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Singer M, Codron D, Lechner I, Rudnik R, Barboza P, Hummel J, Clauss M. The effect of size and density on the mean retention time of particles in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 292:111621. [PMID: 38452969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.111621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Particle passage from the reticulorumen (RR) depends on particle density and size. A classic way of assessing these effects is the use of plastic markers of varying density and size that are recovered in the faeces. Here, we report results of an experiment where four fistulated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, 96 ± 12 kg) were fed two different diets (browse, voluntary dry matter intake [DMI] 70 ± 10 g/kg0.75/d; or a pelleted diet, DMI 124 ± 52 g/kg0.75/d) and dosed via fistula with 8 different particle types combining densities of 1.03, 1.22 and 1.44 g/ml and sizes of 1, 10 and 20 mm. Generally, particles that passed the digestive tract intact (not ruminated) did so relatively early after marker dosing, and therefore had shorter mean retention times (MRT) than ruminated particles. On the higher intake, the overall mean retention time (MRT) of particles was shorter, but this was not an effect of shorter MRT for either intact or ruminated particles, but due to a higher proportion of intact particles at the higher intake. This supports the concept that ruminants do not adjust chewing behaviour depending on intake, but that a lower proportion of digesta is submitted to rumination due to pressure-driven escape from the forestomach at higher gut fills. Compared to cattle (Bos primigenius taurus), muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and moose (Alces alces) that had received the same markers, reindeer had a lower proportion of 1 mm particles that passed intact. Our results support the concept that the critical size threshold for particles leaving the ruminant forestomach is dependent on body size. While the results likely do not represent findings peculiar for reindeer, they indicate fundamental mechanisms operating in the forestomach of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Singer
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Daryl Codron
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Isabel Lechner
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca Rudnik
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Perry Barboza
- Institute of Arctic Biology and Department of Biology and Wildlife, University of Alaska Fairbanks, PO Box 756100, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Clauss M, Fritz J, Hummel J. Teeth and the gastrointestinal tract in mammals: when 1 + 1 = 3. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220544. [PMID: 37839451 PMCID: PMC10577037 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Both teeth and the digestive tract show adaptations that are commonly interpreted in the context of trophic guilds-faunivory, herbivory and omnivory. Teeth prepare food for the digestive tract, and dental evolution focuses on increasing durability and functionality; in particular, size reduction of plant particles is an important preparation for microbial fermentative digestion. In narratives of digestive adaptations, microbes are typically considered as service providers, facilitating digestion. That the majority of 'herbivorous' (and possibly 'omnivorous') mammals display adaptations to maximize microbes' use as prey-by harvesting the microbes multiplying in their guts-is less emphasized and not reflected in trophic labels. Harvesting of microbes occurs either via coprophagy after separation from indigestible material by a separation mechanism in the hindgut, or from a forestomach by a 'washing mechanism' that selectively removes fines, including microbes, to the lower digestive tract. The evolution of this washing mechanism as part of the microbe farming niche opened the opportunity for the evolution of another mechanism that links teeth and guts in an innovative way-the sorting and cleaning of not-yet-sufficiently-size-reduced food that is then re-submitted to repeated mastication (rumination), leading to unprecedented chewing and digestive efficiency. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Fritz
- Zugspitzstr. 15 1/2, 82131 Stockdorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hummel
- Ruminant Nutrition, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Li YP, Huang ZP, Yang Y, He XB, Pan RL, He XM, Yang GW, Wu H, Cui LW, Xiao W. Ontogenetic Development of Sexual Dimorphism in Body Mass of Wild Black-and-White Snub-Nosed Monkey ( Rhinopithecus bieti). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091576. [PMID: 37174611 PMCID: PMC10177520 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism exists widely in animals, manifesting in different forms, such as body size, color, shape, unique characteristics, behavior, and sound. Of these, body mass dimorphism is the most obvious. Studies of evolutionary and ontogenetic development and adaptation mechanisms of animals' sexual dimorphism in body mass (SDBM), allow us to understand how environment, social group size, diet, and other external factors have driven the selection of sexual dimorphism. There are fewer reports of the ontogenetic development of sexual dimorphism in body mass in Rhinopithecus. This study explores the ontogenetic development pattern of SDBM in wild black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (R. bieti), and the causes resulting in extreme sexual dimorphism compared to other colobines. A significant dimorphism with a ratio of 1.27 (p < 0.001) appears when females enter the reproductive period around six years old, reaching a peak (1.85, p < 0.001) when males become sexually mature. After the age of eight, the SDBM falls to 1.78, but is still significant (p < 0.001). The results also indicate that males had a longer body mass growth period than females (8 years vs. 5 years); females in larger breeding units had a significantly higher SDBM than those in smaller ones (2.12 vs. 1.93, p < 0.01). A comparative analysis with other colobines further clarifies that Rhinopithecus and Nasalis, which both have multilevel social organization, have the highest degree of SDBM among all colobines. The large SDBM in R. bieti can be explained through Bergman's and Rensch's rules. Overall, environmental adaptation, a distinctive alimentary system, and a complex social structure contribute to R. bieti having such a remarkable SDBM compared to other colobines. In addition, we found that females' choice for males may not be significantly related to the development of SDBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Zhi-Pang Huang
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
| | - Yin Yang
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiao-Bin He
- Administration of Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Diqing 674500, China
| | - Ru-Liang Pan
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming He
- Administration of Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve, Diqing 674500, China
| | - Gui-Wei Yang
- Administration of Gaoligongshan National Nature Reserve in Nujiang, Nujiang 673200, China
| | - Hua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Liang-Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Wildlife Conservation for Minimal Population in Universities of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
- International Centre of Biodiversity and Primate Conservation, Dali University, Dali 671003, China
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Schwarm A, Clauss M, Ortmann S, Jensen RB. No size-dependent net particle retention in the hindgut of horses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:1356-1363. [PMID: 35894118 PMCID: PMC9796864 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sieve analyses of hindgut contents of horses as well as observations in horses where plastic markers had been applied to a caecal cannula suggested that there may be a discrimination by particle size in the passage or retention of digesta. Here, we performed a similar experiment with five caecum-cannulated horses (562 ± 31 kg) fed a constant amount (6.81 kg dry matter/day) of grass hay. Passage markers representing the liquid (Co-EDTA) as well as the particulate digesta phase (Yb-undefined; Cr mordanted fibre 1-2 mm; Ce-mordanted fibre 8 mm) were given as a pulse-dose into the cannula to measure their mean retention times (MRT). The MRTs were compared by repeated-measurements analysis of variance. The MRT in the hindgut was 22.2 ± 2.4 h for Co, 25.0 ± 3.4 h for Yb, 26.2 ± 1.6 h for Cr and 26.3 ± 1.5 h for Ce. Whereas differences between the particle marker MRTs were not significant (padj. > 0.05), significant differences were observed between the solute marker Co and each of the particle markers Cr and Ce (padj. < 0.009). The results confirm the well-known significant, albeit small, difference in MRT in horses between the fluid and the particle digesta phase, and corroborate another recent study that used a combination of whole, marked hay and individual marker analysis in different particle size fractions of the faeces, which also did not detect a selective retention of any particle size class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Schwarm
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Sylvia Ortmann
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Rasmus B. Jensen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural SciencesNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
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Matsuda I. Following the trail of the elusive proboscis monkey in Borneo. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences Kasugai‐shi Japan
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University Kasugai‐shi Japan
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS Kota Kinabalu Malaysia
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Hoshino S, Seino S, Funahashi T, Hoshino T, Clauss M, Matsuda I, Yayota M. Apparent diet digestibility of captive colobines in relation to stomach types with special reference to fibre digestion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256548. [PMID: 34543310 PMCID: PMC8452005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Colobine monkeys are known for the anatomical complexity of their stomachs, making them distinct within the primate order. Amongst foregut fermenters, they appear peculiar because of the occurrence of two different stomach types, having either three (‘tripartite’) or four (‘quadripartite’, adding the praesaccus) chambers. The functional differences between tri and quadripartite stomachs largely remain to be explained. In this study, we aim to compare the apparent digestibility (aD) in tripartite and quadripartite colobines. Hence, we measured the aD in two colobine species, Nasalis larvatus (quadripartite) and Trachypithecus cristatus (tripartite), in two zoos. We also included existing colobine literature data on the aD and analysed whether the aD of fibre components is different between the stomach types to test the hypothesis of whether quadripartite colobines show higher aD of fibre components than tripartite colobines did. Our captive N. larvatus specimen had a more distinctively varying nutrient intake across seasons with a larger seasonal variation in aD than that of a pair of T. cristatus, which mostly consumed commercial foods with a lower proportion of browse and less seasonal variation. We observed higher aD of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) in the N. larvatus specimen, suggesting a higher gut capacity of N. larvatus provided by the additional praesaccus forestomach chamber. Based on the analysis of literature data for aD, we also found that quadripartite species achieved higher fibre digestibility at similar dietary fibre levels compared with tripartite species, supporting the hypothesis that the additional gut capacity offered by the praesaccus facilitates a longer retention and hence more thorough microbial fermentation of plant fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Hoshino
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Zoo Biology Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Satoru Seino
- Preservation and Research Center, City of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | - Marcus Clauss
- Vetsuisse Faculty, Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ikki Matsuda
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Masato Yayota
- Zoo Biology Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Kawasaki R, Kawakita M, Kurosawa K, Asano S, Kajikawa H. Analysis of fecal nutrients and particle size in captive proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) fed seasonal dietary foliage at a Japanese zoo. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13612. [PMID: 34374170 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
One male and three female captive proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) were used as test animals to compare fecal nutrients after being fed seasonal foliage. Foliage and fecal samples were collected during three seasons (spring, summer, and winter). We analyzed crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL). In addition to the above components, for the fecal samples, we examined total fecal nitrogen (TFN), nitrogen in fecal NDF (NDF-N), metabolic fecal nitrogen (MFN), and particle size distribution (MPS). Seasonal differences in foliage components were observed, with NDF and ADF being lowest in spring (p < 0.05). Fecal NDF and ADF also tended to be lowest in spring. Further, the distribution of fecal particle size indicated that MPS tended to increase in winter. The mean fecal NDF content (47.4%) for all three seasons measured in this study was as much as 1.3 times lower than previously reported values in free-ranging specimens. These data provide useful information that can be used to find some suitable food items for the endangered highly folivorous monkeys in captivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuta Kawasaki
- Animal Management, Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Kawakita
- Department of Animal Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Kenta Kurosawa
- Department of Animal Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Sanae Asano
- Department of Animal Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kajikawa
- Department of Animal Science and Resources, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
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Urbani B, Youlatos D, Kowalewski MM. Postural behavior of howler monkeys ( Alouatta palliata, A. macconnelli, and A. caraya) during sleep: an assessment across the genus range. Primate Biol 2020; 7:25-33. [PMID: 33094151 PMCID: PMC7560490 DOI: 10.5194/pb-7-25-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is the longest and most continuous behavioral phase in the
24 h cycle of mammals. However, selection of postures, substrates, and tree
parts during sleep has not been adequately explored, as well as their
evolutionary consequences. The present study investigates postural behavior,
substrate, and tree part use during sleep in three howler species (A. palliata, A. macconnelli, and
A. caraya) in Nicaragua, French Guiana, and Argentina. All three species were
consistent in the use of a crouched ball-like sit-in posture on large,
horizontal, unramified, or bifurcated substrates, and in avoiding the
periphery of tree crowns. The regularities of these sleeping patterns are
very likely functionally associated with protection from potential predators
and extreme weather conditions, biomechanical stability, thermoregulation,
and enhancement of the digestive process of hard-to-decompose plant
material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Urbani
- Centro de Antropología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Apartado 66.755, Caracas 1061-A, Venezuela
| | - Dionisios Youlatos
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Martín M Kowalewski
- Estación Biológica Corrientes, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", CONICET, Ruta Prov. 8, Km 7, 3400, San Cayetano, Corrientes, Argentina
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Heldstab SA, van Schaik CP, Müller DWH, Rensch E, Lackey LB, Zerbe P, Hatt JM, Clauss M, Matsuda I. Reproductive seasonality in primates: patterns, concepts and unsolved questions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:66-88. [PMID: 32964610 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Primates, like other mammals, exhibit an annual reproductive pattern that ranges from strictly seasonal breeding to giving birth in all months of the year, but factors mediating this variation are not fully understood. We applied both a categorical description and quantitative measures of the birth peak breadth based on daily observations in zoos to characterise reproductive seasonality in 141 primate species with an average of 941 birth events per species. Absolute day length at the beginning of the mating season in seasonally reproducing species was not correlated between populations from natural habitats and zoos. The mid-point of latitudinal range was a major factor associated with reproductive seasonality, indicating a correlation with photoperiod. Gestation length, annual mean temperature, natural diet and Malagasy origin were other important factors associated with reproductive seasonality. Birth seasons were shorter with increasing latitude of geographical origin, corresponding to the decreasing length of the favourable season. Species with longer gestation periods were less seasonal than species with shorter ones, possibly because shorter gestation periods more easily facilitate the synchronisation of reproductive activity with annual cycles. Habitat conditions with higher mean annual temperature were also linked to less-seasonal reproduction, independently of the latitude effect. Species with a high percentage of leaves in their natural diet were generally non-seasonal, potentially because the availability of mature leaves is comparatively independent of seasons. Malagasy primates were more seasonal in their births than species from other regions. This might be due to the low resting metabolism of Malagasy primates, the comparatively high degree of temporal predictability of Malagasy ecosystems, or historical constraints peculiar to Malagasy primates. Latitudinal range showed a weaker but also significant association with reproductive seasonality. Amongst species with seasonal reproduction in their natural habitats, smaller primate species were more likely than larger species to shift to non-seasonal breeding in captivity. The percentage of species that changed their breeding pattern in zoos was higher in primates (30%) than in previous studies on Carnivora and Ruminantia (13 and 10%, respectively), reflecting a higher concentration of primate species in the tropics. When comparing only species that showed seasonal reproduction in natural habitats at absolute latitudes ≤11.75°, primates did not differ significantly from these two other taxa in the proportion of species that changed to a less-seasonal pattern in zoos. However, in this latitude range, natural populations of primates and Carnivora had a significantly higher proportion of seasonally reproducing species than Ruminantia, suggesting that in spite of their generally more flexible diets, both primates and Carnivora are more exposed to resource fluctuation than ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Heldstab
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carel P van Schaik
- Department of Anthropology, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dennis W H Müller
- Zoological Garden Halle (Saale), Fasanenstrasse 5a, 06114, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Eberhard Rensch
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Bingaman Lackey
- World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), Carrer de Roger de Llúria, 2, 2-2, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philipp Zerbe
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Hatt
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ikki Matsuda
- Chubu University Academy of Emerging Sciences, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai-shi, Aichi, 487-8501, Japan.,Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University, 2-24 Tanaka-Sekiden-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8203, Japan.,Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-0081, Japan.,Institute for Tropical Biology and Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Gordon IJ, Prins HHT, Mallon J, Puk LD, Miranda EBP, Starling-Manne C, van der Wal R, Moore B, Foley W, Lush L, Maestri R, Matsuda I, Clauss M. The Ecology of Browsing and Grazing in Other Vertebrate Taxa. THE ECOLOGY OF BROWSING AND GRAZING II 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25865-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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