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Fattorini R, Khojayori FN, Mellers G, Moyroud E, Herrero E, Kellenberger RT, Walker R, Wang Q, Hill L, Glover BJ. Complex petal spot formation in the Beetle Daisy (Gorteria diffusa) relies on spot-specific accumulation of malonylated anthocyanin regulated by paralogous GdMYBSG6 transcription factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:240-257. [PMID: 38725421 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Gorteria diffusa has elaborate petal spots that attract pollinators through sexual deception, but how G. diffusa controls spot development is largely unknown. Here, we investigate how pigmentation is regulated during spot formation. We determined the anthocyanin composition of G. diffusa petals and combined gene expression analysis with protein interaction assays to characterise R2R3-MYBs that likely regulate pigment production in G. diffusa petal spots. We found that cyanidin 3-glucoside pigments G. diffusa ray floret petals. Unlike other petal regions, spots contain a high proportion of malonylated anthocyanin. We identified three subgroup 6 R2R3-MYB transcription factors (GdMYBSG6-1,2,3) that likely activate the production of spot pigmentation. These genes are upregulated in developing spots and induce ectopic anthocyanin production upon heterologous expression in tobacco. Interaction assays suggest that these transcription factors regulate genes encoding three anthocyanin synthesis enzymes. We demonstrate that the elaboration of complex spots in G. diffusa begins with the accumulation of malonylated pigments at the base of ray floret petals, positively regulated by three paralogous R2R3-MYB transcription factors. Our results indicate that the functional diversification of these GdMYBSG6s involved changes in the spatial control of their transcription, and modification of the duration of GdMYBSG6 gene expression contributes towards floral variation within the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Farahnoz N Khojayori
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Gregory Mellers
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Edwige Moyroud
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, Bateman St., Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Eva Herrero
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Roman T Kellenberger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Rachel Walker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Lionel Hill
- Biomolecular Analysis Facility, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing St., Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
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Yoshida K. Chemical and biological study of flavonoid-related plant pigment: current findings and beyond. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:705-718. [PMID: 38632052 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Flavonoids are polyphenolic plant constituents. Anthocyanins are flavonoid pigments found in higher plants that show a wide variety of colors ranging from red through purple to blue. The blue color of the flowers is mostly attributed to anthocyanins. However, only a few types of anthocyanidin, chromophore of anthocyanin, exist in nature, and the extracted pigments are unstable with the color fading away. Therefore, the wide range and stable nature of colors in flowers have remained a mystery for more than a century. The mechanism underlying anthocyanin-induced flower coloration was studied using an interdisciplinary method involving chemistry and biology. Furthermore, the chemical studies on flavonoid pigments in various edible plants, synthetic and biosynthetic studies on anthocyanins were conducted. The results of these studies have been outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Emeritus professor, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Faculty of Food and Health Sciences, Aichi Shukutoku University, Katahira, Nagakute, Japan
- Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa, Yakusa, Toyota, Japan
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3
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Bahreini Z, Abedi M, Ashori A, Parach A. Extraction and characterization of anthocyanin pigments from Iris flowers and metal complex formation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31795. [PMID: 38832280 PMCID: PMC11145348 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exploring the chemical processes and factors influencing the stability of the blue color derived from anthocyanins is a crucial objective in agricultural and food chemistry research. The ability of these compounds to bind with metals could potentially stabilize anthocyanins extracted from plant-based foods or enable modifying their hues for application as natural food colorants. This study had two core objectives - first, to extract and identify the major anthocyanin pigments responsible for iris flower coloration. Second, to selectively complex purified iris anthocyanins with aluminum (Al3+) and copper (Cu2+) ions, probing the coordination chemistry underlying synthetic metalloanthocyanin formation. Fresh iris flowers were collected and anthocyanins extracted using an optimized acidic solution. After separation, anthocyanins were complexed with metals Al3+ and Cu2+ at pH 5-6 to understand better the evolution of blue and green colors in anthocyanin-metal chelates. Characterization of anthocyanins and their metal complexes utilized UV-visible spectrometry, colorimetry (L\* a\*b\* values), FTIR spectroscopy, and LC-MS. Metal complexation of anthocyanins exhibited bathochromic shifts of visible absorption maxima from 538 to 584 nm for Al-complex and 538-700 nm for Cu-complex. Color changes were accompanied by decreased lightness (L\*, from 87 to 81) and color coefficients a\* (+5.4 to -6.8) and b\* (-12.2 to -4.8). LC-MS analysis identified five major anthocyanin aglycones: cyanidin (Cyd, m/z 289), delphinidin (Dpd, m/z 305), petunidin (Ptd, m/z 229), malvidin (Mv, m/z 329) and pelargonidin (m/z 273), along with various glycosylated derivatives. This work successfully isolated key iris anthocyanin pigments and elucidated their metal chelation interactions underlying expanded floral color production, bridging knowledge gaps about this underexplored genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaker Bahreini
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abedi
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ashori
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Parach
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology (IROST), Tehran, Iran
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Ou Z, Luo J, Qu Y. Exploring the molecular mechanism of coloration differences in two Meconopsis wilsonii subspecies: australis and orientalis. Dev Biol 2024; 505:1-10. [PMID: 37838025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Flower color diversity is a key taxonomic trait in Meconopsis species, enhancing their appeal as ornamental flowers. However, knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of flower color formation in Meconopsis species is still limited. M. wilsonii subsp. australis (Australis) and M. wilsonii subsp. orientalis (Orientalis) have a developmental stage presenting red-purple flowers, while Orientalis also presents blue coloration at the full-bloom period, making them an important model for exploring the mechanism of blue flower formation in M. wilsonii. In this study, we collected petals from Australis and Orientalis at different developmental stages to compare the coloration differences between the two species and detect the molecular mechanisms of blue color in Orientalis. We identified that cyanidin was the main anthocyanin in the flowers of both species, and the blue color in Orientalis primarily arises from anthocyanins (Cyanidin-3-O-sambubioside). RNA sequencing analysis was performed to detect the gene expression in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and the results suggested that gene regulation for anthocyanin biosynthesis may not be the direct reason for blue color formation in Orientalis. In addition, the growth solid of Orientalis was rich in Fe and Mg ions, and a large amount of Fe and Mg ions accumulated in the petals of Orientalis. Combined with the gene functional enrichment results, we found that the purple and red-purple colors of these two species were presented by different glycosylation levels of cyanidin, while the violet color of Orientalis might be the results of metalloanthocyanins by Fe and Mg ions, which also relieved the toxicity caused by the high content of Fe and Mg ions in its cells. The environmental adaptation-related genes were highly expressed of in both species, such as adaptation to desiccation, water deprivation, freezing, etc. Our results revealed the coloration differences between Australis and Orientalis and described the molecular mechanisms of blue coloration in Orientalis. The data in our analysis could enrich the genetic resources for M. wilsonii for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Ou
- Southwest Engineering and Technology Research Center of Landscape Architecture (National Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Southwest Engineering and Technology Research Center of Landscape Architecture (National Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Southwest Engineering and Technology Research Center of Landscape Architecture (National Forestry and Grassland Administration), Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Functional Flower Resources and Industrialization, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China.
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Kellenberger RT, Ponraj U, Delahaie B, Fattorini R, Balk J, Lopez-Gomollon S, Müller KH, Ellis AG, Glover BJ. Multiple gene co-options underlie the rapid evolution of sexually deceptive flowers in Gorteria diffusa. Curr Biol 2023; 33:1502-1512.e8. [PMID: 36963385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Gene co-option, the redeployment of an existing gene in an unrelated developmental context, is an important mechanism underlying the evolution of morphological novelty. In most cases described to date, novel traits emerged by co-option of a single gene or genetic network. Here, we show that the integration of multiple co-opted genetic elements facilitated the rapid evolution of complex petal spots that mimic female bee-fly pollinators in the sexually deceptive South African daisy Gorteria diffusa. First, co-option of iron homeostasis genes altered petal spot pigmentation, producing a color similar to that of female pollinators. Second, co-option of the root hair gene GdEXPA7 enabled the formation of enlarged papillate petal epidermal cells, eliciting copulation responses from male flies. Third, co-option of the miR156-GdSPL1 transcription factor module altered petal spot placement, resulting in better mimicry of female flies resting on the flower. The three genetic elements were likely co-opted sequentially, and strength of sexual deception in different G. diffusa floral forms strongly correlates with the presence of the three corresponding morphological alterations. Our findings suggest that gene co-options can combine in a modular fashion, enabling rapid evolution of novel complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman T Kellenberger
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Udhaya Ponraj
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Boris Delahaie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; CIRAD, UMR DIADE, Montpellier 34398, France; UMR DIADE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Róisín Fattorini
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 4JT, UK
| | - Sara Lopez-Gomollon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Karin H Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Allan G Ellis
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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Identification of Seven Key Structural Genes in the Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Pathway in Sepals of Hydrangea macrophylla. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4167-4180. [PMID: 36135198 PMCID: PMC9497972 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44090286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Under specific cultivation conditions, the sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla (H. macrophylla) changes from red to blue due to the complexation of aluminum ions (Al3+), delphinidin 3-glucoside, and copigments. However, this phenomenon cannot occur in all cultivars despite the presence of sufficient Al3+ and copigments. To explore the mechanism of sepal bluing in H. macrophylla, there is an urgent need to study the molecular regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. However, the key structural genes, other than CHS, regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the sepals of H. macrophylla have not been identified. In this study, based on full-length transcriptome data from H.macrophylla ‘Bailmer’, the key structural genes regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in the sepals of H. macrophylla were isolated and investigated. Ultimately, seven key structural genes, HmCHS1, HmCHI, HmF3H1, HmF3′H1, HmF3′5′H, HmDFR2, and HmANS3, were demonstrated to show high expression levels in colored sepals. The expression levels of these seven genes increased gradually with the development of sepals and were highest in the full-bloom stage. The trend of gene expression was consistent with the trend of anthocyanin contents. It was concluded that the seven selected genes were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in the sepals of H. macrophylla. The full-length sequence data have been deposited into the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) with accession number PRJNA849710. This study lays a good foundation for the further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of sepal coloration in H. macrophylla.
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Gao N, Cui H, Lang Y, Zhang W, Shu C, Wang Y, Bian Y, Li D, Li B. Conversion of condensed tannin from chokeberry to cyanidin: Evaluation of antioxidant activity and gut microbiota regulation. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Li Y, Chen L, Zhan X, Liu L, Feng F, Guo Z, Wang D, Chen H. Biological effects of gamma-ray radiation on tulip ( Tulipa gesneriana L.). PeerJ 2022; 10:e12792. [PMID: 35111407 PMCID: PMC8783560 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tulip, being an important ornamental plant, generally requires lengthy and laborious procedures to develop new varieties using traditional breeding methods requires. But ionizing radiation potentially accelerates the breeding process of ornamental plant species. The biological effects of γ-ray irradiation on tulip, therefore, were investigated through establishing an irradiation-mediated mutation breeding protocol to accelerate its breeding process. ISSR-PCR molecular marker technique was further used to identify the mutants of phenotypic variation plants. This study showed that low irradiation doses (5 Gy) stimulated bulb germination to improve the survival rate of tulip, while high irradiation doses (20 to 100 Gy) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited its seed germination and growth, and decreased the flowering rate, petal number, flower stem length and flower diameter. More than 40 Gy significantly (P < 0.05) decreased the total chlorophyll content and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tulips. Interestingly, three types of both stigma variations and flower pattern variations, and four types of flower colour variations were observed. With increasing the irradiation dose from 5 to 100 Gy, the anthocyanin and flavonoid contents continuously decreased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis evidenced that high irradiation doses altered the micromorphology of leaf stomata. Microscopic observations of tulip root apical mitosis further showed the abnormal chromosomal division behaviour occurring at different mitotic phases under irradiation treatment (80 Gy). Increasing the irradiation dose from 20 to 100 Gy enhanced the micronucleus rate. Moreover, the suspected genetic variation in tulips was evaluated by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis, and the percentage of polymorphic bands was 68%. Finally, this study concludes that that 80 Gy may be an appropriate radiation does to better enhance the efficiency of mutagenic breeds in tulip plants. Using γ-ray irradiation, therefore, is expected to offer a theoretical basis for mutation breeding in tulips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Li
- Breeding Platform of Sichuan Radiation Mutagenesis Technology, Chengdu, China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Xiaodie Zhan
- Breeding Platform of Sichuan Radiation Mutagenesis Technology, Chengdu, China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Breeding Platform of Sichuan Radiation Mutagenesis Technology, Chengdu, China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Feihong Feng
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Zihua Guo
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Breeding Platform of Sichuan Radiation Mutagenesis Technology, Chengdu, China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Breeding Platform of Sichuan Radiation Mutagenesis Technology, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
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Torrini F, Renai L, Scarano S, Del Bubba M, Palladino P, Minunni M. Colorimetric selective quantification of anthocyanins with catechol/pyrogallol moiety in edible plants upon zinc complexation. Talanta 2021; 240:123156. [PMID: 34942476 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Here is examined the colour development from common anthocyanins (i.e., cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, and pelargonidin glycosides) and from anthocyanins-rich extracts (i.e., bilberries, strawberries, and raspberries), using zinc-anthocyanin complexes as molecular probe. We have observed the absorbance increase in the blue region in presence of large excess of zinc ion at acidic pH for cyanidin and delphinidin derivatives, likely due to quinoidal base stabilization from catechol and pyrogallol moiety. The assay condition were studied and applied to natural extracts containing these compounds. The same behaviour was observed for bilberry and, to a minor extent, for raspberry extracts, due to the larger cyanidin/delphinidin contents in the former than in the latter. Anthocyanin standard UV-Vis analysis in buffer has shown a very good linear correlation for cyanidin and delphinidin (R2 = 0.995 and 0.997, respectively), good precision (CV% = 7.4% and 5.3% respectively), high sensitivity (Cyε600nm = 8300 M-1 cm-1, LOD = 0.264 ± 0.005 mg L-1, LOQ = 0.478 ± 0.007 mg L-1, and Dpε600nm = 15,900 M-1 cm-1, LOD = 0.143 ± 0.002 mg L-1, LOQ = 0.478 ± 0.007 mg L-1). The effectiveness of this colorimetric method for the selective quantification of catechol/pyrogallol-based anthocyanins has been demonstrated in the aforementioned complex real matrices and compared to LC-MS/MS analysis and pH-differential method, offering a valuable tool to characterize plant and food extracts particularly rich in zinc-coordinating anthocyanins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Torrini
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lapo Renai
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simona Scarano
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Pasquale Palladino
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
| | - Maria Minunni
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Yoshida K, Ito D, Miki N, Kondo T. Single-cell analysis clarifies mosaic color development in purple hydrangea sepal. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3549-3557. [PMID: 33220077 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea sepals exhibit a wide range of colors, from red, through purple, to blue; the purple color is a color mosaic. However, all of these colors are derived from the same components: simple anthocyanins, 3-O-glycosyldelphinidins, three co-pigment components, acylquinic acids and aluminum ions (Al3+ ). We show the color mosaic is a result of graded differences in intravacuolar factors. In order to clarify the mechanisms of mosaic color, we performed single-cell analyses of vacuolar pH, and anthocyanin, co-pigment and Al3+ content. From the sepals, a protoplast mixture of various colors was obtained. The cell color was evaluated by microspectrophotometry and vacuolar pH then was recorded by using a pH microelectrode. The organic and Al3+ contents were quantified by micro-HPLC. We found that the bluer the cell, the greater the ratio of 5-O-acylquinic acids and Al3+ to anthocyanins. Furthermore, reproducing experiments were conducted by mixing the components under various pH condition; all the colors could be reproduced in the various mixing conditions. Based on the above, we provide experimental evidence for cell color variation in hydrangea. Our study demonstrates the expression of phenotypic differences without any direct genomic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Miki
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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11
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Yoshida K, Oniduka T, Oyama KI, Kondo T. Blue flower coloration of Corydalis ambigua requires ferric ion and kaempferol glycoside. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:61-68. [PMID: 33577669 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Corydalis ambigua (Japanese name, Ezoengosaku) flowers bloom with blue to purplish petals in early spring in Hokkaido prefecture. In this study, a mechanism for blue petal coloration by ferric ions and keampferol glycoside was elucidated. Blue petals and cell sap exhibited similar visible (Vis) spectra, with λmax at approximately 600 nm and circular dichroism (CD) with positive exciton-type Cotton effects in the Vis region. Analysis of the organic components of the petals confirmed cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside and kaempferol 3-O-sambubioside as the major flavonoids. Mg, Al, and Fe were detected in petals using atomic emission spectroscopy. Color, Vis absorption, and CD consistent with those of blue petals were reproduced by mixing cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside, kaempferol 3-O-sambubioside, and Fe3+ in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 6.5. Both Fe3+ and flavonol were essential for blue coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeya Oniduka
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kin-Ichi Oyama
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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YOSHIDA K, OYAMA KI, KONDO T. Insight into chemical mechanisms of sepal color development and variation in hydrangea. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:51-68. [PMID: 33563878 PMCID: PMC7897900 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a unique flower because it is composed of sepals rather than true petals that have the ability to change color. In the early 20th century, it was known that soil acidity and Al3+ content could intensify the blue hue of the sepals. In the mid-20th century, the anthocyanin component 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin (1) and the copigment components 5-O-caffeoylquinic, 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic, and 3-O-caffeoylquinic acids (2-4) were reported. Interestingly, all hydrangea colors from red to purple to blue are produced by the same organic components. We were interested in this phenomenon and the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea color variation. In this review, we summarize our recent studies on the chemical mechanisms underlying hydrangea sepal color development, including the structure of the blue complex, transporters involved in accumulation of aluminum ion (Al3+), and distribution of the blue complex and aluminum ions in living sepal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi YOSHIDA
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kin-ichi OYAMA
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadao KONDO
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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The Regulation of Floral Colour Change in Pleroma raddianum (DC.) Gardner. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204664. [PMID: 33066182 PMCID: PMC7587386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral colour change is a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms, but poorly understood from the genetic and chemical point of view. This article investigates this phenomenon in Pleroma raddianum, a Brazilian endemic species whose flowers change from white to purple. To this end, flavonoid compounds and their biosynthetic gene expression were profiled. By using accurate techniques (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)), thirty phenolic compounds were quantified. Five key genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were partially cloned, sequenced, and the mRNA levels were analysed (RT-qPCR) during flower development. Primary metabolism was also investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS), where carbohydrates and organic acids were identified. Collectively, the obtained results suggest that the flower colour change in P. raddianum is determined by petunidin and malvidin whose accumulation coincides with the transcriptional upregulation of early and late biosynthetic genes of the flavonoid pathway, mainly CHS and ANS, respectively. An alteration in sugars, organic acids and phenolic co-pigments is observed together with the colour change. Additionally, an increment in the content of Fe3+ ions in the petals, from the pink to purple stage, seemed to influence the saturation of the colour.
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Tang P, Giusti MM. Metal Chelates of Petunidin Derivatives Exhibit Enhanced Color and Stability. Foods 2020; 9:E1426. [PMID: 33050218 PMCID: PMC7599678 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins with catechol (cyanidin) or pyrogallol (delphinidin) moieties on the B-ring are known to chelate metals, resulting in bluing effects, mainly at pH ≤ 6. Metal interaction with petunidin, an O-methylated anthocyanidin, has not been well documented. In this study, we investigated metal chelation of petunidin derivatives in a wide pH range and its effects on color and stability. Purple potato and black goji extracts containing >80% acylated petunidin derivatives (25 µM) were combined with Al3+ or Fe3+ at 0 µM to 1500 µM in buffers of pH 3-10. Small metal ion concentrations triggered bathochromic shifts (up to ~80nm) at an alkaline pH, resulting in vivid blue hues (hab 200°-310°). Fe3+ caused a larger bathochromic shift than Al3+, producing green colors at pH 8-9. Generally, metal ions increased the color stability and half-life of petunidin derivatives in a dose-dependent manner, particularly at pH 8. Petunidin derivative metal chelates produced a wide range of colors with enhanced stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Monica Giusti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Prado JM, Veggi PC, Náthia-Neves G, Meireles MAA. Extraction Methods for Obtaining Natural Blue Colorants. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411014666181115125740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Blue is a color not often present in food. Even so, it is especially attractive
to children. Today, most blue coloring agents used by the food industry are synthetic. With increasing
health issues concern by the scientific community and the general population, there is a trend to look
for natural alternatives to most synthetic products. There only exist few natural blue colorants, which
are presented in a literature survey, along with the methods currently used for their recovery from
natural sources. The best extraction methods and process parameters for the extraction of blue anthocyanins,
iridoids and phycocyanin are discussed.
Methods:
A literature survey was conducted to detect the main sources of blue colorants found in nature.
The focus was on the extraction methods used to recover such molecules, with the objective of
finding efficient and environmentally safe techniques for application at industrial level, and, thus, allowing
the production of natural blue colorants at scale high enough for food industry consumption.
Results:
The main natural blue colorants found in literature are anthocyanins, phycocyanin, and genipin.
While anthocyanins can be recovered from a variety of plants, the source of phycocyanin are
algae, and genipin can be obtained specifically from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis and Genipa americana
L. Several extraction techniques have been applied to recover blue colorants from such sources,
from classical methods using organic solvents, to more sophisticated technologies as ultrasoundassisted
extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, high-pressure extraction,
and enzyme-assisted extraction.
Conclusion:
There is great potential for anthocyanins, phycocyanin and genipin use as natural food
additives with health benefits, besides imparting color. However, the technologies for the colorants
recovery and application are not mature enough. Therefore, this area is still developing, and it is necessary
to evaluate the economic feasibility of the proposed extraction processes, along with the safety
and acceptance of colored food using these additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M. Prado
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center (CECS), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscilla C. Veggi
- Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), School of Chemical Engineering, 210 Sao Nicolau Street, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Náthia-Neves
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M. Angela A. Meireles
- LASEFI/DEA/FEA (College of Food Engineering)/ UNICAMP (University of Campinas), Rua Monteiro Lobato, 80; 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Sharif N, Khoshnoudi-Nia S, Jafari SM. Nano/microencapsulation of anthocyanins; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Liang CY, Rengasamy KP, Huang LM, Hsu CC, Jeng MF, Chen WH, Chen HH. Assessment of violet-blue color formation in Phalaenopsis orchids. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:212. [PMID: 32397954 PMCID: PMC7218627 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phalaenopsis represents an important cash crop worldwide. Abundant flower colors observed in Phalaenopsis orchids range from red-purple, purple, purple-violet, violet, and violet-blue. However, violet-blue orchids are less bred than are those of other colors. Anthocyanin, vacuolar pH and metal ions are three major factors influencing flower color. This study aimed to identify the factors causing the violet-blue color in Phalaenopsis flowers and to analyze whether delphinidin accumulation and blue pigmentation formation can be achieved by transient overexpression of heterologous F3'5'H in Phalaenopsis. RESULTS Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was highly accumulated in Phalaenopsis flowers with red-purple, purple, purple-violet, and violet to violet-blue color, but no true-blue color and no delphinidin was detected. Concomitantly, the expression of PeF3'H (Phalaenopsis equestrsis) was high, but that of PhF3'5'H (Phalaenopsis hybrid) was low or absent in various-colored Phalaenopsis flowers. Transient overexpression of DgF3'5'H (Delphinium grandiflorum) and PeMYB2 in a white Phalaenopsis cultivar resulted a 53.6% delphinidin accumulation and a novel blue color formation. In contrast, transient overexpression of both PhF3'5'H and PeMYB2 did not lead to delphinidin accumulation. Sequence analysis showed that the substrate recognition site 6 (SRS6) of PhF3'5'H was consistently different from DgF3'5'Hs at positions 5, 8 and 10. Prediction of molecular docking of the substrates showed a contrary binding direction of aromatic rings (B-ring) with the SRS6 domain of DgF3'5'H and PhF3'5'H. In addition, the pH values of violet-blue and purple Phalaenopsis flowers ranged from 5.33 to 5.54 and 4.77 to 5.04, respectively. Furthermore, the molar ratio of metal ions (including Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+) to anthocyanin in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis was 190-, 49-, and 51-fold higher, respectively, than those in purple-color Phalaenopsis. CONCLUSION Cyanidin-based anthocyanin was detected in violet-blue color Phalaenopsis and was concomitant with a high pH value and high molar ratio of Al3+, Ca2+ and Fe3+ to anthocyanin content. Enhanced expression of delphinidin is needed to produce true-blue Phalaenopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yu Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | | | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fen Jeng
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- , Nantou City, Taiwan.
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18
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Computational aspects of anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: A review. Food Chem 2019; 297:124898. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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19
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20
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Deng C, Li S, Feng C, Hong Y, Huang H, Wang J, Wang L, Dai S. Metabolite and gene expression analysis reveal the molecular mechanism for petal colour variation in six Centaurea cyanus cultivars. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:22-33. [PMID: 31255906 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Centaurea cyanus is a popular garden plant native to Europe. Although their petals show abundant colour variations, the flavonoid profiling and the potential molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we collected six cornflower cultivars with white, pink, red, blue, mauve and black petals. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to investigate the comparative profiling of flavonoids both qualitatively and quantitatively. Ten anthocyanins, six flavones and two flavonols were separated and putatively identified. Except for white petals without any anthocyanins, both pink and red flowers contained pelargonidin derivatives, whereas blue, mauve and black petals accumulated cyanidins. The expression patterns of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis were performed by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway in white petals was inhibited starting from flavanone 3-hydroxylase, resulting in the absence of anthocyanin accumulation. The open reading frame of flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase in pink and red petals was truncated; this led to loss of a haem binding site, a conserved motif in the cytochrome P450 family, and loss of conversion from dihydrokaempferol to dihydroquercetin. The significantly higher expression of structural genes corresponding to the hyper-accumulation of flavonoids in black petals may play an important role in black coloration. Remarkably, the mauve and blue petals accumulated the same cyanidin derivative but contained apigenin with different modifications on the 4' position, which may cause the coloration differences. The results obtained in this study will provide insights into the mechanisms of vivid colour diversities in cornflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyan Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengyong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - He Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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21
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The formation and bioactivities of green substances in Chrysanthemum morifolium tea. Food Chem 2019; 286:268-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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van der Kooi CJ, Stavenga DG. Vividly coloured poppy flowers due to dense pigmentation and strong scattering in thin petals. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2019; 205:363-372. [PMID: 30689019 PMCID: PMC6579775 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-018-01313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The flowers of poppies (Papaveraceae) exhibit bright colours, despite their thin and floppy petals. We investigated the optical properties of flowers of Papaver rhoeas, P. dubium, Meconopsis cambrica and Argemone polyanthemos using a combined approach of anatomy, spectrophotometry and optical modelling. The petals of Papaver flowers are composed of only three cell layers, an upper and lower epidermal layer, which are densely filled with pigment, and an unpigmented mesophyll layer. Dense pigmentation together with strong scattering structures, composed of serpentine cell walls and air cavities, cause the striking poppy colours. We discuss how various aspects of the optical signal contribute to the flower's visibility to pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Doekele G Stavenga
- Computational Physics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Formation of Nudicaulins In Vivo and In Vitro and the Biomimetic Synthesis and Bioactivity of O-Methylated Nudicaulin Derivatives. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123357. [PMID: 30567384 PMCID: PMC6320756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nudicaulins are yellow flower pigments accounting for the color of the petals of Papaver nudicaule (Papaveraceae). These glucosidic compounds belong to the small group of indole/flavonoid hybrid alkaloids. Here we describe in vivo and in vitro experiments which substantiate the strongly pH-dependent conversion of pelargonidin glucosides to nudicaulins as the final biosynthetic step of these alkaloids. Furthermore, we report the first synthesis of nudicaulin aglycon derivatives, starting with quercetin and ending up at the biomimetic fusion of a permethylated anthocyanidin with indole. A small library of nudicaulin derivatives with differently substituted indole units was prepared, and the antimicrobial, antiproliferative and cell toxicity data of the new compounds were determined. The synthetic procedure is considered suitable for preparing nudicaulin derivatives which are structurally modified in the indole and/or the polyphenolic part of the molecule and may have optimized pharmacological activities.
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The study of transcriptome sequencing for flower coloration in different anthesis stages of alpine ornamental herb (Meconopsis 'Lingholm'). Gene 2018; 689:220-226. [PMID: 30572099 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Meconopsis (Papaveraceae) is an interesting alpine herb, mainly distributed in the mountainous area of southwest China and high altitude zone in Tibetan-Himalaya. Different Meconopsis species showed a flower color alteration in different anthesis stages, Meconopsis 'Lingholm' is one of the localized species whose petal color changes from purple to blue during the flowering process. In general, the blue color flower is a rare kind, and usually hard to cultivate artificially. The molecular mechanism of flower color formation and color alteration of alpine flowers were reported by many research workers. To find critical genes that regulate Meconopsis 'Lingholm' color alteration and the mechanism of environmental adaptation, the current study performed transcriptome sequencing by using Meconopsis 'Lingholm' petals from different anthesis stages. There were totally 91,615 unigenes obtained from 31.4 Gb sequencing data, and differentially expressed genes between two consecutive flowering stages were obtained. Bioinformatics studies showed genes regulating petal color alteration were activated. Moreover, the functional analysis showed that Meconopsis 'Lingholm' showed a stress response to mechanical damage, non-biological stimulation and water deficiency in the bud stage, as well as showed a stress response to the cold from cracking stage to blooming stage. Furthermore, RNA-Seq results were verified using nine randomly selected genes by qPCR, which showed same expression trend with sequencing results. During this study, 20 candidate genes identified for further studies, which included five petal color related genes and 15 environmental response genes.
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Yokoyama K, Yangzom R, Mizuno T, Murai Y, Dorji K, Wangmo C, Gyeltshen C, Iwashina T. Flavonol glycosides in the flowers of the Himalayan Meconopsis paniculata and Meconopsis integrifolia as yellow pigments. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Purification of anthocyanins from saskatoon berries and their microencapsulation in deep eutectic solvents. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Iwashina T, Yangzom R, Murai Y, Dorji K, Mizuno T, Wangmo C. Anthocyanins from the Red Flowers of Meconopsis wallichi in Bhutan. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three anthocyanins were isolated from the red flowers of Meconopsis wallichi in Bhutan. They were characterized as cyanidin 3- O-glucoside, cyanidin 3- O-sambubioside and cyanidin 3- O-(succinylsambubioside) by UV-VIS, LC-MS, acid hydrolysis, alkaline saponification, and HPLC comparisons with authentic samples. The latter anthocyanin was reported in nature for the first time. However, flavonoids except for anthocyanins were not found in the flowers, showing that the red color is due to three cyanidin glycosides alone, without copigments and metals. Although the anthocyanins were reported from the blue flowers of three Meconopsis species, those of red flower Meconopsis species were characterized for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Iwashina
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Rinchen Yangzom
- National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 875, Bhutan
| | - Yoshinori Murai
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Kencho Dorji
- National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 875, Bhutan
| | - Takayuki Mizuno
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4–1–1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
| | - Choki Wangmo
- National Biodiversity Centre, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Serbithang, Thimphu 875, Bhutan
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Noda N. Recent advances in the research and development of blue flowers. BREEDING SCIENCE 2018; 68:79-87. [PMID: 29681750 PMCID: PMC5903984 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is the most important trait in the breeding of ornamental plants. In the floriculture industry, however, bluish colored flowers of desirable plants have proved difficult to breed. Many ornamental plants with a high production volume, such as rose and chrysanthemum, lack the key genes for producing the blue delphinidin pigment or do not have an intracellular environment suitable for developing blue color. Recently, it has become possible to incorporate a blue flower color trait through progress in molecular biological analysis of pigment biosynthesis genes and genetic engineering. For example, introduction of the F3'5'H gene encoding flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase can produce delphinidin in various flowers such as roses and carnations, turning the flower color purple or violet. Furthermore, the world's first blue chrysanthemum was recently produced by introducing the A3'5'GT gene encoding anthocyanin 3',5'-O-glucosyltransferase, in addition to F3'5'H, into the host plant. The B-ring glucosylated delphinidin-based anthocyanin that is synthesized by the two transgenes develops blue coloration by co-pigmentation with colorless flavone glycosides naturally present in the ray floret of chrysanthemum. This review focuses on the biotechnological efforts to develop blue flowers, and describes future prospects for blue flower breeding and commercialization.
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29
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Ren Y, Yang J, Lu B, Jiang Y, Chen H, Hong Y, Wu B, Miao Y. Structure of Pigment Metabolic Pathways and Their Contributions to White Tepal Color Formation of Chinese Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis cv Jinzhanyintai. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091923. [PMID: 28885552 PMCID: PMC5618572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese narcissus (Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis) is one of the ten traditional flowers in China and a famous bulb flower in the world flower market. However, only white color tepals are formed in mature flowers of the cultivated varieties, which constrains their applicable occasions. Unfortunately, for lack of genome information of narcissus species, the explanation of tepal color formation of Chinese narcissus is still not clear. Concerning no genome information, the application of transcriptome profile to dissect biological phenomena in plants was reported to be effective. As known, pigments are metabolites of related metabolic pathways, which dominantly decide flower color. In this study, transcriptome profile and pigment metabolite analysis methods were used in the most widely cultivated Chinese narcissus “Jinzhanyintai” to discover the structure of pigment metabolic pathways and their contributions to white tepal color formation during flower development and pigmentation processes. By using comparative KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, three pathways related to flavonoid, carotenoid and chlorophyll pigment metabolism showed significant variations. The structure of flavonoids metabolic pathway was depicted, but, due to the lack of F3ʹ5ʹH gene; the decreased expression of C4H, CHS and ANS genes; and the high expression of FLS gene, the effect of this pathway to synthesize functional anthocyanins in tepals was weak. Similarly, the expression of DXS, MCT and PSY genes in carotenoids synthesis sub-pathway was decreased, while CCD1/CCD4 genes in carotenoids degradation sub-pathway was increased; therefore, the effect of carotenoids metabolic pathway to synthesize adequate color pigments in tepals is restricted. Interestingly, genes in chlorophyll synthesis sub-pathway displayed uniform down-regulated expression, while genes in heme formation and chlorophyll breakdown sub-pathways displayed up-regulated expression, which also indicates negative regulation of chlorophyll formation. Further, content change trends of various color metabolites detected by HPLC in tepals are consistent with the additive gene expression patterns in each pathway. Therefore, all three pathways exhibit negative control of color pigments synthesis in tepals, finally resulting in the formation of white tepals. Interestingly, the content of chlorophyll was more than 10-fold higher than flavonoids and carotenoids metabolites, which indicates that chlorophyll metabolic pathway may play the major role in deciding tepal color formation of Chinese narcissus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Ren
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Bingguo Lu
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yaping Jiang
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Haiyang Chen
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yuwei Hong
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Binghua Wu
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Ying Miao
- Center for Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Biochemical and Comparative Transcriptomic Analyses Identify Candidate Genes Related to Variegation Formation in Paeonia rockii. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081364. [PMID: 28817092 PMCID: PMC6152351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paeonia rockii is a wild tree peony species with large and dark purple variegations at the base of its petals. It is the genetic resource for various variegation patterns in tree peony cultivars, which is in contrast to the pure white petals of Paeonia ostii. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of variegation in this plant is still unknown. Here, we conducted Illumina transcriptome sequencing for P. rockii, P. ostii (with pure white petals) and their F1 individuals (with purple-red variegation). A total of 181,866 unigenes were generated, including a variety of unigenes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis and sequestration and the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The dark purple or purple-red variegation patterns mainly occurred due to the proportions of cyanidin (Cy)- and peonidin (Pn)-based anthocyanins. The variegations of P. rockii exhibited a “Cy > Pn” phenotype, whereas the F1 progeny showed a “Pn > Cy” phenotype. The CHS, DFR, ANS, and GST genes might play key roles in variegation pigmentation in P. rockii according to gene expression and interaction network analysis. Two R2R3-MYB transcription factors (c131300.graph_c0 and c133735.graph_c0) regulated variegation formation by controlling CHS, ANS and GST genes. Our results indicated that the various variegation patterns were caused by transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes, and the transcription profiles of the R2R3-MYBs provided clues to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this trait. The petal transcriptome data produced in this study will provide a valuable resource for future association investigations of the genetic regulation of various variegation patterns in tree peonies.
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Yoshida K, Azuma K, Kondo T. Structure of Muscariflavone A-C, Isolated from Purplish Blue Spicate Flower Petals of Muscari armeniacum. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
From purplish-blue spicate flowers of muscari ( Muscari armeniacum), three new glycosylated flavones, named muscariflavone A-C (1–3), were isolated, and their structures were determined using MS and NMR analyses. All of these flavones contained the apigenin chromophore, and three to four sugar linear-chains were attached at the 7-OH of apigenin. The mixture of muscarinin A, muscariflavone A-C and aluminum ions gave a stable purplish-blue color similar to that of the petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kayoko Azuma
- School of Life Studies, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, 17-3 Hoshigaoka-motomachi, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8662, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Fedenko VS, Shemet SA, Landi M. UV-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric models for detecting anthocyanin-metal complexes in plants: An overview of in vitro and in vivo techniques. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 212:13-28. [PMID: 28242414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Although anthocyanin (ACN) biosynthesis is one of the best studied pathways of secondary metabolism in plants, the possible physiological and ecological role(s) of these pigments continue to intrigue scientists. Like other dihydroxy B-ring substituted flavonoids, ACNs have an ability to bind metal and metalloid ions, a property that has been exploited for a variety of purposes. For example, the metal binding ability may be used to stabilize ACNs from plant food sources, or to modify their colors for using them as food colorants. The complexation of metals with cyanidin derivatives can also be used as a simple, sensitive, cheap, and rapid method for determination concentrations of several metals in biological and environmental samples using UV-vis spectroscopy. Far less information is available on the ecological significance of ACN-metal complexes in plant-environment interactions. Metalloanthocyanins (protocyanin, nemophilin, commelinin, protodelphin, cyanosalvianin) are involved in the copigmentation phenomenon that leads to blue-pigmented petals, which may facilitate specific plant-pollinator interactions. ACN-metal formation and compartmentation into the vacuole has also been proposed to be part of an orchestrated detoxification mechanism in plants which experience metal/metalloid excess. However, investigations into ACN-metal interactions in plant biology may be limited because of the complexity of the analytical techniques required. To address this concern, here we describe simple methods for the detection of ACN-metal both in vitro and in vivo using UV-vis spectroscopy and colorimetric models. In particular, the use of UV-vis spectra, difference absorption spectra, and colorimetry techniques will be described for in vitro determination of ACN-metal features, whereas reflectance spectroscopy and colorimetric parameters related to CIE L*a*b* and CIE XYZ systems will be detailed for in vivo analyses. In this way, we hope to make this high-informative tool more accessible to plant physiologists and ecologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr S Fedenko
- Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University,72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy A Shemet
- Scientific Research Institute of Biology, Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University,72 Gagarin Avenue, Dnipro 49010, Ukraine
| | - Marco Landi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80 I-56124, Pisa, Italy.
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Effects of hydroxycinnamic acids on blue color expression of cyanidin derivatives and their metal chelates. Food Chem 2017; 234:131-138. [PMID: 28551216 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms to recreate many anthocyanin blue hues in nature are not fully understood, but interactions with metal ions and phenolic compounds are thought to play important roles. Bluing effects of hydroxycinnamic acids on cyanidin and chelates were investigated by addition of the acids to triglycosylated cyanidin (0-50×[anthocyanin]) and by comparison to hydroxycinnamic acid monoacylated and diacylated Cy fractions by spectrophotometry (380-700nm) and colorimetry in pH 5-8. With no metal ions, λmax and absorbance was greatest for cyanidin with diacylation>monoacylation>increasing [acids]. Hydroxycinnamic acids added to cyanidin solutions weakly impacted color characteristics (ΔE<5); while acylation (covalent acid attachment) resulted in ΔE 5-15. Triglycosylated cyanidin expressed blue color (pH 7-8), suggesting glycosylation pattern also plays a role. Al3+ chelation increased absorbance 2-42× and λmax≳40nm (pH 5-6) compared to added hydroxycinnamic acids. Metal chelation and aromatic diacylation resulted in the most blue hues.
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34
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Zhao D, Wei M, Shi M, Hao Z, Tao J. Identification and comparative profiling of miRNAs in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) with red/yellow bicoloured flowers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44926. [PMID: 28317945 PMCID: PMC5357961 DOI: 10.1038/srep44926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is popular worldwide because of its gorgeous flower colour, and the yellow flower is the rarest. However, its mechanism of yellow formation is still unexplored from the post-translational level. In this study, the anatomy of the petal, cell sap pH and metal elements were investigated in bicoloured flower cultivar 'Jinhui' with red outer-petal and yellow inner-petal, and the yellow formation was influenced by the anatomy of petal, while not by the cell sap pH and metal elements. Subsequently, microRNAs sequencing (miRNA-seq) was used to identify small RNAs (sRNAs). A total of 4,172,810 and 3,565,152 specific unique sRNAs were obtained, 207 and 204 conserved miRNAs and 38 and 42 novel miRNAs were identified from red outer-petal and yellow inner-petal, respectively, which were confirmed by subcloning. Among these miRNAs, 163 conserved and 28 novel miRNAs were differentially expressed in two wheel of petals. And 5 differentially expressed miRNAs and their corresponding target genes related to yellow formation were screened, and their dynamic expression patterns confirmed that the yellow formation might be under the regulation of miR156e-3p-targeted squamosa promoter binding protein-like gene (SPL1). These results improve the understanding of miRNA regulation of the yellow formation in P. lactiflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiu Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Mengran Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Zhaojun Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
| | - Jun Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P.R. China
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35
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Ratanapoompinyo J, Nguyen LT, Devkota L, Shrestha P. The effects of selected metal ions on the stability of red cabbage anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds subjected to encapsulation process. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakaphan Ratanapoompinyo
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Loc T. Nguyen
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Lavaraj Devkota
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pratiksha Shrestha
- Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology; Asian Institute of Technology, PO Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120; Bangkok Thailand
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36
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Guo Q, Bai R, Zhao B, Feng X, Zhao Y, Tu P, Chai X. An Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of the Genus Meconopsis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2016; 44:439-62. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x16500257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Meconopsis plants (Chinese: 绿绒篙), belonging to the family Papaveraceae, have been used as traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) for thousands of years. Meconopsis has the effects of clearing heat, reducing swelling, and easing pain, and is mainly prescribed for heat syndromes, hepatitis, pneumonia, and pain in joints. Phytochemical studies have revealed the presence of major isoquinoline alkaloids and flavonoids. Modern pharmacological research has demonstrated its antitumor, hepatoprotective, analgestic, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, antitussive, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, resource availability, in-depth in vivo pharmacological study and qualitative and quantitative analysis are still insufficient and deserve further efforts. This paper provides a comprehensive advance on the ethnopharmacological, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies of the genus, in hopes of promoting a better understanding of their medicinal values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Ruifeng Bai
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Center of Scientific Experiment, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Zhao
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xingyun Chai
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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37
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Sharma SS, Dietz KJ, Mimura T. Vacuolar compartmentalization as indispensable component of heavy metal detoxification in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1112-26. [PMID: 26729300 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells orchestrate an array of molecular mechanisms for maintaining plasmatic concentrations of essential heavy metal (HM) ions, for example, iron, zinc and copper, within the optimal functional range. In parallel, concentrations of non-essential HMs and metalloids, for example, cadmium, mercury and arsenic, should be kept below their toxicity threshold levels. Vacuolar compartmentalization is central to HM homeostasis. It depends on two vacuolar pumps (V-ATPase and V-PPase) and a set of tonoplast transporters, which are directly driven by proton motive force, and primary ATP-dependent pumps. While HM non-hyperaccumulator plants largely sequester toxic HMs in root vacuoles, HM hyperaccumulators usually sequester them in leaf cell vacuoles following efficient long-distance translocation. The distinct strategies evolved as a consequence of organ-specific differences particularly in vacuolar transporters and in addition to distinct features in long-distance transport. Recent molecular and functional characterization of tonoplast HM transporters has advanced our understanding of their contribution to HM homeostasis, tolerance and hyperaccumulation. Another important part of the dynamic vacuolar sequestration syndrome involves enhanced vacuolation. It involves vesicular trafficking in HM detoxification. The present review provides an updated account of molecular aspects that contribute to the vacuolar compartmentalization of HMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti S Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171005, India
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, D-33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tetsuro Mimura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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38
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39
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Sigurdson GT, Robbins RJ, Collins TM, Giusti MM. Evaluating the role of metal ions in the bathochromic and hyperchromic responses of cyanidin derivatives in acidic and alkaline pH. Food Chem 2016; 208:26-34. [PMID: 27132820 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In many food products, colorants derived from natural sources are increasingly popular due to consumer demand. Anthocyanins are one class of versatile and abundant naturally occurring chromophores that produce different hues in nature, especially with metal ions and other copigments assisting. The effects of chelation of metal ions (Mg(2+), Al(3+), Cr(3+), Fe(3+), and Ga(3+)) in factorial excesses to anthocyanin concentration (0-500×) on the spectral characteristics (380-700nm) of cyanidin and acylated cyanidin derivatives were evaluated to better understand the color evolution of anthocyanin-metal chelates in pH 3-8. In all pH, anthocyanins exhibited bathochromic and hyperchromic shifts. Largest bathochromic shifts most often occurred in pH 6; while largest hyperchromic shifts occurred in pH 5. Divalent Mg(2+) showed no observable effect on anthocyanin color while trivalent metal ions caused bathochromic shifts and hue changes. Generally, bathochromic shifts on anthocyanins were greatest with more electron rich metal ions (Fe(3+)≈Ga(3+)>Al(3+)>Cr(3+)).
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Sigurdson
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States
| | - R J Robbins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - T M Collins
- Science and Discovery Group, Mars Inc., 800 High St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840, United States
| | - M M Giusti
- The Ohio State University, Dept. of Food Science and Technology, 2015 Fyffe Ct., Columbus, OH 43210-1007, United States.
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40
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Trouillas P, Sancho-García JC, De Freitas V, Gierschner J, Otyepka M, Dangles O. Stabilizing and Modulating Color by Copigmentation: Insights from Theory and Experiment. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4937-82. [PMID: 26959943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural anthocyanin pigments/dyes and phenolic copigments/co-dyes form noncovalent complexes, which stabilize and modulate (in particular blue, violet, and red) colors in flowers, berries, and food products derived from them (including wines, jams, purees, and syrups). This noncovalent association and their electronic and optical implications constitute the copigmentation phenomenon. Over the past decade, experimental and theoretical studies have enabled a molecular understanding of copigmentation. This review revisits this phenomenon to provide a comprehensive description of the nature of binding (the dispersion and electrostatic components of π-π stacking, the hydrophobic effect, and possible hydrogen-bonding between pigment and copigment) and of spectral modifications occurring in copigmentation complexes, in which charge transfer plays an important role. Particular attention is paid to applications of copigmentation in food chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Trouillas
- INSERM UMR 850, Univ. Limoges , Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 rue du Dr. Marcland, F-87025 Limoges, France.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan C Sancho-García
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Alicante , Apartado de Correos 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Victor De Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV - Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Porto University , Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies - IMDEA Nanoscience , C/Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc , tr. 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Olivier Dangles
- University of Avignon, INRA, UMR408 SQPOV , F-84000 Avignon, France
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41
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Silva S, Costa EM, Calhau C, Morais RM, Pintado ME. Anthocyanin extraction from plant tissues: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 57:3072-3083. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1087963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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42
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Oyama KI, Yamada T, Ito D, Kondo T, Yoshida K. Metal Complex Pigment Involved in the Blue Sepal Color Development of Hydrangea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7630-5. [PMID: 26006163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins exhibit various vivid colors from red through purple to blue and are potential sources of food colorants. However, their usage is restricted because of their instability, especially as a blue colorant. The blue sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is due to a metal complex named "hydrangea-blue complex" composed of delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, 1, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 2, and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 3, as copigments, and Al(3+) in aqueous solution at approximately pH 4.0. However, the ratio of each component ins not stoichiometric, but is fluctuates within a certain range. The hydrangea-blue complex exists only in aqueous solution, exhibiting a stable blue color, but attempts at crystallization have failed; therefore, the structure remains obscure. To clarify the basis of the character of the hydrangea-blue pigment and to obtain its structural information, we studied the mixing conditions to reconstruct the same blue color as observed in the sepals. In highly concentrated sodium acetate buffer (6 M, pH 4.0) we could measure (1)H NMR of both the hydrangea-blue complex composed of 1 (5 mM), 2 (10 mM), and Al(3+) (10 mM) and a simple 1-Al(3+) complex. We also recorded the spectra of complexes composed with structurally different anthocyanins and copigments. Comparison of those signals indicated that in the hydrangea-blue complex 1 might be under equilibrium between chelating and nonchelating structures having an interaction with 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin-ichi Oyama
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomomi Yamada
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tadao Kondo
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- Research Center for Materials Science and ‡Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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43
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Lau SE, Schwarzacher T, Othman RY, Harikrishna JA. dsRNA silencing of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor affects flower cell shape in a Dendrobium hybrid. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:194. [PMID: 26260631 PMCID: PMC4542095 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The R2R3-MYB genes regulate pigmentation and morphogenesis of flowers, including flower and cell shape, and therefore have importance in the development of new varieties of orchids. However, new variety development is limited by the long breeding time required in orchids. In this study, we identified a cDNA, DhMYB1, that is expressed during flower development in a hybrid orchid, Dendrobium hybrida (Dendrobium bobby messina X Dendrobium chao phraya) then used the direct application of dsRNA to observe the effect of gene silencing on flower phenotype and floral epidermal cell shape. RESULTS Flower bud development in the Dendrobium hybrid was characterised into seven stages and the time of meiosis was determined as between stages 3 to 5 when the bud is approximately half of the mature size. Scanning electron microscopy characterisation of adaxial epidermal cells of the flower perianth, showed that the petals and sepals each are divided into two distinct domains based on cell shape and size, while the labellum comprises seven domains. Thirty-two partial cDNA fragments representing R2R3-MYB gene sequences were isolated from D. hybrida. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that nine of the translated sequences were clustered with MYB sequences that are known to be involved in cell shape development and from these, DhMYB1 was selected for full length cDNA cloning and functional study. Direct application of a 430 bp dsRNA from the 3' region of DhMYB1 to emerging orchid flower buds reduced expression of DhMYB1 RNA compared with untreated control. Scanning electron microscopy of adaxial epidermal cells within domain one of the labellum of flowers treated with DhMYB1 dsRNA showed flattened epidermal cells whilst those of control flowers were conical. CONCLUSIONS DhMYB1 is expressed throughout flower bud development and is involved in the development of the conical cell shape of the epidermal cells of the Dendrobium hybrida flower labellum. The direct application of dsRNA changed the phenotype of floral cells, thus, this technique may have application in floriculture biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ee Lau
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Trude Schwarzacher
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom.
| | - Rofina Yasmin Othman
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jennifer Ann Harikrishna
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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44
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Wu ZG, Jiang W, Mantri N, Bao XQ, Chen SL, Tao ZM. Transciptome analysis reveals flavonoid biosynthesis regulation and simple sequence repeats in yam (Dioscorea alata L.) tubers. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:346. [PMID: 25924983 PMCID: PMC4415240 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1547-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is an important tuber crop and purple pigmented elite cultivar has recently become popular because of associated health benefits. Identifying candidate genes responsible for flavonoid biosynthesis pathway (FBP) will facilitate understanding the molecular mechanism of controlling pigment formation in yam tubers. Here, we used Illumina sequencing to characterize the transcriptome of tubers from elite purple-flesh cultivar (DP) and conventional white-flesh cultivar (DW) of yam. In this process, we also designed high quality molecular markers to assist molecular breeding for tuber trait improvement. Results A total of 125,123 unigenes were identified from the DP and DW cDNA libraries, of which about 49.5% (60,020 unigenes) were annotated by BLASTX analysis using the publicly available protein database. These unigenes were further annotated functionally and subject to biochemical pathway analysis. 511 genes were identified to be more than 2-fold (FDR < 0.05) differentially expressed between the two yam cultivars, of which 288 genes were up-regulated and 223 genes were down-regulated in the DP tubers. Transcriptome analysis detected 61 unigenes encoding multiple well-known enzymes in the FBP. Furthermore, the unigenes encoding chalcone isomerase (CHS), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3′-monooxygenase (F3’H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), and flavonol 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UF3GT) were found to be significantly up-regulated in the DP, implying that these genes were potentially associated with tuber color formation in this elite cultivar. The expression of these genes was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. Finally, 11,793 SSRs were successfully identified with these unigenes and 6,082 SSR markers were developed using Primer 3. Conclusions This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptomic dataset for yam tubers, which will significantly contribute to genomic research of this and other related species. Some key genes associated with purple-flesh trait were successfully identified, thus providing valuable information about molecular process of regulating pigment accumulation in elite yam tubers. In the future, this information might be directly used to genetically manipulate the conventional white-fleshed tuber cultivars to enable them to produce purple flesh. In addition, our SSR marker sets will facilitate identification of QTLs for various tuber traits in yam breeding programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1547-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Gang Wu
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, P.R. China.
| | - Wu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, P.R. China.
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Xiao-Qing Bao
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, P.R. China. .,School of pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P.R. China.
| | - Song-Lin Chen
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, P.R. China. .,School of pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, P.R. China.
| | - Zheng-Ming Tao
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou, 325005, P.R. China.
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45
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Zhao D, Tao J. Recent advances on the development and regulation of flower color in ornamental plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:261. [PMID: 25964787 PMCID: PMC4410614 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Flower color is one of the most important features of ornamental plants. Its development and regulation are influenced by many internal and external factors. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of color development and its regulation provides an important theoretical basis and premise for the cultivation and improvement of new color varieties of ornamental plants. This paper outlines the functions of petal tissue structure, as well as the distribution and type of pigments, especially anthocyanins, in color development. The progress of research on flower color regulation with a focus on physical factors, chemical factors, and genetic engineering is introduced. The shortcomings of flower color research and the potential directions for future development are explored to provide a broad background for flower color improvements in ornamental plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Tao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou UniversityYangzhou, China
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Abstract
Flavonoids are one of the major pigments in higher plants, together with chlorophylls and carotenoids. Though ca. 8,000 kinds of flavonoids have been reported in nature, anthocyanins, chalcones, aurones and some flavonols act as major flower pigments. Flavonoids are present as major components in many flowers. On the other hand, flavones and flavonols, which are colorless or extremely pale yellow, function as copigment substances. Moreover, expression of the flower colors is diversified by inter-molecular and intra-molecular copigmentation, metal chelation, pH change and so on. In this review, I describe the distribution of the flavonoids which act as the pigments, and contribution to flower colors, e.g., yellow, scarlet, red, red-purple, violet, purple, blue and so on, of flavonoids, especially anthocyanins, chalcones, aurones and flavonols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Iwashina
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Amakubo 4-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan
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47
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Tatsuzawa F, Honda T, Saito N. Light Absorption Spectral Patterns of Intact Garden Flowers in Relation to the Flower Colors and Anthocyanin Pigments. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-14-sr(k)2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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48
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Liu YC, Liu YN, Yang FS, Wang XQ. Molecular phylogeny of Asian Meconopsis based on nuclear ribosomal and chloroplast DNA sequence data. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104823. [PMID: 25118100 PMCID: PMC4130606 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The taxonomy and phylogeny of Asian Meconopsis (Himalayan blue poppy) remain largely unresolved. We used the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) trnL-F region for phylogenetic reconstruction of Meconopsis and its close relatives Papaver, Roemeria, and Stylomecon. We identified five main clades, which were well-supported in the gene trees reconstructed with the nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnL-F sequences. We found that 41 species of Asian Meconopsis did not constitute a monophyletic clade, but formed two solid clades (I and V) separated in the phylogenetic tree by three clades (II, III and IV) of Papaver and its allies. Clade V includes only four Asian Meconopsis species, with the remaining 90 percent of Asian species included in clade I. In this core Asian Meconopsis clade, five subclades (Ia-Ie) were recognized in the nrDNA ITS tree. Three species (Meconopsis discigera, M. pinnatifolia, and M. torquata) of subgenus Discogyne were imbedded in subclade Ia, indicating that the present definition of subgenera in Meconopsis should be rejected. These subclades are inconsistent with any series or sections of the present classifications, suggesting that classifications of the genus should be completely revised. Finally, proposals for further revision of the genus Meconopsis were put forward based on molecular, morphological, and biogeographical evidences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Khaodee W, Aeungmaitrepirom W, Tuntulani T. Effectively simultaneous naked-eye detection of Cu(II), Pb(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) using cyanidin extracted from red cabbage as chelating agent. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 126:98-104. [PMID: 24594882 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) using cyanidin as a chelating agent was investigated in terms of both quantitative and qualitative detections. Cyanidin was extracted and purified from red cabbage which is a local plant in Thailand. The selectivity of this method was examined by regulating the pH of cyanidin solution operated together with masking agents. It was found that Cu(II), Pb(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) simultaneously responded with the color change at pH 7, pH 6, pH 5 and pH 4, respectively. KF, DMG and the mixture of KF and DMG were used as masking agents for the determination of Fe(III), Al(III) and Pb(II), respectively. Results from naked-eye detection were evaluated by comparing with those of inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and there was no significant difference noticed. Cyanidin using as a multianalyte reagent could be employed for simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Pb(II), Al(III) and Fe(III) at the lowest concentration at 50, 80, 50 and 200μM, respectively, by slightly varying pHs. Moreover, the proposed method could be potentially applied for real water samples with simplicity, rapidity, low cost and environmental safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warangkhana Khaodee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Thawatchai Tuntulani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Purification of Anthocyanins with o-Dihydroxy Arrangement by Sorption in Cationic Resins Charged with Fe(III). J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/367236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a new purification method of anthocyanins with o-dihydroxy arrangement is proposed. This method is based on a ligand-exchange mechanism, using a cationic exchange resin loaded with metallic ions in order to increase the affinity of the resin to the anthocyanin(s) with o-dihydroxy arrangement. This method was used to purify the main anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside; Cy-3-glc) from the anthocyanic methanolic extract of blue corn. The best sorption result was using Fe(III) in its ion form. The purification procedure begins with the formation of a metal-anthocyanin complex (Cy-3-glc-Fe) which was optimal at pH 5, followed by a NaOH 0.1 M elution process in order to eliminate anthocyanins without o-dihydroxy arrangement, sugars, and organic acids. Finally, the pure anthocyanin is obtained by adding HCl 0.1 M which breaks the metal-anthocyanin complex.
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