activation in the amygdala of freely moving rats. Intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (100 μg/kg) induced with a latency of about 2 h a significant increase in amygdaloid neuronal activity and a substantial rise in extracellular noradrenaline levels. Activated neurons in the amygdaloid complex, identified by c-Fos immunohistochemistry, were mainly located in the central nucleus and, to a lesser extent, in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala. Gene expression analysis in micropunches of the amygdala revealed that endotoxin administration induced a strong time-dependent increase in IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA levels indicating that these cytokines are de novo synthesized in the amygdala in response to peripheral immune activation. The changes in amygdaloid activity were timely related to an increase in anxiety-like behavior and decreased locomotor activity and exploration in the open-field. Taken together, these data give novel insights into different features of the acute amygdaloid response during experimental inflammation and provides further evidence that the amygdala integrates immune-derived information to coordinate behavioral and autonomic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany.
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38
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Punjabi M, Arnold M, Geary N, Langhans W, Pacheco-López G. Peripheral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and satiation. Physiol Behav 2011; 105:71-6. [PMID: 21371486 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral GLP-1 is produced by post-translational processing of pro-glucagon in enteroendocrine L-cells and is released in response to luminal nutrient (primarily carbohydrate and fat) stimulation. GLP-1 is well known for its potent insulinotropic and gluco-regulatory effects. GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1R) are expressed in the periphery and in several brain areas that are implicated in the control of eating. Both central and peripheral administration of GLP-1 have been shown to reduce food intake. Unresolved, however, is whether these effects reflect functions of endogenous GLP-1. Data collected in our laboratory indicate that in chow-fed rats: 1) Remotely controlled, intra-meal intravenous (IV) or intraperitoneal (IP) GLP-1 infusions selectively reduce meal size; 2) hindbrain GLP-1R activation is involved in the eating-inhibitory effect of IV infused GLP-1, whereas intact abdominal vagal afferents are necessary for the eating-inhibitory effect of IP, but not IV, infused GLP-1; 3) GLP-1 degradation in the liver prevents a systemic increase in endogenous GLP-1 during normal chow meals in rats; and 4) peripheral or hindbrain GLP-1R antagonism by exendin-9 does not affect spontaneous eating. Also, although our data indicate that peripheral GLP-1 can act in two different sites to inhibit eating, they argue against a role of systemic increases in endogenous GLP-1 in satiation in chow-fed rats. Therefore, further studies should examine whether a local paracrine action of GLP-1 in the intestine or and endocrine action in the hepatic-portal area is physiologically relevant for satiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Punjabi
- Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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39
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de Kloet AD, Pacheco-López G, Langhans W, Brown LM. The effect of TNFα on food intake and central insulin sensitivity in rats. Physiol Behav 2010; 103:17-20. [PMID: 21163282 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Circulating and tissue levels of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) are elevated in obesity. TNFα interferes with insulin signaling in many tissues and also plays a causal role in the anorexia that accompanies severe challenges to the immune system. The interactions between TNFα and insulin in the control of eating are less well known. The present study evaluated the role of TNFα in the central nervous system control of food intake by insulin in adult male Long Evans rats. We first determined the ability of several doses of TNFα injected into the 3rd cerebral ventricle (i3vt) to reduce food intake in male rats. Subsequently, we assessed the ability of a subthreshold dose of TNFα to modulate the effect of i3vt insulin on food intake in male rats fed a low-fat chow or a high-fat (HF) diet. TNFα administered i3vt dose-dependently reduced food intake in rats fed a standard low-fat chow diet. Moreover, a low, sub-threshold dose of TNFα diminished the reduction in food intake by insulin in rats maintained on a chow diet, but enhanced insulin action in rats maintained on a HF diet. These data suggest that the interaction of TNFα with central insulin varies with nutritional and/or dietary conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette D de Kloet
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, United States.
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40
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Doenlen R, Krügel U, Wirth T, Riether C, Engler A, Prager G, Engler H, Schedlowski M, Pacheco-López G. Electrical activity in rat cortico-limbic structures after single or repeated administration of lipopolysaccharide or staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 278:1864-72. [PMID: 21106598 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-to-brain communication is essential for an individual to aptly respond to challenging internal and external environments. However, the specificity by which the central nervous system detects or 'senses' peripheral immune challenges is still poorly understood. In contrast to post-mortem c-Fos mapping, we recorded neural activity in vivo in two specific cortico-limbic regions relevant for processing visceral inputs and associating it with other sensory signalling, the amygdala (Am) and the insular cortex (IC). Adult rats were implanted with deep-brain monopolar electrodes and electrical activity was monitored unilaterally before and after administration of two different immunogens, the T-cell-independent antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the T-cell-dependent antigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). In addition, the neural activity of the same individuals was analysed after single as well as repeated antigen administration, the latter inducing attenuation of the immune response. Body temperature and circulating cytokine levels confirmed the biological activity of the antigens and the success of immunization and desensitization protocols. More importantly, the present data demonstrate that neural activity of the Am and IC is not only specific for the type of immune challenge (LPS versus SEB) but seems to be also sensitive to the different immune state (naive versus desensitization). This indicates that the forebrain expresses specific patterns of electrical activity related to the type of peripheral immune activation as well as to the intensity of the stimulation, substantiating associative learning paradigms employing antigens as unconditioned stimuli. Overall, our data support the view of an intensive immune-to-brain communication, which may have evolved to achieve the complex energetic balance necessary for mounting effective immunity and improved individual adaptability by cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Doenlen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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Baumgartner I, Pacheco-López G, Rüttimann EB, Arnold M, Asarian L, Langhans W, Geary N, Hillebrand JJG. Hepatic-portal vein infusions of glucagon-like peptide-1 reduce meal size and increase c-Fos expression in the nucleus tractus solitarii, area postrema and central nucleus of the amygdala in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2010; 22:557-63. [PMID: 20298455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.01995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that brief, remotely controlled intrameal hepatic-portal vein infusions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) reduced spontaneous meal size in rats. To investigate the neurobehavioural correlates of this effect, we equipped male Sprague-Dawley rats with hepatic-portal vein catheters and assessed (i) the effect on eating of remotely triggered infusions of GLP-1 (1 nmol/kg, 5 min) or vehicle during the first nocturnal meal after 3 h of food deprivation and (ii) the effect of identical infusions performed at dark onset on c-Fos expression in several brain areas involved in the control of eating. GLP-1 reduced (P < 0.05) the size of the first nocturnal meal and increased its satiety ratio. Also, GLP-1 increased (P < 0.05) the number of c-Fos-expressing cells in the nucleus tractus solitarii, the area postrema and the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not in the arcuate or paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. These data suggest that the nucleus tractus solitarii, the area postrema and the central nucleus of the amygdala play a role in the eating-inhibitory actions of GLP-1 infused into the hepatic-portal vein; it remains to be established whether activation of these brain nuclei reflect satiation, aversion, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Baumgartner
- Physiology and Behaviour Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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42
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Pacheco-López G, Punjabi M, Graber M, Geary N, Arnold M, Langhans W. Hindbrain glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP-1R) mediate the eating-inhibitory effect of hepatic portal vein (HPV) GLP-1 infusions. Appetite 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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43
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Abstract
The ability to associate physiological changes with a specific flavor was most likely acquired during evolution as an adaptive strategy aimed at protecting the organism while preparing it for danger. The behaviorally conditioned or learned immune response is an exquisite example of the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral immune system. How is it possible that specific immuno-modulating properties of a drug or substance (unconditioned stimulus) can be re-enlisted just by the mere re-exposure to a particular taste, odor or environment (conditioned stimulus)? To answer this key question, we review the neurobiological mechanism mediating this type of associative learning, as well as the pathways and mechanisms employed by the brain to harness the immune system during the execution of the conditioned immune response. Finally, we focus on the potential therapeutic relevance of such learned immune responses, and their re-conceptualization within the framework of "learned placebo effects".
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Schedlowski
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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44
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Engler H, Doenlen R, Riether C, Engler A, Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A, Pacheco-López G, Schedlowski M. Chemical destruction of brain noradrenergic neurons affects splenic cytokine production. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 219:75-80. [PMID: 20031236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation. Here we used the selective neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) to investigate the impact of central NA depletion on cytokine production by splenic monocytes/macrophages and T cells. Intraperitoneal administration of DSP-4 in adult rats induced a substantial reduction of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus and the A5 cell group. The degeneration of brainstem noradrenergic neurons was accompanied by a significant decrease in the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated splenocytes. In addition, upon T cell receptor stimulation with anti-CD3, isolated splenocytes of DSP-4 treated animals produced significantly less interferon (IFN)-gamma but not IL-2 and IL-4. The proportion of monocytes/macrophages and T cells in the spleen remained unaffected by the neurotoxin treatment, however, the percentage of natural killer cells decreased significantly. The findings suggest that a certain level of central noradrenergic tone is required for normal functioning of peripheral immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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45
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Pacheco-López G, Baumgartner I, Asarian L, Geary N, Langhans W, Hillebrand J. Evidence for a role of the hindbrain in the satiating effect of hepatic portal vein (HPV) infusions of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP)-1 in rats. Appetite 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2009.04.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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46
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Engler H, Doenlen R, Riether C, Engler A, Niemi MB, Besedovsky HO, del Rey A, Pacheco-López G, Feldon J, Schedlowski M. Time-dependent alterations of peripheral immune parameters after nigrostriatal dopamine depletion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:518-26. [PMID: 19486644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the central dopaminergic system is associated with neurodegenerative disorders and mental illnesses such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Patients suffering from these diseases were reported to exhibit altered immune functions compared to healthy subjects and imbalance of the central dopaminergic system has been suggested as one causative factor for the immune disturbances. However, it is unclear whether the observed immune changes are primary or secondary to the disease. Here we demonstrate that central dopamine (DA) depletion in a rat model of Parkinson's disease induced transient changes in blood leukocyte distribution and cytokine production that were apparent until four weeks after bilateral intrastriatal administration of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Eight weeks after treatment, no differences in blood immune parameters were anymore evident between neurotoxin-treated and control animals. Nevertheless, animals with a widespread damage of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system showed an exacerbated pro-inflammatory response following in vivo challenge with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Our data indicate that peripheral immune perturbations in the early phase after intrastriatal 6-OHDA administration might have been related to the neurodegenerative process itself whereas the increased sensitivity to the inflammatory stimulus seems to have resulted from an impaired dopaminergic control of prolactin (PRL) and corticosterone (CORT) secretion. The findings demonstrate that the brain dopaminergic system is involved in peripheral immune regulation and suggest that central dopaminergic hypoactivity bears the risk of excessive inflammation, e.g., during infection or tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Engler
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Pacheco-López G, Riether C, Doenlen R, Engler H, Niemi MB, Engler A, Kavelaars A, Heijnen CJ, Schedlowski M. Calcineurin inhibition in splenocytes induced by pavlovian conditioning. FASEB J 2008; 23:1161-7. [PMID: 19103649 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-115683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pavlovian conditioning is one of the major neurobiological mechanisms of placebo effects, potentially influencing the course of specific diseases and the response to a pharmacological therapy, such as immunosuppression. In our study with behaviorally conditioned rats, a relevant taste (0.2% saccharin) preceded the application of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA), a specific calcineurin (CaN) inhibitor. Our results demonstrate that through pavlovian conditioning the particular pharmacological properties of CsA can be transferred to a neutral taste, i.e., CaN activity was inhibited in splenocytes from conditioned rats after reexposure to the gustatory stimulus. Concomitant immune consequences were observed on ex vivo mitogenic challenge (anti-CD3). Particularly, Th1-cytokine, but not Th2-cytokine, production and cell proliferation were impeded. Appropriate pharmacological and behavioral controls certify that all these changes in T-lymphocyte reactivity are attributable to mere taste reexposure. Furthermore, the underlying sympathetic-lymphocyte interaction was revealed modeling the conditioned response in vitro. CaN activity in CD4(+) T lymphocytes is reduced by beta-adrenergic stimulation (terbutaline), with these effects antagonized by the beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist nadolol. In summary, CaN was identified as the intracellular target for inducing conditioned immunosuppression by CsA, contributing to our understanding of the intracellular mechanisms behind "learned placebo effects."
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kou W, Gareus I, Bell JD, Goebel MU, Spahn G, Pacheco-López G, Bäcker M, Schedlowski M, Dobos GJ. Quantification of DeQi sensation by visual analog scales in healthy humans after immunostimulating acupuncture treatment. Am J Chin Med 2008; 35:753-65. [PMID: 17963316 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x07005247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acupuncture is the most popular component of traditional Chinese medicine in Western countries. However, the mechanisms of its effects remain unclear. The therapeutic effect of acupuncture appears when a sensation of DeQi is achieved. We previously reported that repeated, but not single acupuncture treatment affected leukocyte circulation and blood pressure in healthy young humans. The objective of this study was to quantify DeQi sensation by using visual analog scales (VASs) and, to test whether DeQi induction is an important factor for the therapeutic effects of acupuncture in the same cohort. After either acupuncture or sham-acupuncture (placebo) treatment, a questionnaire containing five individual VASs was given to subjects to evaluate their DeQi sensation, including numbness, pressure, heaviness, warmth, and radiating paraesthesia, respectively. A separate VAS to measure their levels of anxiety during the treatment was also included. Our results showed that acupuncture significantly induced higher VAS values for numbness, pressure, warmth, and radiating paraesthesia, but not for heaviness than the placebo across three treatment sessions. Additionally, acupuncture did not induce higher anxiety levels than the placebo. These data confirm that VAS is an objective and reliable way to quantify DeQi sensation and, indicate that DeQi is unique to verum acupuncture treatment. Furthermore, either acupuncture-induced therapeutic effects or DeQi sensation should not be attributed to the stress-mediated effects. In summary, the induction of DeQi in each treatment session is an important factor for the physiological outcomes of repeated acupuncture treatment, and VASs offer objective, an easy and reliable way to assess it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kou
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Niemi MB, Härting M, Kou W, Del Rey A, Besedovsky HO, Schedlowski M, Pacheco-López G. Taste-immunosuppression engram: Reinforcement and extinction. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 188:74-9. [PMID: 17602756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Several Pavlovian conditioning paradigms have documented the brain's abilities to sense immune-derived signals or immune status, associate them with concurrently relevant extereoceptive stimuli, and reinstate such immune responses on demand. Specifically, the naturalistic relation of food ingestion with its possible immune consequences facilitates taste-immune associations. Here we demonstrate that the saccharin taste can be associated with the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine A, and that such taste-immune associative learning is subject to reinforcement. Furthermore, once consolidated, this saccharin-immunosuppression engram is resistant to extinction when avoidance behavior is assessed. More importantly, the more this engram is activated, either at association or extinction phases, the more pronounced is the conditioned immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maj-Britt Niemi
- Institute for Behavioral Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Pacheco-López G, Niemi MB, Kou W, Baum S, Hoffman M, Altenburger P, del Rey A, Besedovsky HO, Schedlowski M. Central blockade of IL-1 does not impair taste-LPS associative learning. Neuroimmunomodulation 2007; 14:150-6. [PMID: 18073507 DOI: 10.1159/000110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After saccharin intake is associated with the consequences of peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, rats develop a strong conditioned avoidance behavior against this gustatory stimulus. To investigate the role of central interleukin-1 (IL-1) as a key signal during taste-LPS engram formation, rats were chronically infused with IL-1 receptor antagonist into the lateral ventricle of the brain before, during and after a single association trial. The results indicate that a stable taste-LPS engram can be formed even under the chronic blockade of central IL-1 signaling during engram formation and consolidation. More importantly, our data show that animals which did not experience a fever response during association phase (due to the LPS encounter) were unable to elicit hyperthermia as part of the conditioned response. These data indicate that pairing a relevant taste stimulus with an immune challenge, such as LPS, might result in the formation of multiple engrams, specifically codifying independent information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pacheco-López
- Chair of Psychology and Behavioral Immunobiology, Institute for Behavioral Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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