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Maloney A, Kanaley JA. Short Sleep Duration Disrupts Glucose Metabolism: Can Exercise Turn Back the Clock? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2024; 52:77-86. [PMID: 38608214 PMCID: PMC11168896 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Short sleep duration is prevalent in modern society and may be contributing to type 2 diabetes prevalence. This review will explore the effects of sleep restriction on glycemic control, the mechanisms causing insulin resistance, and whether exercise can offset changes in glycemic control. Chronic sleep restriction may also contribute to a decrease in physical activity leading to further health complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Maloney
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Hoopes EK, Brewer B, Robson SM, Witman MA, D’Agata MN, Malone SK, Edwards DG, Patterson F. Temporal associations between nightly sleep with daytime eating and activity levels in free-living young adults. Sleep 2023; 46:zsad123. [PMID: 37083715 PMCID: PMC10639157 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES This study aimed to quantify the temporal associations between nightly sleep quantity and timing with daytime eating behavior and activity levels in free-living (i.e. non-experimental) settings. METHODS Generally healthy young adults (N = 63; 28.9 ± 7.1 years) completed concurrent sleep (wrist actigraphy), eating (photo-assisted diet records), and activity (waist actigraphy) assessments over 14 days. Multilevel models quantified the associations between nightly sleep (total sleep time, timing of sleep and wake onset) with next-day eating behavior (diet quality, caloric intake, timing of eating onset/offset, eating window duration) and activity levels (total physical activity, sedentary time). Associations in the reverse direction (i.e. eating and activity predicting sleep) were explored. Models adjusted for demographic and behavioral confounders and accounted for multiple testing. RESULTS At within- and between-subject levels, nights with greater-than-average total sleep time predicted a shorter eating window the next day (all p ≤ 0.002). Later-than-average sleep and wake timing predicted within- and between-subject delays in next-day eating onset and offset, and between-subject reductions in diet quality and caloric intake (all p ≤ 0.008). At within- and between-subject levels, total sleep time was bidirectionally, inversely associated with sedentary time (all p < 0.001), while later-than-average sleep and wake timing predicted lower next-day physical activity (all p ≤ 0.008). CONCLUSIONS These data underscore the complex interrelatedness between sleep, eating behavior, and activity levels in free-living settings. Findings also suggest that sleep exerts a greater influence on next-day behavior, rather than vice versa. While testing in more diverse samples is needed, these data have potential to enhance health behavior interventions and maximize health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Hoopes
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Benjamin Brewer
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Shannon M Robson
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Melissa A Witman
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Susan K Malone
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David G Edwards
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Freda Patterson
- College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Akhlaghi M, Kohanmoo A. Sleep deprivation in development of obesity, effects on appetite regulation, energy metabolism, and dietary choices. Nutr Res Rev 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37905402 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation, which is a decrease in duration and quality of sleep, is a common problem in today's life. Epidemiological and interventional investigations have suggested a link between sleep deprivation and overweight/obesity. Sleep deprivation affects homeostatic and non-homoeostatic regulation of appetite, with the food reward system playing a dominant role. Factors such as sex and weight status affect this regulation; men and individuals with excess weight seem to be more sensitive to reward-driven and hedonistic regulation of food intake. Sleep deprivation may also affect weight through affecting physical activity and energy expenditure. In addition, sleep deprivation influences food selection and eating behaviours, which are mainly managed by the food reward system. Sleep-deprived individuals mostly crave for palatable energy-dense foods and have low desire for fruit and vegetables. Consumption of meals may not change but energy intake from snacks increases. The individuals have more desire for snacks with high sugar and saturated fat content. The relationship between sleep and the diet is mutual, implying that diet and eating behaviours also affect sleep duration and quality. Consuming healthy diets containing fruit and vegetables and food sources of protein and unsaturated fats and low quantities of saturated fat and sugar may be used as a diet strategy to improve sleep. Since the effects of sleep deficiency differ between animals and humans, only evidence from human subject studies has been included, controversies are discussed and the need for future investigations is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Akhlaghi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Kohanmoo
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Meyhöfer S, Chamorro R, Hallschmid M, Spyra D, Klinsmann N, Schultes B, Lehnert H, Meyhöfer SM, Wilms B. Late, but Not Early, Night Sleep Loss Compromises Neuroendocrine Appetite Regulation and the Desire for Food. Nutrients 2023; 15:2035. [PMID: 37432152 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is evidence that reduced sleep duration increases hunger, appetite, and food intake, leading to metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the impact of sleep timing, irrespective of its duration and on the regulation of hunger and appetite, is less clear. We aimed to evaluate the impact of sleep loss during the late vs. early part of the night on the regulation of hunger, appetite, and desire for food. METHODS Fifteen normal-weight ([mean ± SEM] body-mass index: 23.3 ± 0.4 kg/m2) healthy men were studied in a randomized, balanced, crossover design, including two conditions of sleep loss, i.e., 4 h sleep during the first night-half ('late-night sleep loss'), 4 h sleep during the second night-half ('early-night sleep loss'), and a control condition with 8h sleep ('regular sleep'), respectively. Feelings of hunger and appetite were assessed through visual analogue scales, and plasma ghrelin and leptin were measured from blood samples taken before, during, and after night-time sleep. RESULTS Ghrelin and feelings of hunger and appetite, as well as the desire for food, were increased after 'late-night sleep loss', but not 'early-night sleep loss', whereas leptin remained unaffected by the timing of sleep loss. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that timing of sleep restriction modulates the effects of acute sleep loss on ghrelin and appetite regulation in healthy men. 'Late-night sleep loss' might be a risk factor for metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Thereby, our findings highlight the metabolic relevance of chronobiological sleep timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Meyhöfer
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine 1, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Chamorro
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen (IDM), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Denisa Spyra
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nelli Klinsmann
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Schultes
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian M Meyhöfer
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Britta Wilms
- Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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Porter JW, Pettit-Mee RJ, Emerson TS, McCrae CS, Lastra G, Vieira-Potter VJ, Parks EJ, Kanaley JA. Modest sleep restriction does not influence steps, physical activity intensity or glucose tolerance in obese adults. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13381. [PMID: 33949729 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep restriction (SR) (<6 h) and physical activity (PA) are risk factors for obesity, but little work has examined the inter-related influences of both risk factors. In a free-living environment, 13 overweight/obese adults were sleep restricted for five nights to 6 h time-in-bed each night, with and without regular exercise (45 min/65% VO2 max; counterbalanced design). Two days of recovery sleep followed SR. Subjects were measured during a mixed meal tolerance test (MMT), resting metabolic rate, cognitive testing and fat biopsy (n=8). SR increased peak glucose response (+7.3 mg/dl, p = .04), elevated fasting non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (+0.1 mmol/L, p = .001) and enhanced fat oxidation (p < .001) without modifying step counts or PA intensity. Inclusion of daily exercise increased step count (+4,700 steps/day, p < .001) and decreased the insulin response to a meal (p = .01) but did not prevent the increased peak glucose response or elevated NEFA levels. The weekend recovery period improved fasting glucose (p = .02), insulin (p = .02), NEFA concentrations (p = .001) and HOMA-IR (p < .01) despite reduced steps (p < .01) and increased sedentary time (p < .01). Abdominal adipose tissue (AT) samples, obtained after baseline, SR and exercise, did not differ in lipolytic capacity following SR. Fatty acid synthase protein content tended to increase following SR (p = .07), but not following exercise. In a free-living setting, SR adversely affected circulating NEFAs, fuel oxidation and peak glucose response but did not directly affect glucose tolerance or AT lipolysis. SR-associated metabolic impairments were not mitigated by exercise, yet recovery sleep completely rescued its adverse effects on glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Porter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ryan J Pettit-Mee
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Travis S Emerson
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Christina S McCrae
- Department of Health Psychology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Guido Lastra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Oster H, Mittag J, Schmid SM. [From neuroendocrinology to widespread diseases in internal medicine]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2021; 146:287-291. [PMID: 33592665 DOI: 10.1055/a-1273-1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sabzevari Rad R, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Shirvani H. Circadian rhythm effect on military physical fitness and field training: a narrative review. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-020-00692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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