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Modulation of immunity and hepatic antioxidant defense by corticosteroids in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 260:111025. [PMID: 34237465 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of both the oral administration of hydrocortisone (HC) and an acute stressor on stress, innate immune responses and antioxidant system/oxidative stress responses of juvenile Piaractus mesopotamicus. Fish were either 1) given a commercial feed (C), 2) given a feed supplemented with 400 mg/kg HC, or 3) fed a commercial feed, chased for 2 min and exposed to air for 4 min (S). After initial sampling, fish C and HC were fed and sampled 1, 3, 6, 24 and 72 h post-feeding. Fish S were fed at the same time as the other groups, exposed to a stressor, and sampled 1, 3, 6, 24 and 72 h after. Exposure to the stressor increased circulating glucose and cortisol levels (at 1 and 3 h, respectively), while oral HC increased circulating cortisol at 1 h and glucose at 3 h. The stressor activated respiratory activity of leukocytes (RAL) at 3 h and reduced it at 6 h. HC did not activate RAL, but it did impair it at 6 h. The serum hemolytic activity of the complement system (HAC50) was impaired by the stressor at 1 and 3 h and by HC at 1 h. Regarding the antioxidant system, exposure to the stressor reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) activity and decreased concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the liver up to 6 h. HC only impaired GPx. Additionally, stress induced the accumulation of melano-macrophage (MM) and melano-macrophage centers (MMC), which are biomarkers of oxidative stress, in the spleen. Differences in biomarkers in fish given cortisol and exposed to stress indicate that exogenous hormone was unable to precisely reproduce stress responses.
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Tatemoto P, Serra M. Low Luminosity Reduces Agonistic Behaviour of Nile Tilapia. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2021; 24:434-441. [PMID: 33624566 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1888293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In confrontations, many behaviors are based on visual information. To establish the importance of visual signals in the aggression of cichlid fish, we observed the behavior of groups in three juveniles of Nile tilapia (six groups in each condition), for 30 minutes under two extremes of light condition: high luminosity and low luminosity (dark condition for humans - only infrared light). The average number of bites and chases in the low luminosity was lower than observed in high luminosity. We conclude that the low luminosity condition diminishes but does not eliminate fights, and the fish can rely on nonvisual senses and low intensity of light to interact with conspecifics. The artificial high luminosity in artificial environments is potentially compromising welfare for increasing the number of agonistic interactions. Moreover, it is possible that in experimental designs studying behavior the high luminosity is a variable interfering in the conclusions about agonistic behavior in cichlid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica Serra
- Center for Comparative Studies in Sustainability, Health and Welfare, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Morandini L, Ramallo MR, Scaia MF, Höcht C, Somoza GM, Pandolfi M. Dietary L-tryptophan modulates agonistic behavior and brain serotonin in male dyadic contests of a cichlid fish. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:867-880. [PMID: 31691094 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-019-01373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although some studies have investigated the effects of dietary L-tryptophan on agonistic behavior, research on adult fish specimens is still lacking. Moreover, submissive behaviors have been generally overlooked. We focused on agonistic behavior between males of the cichlid fish Cichlasoma dimerus, in dyadic encounters held in a novel context after being fed or not with an L-tryptophan enriched diet (TRP) for 2 weeks. We arranged three different dyads: control/control (control conditions: not TRP enriched), control/TRP, and TRP/TRP. We also registered the response of the brain serotonergic system in four brain regions. TRP/TRP dyads showed higher latencies to first attack, lower overall aggression, and lower proportions of bites and passive copings (submissive display) compared to control/control. TRP dominant males performed fewer bites with respect to controls, and subordinate males opposed to TRP males showed fewer passive copings. Higher serotonergic activities were found in subordinates' optic tectum and in the telencephalon and preoptic area/hypothalamus of TRP males. Altogether, results point out that dietary L-tryptophan reduced males' motivation to attack and dominant aggression, which consequently influenced subordinate agonistic repertory. In addition, males within TRP/TRP dyads showed a switch in their behavioral agonistic repertory. These behavioral outcomes were probably due to modifications at brain serotonergic functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Morandini
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento, DBBE, FCEN, UBA e IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 4°, Lab. 26, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M R Ramallo
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento, DBBE, FCEN, UBA e IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 4°, Lab. 26, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M F Scaia
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento, DBBE, FCEN, UBA e IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 4°, Lab. 26, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Höcht
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G M Somoza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Av. Intendente Marino Km 8.2 (B 7130IWA), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Pandolfi
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología y Comportamiento, DBBE, FCEN, UBA e IBBEA, CONICET-UBA, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 4°, Lab. 26, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gauy ACDS, Bolognesi MC, Gonçalves-de-Freitas E. Unusual effect of chemical communication on social aggression in juvenile cichlid fish Cichlasoma paranaense (Cichliformes: Cichlidae). NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Some fish species are socially organized and show a social rank order which is achieved through aggressive interactions. After hierarchy is settled, such species communicate their ranks through several sensorial cues; this communication is adaptive because it reduces detrimental effects from physical contests. Cichlid fish are socially organized and signal their social ranks through visual, acoustic and chemical communication. The response to signaling may vary according to the species and environment; the knowledge of different species is fundamental to understand the evolutionary forces upon their social communication. We tested the effect of chemical signaling on social groups of juvenile cichlid Cichlasoma paranaense by renewing the water in the aquarium, a procedure that washes away chemical information and increases aggressive interactions in other cichlid species. Two treatments were designed: 50% and 0% water renewal. Aggressive interactions were video-recorded immediately before water renewal, 1min, 1h, 2h, and 24h after water renewal. The treatment with the water renewal did not increase aggressive interactions within the group. The 50% water renewal apparently reduced aggressive interactions in this species, indicating an interspecific difference on the aggressive response to chemical variation in the social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina dos Santos Gauy
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cesar Bolognesi
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gonçalves-de-Freitas
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
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Franco Montoya LN, Martins TP, Gimbo RY, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. β-Glucan-induced cortisol levels improve the early immune response in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 60:197-204. [PMID: 27903452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of endogenous cortisol on the innate immune response in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) fed with β-glucan, prior to and after stressor exposure and bacterial challenge. For this, we evaluated the serum cortisol and plasma glucose levels, the serum lysozyme levels, the hemolytic activity of the complement system, and the respiratory activity of leukocytes, as well as the number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes of fish fed during 15 days with diets containing β-glucan 0.1% (β-G) or β-glucan 0.1% + metyrapone 30 mg kg-1 fish (β-G + MTP). Dietary MTP was used to block cortisol production. After feeding, fish were air-exposed during 3 min, to endogenously increase the cortisol levels. Following that, they were challenged with intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Results were compared with a positive control group fed with a β-glucan-free diet. A negative control group, also fed with β-glucan-free diet but inoculated with PBS, was established to evaluate the effect of the handling during injection. Fish were sampled prior to the stressor exposure, 30 min after exposure, and 24 h post infection (hpi). Herein we observed that dietary β-G modulated the cortisol profile prior to and after the stressor, increasing the number and activity of leukocytes. Moreover, cortisol showed to be an efficient modulator of both humoral and cellular innate immune system by increasing lysozyme and complement activity, as well as neutrophil and monocyte populations. Our results suggest that β-glucan-induced cortisol increase is one important mechanism to improve the innate immune response in matrinxã.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz N Franco Montoya
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talísia P Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Y Gimbo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Cep. 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth C Urbinati
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Cep. 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
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