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Wang Y, Zhao Y, Dong B, Wang D, Hao J, Jia X, Zhao Y, Nian Y, Zhou H. The Aqueous Extract of Brassica oleracea L. Exerts Phytotoxicity by Modulating H 2O 2 and O 2- Levels, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Phytohormone Levels. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3086. [PMID: 37687333 PMCID: PMC10490512 DOI: 10.3390/plants12173086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic interactions between plants serve as powerful tools for weed control. Despite the increasing understanding of the allelopathic mechanisms between different plant species, the inhibitory effects of B. oleracea on weed growth remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted experiments to demonstrate that B. oleracea extract can suppress the germination of Panicum miliaceum L.varruderale Kit. seeds as well as of the roots, shoots and hypocotyl elongation of P. miliaceum seedlings. Furthermore, we observed that B. oleracea extract reduced the levels of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion in the roots while increasing the activities of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. In the shoots, B. oleracea extract enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Moreover, the use of the extract led to an increase in the content of phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-acetaldehyde, methyl indole-3-acetate, N6-isoPentenyladenosine, dihydrozeatin-7-glucoside, abscisic acid and abscisic acid glucose ester) in P. miliaceum seedlings. Interestingly, the aqueous extract contained auxins and their analogs, which inhibited the germination and growth of P. miliaceum. This may contribute to the mechanism of the B. oleracea-extract-induced suppression of P. miliaceum growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yuanzheng Zhao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot 010031, China
| | - Baozhu Dong
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Jianxiu Hao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Xinyu Jia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yin Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hongyou Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010020, China; (Y.W.)
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Yedra VÁ, Otero P, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J, Reigosa MJ, Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Hussain MI. Testing the role of allelochemicals in different wheat cultivars to sustainably manage weeds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2625-2638. [PMID: 36890109 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selecting wheat varieties with allelopathic potential or high competitiveness against weeds is a sustainable solution for organic farming to eliminate the use of synthetic herbicides. Wheat is one of the most economically important crops. This study focuses on screening the allelopathic or competitive potential of four wheat cultivars, Maurizio, NS 40S, Adesso and Element, on two weeds of interest due to acquired herbicide resistance, Portulaca oleracea and Lolium rigidum, through germination and growth bioassays and the identification and quantification of benzoxazinoids (BXZs) and polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids). RESULTS The different cultivars showed different abilities to manage surrounding weeds and different capacity to exude or accumulate specialized metabolites in the presence of those weeds. Furthermore, each cultivar behaved differently depending on the weed present in the medium. The most efficient cultivar to control the tested monocot and dicot weeds was Maurizio, as it effectively controlled germination and growth of L. rigidum and P. oleracea while exuding large amounts of benzoxazinones through the roots, especially the hydroxamic acids 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one and dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxaxin-3(4H)-one. By contrast, NS 40S, Adesso and Element showed the potential to control the growth of just one of the two weeds through allelopathy or competition. CONCLUSION This study reveals that Maurizio is the most promising wheat cultivar for sustainable weed control, and that the screening of crop varieties with allelopathic potential, which results in the displacement of synthetic herbicides, is an immediate solution in ecological and sustainable agriculture. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieites-Álvarez Yedra
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Vigo, Spain
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuel J Reigosa
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Vigo, Spain
| | - Adela M Sánchez-Moreiras
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Vigo, Spain
| | - M Iftikhar Hussain
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Vigo, Spain
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Smailagić D, Banjac N, Ninković S, Savić J, Ćosić T, Pěnčík A, Ćalić D, Bogdanović M, Trajković M, Stanišić M. New Insights Into the Activity of Apple Dihydrochalcone Phloretin: Disturbance of Auxin Homeostasis as Physiological Basis of Phloretin Phytotoxic Action. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:875528. [PMID: 35873993 PMCID: PMC9302884 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.875528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple species are the unique naturally rich source of dihydrochalcones, phenolic compounds with an elusive role in planta, but suggested auto-allelochemical features related to "apple replant disease" (ARD). Our aim was to elucidate the physiological basis of the phytotoxic action of dihydrochalcone phloretin in the model plant Arabidopsis and to promote phloretin as a new prospective eco-friendly phytotoxic compound. Phloretin treatment induced a significant dose-dependent growth retardation and severe morphological abnormalities and agravitropic behavior in Arabidopsis seedlings. Histological examination revealed a reduced starch content in the columella cells and a serious disturbance in root architecture, which resulted in the reduction in length of meristematic and elongation zones. Significantly disturbed auxin metabolome profile in roots with a particularly increased content of IAA accumulated in the lateral parts of the root apex, accompanied by changes in the expression of auxin biosynthetic and transport genes, especially PIN1, PIN3, PIN7, and ABCB1, indicates the role of auxin in physiological basis of phloretin-induced growth retardation. The results reveal a disturbance of auxin homeostasis as the main mechanism of phytotoxic action of phloretin. This mechanism makes phloretin a prospective candidate for an eco-friendly bioherbicide and paves the way for further research of phloretin role in ARD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Smailagić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Banjac
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Savić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dušica Ćalić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Bogdanović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Trajković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mariana Stanišić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković” – National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Hussain MI, Vieites-Álvarez Y, Otero P, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J, Reigosa MJ, Sánchez-Moreiras AM. Weed pressure determines the chemical profile of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its allelochemicals potential. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1605-1619. [PMID: 34994056 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) and annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) are important infesting weeds of field crops. Herbicides are mostly used for weed suppression, while their environmental toxicity and resistance in weeds against them demand considering alternative options, such as the use of allelopathic crops for weed management. Wheat is an important allelopathic crop and present research focused on the identification and quantification of benzoxazinoids (BXZs) and polyphenols (phenolic acids and flavonoids) of the wheat accession 'Ursita' and to screen its allelopathic impact on P. oleracea and Lolium rigidum through equal-compartment-agar (ECA) method. RESULTS Weed germination, radicle length, biomass and photosynthetic pigments were altered following co-growth of weeds with Ursita for 10-day. Root exudates from Ursita reduced (29-60%) the seedling growth and photosynthetic pigments of Lolium rigidum depending on co-culture conditions of planting density. Weed pressure caused significant increase in the production of phenolic acids (vanillic, ferulic, syringic and p-coumaric acids) and root exudation of BXZs, in particular benzoxazolin-2-one (BOA), 2-hydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HMBOA), 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin3-one (HBOA) and 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) in wheat tissues (shoots, roots) and exudate in root rhizosphere agar medium in response to co-cultivation with Lolium rigidum and P. oleracea, depending on weed/crop density. CONCLUSION The work revealed that Ursita is allelopathic in nature and can be used in breeding programs to enhance its allelopathic activity. Meanwhile, there are opportunities to explore allelopathic effect of wheat cultivars to control P. oleracea and Lolium rigidum under field conditions. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iftikhar Hussain
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Yedra Vieites-Álvarez
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Miguel A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo-Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Manuel J Reigosa
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Adela M Sánchez-Moreiras
- Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencias do Solo, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Chen L, Li J, Zhu Y, Zhao T, Guo L, Kang L, Yu J, Du H, Liu D. Weed Suppression and Molecular Mechanisms of Isochlorogenic Acid A Isolated from Artemisia argyi Extract via an Activity-Guided Method. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1494-1506. [PMID: 35089021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is considered an environmentally friendly and resource-conserving approach to weed control because allelochemicals degrade easily and cause less pollution than traditional chemical herbicides. In this study, the allelopathic active constituents of Artemisia argyi were elucidated by activity-guided isolation and ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). First, a crude extract prepared in water was fractionated using macroporous resin D101 to obtain three fractions (Fr.A-C). Combined with the allelopathic activity assay on Setaria viridis and Portulaca oleracea, Fr.C was determined to be the most active fraction. We identified 14 compounds in the active fraction (Fr.C) using UPLC-QTOF-MS, including 13 phenolic compounds. Accordingly, phenolic components have been suggested as the main allelochemicals in A. argyi. Thereafter, Fr.C was further isolated by octadecylsilyl (ODS) chromatography to obtain eight subfractions (Fr.C-1-Fr.C-8). Finally, isochlorogenic acid A (ICGAA) was purified from Fr.C-3 by semipreparative liquid chromatography, which was detected in the growth environment of A. argyi. Furthermore, we evaluated the allelopathic effects of ICGAA on six weeds from different families and genera for the first time. The results showed that ICGAA is a novel allelochemical with broad herbicidal activity. In addition, we analyzed the inhibitory effect and molecular mechanism of ICGAA on the growth of S. viridis seedlings. Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the degradation of membrane structures and organelles after ICGAA treatment. Transcriptome and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis showed that ICGAA inhibited the growth of weeds mainly by inhibiting the diterpenoid biosynthesis pathway (especially gibberellins, GAs). The decrease of gibberellin (GA) contents after ICGAA treatment also confirmed these results. In brief, this study provides new material sources and theoretical support for developing biological herbicides for agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Chen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yunyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Lujuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Liping Kang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jinqian Yu
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongzhi Du
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Dahui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources and Chemistry of Hubei Province, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
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Niharika, Singh NB, Khare S, Singh A, Yadav V, Yadav RK. Kinetin modulates physiological and biochemical attributes of Vigna radiata L. seedlings exposed to 2-benzoxazolinone stress. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ladhari A, Andolfi A, DellaGreca M. Physiological and Oxidative Stress Responses of Lettuce to Cleomside A: A Thiohydroximate, as a New Allelochemical from Cleome arabica L. Molecules 2020; 25:E4461. [PMID: 32998390 PMCID: PMC7582273 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The inclination toward natural products have led the onset for the discovery of new bioactive metabolites that could be targeted for specific therapeutic or agronomic applications. This study aimed to isolate bioactive compounds from Cleome arabica L., and subsequently determine the unexplored mechanism of action of the newly identified compounds on Lactuca sativa L. Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic silique extract of C. arabica afforded seven secondary metabolites belonging to different classes such as flavonoids, triterpene, and a new thiohydroximate derivative, named cleomside A. Among phytotoxic assays, the growth of lettuce was totally inhibited by cleomside A compared to the other identified compounds. This effect was associated with the increased levels of electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde, and hydrogen peroxide indicating disruption of membrane integrity and induction of oxidative stress. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, and APX were also elevated, thereby demonstrating the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species upon identified allelochemical exposure. Thus, the changes caused by cleomside A described herein can contribute to better understanding the allelochemical actions of thiohydroximate and the potential use of these substances in the production of natural herbicides compared to the other identified flavonoids and triterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Ladhari
- Laboratoire GREEN-TEAM (LR17AGR01), Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie (INAT), Universite de Carthage, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.A.); (M.D.)
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.A.); (M.D.)
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Napoli ‘Federico II’, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (A.A.); (M.D.)
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8
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Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms Mediated by Allelochemical Isoliquiritigenin on the Growth of Lettuce Seedlings. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020245. [PMID: 32070007 PMCID: PMC7076364 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isoliquiritigenin, a natural chalcone-type flavonoid, has been recognized as an allelochemical with phytotoxicity to lettuce; however, not enough attention has been paid to the mechanisms of this secondary metabolite. In this work, we investigated the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of isoliquiritigenin on lettuce seedlings. The results show that isoliquiritigenin has a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on radicle elongation of lettuce seedlings, but no significant impact on lettuce germination. Microscopy analyses suggest that the surface morphology of lettuce radicle tips was atrophied and the intracellular tissue structure deformed at high concentrations. Isoliquiritigenin induced the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to loss of cell viability in the radicle cells. In addition, malondialdehyde (a product of lipid peroxidation) and free proline levels were found to have increased, while chlorophyll content in lettuce seedlings decreased. All these changes suggest that the primary allelopathic mechanism of isoliquiritigenin by which it inhibits radicle elongation in lettuce seedlings might be due to the overproduction of ROS, which causes oxidative damage to membrane lipids and cell death.
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Stanišić M, Ćosić T, Savić J, Krstić-Milošević D, Mišić D, Smigocki A, Ninković S, Banjac N. Hairy root culture as a valuable tool for allelopathic studies in apple. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:888-905. [PMID: 30811532 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathic plants exploit their chemical 'weapons' to prevail over the competition, suppress neighboring plants and consequently use the available resources more efficiently. However, the investigation of plant allelopathic interactions in rhizosphere is difficult to perform because of its high complexity due to interactions of biotic and abiotic factors. Thus, autonomous, aseptic root cultures of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) could facilitate allelopathic studies. We report on the successful genetic transformation of apple cultivars Melrose, Golden Delicious, Čadel and Gloster using Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Conn 1942 strain 15834 and for the first time the establishment of apple autonomous and permanent in vitro hairy root cultures that could be used as a new tool for apple allelopathic assays. Molecular characterization of transgenic hairy root lines was conducted to elucidate the possible relationship between expression of T-DNA genes and root growth characteristics that include branching. Similar content of phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, p-coumaric and ferulic), glycosilated flavonoids (rutin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-glucoside) and flavonoid aglycones (quercetin and naringenin), and dihydrochalcone phloridzin, was detected in untransformed and transgenic apple root tissue by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (UHPLC/(+/-)HESI-MS/MS) analyses, confirming that genetic transformation did not disturb secondary metabolite production in apple. Chlorogenic and caffeic acids and dihydrochalcones phloridzin and phloretin were detected as putative allelochemicals exuded into the growth medium in which transgenic roots were maintained for 4 weeks. Apple hairy root exudates significantly affected shoot and root development and growth of test plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. seedlings after 5 or 10 days of treatment. Additionally, core cell-cycle genes CDKA1;1, CDKB2;1, CYCA3;1 and CYCB2;4 were down regulated in Arabidopsis shoots suggesting, in part, their role in inhibition of shoot growth. The present work highlighted an autonomous and permanent in vitro hairy root culture system as a valuable tool for studying allelopathic potential of apple, offering new perspective for allelopathy background elucidation in this important fruit species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Stanišić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Ćosić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Savić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dijana Krstić-Milošević
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Mišić
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ann Smigocki
- USDA-ARS, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Slavica Ninković
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nevena Banjac
- Institute for Biological Research 'Siniša Stanković', University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
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Zhang W, Lu LY, Hu LY, Cao W, Sun K, Sun QB, Siddikee A, Shi RH, Dai CC. Evidence for the Involvement of Auxin, Ethylene and ROS Signaling During Primary Root Inhibition of Arabidopsis by the Allelochemical Benzoic Acid. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:1889-1904. [PMID: 29893960 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is mediated by plant-derived secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) which are released by donor plants and affect the growth and development of receptor plants. The plant root is the first organ which senses soil allelochemicals this results in the production of a shorter primary root. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain elusive. Here, we report that a model allelochemical benzoic acid (BA) inhibited primary root elongation of Arabidopsis seedlings by reducing the sizes of both the meristem and elongation zones, and that auxin signaling affected this process. An increase in auxin level in the root tips was associated with increased expression of auxin biosynthesis genes and auxin polar transporter AUX1 and PIN2 genes under BA stress. Mutant analyses demonstrated that AUX1 and PIN2 rather than PIN1 were required for the inhibition of primary root elongation during BA exposure. Furthermore, BA stimulated ethylene evolution, whereas blocking BA-induced ethylene signaling with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor (Co2+), an ethylene perception antagonist (1-methylcyclopropene) or ethylene signaling mutant lines etr1-3 and ein3eil1 compromised BA-mediated inhibition of root elongation and up-regulation of auxin biosynthesis-related genes together with AUX1 and PIN2, indicating that ethylene signal was involved in auxin-mediated inhibition of primary root elongation during BA stress. Further analysis revealed that the BA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst contributed to BA-mediated root growth inhibition without affecting auxin and ethylene signals. Taken together, our results reveal that the allelochemical BA inhibits root elongation by increasing auxin accumulation via stimulation of auxin biosynthesis and AUX1/PIN2-mediated auxin transport via stimulation of ethylene production and an auxin/ethylene-independent ROS burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Ying Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li-Yan Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi-Biao Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ashaduzzaman Siddikee
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Run-Han Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuan-Chao Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, Jiangsu Engineering and Technology Research Center for Industrialization of Microbial Resources, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Scavo A, Restuccia A, Mauromicale G. Allelopathy: Principles and Basic Aspects for Agroecosystem Control. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 28 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90309-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Dong W, Liu K, Liu J, Shi Z, Xin F, Zhang W, Ma J, Wu H, Wang F, Jiang M. Expression and characterization of the key enzymes involved in 2-benzoxazolinone degradation by Pigmentiphaga sp. DL-8. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 248:153-159. [PMID: 28684178 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the key enzymes involved in 2-benzoxazolinone (BOA) degradation by Pigmentiphaga sp. DL-8 were further verified and characterized in Escherichia coli. By codon optimization and co-expression of molecular chaperones in a combined strategy, recombinant BOA amidohydrolase (rCbaA) and 2-aminophenol (2-AP) 1,2-dioxygenase (rCnbCαCβ) were expressed and purified with the highest activity of 1934.6U·mgprotein-1 and 32.80U·mgprotein-1, respectively. BOA could be hydrolyzed to 2AP by rCbaA, which was further transformed to picolinic acid by rCnbCαCβ based on identified catalytic product. The optimal pH and temperature for rCbaA are 9.0 and 55°C with excellent stability for catalytic environments, and the residual activity was >50% after incubation at temperatures <45°C or at pH between 6.0 and 10.0 for 24h. On the contrary, rCnbCαCβ composed of α-subunit (33kDa) and β-subunit (38kDa) showed poor stability against environmental factors, including temperature, pH, metal ions and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Kuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Zhoukun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, PR China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, PR China.
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13
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Gomes MP, Garcia QS, Barreto LC, Pimenta LPS, Matheus MT, Figueredo CC. Allelopathy: An overview from micro- to macroscopic organisms, from cells to environments, and the perspectives in a climate-changing world. Biologia (Bratisl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2017-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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14
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Pan L, Li X, Jin H, Yang X, Qin B. Antifungal activity of umbelliferone derivatives: Synthesis and structure-activity relationships. Microb Pathog 2017; 104:110-115. [PMID: 28089948 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Umbelliferone was an important allelochemical with a wide spectrum bioactivity. In our previous study, C7 hydroxy in the backbone of umbelliferone was identified to be responsible for its phytotoxicity and the targeted modification of the above site could lead to the phytotoxicity loss. In view of this, a series of hydroxycoumarins and C7 O-substituted umbelliferone derivatives were efficiently synthesized to evaluate their antifungal activity against four phytopathogenic fungi. Most of them, as we predicted, exhibited improved fungicidal activity. The phytotoxicity of effective compounds was also assayed by Lactuca sativa to investigate their side effects on plant growth. Compounds 9 and 17 were identified to show strong antifungal activity with low phytotoxicity. A brief investigation on structure-activity relationships revealed that the modification at the C7 hydroxy of umbelliferone could be a promising way to enhance the antifungal activity with decreasing the phytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Pan
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China; Chemical Engineering College, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuzhuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry of Northwestern Plant Resources of CAS and Key Laboratory for Natural Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Cheng F, Cheng Z, Meng H, Tang X. The Garlic Allelochemical Diallyl Disulfide Affects Tomato Root Growth by Influencing Cell Division, Phytohormone Balance and Expansin Gene Expression. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1199. [PMID: 27555862 PMCID: PMC4977361 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS) is a volatile organosulfur compound derived from garlic (Allium sativum L.), and it is known as an allelochemical responsible for the strong allelopathic potential of garlic. The anticancer properties of DADS have been studied in experimental animals and various types of cancer cells, but to date, little is known about its mode of action as an allelochemical at the cytological level. The current research presents further studies on the effects of DADS on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seed germination, root growth, mitotic index, and cell size in root meristem, as well as the phytohormone levels and expression profile of auxin biosynthesis genes (FZYs), auxin transport genes (SlPINs), and expansin genes (EXPs) in tomato root. The results showed a biphasic, dose-dependent effect on tomato seed germination and root growth under different DADS concentrations. Lower concentrations (0.01-0.62 mM) of DADS significantly promoted root growth, whereas higher levels (6.20-20.67 mM) showed inhibitory effects. Cytological observations showed that the cell length of root meristem was increased and that the mitotic activity of meristematic cells in seedling root tips was enhanced at lower concentrations of DADS. In contrast, DADS at higher concentrations inhibited root growth by affecting both the length and division activity of meristematic cells. However, the cell width of the root meristem was not affected. Additionally, DADS increased the IAA and ZR contents of seedling roots in a dose-dependent manner. The influence on IAA content may be mediated by the up-regulation of FZYs and PINs. Further investigation into the underlying mechanism revealed that the expression levels of tomato EXPs were significantly affected by DADS. The expression levels of EXPB2 and beta-expansin precursor were increased after 3 d, and those of EXP1, EXPB3 and EXLB1 were increased after 5 d of DADS treatment (0.41 mM). This result suggests that tomato root growth may be regulated by multiple expansin genes at different developmental stages. Therefore, we conclude that the effects of DADS on the root growth of tomato seedlings are likely caused by changes associated with cell division, phytohormones, and the expression levels of expansin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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16
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Choi HJ, Sowndhararajan K, Cho NG, Hwang KH, Koo SJ, Kim S. Evaluation of Herbicidal Potential of Essential Oils and their Components under In vitro and Greenhouse Experiments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5660/wts.2015.4.4.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Cheng F, Cheng Z. Research Progress on the use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1020. [PMID: 26635845 PMCID: PMC4647110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and have beneficial or detrimental effects on target organisms. Plant allelopathy is one of the modes of interaction between receptor and donor plants and may exert either positive effects (e.g., for agricultural management, such as weed control, crop protection, or crop re-establishment) or negative effects (e.g., autotoxicity, soil sickness, or biological invasion). To ensure sustainable agricultural development, it is important to exploit cultivation systems that take advantage of the stimulatory/inhibitory influence of allelopathic plants to regulate plant growth and development and to avoid allelopathic autotoxicity. Allelochemicals can potentially be used as growth regulators, herbicides, insecticides, and antimicrobial crop protection products. Here, we reviewed the plant allelopathy management practices applied in agriculture and the underlying allelopathic mechanisms described in the literature. The major points addressed are as follows: (1) Description of management practices related to allelopathy and allelochemicals in agriculture. (2) Discussion of the progress regarding the mode of action of allelochemicals and the physiological mechanisms of allelopathy, consisting of the influence on cell micro- and ultra-structure, cell division and elongation, membrane permeability, oxidative and antioxidant systems, growth regulation systems, respiration, enzyme synthesis and metabolism, photosynthesis, mineral ion uptake, protein and nucleic acid synthesis. (3) Evaluation of the effect of ecological mechanisms exerted by allelopathy on microorganisms and the ecological environment. (4) Discussion of existing problems and proposal for future research directions in this field to provide a useful reference for future studies on plant allelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhihui Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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18
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Hussain MI, Reigosa MJ. Characterization of xanthophyll pigments, photosynthetic performance, photon energy dissipation, reactive oxygen species generation and carbon isotope discrimination during artemisinin-induced stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114826. [PMID: 25635811 PMCID: PMC4312038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin, a potent antimalarial drug, is phytotoxic to many crops and weeds. The effects of artemisinin on stress markers, including fluorescence parameters, photosystem II photochemistry, photon energy dissipation, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species generation and carbon isotope discrimination in Arabidopsis thaliana were studied. Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia (Col-0) seedlings were grown in perlite and watered with 50% Hoagland nutrient solution. Adult plants of Arabidopsis were treated with artemisinin at 0, 40, 80, 160 μM for one week. Artemisinin, in the range 40-160 μM, decreased the fresh biomass, chl a, b and leaf mineral contents. Photosynthetic efficiency, yield and electron transport rate in Arabidopsis were also reduced following exposure to 80 and 160 μM artemisinin. The ΦNPQ and NPQ were less than control. Artemisinin treatment caused an increase in root oxidizability and lipid peroxidation (MDA contents) of Arabidopsis. Calcium and nitrogen contents decreased after 80 and 160 μM artemisinin treatment compared to control. δ13C values were less negative following treatment with artemisinin as compared to the control. Artemisinin also decreased leaf protein contents in Arabidopsis. Taken together, these data suggest that artemisinin inhibits many physiological and biochemical processes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310—Vigo, Spain
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, U.A.E
| | - Manuel J. Reigosa
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310—Vigo, Spain
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19
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Parizotto AV, Bubna GA, Marchiosi R, Soares AR, Ferrarese MDLL, Ferrarese-Filho O. Benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one inhibits soybean growth and alters the monomeric composition of lignin. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e989059. [PMID: 25826260 PMCID: PMC4622921 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.989059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the allelochemical benzoxazolin-2-(3H)-one (BOA) were evaluated on growth, lignin content and its monomers p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) in roots, stems and leaves of soybean. BOA decreased the lengths and fresh weights of roots and stems, and the fresh weights and areas of leaves. Reductions in the growth were accompanied by enhanced lignin content in all tissues. In roots, the allelochemical increased the content of H, G and S monomers as well as the overall amount of lignin (referred to as the sum of H+G+S), but did not alter the S/G ratio. In stems and leaves, BOA increased the H, G, S and H+G+S contents while decreasing the S/G ratio. In brief, BOA-induced inhibition of soybean may be due to excessive production of monomers that increase the degree of polymerization of lignin, limit cell expansion, solidify the cell wall and restrict plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisele Adriana Bubna
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ricardo Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, Brazil
| | | | - Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, Brazil
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20
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Hu Y, Li J, Yang L, Nan W, Cao X, Bi Y. Inhibition of root growth by narciclasine is caused by DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest in lettuce seedlings. PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:1113-24. [PMID: 24482192 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Narciclasine (NCS) is an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid isolated from Narcissus tazetta bulbs. Its phytotoxic effects on plant growth were examined in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. Results showed that high concentrations (0.5-5 μM) of NCS restricted the growth of lettuce roots in a dose-dependent manner. In NCS-treated lettuce seedlings, the following changes were detected: reduction of mitotic cells and cell elongation in the mature region, inhibition of proliferation of meristematic cells, and cell cycle. Moreover, comet assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay indicated that higher levels NCS (0.5-5 μM) induced DNA damage in root cells of lettuce. The decrease in meristematic cells and increase in DNA damage signals in lettuce roots in responses to NCS are in a dose-dependent manner. NCS-induced reactive oxygen species accumulation may explain an increase in DNA damage in lettuce roots. Thus, the restraint of root growth is due to cell cycle arrest which is caused by NCS-induced DNA damage. In addition, it was also found that NCS (0.5-5 μM) inhibited the root hair development of lettuce seedlings. Further investigations on the underlying mechanism revealed that both auxin and ethylene signaling pathways are involved in the response of root hairs to NCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
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21
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Soltys D, Rudzińska-Langwald A, Kurek W, Szajko K, Sliwinska E, Bogatek R, Gniazdowska A. Phytotoxic cyanamide affects maize (Zea mays) root growth and root tip function: from structure to gene expression. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:565-75. [PMID: 24709147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanamide (CA) is a phytotoxic compound produced by four Fabaceae species: hairy vetch, bird vetch, purple vetch and black locust. Its toxicity is due to complex activity that involves the modification of both cellular structures and physiological processes. To date, CA has been investigated mainly in dicot plants. The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of CA in the restriction of the root growth of maize (Zea mays), representing the monocot species. CA (3mM) reduced the number of border cells in the root tips of maize seedlings and degraded their protoplasts. However, CA did not induce any significant changes in the organelle structure of other root cells, apart from increased vacuolization. CA toxicity was also demonstrated by its effect on cell cycle activity, endoreduplication intensity, and modifications of cyclins CycA2, CycD2, and histone HisH3 gene expression. In contrast, the arrangement of microtubules was not altered by CA. Treatment of maize seedlings with CA did not completely arrest mitotic activity, although the frequency of dividing cells was reduced. Furthermore, prolonged CA treatment increased the proportion of endopolyploid cells in the root tip. Cytological malformations were accompanied by an induction of oxidative stress in root cells, which manifested as enhanced accumulation of H2O2. Exposure of maize seedlings to CA resulted in an increased concentration of auxin and stimulated ethylene emission. Taken together, these findings suggested that the inhibition of root growth by CA may be a consequence of stress-induced morphogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Soltys
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland.
| | - Anna Rudzińska-Langwald
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kurek
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szajko
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute, Młochów Research Center, Platanowa 19, 05-831 Młochów, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Kaliskiego 7, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Bogatek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gniazdowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Araniti F, Graña E, Reigosa MJ, Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Abenavoli MR. Individual and joint activity of terpenoids, isolated from Calamintha nepeta extract, on Arabidopsis thaliana. Nat Prod Res 2013; 27:2297-303. [PMID: 23972283 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.827193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Four terpenoids, camphor, pulegone, trans-caryophyllene and farnesene, previously found in Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi methanolic extract and essential oils were assayed on germination and root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. None of the terpenes, singularly or in combination, was able to inhibit the germination process. Farnesene and trans-caryophyllene caused a strong inhibitory effect on root growth, and pulegone, at the highest concentrations, reduced lateral root formation. Although the mixture of camphor-trans-caryophyllene with or without farnesene did not cause any effect on root growth, the addition of pulegone induced a marked synergistic activity. Moreover, the addition, at low concentration, of farnesene to pulegone-camphor-trans-caryophyllene mixture further increased the inhibitory effect on root elongation. These results suggested that the inhibitory effects caused by C. nepeta methanolic extract may depend on the combined action of different molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Araniti
- a Dipartimento di Agraria , Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria - Salita Melissari , I-89124 , Reggio Calabria RC Italy
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23
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Soltys D, Rudzińska-Langwald A, Gniazdowska A, Wiśniewska A, Bogatek R. Inhibition of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) root growth by cyanamide is due to altered cell division, phytohormone balance and expansin gene expression. PLANTA 2012; 236:1629-38. [PMID: 22847024 PMCID: PMC3481057 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanamide (CA) has been reported as a natural compound produced by hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) and it was shown also to be an allelochemical, responsible for strong allelopathic potential in this species. CA phytotoxicity has been demonstrated on various plant species, but to date little is known about its mode of action at cellular level. Treatment of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots with CA (1.2 mM) resulted in inhibition of growth accompanied by alterations in cell division, and imbalance of plant hormone (ethylene and auxin) homeostasis. Moreover, the phytotoxic effect of CA was also manifested by modifications in expansin gene expression, especially in expansins responsible for cell wall remodeling after the cytokinesis (LeEXPA9, LeEXPA18). Based on these results the phytotoxic activity of CA on growth of roots of tomato seedlings is likely due to alterations associated with cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Soltys
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Andrade-Vieira LF, de Campos JMS, Davide LC. Effects of Spent Pot Liner on mitotic activity and nuclear DNA content in meristematic cells of Allium cepa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 107:140-146. [PMID: 22634111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Industrial waste usually contains complex mixtures of mutagenic chemicals. Spent Pot Liner (SPL) is a complex solid waste from the aluminum industry, which is composed of organics, fluoride salts, inorganic cyanides, metals, and sodium. Due to the toxicity of these compounds, this study sought to use cytogenetics and flow cytometry to assess the effects of SPL on cell cycle parameters and DNA content in meristematic cells of Allium cepa. Three concentrations of leachates from SPL-soil mixtures were used for the study: 0, 10, and 25%. Roots were collected and analyzed after 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 h of exposure to the above SPL leachates. The results showed an overall mitodepressive effect accompanied by an increased percentage of condensed nuclei and genomic instability as evidenced by the presence of cellular/chromosomal abnormalities. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling revealed nuclei with fragmented DNA, a marker of programmed cell death. This study also addressed the question of reversibility of the effects of SPL and found that 36 h of exposure to 25% SPL seemed to be the point at which the effects on the induction of apoptosis became irreversible.
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Silva MP, Piazza LA, López D, López Rivilli MJ, Turco MD, Cantero JJ, Tourn MG, Scopel AL. Phytotoxic activity in Flourensia campestris and isolation of (--)-hamanasic acid A as its active principle compound. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 77:140-8. [PMID: 22245633 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An aqueous extract from Flourensia campestris (Asteraceae) dry aerial parts showed strong inhibition on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa. Based on bio-guided chromatographic fractionation of aq. extracts from dry and fresh leaves and spectroscopic means, (-)-hamanasic acid A (7-carboxy-8-hydroxy-1(2), 12(13)-dien-bisabolene (1)) was isolated as the most inhibitory active principle on germination (ECg(50)=2.9 mM) and on root (ECr(50)=1.5 mM)/shoot (ECs(50)=2.0 mM) growth. As measured by GC, and correlated with a simple designed 2D-TLC, compound 1 was distributed throughout the plant, with a remarkably high concentration (1.6%) in the leaves and the inflorescences. At least a quarter of the amount of 1 was found in aqueous extracts suggesting that leaching would be a key route for its release into the environment. By contrast, leaf essential oils (HD) between 0.5 and 1.5 μl ml(-1) did not show herbicidal effects and 1 was not found in them (TLC) nor among volatiles (HS-SPME). Volatile compositions were assessed by GC-FID and GC-MS and led to the identification of 23 compounds (4 monoterpenes and 19 sesquiterpenes) with a wide seasonal (spring-summer%) variation, represented principally by bicyclo-germacrene (37-6%), spathulenol (4-32%), globulol (20-0%), beta-caryophyllene (15-6%), caryophyllene oxide (1-13%) and bicycloelemene (10-1%), respectively. The high amount of 1 in F. campestris together with its feasibility of being extracted with water suggest that (-)-hamanasic acid A is an allelochemical in this species. Species-specific studies must be carried out to evaluate the potential of 1 as a natural herbicidal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Silva
- Estación de Biología Sierras, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Casilda S/N, Huerta Grande 5174, Córdoba, Argentina
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Soltys D, Rudzińska-Langwald A, Kurek W, Gniazdowska A, Sliwinska E, Bogatek R. Cyanamide mode of action during inhibition of onion (Allium cepa L.) root growth involves disturbances in cell division and cytoskeleton formation. PLANTA 2011; 234:609-21. [PMID: 21573814 PMCID: PMC3162148 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanamide is an allelochemical produced by hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.). Its phyotoxic effect on plant growth was examined on roots of onion (Allium cepa L.) bulbs. Water solution of cyanamide (2-10 mM) restricted growth of onion roots in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of onion roots with cyanamide resulted in a decrease in root growth rate accompanied by a decrease in accumulation of fresh and dry weight. The inhibitory effect of cyanamide was reversed by its removal from the environment, but full recovery was observed only for tissue treated with this chemical at low concentration (2-6 mM). Cytological observations of root tip cells suggest that disturbances in cell division may explain the strong cyanamide allelopathic activity. Moreover, in cyanamide-treated onion the following changes were detected: reduction of mitotic cells, inhibition of proliferation of meristematic cells and cell cycle, and modifications of cytoskeleton arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Soltys
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Rudzińska-Langwald
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kurek
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gniazdowska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elwira Sliwinska
- Department of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Kaliskiego 7, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Bogatek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Hussain MI, González L, Chiapusio G, Reigosa MJ. Benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA) induced changes in leaf water relations, photosynthesis and carbon isotope discrimination in Lactuca sativa. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:825-34. [PMID: 21665486 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effects are reported here of Benzoxazolin-2(3H)-one (BOA), an allelopathic compound, on plant water relations, growth, components of chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbon isotope discrimination in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lettuce seedlings were grown in 1:1 Hoagland solution in perlite culture medium in environmentally controlled glasshouse. After 30 days, BOA was applied at concentration of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM and distilled water (control). BOA, in the range (0.1-1.5 mM), decreased the shoot length, root length, leaf and root fresh weight. Within this concentration range, BOA significantly reduced relative water content while leaf osmotic potential remained unaltered. Stress response of lettuce was evaluated on the basis of six days of treatment with 1.5 mM BOA by analyzing several chlorophyll fluorescence parameters determined under dark-adapted and steady state conditions. There was no change in initial fluorescence (F₀) in response to BOA treatment while maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (F(m)) was significantly reduced. BOA treatment significantly reduced variable fluorescence (F(v)) on first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth day. Quantum efficiency of open PSII reaction centers (F(v)/F(m)) in the dark-adapted state was significantly reduced in response to BOA treatment. Quantum yield of photosystem II (ΦPSII) electron transport was significantly reduced because of decrease in the efficiency of excitation energy trapping of PSII reaction centers. Maximum fluorescence in light-adapted leaves (F'(m)) was significantly decreased but there was no change in initial fluorescence in light-adapted state (F'₀) in response to 1.5 mM BOA treatment. BOA application significantly reduced photochemical fluorescence quenching (qP) indicating that the balance between excitation rate and electron transfer rate has changed leading to a more reduced state of PSII reaction centers. Non photochemical quenching (NPQ) was also significantly reduced by BOA treatment on third, fourth and fifth day. BOA had dominant effect on C isotope ratios (δ¹³C) that was significantly less negative (-26.93) at 1.0 mM concentration as compared to control (-27.61). Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) values were significantly less (19.45) as compared to control (20.17) at 1.0 mM. BOA also affect ratio of intercellular to air CO₂ concentration (ci/ca) that was significantly less (0.66) as compared to control (0.69) when treated with 1.0 mM BOA. Protein content of lettuce leaf tissue decreased under BOA treatment at 1.5 mM concentration as compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iftikhar Hussain
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology, Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310-Vigo, Spain.
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Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Martínez-Peñalver A, Reigosa MJ. Early senescence induced by 2-3H-benzoxazolinone (BOA) in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:863-70. [PMID: 21237530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence, nutrient and trace elements, total protein content and malonyldialdehyde in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana between 1 and 192 h after treatment with 0, 1 or 3 mM 2-3H-benzoxazolinone (BOA), together with imaging of chlorophyll a fluorescence and of the distributions of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion, suggested that the primary phytotoxic action of BOA is the induction of premature senescence, and that oxidative stress is a secondary effect that sets in a day or two later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela M Sánchez-Moreiras
- Dept. of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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Sánchez-Moreiras AM, Oliveros-Bastidas A, Reigosa MJ. Reduced photosynthetic activity is directly correlated with 2-(3H)-benzoxazolinone accumulation in lettuce leaves. J Chem Ecol 2010; 36:205-9. [PMID: 20143137 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-010-9750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
2-(3H)-benzoxazolinone (BOA) is a secondary plant metabolite previously found to inhibit plant growth and development. The phytotoxic activity of BOA has been extensively demonstrated over the last years. However, the relation of BOA phytotoxicity with BOA accumulation in plant leaves has not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, BOA phytotoxicity on photosynthesis (PhiPSII and Pn) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Great Lakes) was studied, and these results were correlated with BOA quantities in the leaves. BOA-treated plants showed reduced photosynthesis rate 6 h after the beginning of the treatment, and the efficiency of photosystem II started to be affected 10 h after treatment. These results were correlated with an increasing concentration of BOA in leaves that starts 6 h after treatment and shows a maximum at 96 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela M Sánchez-Moreiras
- Facultade de Bioloxía, Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia do Solo, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas, Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain.
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Effects of phenylcarboxylic acids on mitosis, endoreduplication and expression of cell cycle-related genes in roots of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:679-88. [PMID: 19459009 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9642-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Revised: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 05/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Several benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives were identified from cucumber root exudates. The effects of these phenylcarboxylic acids on root growth and cell cycle progression were examined in germinated seeds of cucumber. All 12 phenylcarboxylic acids (0.25 mM) tested significantly inhibited cucumber radicle growth, and cinnamic acid exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. At 6 h after exposure to the acids, transcript levels of the cell cycle-related genes, including two cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and four cyclins were reduced. Among them, transcript of CycB, a marker gene for mitosis showed a remarkable reduction. The temporal analysis showed that expression of mitotic genes (CDKB, CycA, and CycB) were reduced throughout the experiment, while the reduction of the other genes (CDKA, CycD3;1, and CycD3;2) were observed only at earlier time points. At 48 h after treatment with benzoic and cinnamic acids, an enhancement of endoreduplication was observed. Further time course analysis indicated that endoreduplication started as early as 6 h after exposure to cinnamic acid. These results provide evidence that exposure to benzoic and cinnamic acids can induce rapid and dramatic down-regulation of cell cycle-related genes, thus leading to root growth inhibition. Meanwhile, the block of mitosis caused by phenylcarboxylic acids also induced an increased level of endoreduplication.
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Chobot V, Hadacek F. Milieu-Dependent Pro- and Antioxidant Activity of Juglone May Explain Linear and Nonlinear Effects on Seedling Development. J Chem Ecol 2009; 35:383-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-009-9609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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