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Ellinger S, Amini AM, Haardt J, Lehmann A, Schmidt A, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Buyken AE, Kroke A, Kühn T, Louis S, Lorkowski S, Nimptsch K, Schulze MB, Schwingshackl L, Siener R, Stangl GI, Volkert D, Zittermann A, Watzl B, Egert S. Protein intake and body weight, fat mass and waist circumference: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline on protein intake of the German Nutrition Society. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:3-32. [PMID: 37794213 PMCID: PMC10799103 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03220-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This umbrella review aimed to assess whether dietary protein intake with regard to quantitative (higher vs. lower dietary protein intake) and qualitative considerations (total, plant-based or animal-based protein intake) affects body weight (BW), fat mass (FM) and waist circumference (WC). METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews (SRs) with and without meta-analyses of prospective studies published between 04 October 2007 and 04 January 2022. Methodological quality and outcome-specific certainty of evidence of the retrieved SRs were assessed by using AMSTAR 2 and NutriGrade, respectively, in order to rate the overall certainty of evidence using predefined criteria. RESULTS Thirty-three SRs were included in this umbrella review; 29 were based on randomised controlled trials, a few included cohort studies. In studies without energy restriction, a high-protein diet did not modulate BW, FM and WC in adults in general (all "possible" evidence); for older adults, overall certainty of evidence was "insufficient" for all parameters. Under hypoenergetic diets, a high-protein diet mostly decreased BW and FM, but evidence was "insufficient" due to low methodological quality. Evidence regarding an influence of the protein type on BW, FM and WC was "insufficient". CONCLUSION "Possible" evidence exists that the amount of protein does not affect BW, FM and WC in adults under isoenergetic conditions. Its impact on the reduction in BW and FM under hypoenergetic conditions remains unclear; evidence for an influence of protein type on BW, FM and WC is "insufficient".
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ellinger
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science, Human Nutrition, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | - Heike A Bischoff-Ferrari
- Department of Aging Medicine and Aging Research, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- City Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anette E Buyken
- Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Anja Kroke
- Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Tilman Kühn
- The Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandrine Louis
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition, Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Nimptsch
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roswitha Siener
- Department of Urology, University Stone Center, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dorothee Volkert
- Institute for Biomedicine of Aging, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Armin Zittermann
- Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Herz- und Diabeteszentrum Nordrhein-Westfalen, Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Watzl
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Science, Nutritional Physiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Areshidze DA, Kozlova MA, Makartseva LA, Chernov IA, Sinelnikov MY, Kirillov YA. Influence of constant lightning on liver health: an experimental study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83686-83697. [PMID: 35771326 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Light pollution has become a serious problem in many urbanized areas of the world. The impact of prolonged exposure to light and consequent disruption of natural circadian rhythms has significant health implications. The current study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of prolonged exposure to light, simulating urban light pollution, on liver health. In order to evaluate the effect of prolonged exposure to light, we examined the morphofunctional state, immunohistochemical and micromorphometric parameters of rat liver in normal conditions and following prolonged lighting exposure. Our results show that nocturnal light disruption triggers a cell death in the liver within 3 weeks (necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes) and stimulates a change in normal cellular karyometric parameters. At the same time, intracellular regeneration takes place within the organ, which manifests through hepatocyte hypertrophy. Under the influence of constant illumination, the circadian rhythms (CRs) of the size of hepatocytes and their nuclei are restructured, and the rhythm of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio is destroyed. The destruction of the CR of expression of p53 and Ki-67 also occurs against the background of the rearrangement of the daily rhythmicity of Per2 and Bmal1. The revealed changes in the morphofunctional state of the liver under the influence of light pollution indicate that a violation of normal illumination regimes is a potent factor leading to significant structural changes in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Areshidze
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maria A Kozlova
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Igor A Chernov
- Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Y Sinelnikov
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Yuri A Kirillov
- A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Exploring the Effects of Energy Constraints on Performance, Body Composition, Endocrinological/Hematological Biomarkers, and Immune System among Athletes: An Overview of the Fasting State. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153197. [PMID: 35956373 PMCID: PMC9370338 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ramadan fasting period (RFP) means abstaining from consuming food and/or beverages during certain hours of the day—from sunrise to sunset. Engaging in exercise and sports during the RFP leads to the lipolysis of adipose tissue and an increase in the breakdown of peripheral fat, leading to an increase in fat consumption. The effects of the RFP on functional, hematological, and metabolic parameters needs further study as existing studies have reported contradictory results. The differences in the results of various studies are due to the geographical characteristics of Muslim athletes, their specific diets, and their genetics, which explain these variations. In recent years, the attention of medical and sports researchers on the effects of the RFP and energy restrictions on bodily functions and athletic performance has increased significantly. Therefore, this brief article examines the effects of the RFP on the immune system, body composition, hematology, and the functionality of athletes during and after the RFP. We found that most sporting activities were performed during any time of the day without being affected by Ramadan fasting. Athletes were able to participate in their physical activities during fasting periods and saw few effects on their performance. Sleep and nutritional factors should be adjusted so that athletic performance is not impaired.
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Kozlova MA, Kirillov YA, Makartseva LA, Chernov I, Areshidze DA. Morphofunctional State and Circadian Rhythms of the Liver under the Influence of Chronic Alcohol Intoxication and Constant Lighting. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313007. [PMID: 34884810 PMCID: PMC8657715 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of the influence of chronic alcohol intoxication, constant illumination and their combined effects on the morphofunctional state of the rat liver and the circadian rhythms (CR) of the studied parameters of the organism was carried out. It was found that both alcohol and constant illumination caused significant changes in the structure of the liver, as well as in the circadian rhythmicity of micromorphometric parameters of hepatocytes, ALT, and total and direct bilirubin rhythms; however, the combined effects of ethanol and constant illumination had the most significant effect on the studied parameters of the organism. These two factors caused disturbances in the circadian rhythms of the micromorphometric parameters of hepatocytes, disruption of the circadian rhythms of total protein, albumin, AST, ALT, and direct and total bilirubin, as well as disturbances in the expression and rhythmicity of the studied clock genes against a background of the development of an inflammatory process in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Kozlova
- Laboratory of Cell Pathology, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117218 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (Y.A.K.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Yuri A. Kirillov
- Laboratory of Cell Pathology, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117218 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (Y.A.K.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Lyudmila A. Makartseva
- Laboratory of Cell Pathology, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117218 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (Y.A.K.); (L.A.M.)
| | - Igor Chernov
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Tyumen State Medical University, 625023 Tyumen, Russia;
| | - David A. Areshidze
- Laboratory of Cell Pathology, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology, 117218 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (Y.A.K.); (L.A.M.)
- Experimental Tumor Chemotherapy Group, Center for Screening and Preclinical Testing, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Science, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-909-643-37-56
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Xiao F, Guo F. Impacts of essential amino acids on energy balance. Mol Metab 2021; 57:101393. [PMID: 34785395 PMCID: PMC8829800 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity develops due to an imbalance in energy homeostasis, wherein energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Accumulating evidence shows that manipulations of dietary protein and their component amino acids affect the energy balance, resulting in changes in fat mass and body weight. Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins but also serve as signals regulating multiple biological pathways. Scope of review We present the currently available evidence regarding the effects of dietary alterations of a single essential amino acid (EAA) on energy balance and relevant signaling mechanisms at both central and peripheral levels. We summarize the association between EAAs and obesity in humans and the clinical use of modifying the dietary EAA composition for therapeutic intervention in obesity. Finally, similar mechanisms underlying diets varying in protein levels and diets altered of a single EAA are described. The current review would expand our understanding of the contribution of protein and amino acids to energy balance control, thus helping discover novel therapeutic approaches for obesity and related diseases. Major Conclusions Changes in circulating EAA levels, particularly increased branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), have been reported in obese human and animal models. Alterations in dietary EAA intake result in improvements in fat and weight loss in rodents, and each has its distinct mechanism. For example, leucine deprivation increases energy expenditure, reduces food intake and fat mass, primarily through regulation of the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Methionine restriction by 80% decreases fat mass and body weight while developing hyperphagia, primarily through fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) signaling. Some effects of diets with different protein levels on energy homeostasis are mediated by similar mechanisms. However, reports on the effects and underlying mechanisms of dietary EAA imbalances on human body weight are few, and more investigations are needed in future. Dietary Essential Amino Acids (EAA) alterations affect energy homeostasis via distinct mechanisms. Alterations in dietary EAA intake can reduce fat mass and body weight. Increased circulating BCAAs have been observed in obese human and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Innovation Center for Intervention of Chronic Disease and Promotion of Health, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, China.
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