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Schampheleer E, Roelands B. Mental Fatigue in Sport-From Impaired Performance to Increased Injury Risk. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-9. [PMID: 39122241 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The literature describing the effects of mental fatigue (MF) has grown tremendously. This is accompanied by identification of a host of performance-determining parameters affected by MF. MF results from prolonged cognitive effort and predominantly affects physical, technical, tactical, and perceptual-cognitive dimensions of sport, while physiological parameters (eg, heart rate, lactate) and physical aspects of maximal and supramaximal efforts are predominantly unaffected. The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of the parameters described in the literature as influenced by MF. By identifying the different parameters, we not only see how they affect the performance of athletes but also raise concerns about the potentially increased injury risk due to MF. Preliminary evidence suggests that subsequent disturbances in balance, motor skills, and decision-making processes could potentially increase the vulnerability to injury. An abundance of lab-based studies looked into the effects of MF on performance; however, many questions remain about the mechanisms of origin and neurophysiological causes of MF, and only small steps have been taken to translate this knowledge into practice. Thus, there is a need for more research into the underlying mechanisms of MF and the role of the brain, as well as more applied research with a high ecological validity that also takes into account the potential increased risk of injury due to MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Schampheleer
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Golob EJ, Olayo RC, Brown DMY, Mock JR. Relations Among Multiple Dimensions of Self-Reported Listening Effort in Response to an Auditory Psychomotor Vigilance Task. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2024:1-15. [PMID: 39116317 DOI: 10.1044/2024_jslhr-23-00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Listening effort is a broad construct, and there is no consensus on how to subdivide listening effort into dimensions. This project focuses on the subjective experience of effortful listening and tests if cognitive workload, mental fatigue, and mood are interrelated dimensions. METHOD Two online studies tested young adults (n = 74 and n = 195) and measured subjective workload, fatigue (subscales of fatigue and energy), and mood (subscales of positive and negative mood) before and after a challenging listening task. In the listening effort task, participants responded to intermittent 1-kHz target tones in continuous white noise for approximately 12 min. RESULTS Correlations and principal component analysis showed that fatigue and mood were distinct but interrelated constructs that weakly correlated with workload. Effortful listening provoked increased fatigue and decreased energy and positive mood yet did not influence negative mood or workload. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that self-reported listening effort has multiple dimensions that can have different responses to the same effortful listening episode. The results can help guide evidence-based development of clinical listening effort tests and may reveal mechanisms for how listening effort relates to quality of life in those with hearing impairment. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26418976.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Golob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio
| | | | | | - Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio
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3
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Schneider JE, Blodgett M, Lang S, Merritt C, Santen SA. Mental Practice: Applying Successful Strategies in Sports to the Practice of Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2024; 84:159-166. [PMID: 38244027 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Emergency physicians are expected to learn and maintain a large and varied set of competencies for clinical practice. These include high acuity, low occurrence procedures that may not be encountered frequently in the clinical environment and are difficult to practice with high fidelity and frequency in a simulated environment. Mental practice is a form of a cognitive walk-through that has been shown to be an effective method for improving motor and cognitive skills, with literature in sports science and emerging evidence supporting its use in medicine. In this article, we review the literature on mental practice in sports and medicine as well as the underlying neuroscientific theories that support its use. We review best-known practices and provide a framework to design and use mental imagery scripts to augment learning and maintaining the competencies necessary for physicians at all levels of training and clinical environments in the practice of emergency medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Schneider
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Maxwell Blodgett
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE
| | - Spenser Lang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Chris Merritt
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Sally A Santen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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4
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Proost M, De Bock S, Habay J, Nagels G, De Pauw K, Meeusen R, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J. Electrophysiological impact of mental fatigue on brain activity during a bike task: A wavelet analysis approach. Physiol Behav 2024; 282:114586. [PMID: 38763379 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
This study explored how mental fatigue affects brain activity during a low-intensity bike task utilising a continuous wavelet transformation in electroencephalography (EEG) analysis. The aim was to examine changes in brain activity potentially linked to central motor commands and to investigate their relationship with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). In this study, sixteen participants (age: 21 ± 6 y, 7 females, 9 males) underwent one familiarization and two experimental trials in a randomised, blinded, cross-over study design. Participants executed a low-intensity bike task (9 min; 45 rpm; intensity (W): 10 % below aerobic threshold) after performing a mentally fatiguing (individualized 60-min Stroop task) or a control (documentary) task. Physiological (heart rate, EEG) and subjective measures (self-reported feeling of mental fatigue, RPE, cognitive load, motivation) were assessed prior, during and after the bike task. Post-Stroop, self-reported feeling of mental fatigue was higher in the intervention group (EXP) (74 ± 16) than in the control group (CON) (37 ± 17; p < 0.001). No significant differences in RPE during the bike task were observed between conditions. EEG analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) in beta frequency (13-30 Hz) during the bike task, with EXP exhibiting more desynchronization during the pedal push phase and synchronization during the pedal release phase. These results suggest that mental fatigue, confirmed by both subjective and neurophysiological markers, did not significantly impact RPE during the bike task, possibly due to the use of the CR100 scale or absence of a performance outcome. However, EEG data did reveal significant beta band alterations during the task, indicating increased neural effort under mental fatigue. These findings reveal, for the first time, how motor-related brain activity at the motor cortex is impacted during a low-intensity bike task when mentally fatigued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Proost
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sander De Bock
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle Habay
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Vital signs and PERformance monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium; Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Nagels
- AIMS Lab, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ke.2.13, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Elsene, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium; Vital signs and PERformance monitoring (VIPER) Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Campbell MJ, Cregan SC, Joyce JM, Kowal M, Toth AJ. Comparing the cognitive performance of action video game players and age-matched controls following a cognitively fatiguing task: A stage 2 registered report. Br J Psychol 2024; 115:363-385. [PMID: 38140897 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent work demonstrates that those who regularly play action video games (AVGs) consistently outperform non-gamer (NG) controls on tests of various cognitive abilities. AVGs place high demands on several cognitive functions and are often engaged with for long periods of time (e.g., over 2 h), predisposing players to experiencing cognitive fatigue. The detrimental effects of cognitive fatigue have been widely studied in various contexts where accurate performance is crucial, including aviation, military, and sport. Even though AVG players may be prone to experiencing cognitive fatigue, this topic has received little research attention to date. In this study, we compared the effect of a cognitively fatiguing task on the subsequent cognitive performance of action video game players and NG control participants. Our results indicated AVGs showed superior spatial working memory and complex attention abilities while showing no difference from NGs on simple attention performance. Additionally, we found that our cognitive fatigue and control interventions did not differentially affect the cognitive performance of AVGs and NGs in this study. This pre-registered study provides evidence that AVGs show superior cognitive abilities in comparison to a non-gaming population, but do not appear more resilient to cognitive fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Campbell
- Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sarah C Cregan
- Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John M Joyce
- Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Kowal
- Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Adam J Toth
- Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Software, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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McMorris T, Hale BJ, Pine BS, Williams TB. Creatine supplementation research fails to support the theoretical basis for an effect on cognition: Evidence from a systematic review. Behav Brain Res 2024; 466:114982. [PMID: 38582412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Creatine supplementation has been put forward as a possible aid to cognition, particularly for vegans, vegetarians, the elderly, sleep deprived and hypoxic individuals. However, previous narrative reviews have only provided limited support for these claims. This is despite the fact that research has shown that creatine supplementation can induce increased brain concentrations of creatine, albeit to a limited extent. We carried out a systematic review to examine the current state of affairs. The review supported claims that creatine supplementation can increases brain creatine content but also demonstrated somewhat equivocal results for effects on cognition. It does, however, provide evidence to suggest that more research is required with stressed populations, as supplementation does appear to significantly affect brain content. Issues with research design, especially supplementation regimens, need to be addressed. Future research must include measurements of creatine brain content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom.
| | - Beverley J Hale
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice S Pine
- Institue of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester PO19 6PE, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas B Williams
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Spinnaker Building, Cambridge Road, Portsmouth PO12ER, United Kingdom
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Proost M, Habay J, DE Wachter J, DE Pauw K, Marusic U, Meeusen R, DE Bock S, Roelands B, VAN Cutsem J. The Impact of Mental Fatigue on a Strength Endurance Task: Is There a Role for the Movement-Related Cortical Potential? Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:435-445. [PMID: 37847068 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain how mental fatigue degrades sport performance. In terms of endurance performance, a role for an increased perceived exertion has been demonstrated. Using electroencephalography and, more specifically, the movement-related cortical potential (MRCP), the present study explored the neural mechanisms that could underlie the mental fatigue-associated increase in perceived exertion. METHODS Fourteen participants (age, 23 ± 2 yr; 5 women, 9 men) performed one familiarization and two experimental trials in a randomized, blinded, crossover study design. Participants had to complete a submaximal leg extension task after a mentally fatiguing task (EXP; individualized 60-min Stroop task) or control task (CON; documentary). The leg extension task consisted of performing 100 extensions at 35% of 1 repetition maximum, during which multiple physiological (heart rate, electroencephalography) and subjective measures (self-reported feeling of mental fatigue, cognitive load, behand motivation, ratings of perceived exertion) were assessed. RESULTS Self-reported feeling of mental fatigue was higher in EXP (72 ± 18) compared with CON (37 ± 17; P < 0.001). A significant decrease in flanker accuracy was detected only in EXP (from 0.96 ± 0.03% to 0.03%; P < 0.05). No significant differences between conditions were found in MRCP characteristics and perceived exertion. Specifically in EXP, alpha wave power increased during the leg extension task ( P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue did not impact the perceived exertion or MRCP characteristics during the leg extension task. This could be related to low perceived exertion and/or the absence of a performance outcome during the leg extension task. The increase in alpha power during the leg extension task in EXP suggests that participants may engage a focused internal attention mechanism to maintain performance and mitigate feelings of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Proost
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, BELGIUM
| | | | - Jonas DE Wachter
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, BELGIUM
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Kotnik P, Roelands B, Bogataj Š. Prolonged theoretical classes impact students' perceptions: an observational study. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1278396. [PMID: 38449760 PMCID: PMC10916696 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1278396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mental fatigue (MF) arises during prolonged demanding cognitive activity and results in acute feelings of tiredness and a decreased physical and/or cognitive performance capacity. An often-overlooked population that is significantly at risk for the development of MF are university students. The current study investigated the impact of prolonged in-person theoretical classes on the perceptions of MF, boredom, and sleepiness among 27 Slovenian university students (first-year physiotherapy). Their subjective experiences at various time points during a 4-h class interspersed with a 20 min break were assessed with a repeated measures ANOVA and consequent Bonferroni post-hoc tests (significance set at <0.05). Subjective MF and sleepiness significantly increased during the first and the second part of the class (p < 0.05), while they significantly decreased during the break (p < 0.05). Boredom levels only increased significantly during the second part of the class (p < 0.05). Additionally, students who had inadequate sleep the night before the class reported higher levels of MF at the beginning of the class. This study highlighted a significant impact of a theoretical class on subjective feelings of mental fatigue and showed that a break in the middle of the class temporarily alleviated this negative impact. These results emphasize the importance of adequate sleep, effective breaks, and strategies to manage cognitive workload in optimizing students' cognitive well-being and academic performance. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying factors and develop targeted interventions to support students' cognitive functioning and well-being during prolonged academic sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kotnik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Novo Mesto, Novo Mesto, Slovenia
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Špela Bogataj
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Holgado D, Mesquida C, Román-Caballero R. Assessing the Evidential Value of Mental Fatigue and Exercise Research. Sports Med 2023; 53:2293-2307. [PMID: 37682411 PMCID: PMC10687172 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
It has often been reported that mental exertion, presumably leading to mental fatigue, can negatively affect exercise performance; however, recent findings have questioned the strength of the effect. To further complicate this issue, an overlooked problem might be the presence of publication bias in studies using underpowered designs, which is known to inflate false positive report probability and effect size estimates. Altogether, the presence of bias is likely to reduce the evidential value of the published literature on this topic, although it is unknown to what extent. The purpose of the current work was to assess the evidential value of studies published to date on the effect of mental exertion on exercise performance by assessing the presence of publication bias and the observed statistical power achieved by these studies. A traditional meta-analysis revealed a Cohen's dz effect size of - 0.54, 95% CI [- 0.68, - 0.40], p < .001. However, when we applied methods for estimating and correcting for publication bias (based on funnel plot asymmetry and observed p-values), we found that the bias-corrected effect size became negligible with most of publication-bias methods and decreased to - 0.36 in the more optimistic of all the scenarios. A robust Bayesian meta-analysis found strong evidence in favor of publication bias, BFpb > 1000, and inconclusive evidence in favor of the effect, adjusted dz = 0.01, 95% CrI [- 0.46, 0.37], BF10 = 0.90. Furthermore, the median observed statistical power assuming the unadjusted meta-analytic effect size (i.e., - 0.54) as the true effect size was 39% (min = 19%, max = 96%), indicating that, on average, these studies only had a 39% chance of observing a significant result if the true effect was Cohen's dz = - 0.54. If the more optimistic adjusted effect size (- 0.36) was assumed as the true effect, the median statistical power was just 20%. We conclude that the current literature is a useful case study for illustrating the dangers of conducting underpowered studies to detect the effect size of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darías Holgado
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Quartier UNIL-Centre, Bâtiment Synathlon, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Cristian Mesquida
- Centre of Applied Science for Health, Technological University Dublin, Tallaght, Ireland
| | - Rafael Román-Caballero
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Banaei P, Tadibi V, Amiri E, Machado DGDS. Concomitant dual-site tDCS and dark chocolate improve cognitive and endurance performance following cognitive effort under hypoxia: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16473. [PMID: 37777571 PMCID: PMC10542360 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ten male cyclists were randomized into four experimental conditions in this randomized, cross-over, double-blind, and sham-controlled study to test the combined effect of acute dark chocolate (DC) ingestion and anodal concurrent dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) targeting M1 and left DLPFC on cognitive and whole-body endurance performance in hypoxia after performing a cognitive task. Two hours before the sessions, chocolate was consumed. After arriving at the lab, participants completed an incongruent Stroop task for 30 min in hypoxia (O2 = 13%) to induce mental fatigue, followed by 20 min of tDCS (2 mA) in hypoxia. Then, in hypoxia, they performed a time-to-exhaustion task (TTE) while measuring physiological and psychophysiological responses. Cognitive performance was measured at baseline, after the Stroop task, and during and after TTE. TTE in 'DC + a-tDCS' was significantly longer than in 'white chocolate (WC) + a-tDCS' and WC + sham-tDCS'. The vastus medialis muscle electromyography amplitude was significantly higher in 'DC + a-tDCS' and 'DC + sham-tDCS' than in 'WC + sh-tDCS'. During and after the TTE, choice reaction time was significantly lower in 'DC + a-tDCS' compared to 'WC + sh-tDCS'. Other physiological or psychophysiological variables showed no significant differences. The concurrent use of acute DC consumption and dual-site a-tDCS might improve cognitive and endurance performance in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Banaei
- Exercise Metabolism and Performance Lab (EMPL), Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, University Avenue, Taq-e Bostan, Kermanshah, 6714414971, Iran
| | - Vahid Tadibi
- Exercise Metabolism and Performance Lab (EMPL), Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, University Avenue, Taq-e Bostan, Kermanshah, 6714414971, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Amiri
- Exercise Metabolism and Performance Lab (EMPL), Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, University Avenue, Taq-e Bostan, Kermanshah, 6714414971, Iran
| | - Daniel Gomes da Silva Machado
- Research Group in Neuroscience of Human Movement (NeuroMove), Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, 59078-970, Brazil
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Champion L, Middleton K, MacMahon C. Many Pieces to the Puzzle: A New Holistic Workload Approach to Designing Practice in Sports. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:38. [PMID: 37256515 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Representative learning design (RLD) in sport is a well-established concept in both theory and practice. The goal of RLD is to faithfully replicate competition environments in training settings to benefit improvement in athletic performance. There is currently little research that considers how representative an activity needs to be to facilitate learning transfer, and how that level of representativeness might fluctuate between activities or sessions, and across competitive cycles. Similarly, there is no existing research that specifically considers the elevated workload (in cognitive and physical load) of highly representative training, and the potential impacts of chronic overuse of these highly demanding activities. This paper addresses these limitations, making a case for the application of RLD that considers the level of representativeness (fidelity) and the demands placed on athletes (load) from both a cognitive and physical perspective. This paper also suggests several categorisations of training activities that are based on their relative representativeness, level of imposed demands, and the intended outcomes of the activity with reference to the perception-action cycle. The two core concepts of fidelity and load are combined for a new approach to representative training that allows practitioners to balance the benefits of representative training with the risks of imposing excessive load on athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Champion
- Sport and Exercise Science (Allied Health, Human Services and Sport), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science (Allied Health, Human Services and Sport), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare MacMahon
- Sport and Exercise Science (Allied Health, Human Services and Sport), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Fortes LS, Gantois P, de Lima-Júnior D, Barbosa BT, Ferreira MEC, Nakamura FY, Albuquerque MR, Fonseca FS. Playing videogames or using social media applications on smartphones causes mental fatigue and impairs decision-making performance in amateur boxers. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2023; 30:227-238. [PMID: 34061684 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2021.1927036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effect of playing videogames and using social media applications on smartphones on decision-making and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in amateur boxers. Twenty one boxers were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to all three experimental conditions [smartphone (30SMA), videogame (30VID), and control (CON)]. CMJ was measured before and 30-min after each experimental condition. The athletes ran simulated combat recorded for decision-making analysis. The boxers watched coaching videos (CON), used social media applications on smartphones (30SMA), and played video games (30VID) for 30 min just before the combat simulation. Both attack and defense decision-making performance were worse in both 30SMA and 30VID conditions compared to the CON condition (p = 0.001). Regarding CMJ, despite no condition effect (p = 0.96) been obtained, a time effect (p = 0.001) was observed; So, it was found a decrease in CMJ performance after all experimental conditions (p = 0.001), with no difference between them. Using social media applications on smartphones and playing video game impairs decision-making performance in amateur boxers, with no harms for CMJ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Sousa Fortes
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Petrus Gantois
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Dalton de Lima-Júnior
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | - Fabiano Souza Fonseca
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Chen XX, Ji ZG, Wang Y, Xu J, Wang LY, Wang HB. Bibliometric analysis of the effects of mental fatigue on athletic performance from 2001 to 2021. Front Psychol 2023; 13:1019417. [PMID: 36698588 PMCID: PMC9869051 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims To explore the research hot topics and main contents in the field of the influence of mental fatigue on athletic performance, and to provide new ideas and directions for future research in this field. Methods Using CiteSpace and VOSviewer visualization tool software core collection of Web of Science database to TS = ("mental fatigue" OR "mental exertion" OR "cognitive fatigue" OR "Cognitive exertion" OR "mental exhaustion" OR "mental tiredness") AND ("athletic performance" OR "technical skill*" OR "Skill*" OR "technique" OR "decision making" OR "performance") AND ("Humans") searched for the influence of mental fatigue on athletic performance from 2001 to 2021 to conduct visual analysis. Research hot topics were analyzed from the aspects of high-impact countries/regions, institutions, authors, high-frequency keywords, and mutation terms. Results A total of 658 publications were identified finally, and there has been an increasing trend in the annual number of publications, with the United States ranking first in the number of publications and influence. Future research will focus on promoting the application of EEG technology as an objective indicator for assessing mental fatigue, exploring effective methods and measures for pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions against fatigue, and focusing on the effects of mental fatigue on endurance performance, technical skills, and sports-related decision-making. Conclusion The results of the present study help us understand the status of the mental fatigue and athletic performance field and its recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Ji
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yan Wang
- College of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Biao Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Hong-Biao Wang,
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14
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Pitts J, Bhatt T. Effects of mentally induced fatigue on balance control: a systematic review. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:13-30. [PMID: 36329316 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cognitive demands and postural control is controversial. Mental fatigue paradigms investigate the attentional requirements of postural control by assessing balance after a prolonged cognitive task. However, a majority of mental fatigue research has focused on cognition and sports performance, leaving balance relatively underexamined. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review the existing literature on mental fatigue and balance control. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies comparing balance performance pre- to post-mental fatigue or between a mental fatigue and control group. The literature search resulted in ten relevant studies including both volitional (n = 7) and reactive (n = 3) balance measures. Mental fatigue was induced by various cognitive tasks which were completed for 20-90 min prior to balance assessment. Mental fatigue affected both volitional and reactive balance, resulting in increased postural sway, decreased accuracy on volitional tasks, delayed responses to perturbations, and less effective balance recovery responses. These effects could have been mediated by the depletion of attentional resources or impaired sensorimotor perception which delayed appropriate balance-correcting responses. However, the current literature is limited by the number of studies and heterogeneous mental fatigue induction methods. Future studies are needed to confirm these postulations and examine the effects of mental fatigue on different populations and postural tasks. This line of research could be clinically relevant to improve safety in occupational settings where individuals complete extremely long durations of cognitive tasks and for the development of effective fall-assessment and fall-prevention paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pitts
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tanvi Bhatt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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15
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Konefał M, Chmura J, Charmas M, Kotowska J, Błażejczyk K, Chmura P. Lactate Threshold and Psychomotor Fatigue Threshold in Hot Conditions: Suggestions for Soccer Players Participating in the Qatar World Cup 2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:17028. [PMID: 36554914 PMCID: PMC9779190 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192417028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at finding relationships between lactate threshold and psychomotor fatigue threshold during incremental exercise in thermo-neutral climate conditions and conditions for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar simulated in an environmental test chamber. The study included 24 soccer players aged 21.02 ± 3.22 years old. The following procedures were performed: The incremental exercise test to mark lactate concentration-LA (mmol·l-1); Psychomotor test to determine choice reaction time; Designation of the lactate threshold (TLA) and psychomotor fatigue threshold (TPF). Climate conditions: The procedure was performed twice in the climatic chamber: (1) in thermo-neutral conditions-TNC (ambient temperature 20.5 °C and relative air humidity 58.7%), (2) after 7 days-in Qatar conditions-QC (28.5 ± 1.92 °C) and (58.7 ± 8.64%). It was confirmed that the TPF, which reflects the highest efficiency of CNS functioning, occurs at a higher running speed than the TLA. The temperature of 28.5 °C with 58.7% humidity, which is the lower limit of heat stress, causes the psychomotor fatigue threshold to appear at a lower running speed than in thermoneutral conditions. The data recorded in this work may help to understand the specificity of physiological and psychomotor reactions to various climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Charmas
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faulty of Physical Eucation and Health in Biala Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warszawa, Akademicka 2, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Kotowska
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faulty of Physical Eucation and Health in Biala Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warszawa, Akademicka 2, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Błażejczyk
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Waszawa, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, I.J. Paderewskiego 35, 51-612 Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Chmura P, Liu H, Andrzejewski M, Tessitore A, Sadowski J, Chmura J, Rokita A, Tański W, Cicirko L, Konefał M. Responses of soccer players performing repeated maximal efforts in simulated conditions of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022: A holistic approach. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276314. [PMID: 36490259 PMCID: PMC9733889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the capacity for repeated maximal effort (RME) of soccer players in the thermo-natural conditions (NC) and in simulated conditions for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar (QSC). Twenty-four semi-professional soccer players participated in the study. The exercise test consisted of ten 6-second maximal efforts on a cycloergometer. A 90-second passive rest interval was used. The test was performed in a Weiss Technik WK-26 climate test chamber in two different conditions: 1) thermo-neutral conditions (NC-20.5°C; 58.7% humidity); and 2) simulated conditions for the 2022 World Cup in Qatar (QSC-28.5 ± 1.92°C; 58.7 ± 8.64% humidity). Power-related, physiological, psychomotor, blood, and electrolyte variables were recorded. Results showed that (1) players achieved higher peak power (max 1607,46 ± 192,70 [W] - 3rd rep), needed less time to peak power (min 0,95 ± 0,27 [s] - 3rd rep), and had a higher fatigue slope (max 218,67 ± 59,64 [W/sek] - 7th rep) in QSC than in NC (in each repetition of study protocol); (2) between the 1st repetition and subsequent repetitions a number of significants in among physiological, blood-related, and electrolyte variables were noted, but their direction was similar in both simulated conditions (e.g. V'O2/kg 37,59 ± 3,96 vs 37,95 ± 3,17 [ml/min/kg] - 3rd rep, LAC 13,16 ± 2,61 vs 14,18 ± 3,13 [mg/dl] - 10th rep or K 4,54 ± 0,29 vs 4,79 ± 0,36 [mmol/l] - 2nd rep when compare QCS and NC respectively); (3) an 8°C of temperature difference between the climatic conditions did not significantly affect the soccer players' physical and physiological responses in RME. The study results can be used in the design of training programs aimed to increase players' physiological adaptations by simulating soccer-specific conditions of play in terms of anaerobic capacity, in particular, repetitive maximal efforts. These findings will be useful during the upcoming 2022 World Cup in Qatar and in locations where high ambient temperatures are customary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Hongyou Liu
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Jerzy Sadowski
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Physical Education and Health, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Chmura
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rokita
- Department of Team Games, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Wojciech Tański
- 4th Military Teaching Hospital with Clinic, Independent Public Health Care Centre in Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Leszek Cicirko
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Health in Biała Podlaska, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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17
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Bestwick-Stevenson T, Toone R, Neupert E, Edwards K, Kluzek S. Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Sport: Narrative Review. Int J Sports Med 2022; 43:1151-1162. [PMID: 35468639 DOI: 10.1055/a-1834-7177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Fatigue is a phenomenon associated with decreases in both physical and cognitive performances and increases in injury occurrence. Competitive athletes are required to complete demanding training programs with high workloads to elicit the physiological and musculoskeletal adaptations plus skill acquisition necessary for performance. High workloads, especially sudden rapid increases in training loads, are associated with the occurrence of fatigue. At present, there is limited evidence elucidating the underlying mechanisms associating the fatigue generated by higher workloads and with an increase in injury risk. The multidimensional nature and manifestation of fatigue have led to differing definitions and dichotomies of the term. Consequently, a plethora of physiological, biochemical, psychological and performance markers have been proposed to measure fatigue and recovery. Those include self-reported scales, countermovement jump performance, heart rate variability, and saliva and serum biomarker analyses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of fatigue and recovery plus methods of assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bestwick-Stevenson
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Rebecca Toone
- Mountain Biking, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Emma Neupert
- School of Sport Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kimberley Edwards
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stefan Kluzek
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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18
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Sun H, Soh KG, Roslan S, Norjali Wazir MRW, Liu F, Zhao Z. The Counteractive Effect of Self-Regulation-Based Interventions on Prior Mental Exertion: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Brain Sci 2022; 12:896. [PMID: 35884703 PMCID: PMC9313235 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many investigations have been performed on the effects of mental exertion that consumes self-regulatory resources and then affects physical and/or cognitive performance later on. However, the effect of manipulating self-regulation and interventions to attenuate this negative effect remains unclear. Moreover, there is continuous controversy regarding the resource model of self-regulation. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review to assess the literature on manipulating self-regulation based on four ingredients (standard, monitoring, strength, and motivation) in order to counter mental exertion and improve physical and/or cognitive performance. The results provide more insight into the resource model. METHOD A thorough search was conducted to extract the relevant literature from several databases, as well as Google Scholar, and the sources from the references were included as grey literature. A self-regulation intervention compared to a control condition, a physical and/or cognitive task, and a randomised controlled trial were selected. RESULT A total of 39 publications were included. Regarding the four components of self-regulation, the interventions could mainly be divided into the following: (i) standard: implementation intervention; (ii) monitoring: biofeedback and time monitoring; (iii) strength: repeated exercise, mindfulness, nature exposure, and recovery strategies; (iv) motivation: autonomy-supportive and monetary incentives. The majority of the interventions led to significant improvement in subsequent self-regulatory performance. In addition, the resource model of self-regulation and attention-restoration theory were the most frequently used theories and supported relevant interventions. CONCLUSION In line with the resource model, manipulating the four components of self-regulation can effectively attenuate the negative influence of mental exertion. The conservation proposed in the strength model of self-regulation was supported in the current findings to explain the role of motivation in the self-regulation process. Future studies can focus on attention as the centre of the metaphorical resource in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Physical Education Institute (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.G.S.); (M.R.W.N.W.)
| | - Samsilah Roslan
- Department of Foundation of Education, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Rozilee Wazir Norjali Wazir
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor 43400, Malaysia; (K.G.S.); (M.R.W.N.W.)
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Social Work, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 451191, China;
| | - Zijian Zhao
- School of Physical Education Institute (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
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19
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Sun H, Soh KG, Norjali Wazir MRW, Ding C, Xu T, Zhang D. Can Self-Regulatory Strength Training Counter Prior Mental Exertion? A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Public Health 2022; 10:904374. [PMID: 35757630 PMCID: PMC9226420 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.904374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior mental exertion consumes self-regulation and influences any subsequent physical or cognitive performance according to the strength model of self-regulation. However, the counteractive effect of self-regulatory strength training remains unclear. Objective This study aims to report a comprehensive systematic review investigating self-regulatory strength training programmes on physical or cognitive performance. Methods To select relevant studies from the available literature, a thorough search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost (CENTRAL, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, SPORTDicus), Scopus, and Google Scholar, as well as the sources of reference for gray literature. Only randomized controlled trials involving healthy humans, strength-based self-regulation training programmes with comparable protocols, and a physical or cognitive task associated with the study were selected for the current review. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used to develop the summary of findings. Results Twelve articles were included based on the selection criteria. Evidence certainty for outcomes was graded as either low or very low level. The majority of the studies reported that self-regulatory strength training programmes can significantly counter prior mental exertion and decrement of performance, while only one study did not find such improvement. According to the strength model, a period of training increased the ‘self-regulatory muscle.' Conclusion Strength is an important ingredient in the resource model of self-regulation and can be trained to counter prior mental exertion and improve subsequent physical and cognitive performance. The training effects are cross-domain (e.g., emotional and cognitive domains; higher and lower levels of executive functions). However, motivation plays a key role to mobilize this resource. Future studies should examine the mechanism that underlies the strength. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-1-0060/, identifier: INPLASY202210060.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kim Geok Soh
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Cong Ding
- Department of Sport Studies, Faculty of Education Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tingting Xu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sports, SooChow University, Suzhou, China
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20
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Varandas R, Lima R, Bermúdez I Badia S, Silva H, Gamboa H. Automatic Cognitive Fatigue Detection Using Wearable fNIRS and Machine Learning. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4010. [PMID: 35684626 PMCID: PMC9183003 DOI: 10.3390/s22114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have increasingly been applied in healthcare to generate data and monitor patients unobtrusively. Their application for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI) allows for unobtrusively monitoring one's cognitive state over time. A particular state relevant in multiple domains is cognitive fatigue, which may impact performance and attention, among other capabilities. The monitoring of this state will be applied in real learning settings to detect and advise on effective break periods. In this study, two functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) wearable devices were employed to build a BCI to automatically detect the state of cognitive fatigue using machine learning algorithms. An experimental procedure was developed to effectively induce cognitive fatigue that included a close-to-real digital lesson and two standard cognitive tasks: Corsi-Block task and a concentration task. Machine learning models were user-tuned to account for the individual dynamics of each participant, reaching classification accuracy scores of around 70.91 ± 13.67 %. We concluded that, although effective for some subjects, the methodology needs to be individually validated before being applied. Moreover, time on task was not a particularly determining factor for classification, i.e., to induce cognitive fatigue. Further research will include other physiological signals and human-computer interaction variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Varandas
- LIBPhys (Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- PLUX Wireless Biosignals S.A., 1050-059 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rodrigo Lima
- Departamento de Engenharia Informática, Universidade da Madeira & Madeira N-LINCS, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.L.); (S.B.I.B.)
- NOVA Laboratory for Computer Science and Informatics, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sergi Bermúdez I Badia
- Departamento de Engenharia Informática, Universidade da Madeira & Madeira N-LINCS, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (R.L.); (S.B.I.B.)
- NOVA Laboratory for Computer Science and Informatics, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Hugo Silva
- PLUX Wireless Biosignals S.A., 1050-059 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações (IT), 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hugo Gamboa
- LIBPhys (Laboratory for Instrumentation, Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Physics), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- PLUX Wireless Biosignals S.A., 1050-059 Lisboa, Portugal;
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21
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Daumas L, Zory R, Robert P, Manera V. Apathetic patients with neurocognitive disorders are more fatigued and fatigable. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2237-2241. [PMID: 35608793 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apathy is common in neurocognitive disorders (NCD) and manifests as reduced goal-directed behaviors and activities. A decrease in everyday activities can also be due to fatigue, another common symptom in NCD. The aim of this study was to investigate if apathetic patients with NCD are more fatigued and more fatigable. METHOD A self-report questionnaire and clinical functional tests assessed fatigue and fatigability in 30 apathetic vs 26 non-apathetic NCD participants. The Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) was administered and a 15-s sustained maximal handgrip contraction and a 6-min walk test (6MWT) were performed. RESULTS Apathetic subjects had higher FSS scores. A decrease in performance was observed in apathetic participants during the sustained maximal handgrip contraction but not the 6MWT. CONCLUSION Higher self-reported fatigue and greater fatigability during the sustained maximal handgrip contraction test in apathetic subjects suggest the importance of assessing these symptoms in apathetic subjects to properly guide treatment. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04573712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Daumas
- Université Côte d'Azur, CoBTeK lab, Nice, France.
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS Lab, Nice, France.
| | - Raphaël Zory
- Université Côte d'Azur, LAMHESS Lab, Nice, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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22
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Proost M, Habay J, De Wachter J, De Pauw K, Rattray B, Meeusen R, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J. How to Tackle Mental Fatigue: A Systematic Review of Potential Countermeasures and Their Underlying Mechanisms. Sports Med 2022; 52:2129-2158. [PMID: 35543922 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental fatigue (MF) is a psychobiological state that impairs cognitive as well as physical performance in different settings. Recently, numerous studies have sought ways to counteract these negative effects of MF. An overview of the explored countermeasures for MF is, however, lacking. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the different MF countermeasures currently explored in literature. Countermeasures were classified by the timing of application (before, during or after the moment of MF) and type of intervention (behavioural, physiological and psychological). METHODS The databases of PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched until March 7, 2022. Studies were eligible when MF was induced using a task with a duration of at least 30 min, when they assessed MF markers in at least two out of the three areas wherein MF markers have been defined (i.e., behavioural, subjective and/or [neuro]physiological) and used a placebo or control group for the countermeasure. RESULTS A total of 33 studies investigated one or more countermeasures against MF. Of these, eight studies assessed a behavioural countermeasure, 22 a physiological one, one a psychological countermeasure and two a combination of a behavioural and psychological countermeasure. The general finding was that a vast majority of the countermeasures induced a positive effect on behavioural (e.g., task or sport performance) and/or subjective MF markers (e.g., visual analogue scale for MF or alertness). No definitive conclusion could be drawn regarding the effect of the employed countermeasures on (neuro)physiological markers of MF as only 19 of the included studies investigated these measures, and within these a large heterogeneity in the evaluated (neuro)physiological markers was present. DISCUSSION Within the physiological countermeasures it seems that the use of odours during a MF task or caffeine before the MF task are the most promising interventions in combating MF. Promising behavioural (e.g., listening to music) and psychological (e.g., extrinsic motivation) countermeasures of MF have also been reported. The most assumed mechanism through which these countermeasures operate is the dopaminergic system. However, this mechanism remains speculative as (neuro)physiological markers of MF have been scarcely evaluated to date. CONCLUSION The present systematic review reveals that a wide range of countermeasures have been found to successfully counteract MF on a subjective, (neuro)physiological and/or behavioural level. Of these, caffeine, odours, music and extrinsic motivation are the most evidenced for countering MF. To provide in-detail practical guidelines for the real-life application of MF countermeasures, more research must be performed into the underlying mechanisms and into the optimal dosage and time of application/intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Proost
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle Habay
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonas De Wachter
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Rattray
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. .,Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium.
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Brahms M, Heinzel S, Rapp M, Mückstein M, Hortobágyi T, Stelzel C, Granacher U. The acute effects of mental fatigue on balance performance in healthy young and older adults - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2022; 225:103540. [PMID: 35245722 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive resources contribute to balance control. There is evidence that mental fatigue reduces cognitive resources and impairs balance performance, particularly in older adults and when balance tasks are complex, for example when trying to walk or stand while concurrently performing a secondary cognitive task. We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify eligible studies and performed a random effects meta-analysis to quantify the effects of experimentally induced mental fatigue on balance performance in healthy adults. Subgroup analyses were computed for age (healthy young vs. healthy older adults) and balance task complexity (balance tasks with high complexity vs. balance tasks with low complexity) to examine the moderating effects of these factors on fatigue-mediated balance performance. We identified 7 eligible studies with 9 study groups and 206 participants. Analysis revealed that performing a prolonged cognitive task had a small but significant effect (SMDwm = -0.38) on subsequent balance performance in healthy young and older adults. However, age- and task-related differences in balance responses to fatigue could not be confirmed statistically. Overall, aggregation of the available literature indicates that mental fatigue generally reduces balance in healthy adults. However, interactions between cognitive resource reduction, aging and balance task complexity remain elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brahms
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Stephan Heinzel
- Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Rapp
- University of Potsdam, Research Focus Cognitive Sciences, Division of Social and Preventive Medicine, Am Neuen Palais 10, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marie Mückstein
- International Psychoanalytic University, Stromstraße 1, 10555 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Sport Biology, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Somogy County Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Christine Stelzel
- International Psychoanalytic University, Stromstraße 1, 10555 Berlin, Germany
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Fortes LS, Nakamura FY, Lima-Junior D, Ferreira MEC, Fonseca FS. Does Social Media Use on Smartphones Influence Endurance, Power, and Swimming Performance in High-Level Swimmers? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:120-129. [PMID: 32930640 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1810848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the repeated effect of social media on smartphones immediately before training sessions on inhibitory control (Stroop task), endurance (tethered swimming), countermovement jump (CMJ), and swimming performance (50, 100, and 400-m freestyle) in high-level female swimmers. Methods: It is a randomized and experimental investigation with parallel groups. Twenty-two participants underwent the eight weeks of the experiment. The swimmers (eight to twelve sessions per week with 15.9 ± 1.6 hours/week, and training experience of ~ 5.6 years) were randomized in two groups: control (CON, n = 11) and smartphone (SMA, n = 11). Immediately before each training session, the CON group watched videos about Olympic Games for 30-min. The SMA group used social network smartphone apps during 30-min. The inhibitory control, endurance, CMJ, and swimming performance were measured before and after the eight weeks of intervention. Results: No group x time interaction for 50-m freestyle (F(4, 18) = 1.04; p = .33; η2 = 0.09) and CMJ performance (F(4, 18) = 0.31; p = .58; η2 = 0.03) was found. Both experimental groups improved CMJ (F(2, 20) = 8.71; p = .01; η2 = 0.46). Only the CON group improved the 100-m (p = .02), 400-m freestyle (p = .01), and endurance performance (p = .01). The CON group improved the inhibitory control response (p = .01). Conclusion: It is concluded that the repeated effect of social media on smartphones immediately before swimming training sessions might reduce or nullify training gains on swimming and endurance performance.
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Kunzler MR, Carpes FP. Moderate intensity cycling combined with cognitive dual-task improves selective attention. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:545-552. [PMID: 34729731 DOI: 10.1055/a-1684-9151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Physical and cognitive exercises have positive long-term effects on cognitive capacities. However, acute effects still are controversial. Here we determine the acute effects of physical exercise combined with concurrent cognitive exercise on cognitive performance in young adults. Simple reaction time, selective attention, and memory were evaluated in 23 young men before and after 30 min of stationary cycling exercise, 30 min of stationary cycling exercise combined with cognitive exercise, and 30 min of rest. Exercise intensity was continuously controlled to ensure exercise at moderate intensity. We found that physical exercise combined with cognitive dual-task improves selective attention. Both exercise conditions showed similar effects on simple reaction time, and memory was not affected by the different exercise conditions. We conclude that the combination of cycling exercise at moderate intensity with a cognitive exercise acutely improves selective attention in young adults. These results can be of particular interest for interventions aiming at improving selective attention in sports and for older adults and individuals with difficulty to suppress and filter out task-irrelevant information, like when receiving instruction or learning a new task or concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto Kunzler
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana Campus, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Carpes
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Federal University of Pampa - Uruguaiana Campus, Uruguaiana, Brazil
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Ul Alam MA. Activity-Aware Deep Cognitive Fatigue Assessment using Wearables. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2021; 2021:7433-7436. [PMID: 34892814 DOI: 10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive fatigue is a common problem among workers which has become an increasing global problem. While existing multi-modal wearable sensors-aided automatic cognitive fatigue monitoring tools have focused on physical and physiological sensors (ECG, PPG, Actigraphy) analytic on specific group of people (say gamers, athletes, construction workers), activity-awareness is utmost importance due to its different responses on physiology in different person. In this paper, we propose a novel framework, Activity-Aware Recurrent Neural Network (AcRoNN), that can generalize individual activity recognition and improve cognitive fatigue estimation significantly. We evaluate and compare our proposed method with state-of-art methods using one real-time collected dataset from 5 individuals and another publicly available dataset from 27 individuals achieving max. 19% improvement over the baseline model.
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McMorris T. The acute exercise-cognition interaction: From the catecholamines hypothesis to an interoception model. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 170:75-88. [PMID: 34666105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An interoception model for the acute exercise-cognition interaction is presented. During exercise following the norepinephrine threshold, interoceptive feedback induces increased tonic release of extracellular catecholamines, facilitating phasic release hence better cognitive performance of executive functions. When exercise intensity increases to maximum, the nature of task-induced norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus is dependent on interaction between motivation, perceived effort costs and perceived availability of resources. This is controlled by interaction between the rostral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula cortex. If perceived available resources are sufficient to meet predicted effort costs and reward value is high, tonic release from the locus coeruleus is attenuated thus facilitating phasic release, therefore cognition is not inhibited. However, if perceived available resources are insufficient to meet predicted effort costs or reward value is low, tonic release from the locus coeruleus is induced, attenuating phasic release. As a result, cognition is inhibited, although long-term memory and tasks that require switching to new stimuli-response couplings are probably facilitated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McMorris
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, College Lane, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 6PE, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Guildhall Walk, Portsmouth PO1 2ER, United Kingdom.
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Impact of a Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Corticomotor Excitability after Mental Fatigue in Healthy College-Aged Subjects. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11080972. [PMID: 34439591 PMCID: PMC8391817 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental Fatigue (MF) has been associated with reduced physical performance but the mechanisms underlying this result are unclear. A reduction in excitability of the corticomotor system is a way mental fatigue could negatively impact physical performance. Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse (MR) has been shown to increase corticomotor excitability. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if CHO MR impacts corticomotor excitability after MF. METHODS: Fifteen subjects (nine females, six males; age = 23 ± 1 years; height = 171 ± 2 cm; body mass = 69 ± 3 kg; BMI = 23.8 ± 0.7) completed two sessions under different MR conditions (Placebo (PLAC), 6.4% glucose (CHO)) separated by at least 48 h and applied in a double-blinded randomized fashion. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the left first dorsal interosseous (FDI) was determined by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before and after MF. Perceived MF was recorded before and after the MF task using a 100 mm visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: MF was greater following PLAC (+30.4 ± 4.0 mm) than CHO (+19.4 ± 3.9 mm) (p = 0.005). MEP was reduced more following PLAC (−16.6 ± 4.4%) than CHO (−3.7 ± 4.7%) (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: CHO MR was successful at attenuating the reduction in corticomotor excitability after MF. Carbohydrate mouth rinse may be a valuable tool at combating the negative consequences of mental fatigue.
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Penna EM, Filho E, Campos BT, Ferreira RM, Parma JO, Lage GM, Coswig VS, Wanner SP, Prado LS. No Effects of Mental Fatigue and Cerebral Stimulation on Physical Performance of Master Swimmers. Front Psychol 2021; 12:656499. [PMID: 34290647 PMCID: PMC8287522 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mental fatigue is a psychobiological state caused by extended periods of cognitive effort, and evidence suggests that mentally fatigued athletes present impaired physical performance. Different ergogenic aids have been proposed to counteract the deleterious effects of mental fatigue, but whether brain stimulation can counteract mental fatigue is still unknown. This scenario is even more obscure considering the effects of these interventions (mental fatigue induction and brain stimulation) in a very experienced population consisting of master athletes. Method: Ten master swimmers (30 ± 6 years old and 14 ± 8 years of experience) participated in the study. They underwent four experimental conditions before an 800-m freestyle test: mental fatigue with brain stimulation; mental fatigue without brain stimulation; absence of mental fatigue with brain stimulation; and absence of mental fatigue and no brain stimulation. Mental fatigue was induced by a cognitively demanding Stroop Color Test, whereas stimulation was applied on the temporal cortex. After that, the athletes swan 800 m as fast as possible and provided their ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) every 200 m. Results: Mental fatigue was effectively induced, as evidenced by a greater fatigue perception and more errors in the last blocks of the cognitive task. Mental fatigue induction did not influence performance (time to complete the swimming trial) and RPE. Similarly, brain stimulation failed to change these two parameters, regardless of mental fatigue induction. Conclusion: The prolonged physical performance of experienced master athletes is not influenced, under the present conditions, by mental fatigue induction, cerebral stimulation, and their association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Macedo Penna
- GET/UFPA - Grupo de Estudos em Treinamento Físico e Esportivo, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Brazil.,LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Edson Filho
- Wheelock College of Education and Human Development, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruno Teobaldo Campos
- LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Melo Ferreira
- LAQUA - Laboratório de Atividades Aquáticas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Juliana Otoni Parma
- NNeuroM - Núcleo de Neurociências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Menezes Lage
- NNeuroM - Núcleo de Neurociências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Victor Silveira Coswig
- GET/UFPA - Grupo de Estudos em Treinamento Físico e Esportivo, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciano Sales Prado
- LAFISE - Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,CTE- Centro de Treinamento Esportivo/UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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30
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Brown DMY, Farias Zuniga A, Mulla DM, Mendonca D, Keir PJ, Bray SR. Investigating the Effects of Mental Fatigue on Resistance Exercise Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6794. [PMID: 34202762 PMCID: PMC8297120 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mental fatigue can impart negative effects on subsequent physical performance, although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not well understood. This study examined whether mental fatigue confers negative carryover effects on the performance of a set of biceps curls, while also investigating physiological and psychological mechanisms proposed to explain the predicted effect. A randomized, cross-over design was employed. On visit 1, participants (N = 10) performed a barbell biceps curl one-repetition maximum (1RM) test. On visits 2-3, participants performed 20 biceps curls at 50% of their 1RM, followed by their respective 10 min experimental manipulation (high vs. low cognitive exertion) and then a second set of biceps curls to exhaustion. Ratings of perceived exertion and electromyography of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, upper trapezius, thoracic erector spinae and lumbar erector spinae were recorded during the physical task. The total number of repetitions completed was similar across the conditions. Results also failed to show between-condition differences for muscle activation and perceptions of exertion. Future research is needed to build an adequate knowledge base to determine whether there is an effect of mental fatigue on dynamic resistance-based task performance and, if so, identify the mechanisms explaining how and why.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M. Y. Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (A.F.Z.); (D.M.M.); (D.M.); (P.J.K.); (S.R.B.)
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31
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O'Keeffe K, Raccuglia G, Hodder S, Lloyd A. Mental fatigue independent of boredom and sleepiness does not impact self-paced physical or cognitive performance in normoxia or hypoxia. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1687-1699. [PMID: 33678152 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1896104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the individual and combined effects of mental fatigue (MF) and hypoxia (HYP) on physical and cognitive performance. Fifteen males (24 ± 3 years) completed one familiarization session and six experimental trials, including: 1) normoxia (0.209 FiO2) and no MF; 2) normoxia (0.209 FiO2) with MF; 3) mild normobaric HYP (0.13 FiO2) and no MF; 4) mild normobaric HYP (0.13 FiO2) with MF; 5) severe normobaric HYP (0.10 FiO2) and no MF; 6) severe normobaric HYP (0.10 FiO2) with MF. Each condition included a 15-min self-paced time trial, followed by a 60-s isometric maximal voluntary contraction of the biceps brachii. MF was induced using a 16-min individualized cognitive test prior to exercise performance. Following each time trial, participants performed the Tower of Hanoi cognitive test. A main effect of HYP was observed on average power output, oxygen consumption and muscle oxygenation (P ≤ 0.004), with no effect of MF (P ≥ 0.599). Voluntary activation of the biceps brachii was also reduced in HYP (68.42 ± 5.64%, P = 0.039). No effect of MF or HYP was observed on cognitive performance (P ≥ 0.138). HYP impacted physical performance, whilst MF had no effect on self-paced physical or cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate O'Keeffe
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Giuseppe Raccuglia
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Simon Hodder
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Alex Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Neuromuscular Fatigue in Individuals With Intellectual Disability: Comparison Between Sedentary Individuals and Athletes. Motor Control 2021; 25:264-282. [PMID: 33581687 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors explored neuromuscular fatigue in athletes with intellectual disability (AID) compared with sedentary individuals with intellectual disability (SID) and individuals with typical development. Force, voluntary activation level, potentiated resting twitch, and electromyography signals were assessed during isometric maximal voluntary contractions performed before and immediately after an isometric submaximal exhaustive contraction (15% isometric maximal voluntary contractions) and during recovery period. AID presented shorter time to task failure than SID (p < .05). The three groups presented similar isometric maximal voluntary contraction decline and recovery kinetic. Both groups with intellectual disability presented higher voluntary activation level and root mean square normalized to peak-to-peak M-wave amplitude declines (p < .05) compared with individuals with typical development. These declines were more pronounced in SID (p < .05) than in AID. The AID recovered their initial voluntary activation level later than controls, whereas SID did not. SID presented lower potentiated resting twitch decline compared with AID and controls with faster recovery (p < .05). AID presented attenuated central fatigue and accentuated peripheral fatigue compared with their sedentary counterparts, suggesting a neuromuscular profile close to that of individuals with typical development.
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Deli E, Peters J, Kisvárday Z. The thermodynamics of cognition: A mathematical treatment. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:784-793. [PMID: 33552449 PMCID: PMC7843413 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a general expectation that the laws of classical physics must apply to biology, particularly the neural system. The evoked cycle represents the brain's energy/information exchange with the physical environment through stimulus. Therefore, the thermodynamics of emotions might elucidate the neurological origin of intellectual evolution, and explain the psychological and health consequences of positive and negative emotional states based on their energy profiles. We utilized the Carnot cycle and Landauer's principle to analyze the energetic consequences of the brain's resting and evoked states during and after various cognitive states. Namely, positive emotional states can be represented by the reversed Carnot cycle, whereas negative emotional reactions trigger the Carnot cycle. The two conditions have contrasting energetic and entropic aftereffects with consequences for mental energy. The mathematics of the Carnot and reversed Carnot cycles, which can explain recent findings in human psychology, might be constructive in the scientific endeavor in turning psychology into hard science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Deli
- Institute for Consciousness Studies (ICS), Benczur ter 9, Nyiregyhaza 4400, Hungary
| | - James Peters
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, 75A Chancellor's Circle, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5V6, Canada
- Department of Mathematics Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Zoltán Kisvárday
- MTA-Debreceni Egyetem, Neuroscience Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., Hungary
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Fortes LS, Lima Júnior D, Costa YP, Albuquerque MR, Nakamura FY, Fonseca FS. Effects of social media on smartphone use before and during velocity-based resistance exercise on cognitive interference control and physiological measures in trained adults. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-ADULT 2020; 29:1188-1197. [PMID: 33372542 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2020.1863796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose is to analyze the effect of social networks on smartphones before and during velocity-based resistance exercise on the internal training load, heart rate variability (HRV), and cognitive interference control. Twelve trained adults volunteered to participate in this randomized and crossover design research study with three experimental conditions. The participants randomly performed a resistance exercise session, watching TV before (CON) the session or using social networks on a smartphone prior to (30SMA-P) and intra-session (SMA-INT). The participants underwent sets with repetitions [15RM load] up to 20% mean velocity loss. HRV indicators and cognitive interference control were measured before and 30-min after each experimental session. Internal training load was evaluated 30-min after each experimental session, which was calculated by the product between resistance exercise volume and RPE. No condition versus time interaction for HRV indicators (p > 0.05) was observed. It was not revealed a condition versus time interaction for cognitive interference control (p > 0.05). No condition effect for internal training load (p > 0.05) was observed. It was concluded that 30-min of social networks on smartphones before or intra-session resistance exercise had no effects on HRV indicators, cognitive interference control, and internal training load in trained adults.
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Mental Fatigue Might Be Not So Bad for Exercise Performance After All: A Systematic Review and Bias-Sensitive Meta-Analysis. J Cogn 2020; 3:38. [PMID: 33103052 PMCID: PMC7546119 DOI: 10.5334/joc.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an ongoing debate in the scientific community regarding whether a state of mental fatigue may have a negative effect upon a range of objective and subjective measures of human performance. This issue has attracted attention from several fields, including sport and exercise sciences. In fact, a considerable body of literature in the sport science field has suggested that performing a long and demanding cognitive task might lead to a state of mental fatigue, impairing subsequent exercise performance, although research in this field has shown contradictory results. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate these inconsistent findings. The analysis yielded small-to-medium effects of mental fatigue on exercise performance, d z = 0.50, and RPE, d z = 0.21. However, a three-parameter selection model also revealed evidence of publication or reporting biases, suggesting that the bias-corrected estimates might be substantially lower (0.08 and 0.10, respectively) and non-significant. In sum, current evidence does not provide conclusive support for the claim that mental fatigue has a negative influence on exercise performance.
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Déli E, Kisvárday Z. The thermodynamic brain and the evolution of intellect: the role of mental energy. Cogn Neurodyn 2020; 14:743-756. [PMID: 33101528 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The living state is low entropy, highly complex organization, yet it is part of the energy cycle of the environment. Due to the recurring presence of the resting state, stimulus and its response form a thermodynamic cycle of perception that can be modeled by the Carnot engine. The endothermic reversed Carnot engine relies on energy from the environment to increase entropy (i.e., the synaptic complexity of the resting state). High entropy relies on mental energy, which represents intrinsic motivation and focuses on the future. It increases freedom of action. The Carnot engine can model exothermic, negative emotional states, which direct the focus on the past. The organism dumps entropy and energy to its environment, in the form of aggravation, anxiety, criticism, and physical violence. The loss of mental energy curtails freedom of action, forming apathy, depression, mental diseases, and immune problems. Our improving intuition about the brain's intelligent computations will allow the development of new treatments for mental disease and novel find applications in robotics and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltán Kisvárday
- MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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37
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Pomportes L, Brisswalter J. Carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on physical and cognitive performance: Benefits and limitations in sports. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Fortes LS, Lima-Júnior DD, Gantois P, Nasicmento-Júnior JRA, Fonseca FS. Smartphone Use Among High Level Swimmers Is Associated With Mental Fatigue and Slower 100- and 200- but Not 50-Meter Freestyle Racing. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 128:390-408. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512520952915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Discovering any performance degradation effect of racing swimmers’ use of social media smartphone apps might lead to new training and race preparation protocols, including pre-meet smartphone avoidance. This study’s objective was to analyze the performance effects of using smartphone social media apps on the 50, 100, and 200-m freestyle among 25 high-level swimmers. Each participant performed the three race distances in two conditions: with smartphone app exposure (50-MF, 100-MF, and 200-MF) and without (50-CON, 100-CON, and 200-CON). We randomized the order of these two conditions across participants. While smartphone app use was not associated with statistically significant performance differences on the shortest race (50CON versus 50MF), a repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant condition × time interaction for the swimmers’100-m freestyle performance ( p = 0.01), with a significantly slower performance following smartphone app use evident in the last half of this race ( p = 0.02) but not in the first half ( p = 0.41). We also found a condition × time interaction in the same direction (slower for swimmers who used the smartphone app) for the 200-m freestyle performance ( p = 0.01), with the slower performance occurring in the second ( p = 0.01) but not the first ( p = 0.91), third ( p = 0.07) or fourth ( p = 0.06 ) quarters of this race. Thus, prolonged smartphone social media app use was associated with reduced performance from elite swimmers on the 100- and 200- but not the 50-m freestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petrus Gantois
- Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba
| | | | - Fabiano S. Fonseca
- Department of Physical Education, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco
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McMorris T. Cognitive Fatigue Effects on Physical Performance: The Role of Interoception. Sports Med 2020; 50:1703-1708. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Brown DMY, Bray SR. Effects of Mental Fatigue on Exercise Intentions and Behavior. Ann Behav Med 2020; 53:405-414. [PMID: 29985969 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kay052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exerting cognitive control results in mental fatigue, which is associated with impaired performance during physical endurance tasks. However, there has been little research on the effects of mental fatigue on people's perceptions or behaviors involving lifestyle or recreational exercise. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mental fatigue on intended physical exertion and exercise performance reflective of current physical activity guidelines. METHODS Using a counterbalanced design, participants completed two 50-min experimental manipulations (high vs. low cognitive control exertion) before exercising at a self-selected intensity for 30 min. At visit 1, participants performed a graded exercise task to gain familiarity with a range of exercise intensities and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) while exercising. At visits 2 and 3, participants rated their intended RPE for the exercise session, performed the experimental manipulations, re-rated their intended RPE, and then completed 30-min of exercise on a cycle ergometer. Total work performed while exercising was recorded for each session. RESULTS Compared with the low cognitive control condition, the high cognitive control manipulation resulted in significantly greater mental fatigue (d = .73), significantly greater reductions in intended RPE (mean difference = -0.62), and significantly less total work (-12.7 kJ) performed during the exercise session. CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue alters the amount of physical effort people are willing to invest in an exercise workout and follow through with those intentions by doing less work. These are the first results showing people may deliberately adjust their physical effort to cope with mental fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven R Bray
- McMaster University, Department of Kinesiology, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Kunrath CA, Cardoso FDSL, Calvo TG, Costa ITD. MENTAL FATIGUE IN SOCCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602208206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fatigue in soccer players is traditionally investigated based on neuromuscular and metabolic factors. However, given that soccer is one of the sports that has the highest cognitive demand, it is believed that players' performance might also be influenced by the high levels of attention, and frequent decision-making required in soccer. This systematic review aimed to verify the effects of mental fatigue on physical, technical, tactical and cognitive performance of soccer players. We searched in the electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus, for articles published up to 30 April 2018. We included articles that used a protocol of mental fatigue through cognitive tasks performed prior to a physical or cognitive task related to soccer. Only studies that presented an experimental design with the control condition (without mental fatigue) and the experimental condition (with mental fatigue) were selected. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria, one study by backward reference search and other through the authors' indication. The results showed smaller distances covered in physical tests, while the effects of mental fatigue on physical performance in small-sided games were not clear. In technical tests, there were more penalties in passes and less accuracy and speed when kicking the ball when players were in conditions of mental fatigue. Regarding the tactical variables, it was found that mental fatigue had a detrimental effect on the synchronization between team players and on individual tactical performance in defensive actions. In cognitive tests, based on video recordings of game play, negative effects on the players' speed and accuracy of decision-making were observed. According to the results of the literature search, it can be inferred that mental fatigue is a factor that has a negative influence on soccer performance. Level of evidence II; Systematic review.
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Macmahon C, Hawkins Z, Schücker L. Beep Test Performance Is Influenced by 30 Minutes of Cognitive Work. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:1928-1934. [PMID: 30913161 PMCID: PMC6727939 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study explored conflicting findings in the literature on the influence of perceived cognitive fatigue on physical performance by testing the effect of the Stroop task (high cognitive load) on an intermittent running test (beep test). Methods In a within-subjects repeated-measures experiment, 13 active athletes performed the beep test on two occasions, in a randomized, counterbalanced order. In each session, a preceding cognitive task was completed for 30 min, with the incongruent Stroop task in the high load condition, and the congruent Stroop task in the low load condition. Perceived cognitive fatigue was measured before testing (baseline) and at 10, 20, and 30 min of the cognitive load manipulation. Perceived effort on the cognitive task and general motivation for the physical task (beep test) were measured before the beep test, and motivation-related perception of the beep test and ratings of perceived exertion were measured after completion of the test. Heart rate and beep test performance (completion stage and time) were also recorded. Results The incongruent Stroop task was perceived as more fatiguing and effortful. Participants also withdrew from the beep test significantly earlier in the high load condition (M = 8:48 min, SD = 2:32 min) compared to the low load condition (M = 9:20 min, SD = 2:28 min), F (1,11) = 21.76, P < 0.01, ŋ2 = 0.67. There were no differences in heart rate or general motivation between the two conditions. Conclusions Whereas previous research shows that active athletes can maintain performance on the beep test after 10 min of the incongruent Stroop task, this study shows that performance is impaired after 30 min. Variables in need of exploration in future investigations include experience with both the physical and cognitive task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Macmahon
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition, and Sport, Latrobe University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Zackary Hawkins
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
| | - Linda Schücker
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Münster, GERMANY
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Hwang MY, Hong JC, Tai KH, Chen JT, Gouldthorp T. The relationship between the online social anxiety, perceived information overload and fatigue, and job engagement of civil servant LINE users. GOVERNMENT INFORMATION QUARTERLY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.giq.2019.101423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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O'Keeffe K, Hodder S, Lloyd A. A comparison of methods used for inducing mental fatigue in performance research: individualised, dual-task and short duration cognitive tests are most effective. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:1-12. [PMID: 31680632 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1687940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite research indicating the negative impact that mental fatigue has on physical and cognitive performance, whether this is a result of mental fatigue or a state of under-arousal remains unclear. The current research aimed to explore the effectiveness of the methods being used to induce mental fatigue. Twelve participants attended six sessions in which two cognitive tests, the AX-continuous performance test (AX-CPT) and the TloadDback test, were compared for their effectiveness in inducing mental fatigue. Both tests were set at a standard processing speed (1.2 ms) for two conditions, and a further condition involved the individualisation of the TloadDback test. Participants presented significantly higher physiological and psychological arousal (p < 0.05) in the individualised dual-task test compared to the AX-CPT. The individualised TloadDback test is a more effective method of inducing mental fatigue compared to the AX-CPT, as it sustains physiological arousal whilst inducing measurable reductions in mental resources. Practitioner summary: Mental fatigue negatively impacts physical and cognitive performance. It is unclear whether the current methods being used to induce mental fatigue are effective. This study compared different methods and confirmed that short, individualised and dual-task tests are most effective for inducing mental fatigue whilst maintaining arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate O'Keeffe
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Simon Hodder
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Alex Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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Brown DMY, Graham JD, Innes KI, Harris S, Flemington A, Bray SR. Effects of Prior Cognitive Exertion on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2019; 50:497-529. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Aitken B, MacMahon C. Shared Demands Between Cognitive and Physical Tasks May Drive Negative Effects of Fatigue: A Focused Review. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:45. [PMID: 33344968 PMCID: PMC7739779 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been increasing interest in the effects of cognitive fatigue on physical performance. This review aims to provide an understanding of these effects with an emphasis on different types of physical tasks requiring different cognitive loads. We specifically focus on understanding the similarity or difference between the cognitive and physical task to help formulate a hypothesis for when there is a decline in the subsequent physical task and when there is not. Taken together, the research shows that endurance performance and perceptual-cognitive skills seem to decline following the completion of a cognitive task, while anaerobic performance remains unaffected. Consistent with the limited-resource model of self-control, the completion of a cognitively demanding task may deplete or inhibit cognitive resources, resulting in impaired performance on a subsequent physical task that relies on similar resources. In other words, physical tasks involving central executive functioning may be significantly more impaired by cognitive fatigue compared to tasks that utilize an all-out strategy. It is recommended that future research continues examining the impact of cognitive fatigue on different types of physical tasks while controlling for other variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Aitken
- Discipline of Sports and Exercise Science, Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare MacMahon
- Discipline of Sports and Exercise Science, Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Giboin LS, Wolff W. The effect of ego depletion or mental fatigue on subsequent physical endurance performance: A meta-analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2019.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Holgado D, Zabala M, Sanabria D. No evidence of the effect of cognitive load on self-paced cycling performance. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217825. [PMID: 31150517 PMCID: PMC6544270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To test the hypothesis that cognitive load (low vs. high load) during a 20 min self-paced cycling exercise affects physical performance. Design A pre-registered (https://osf.io/qept5/), randomized, within-subject design experiment. Methods 28 trained and experienced male cyclists completed a 20 min self-paced cycling time-trial exercise in two separate sessions, corresponding to two working memory load conditions: 1-back or 2-back. We measured power output, heart rate, RPE and mental fatigue. Results Bayes analyses revealed extreme evidence for the 2-back task being more demanding than the 1-back task, both in terms of accuracy (BF10 = 4490) and reaction time (BF = 1316). The data only showed anecdotal evidence for the alternative hypothesis for the power output (BF10 = 1.52), moderate evidence for the null hypothesis for the heart rate (BF10 = 0.172), anecdotal evidence for RPE (BF10 = 0.72) and anecdotal evidence for mental fatigue (BF10 = 0.588). Conclusions Our data seem to challenge the idea that self-paced exercise is regulated by top-down processing, given that we did not show clear evidence of exercise impairment (at the physical, physiological and subjective levels) in the high cognitive load condition task with respect to the low working memory load condition. The involvement of top-down processing in self-pacing the physical effort, however, cannot be totally discarded. Factors like the duration of the physical and cognitive tasks, the potential influence of dual-tasking, and the participants’ level of expertise, should be taken into account in future attempts to investigate the role of top-down processing in self-paced exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darías Holgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Mikel Zabala
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Magariño LS, Madhivanan P. Cognitive fatigue effects on physical performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis - Correspondence. Physiol Behav 2019; 198:159-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Mogilever NB, Zuccarelli L, Burles F, Iaria G, Strapazzon G, Bessone L, Coffey EBJ. Expedition Cognition: A Review and Prospective of Subterranean Neuroscience With Spaceflight Applications. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:407. [PMID: 30425628 PMCID: PMC6218582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Renewed interest in human space exploration has highlighted the gaps in knowledge needed for successful long-duration missions outside low-Earth orbit. Although the technical challenges of such missions are being systematically overcome, many of the unknowns in predicting mission success depend on human behavior and performance, knowledge of which must be either obtained through space research or extrapolated from human experience on Earth. Particularly in human neuroscience, laboratory-based research efforts are not closely connected to real environments such as human space exploration. As caves share several of the physical and psychological challenges of spaceflight, underground expeditions have recently been developed as a spaceflight analog for astronaut training purposes, suggesting that they might also be suitable for studying aspects of behavior and cognition that cannot be fully examined under laboratory conditions. Our objective is to foster a bi-directional exchange between cognitive neuroscientists and expedition experts by (1) describing the cave environment as a worthy space analog for human research, (2) reviewing work conducted on human neuroscience and cognition within caves, (3) exploring the range of topics for which the unique environment may prove valuable as well as obstacles and limitations, (4) outlining technologies and methods appropriate for cave use, and (5) suggesting how researchers might establish contact with potential expedition collaborators. We believe that cave expeditions, as well as other sorts of expeditions, offer unique possibilities for cognitive neuroscience that will complement laboratory work and help to improve human performance and safety in operational environments, both on Earth and in space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ford Burles
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- Department of Psychology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giacomo Strapazzon
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research - Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Loredana Bessone
- Directorate of Human and Robotics, Exploration, European Space Agency, Köln, Germany
| | - Emily B J Coffey
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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