1
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Immelmann R, Gawenda N, Ramírez V, Pauly M. Identification of a xyloglucan beta-xylopyranosyltransferase from Vaccinium corymbosum. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e514. [PMID: 37502316 PMCID: PMC10368651 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain the hemicellulose xyloglucan, whose fine structure may vary depending on cell type, tissue, and/or plant species. Most but not all of the glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan sidechains have been identified. Here, we report the identification of several functional glycosyltransferases from blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum bluecrop). Among those transferases is a hitherto elusive Xyloglucan:Beta-xylosylTransferase (XBT). Heterologous expression of VcXBT in the Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant mur3 xlt2, where xyloglucan consists only of an unsubstituted xylosylated glucan core structure, results in the production of the xylopyranose-containing "U" sidechain as characterized by mass spectrometry, glycosidic linkage, and NMR analysis. The introduction of the additional xylopyranosyl residue rescues the dwarfed phenotype of the untransformed Arabidopsis mur3 xlt2 mutant to wild-type height. Structural protein analysis using Alphafold of this and other related xyloglucan glycosyltransferase family 47 proteins not only identifies potential domains that might influence the regioselectivity of these enzymes but also gives hints to specific amino acids that might determine the donor-substrate specificity of these glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Immelmann
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Niklas Gawenda
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Vicente Ramírez
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology‐Cluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany
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2
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Mueller KK, Pfeifer L, Schuldt L, Szövényi P, de Vries S, de Vries J, Johnson KL, Classen B. Fern cell walls and the evolution of arabinogalactan proteins in streptophytes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:875-894. [PMID: 36891885 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Significant changes have occurred in plant cell wall composition during evolution and diversification of tracheophytes. As the sister lineage to seed plants, knowledge on the cell wall of ferns is key to track evolutionary changes across tracheophytes and to understand seed plant-specific evolutionary innovations. Fern cell wall composition is not fully understood, including limited knowledge of glycoproteins such as the fern arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Here, we characterize the AGPs from the leptosporangiate fern genera Azolla, Salvinia, and Ceratopteris. The carbohydrate moiety of seed plant AGPs consists of a galactan backbone including mainly 1,3- and 1,3,6-linked pyranosidic galactose, which is conserved across the investigated fern AGPs. Yet, unlike AGPs of angiosperms, those of ferns contained the unusual sugar 3-O-methylrhamnose. Besides terminal furanosidic arabinose, Ara (Araf), the main linkage type of Araf in the ferns was 1,2-linked Araf, whereas in seed plants 1,5-linked Araf is often dominating. Antibodies directed against carbohydrate epitopes of AGPs supported the structural differences between AGPs of ferns and seed plants. Comparison of AGP linkage types across the streptophyte lineage showed that angiosperms have rather conserved monosaccharide linkage types; by contrast bryophytes, ferns, and gymnosperms showed more variability. Phylogenetic analyses of glycosyltransferases involved in AGP biosynthesis and bioinformatic search for AGP protein backbones revealed a versatile genetic toolkit for AGP complexity in ferns. Our data reveal important differences across AGP diversity of which the functional significance is unknown. This diversity sheds light on the evolution of the hallmark feature of tracheophytes: their elaborate cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim-Kristine Mueller
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lukas Pfeifer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Lina Schuldt
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstr. 107, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center (PSC), ETH Zürich, Tannenstrasse 1, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Applied Bioinformatics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Goldschmidtsr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goldschmidstr. 1, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, La Trobe University, AgriBio Building, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Birgit Classen
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstr. 76, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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3
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Guo R, Sun X, Kou Y, Song H, Li X, Song L, Zhao T, Zhang H, Li D, Liu Y, Song Z, Wu J, Wu Y. Hydrophobic aggregation via partial Gal removal affects solution characteristics and fine structure of tamarind kernel polysaccharides. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
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4
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Hsiung SY, Li J, Imre B, Kao MR, Liao HC, Wang D, Chen CH, Liang PH, Harris PJ, Hsieh YSY. Structures of the xyloglucans in the monocotyledon family Araceae (aroids). PLANTA 2023; 257:39. [PMID: 36650257 PMCID: PMC9845173 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04071-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The xyloglucans of all aquatic Araceae species examined had unusual structures compared with those of other non-commelinid monocotyledon families previously examined. The aquatic Araceae species Lemna minor was earlier shown to have xyloglucans with a different structure from the fucogalactoxyloglucans of other non-commelinid monocotyledons. We investigated 26 Araceae species (including L. minor), from five of the seven subfamilies. All seven aquatic species examined had xyloglucans that were unusual in having one or two of three features: < 77% XXXG core motif [L. minor (Lemnoideae) and Orontium aquaticum (Orontioideae)]; no fucosylation [L. minor (Lemnoideae), Cryptocoryne aponogetonifolia, and Lagenandra ovata (Aroideae, Rheophytes clade)]; and > 14% oligosaccharide units with S or D side chains [Spirodela polyrhiza and Landoltia punctata (Lemnoideae) and Pistia stratiotes (Aroideae, Dracunculus clade)]. Orontioideae and Lemnoideae are the two most basal subfamilies, with all species being aquatic, and Aroideae is the most derived. Two terrestrial species [Dieffenbachia seguine and Spathicarpa hastifolia (Aroideae, Zantedeschia clade)] also had xyloglucans without fucose indicating this feature was not unique to aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yi Hsiung
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Life Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Balazs Imre
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chun Liao
- Division of Botany, Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, 552, Taiwan
| | - Damao Wang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chih-Hui Chen
- Division of Botany, Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, 552, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Wang D, Kao MR, Li J, Sun P, Meng Q, Vyas A, Liang PH, Wang YS, Hsieh YSY. Novel Two-Step Process in Cellulose Depolymerization: Hematite-Mediated Photocatalysis by Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase and Fenton Reaction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9941-9947. [PMID: 35921143 PMCID: PMC9389612 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
To transform cellulose from biomass into fermentable sugars for biofuel production requires efficient enzymatic degradation of cellulosic feedstocks. The recently discovered family of oxidative enzymes, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), has a high potential for industrial biorefinery, but its energy efficiency and scalability still have room for improvement. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) can act as a photocatalyst by providing electrons to LPMO-catalyzed reactions, is low cost, and is found abundantly on the Earth's surface. Here, we designed a composite enzymatic photocatalysis-Fenton reaction system based on nano-α-Fe2O3. The feasibility of using α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles as a composite catalyst to facilitate LPMO-catalyzed cellulose oxidative degradation in water was tested. Furthermore, a light-induced Fenton reaction was integrated to increase the liquefaction yield of cellulose. The innovative approach finalized the cellulose degradation process with a total liquefaction yield of 93%. Nevertheless, the complex chemical reactions and products involved in this system require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damao Wang
- College
of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taiwan
Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taiwan
Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jing Li
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- College
of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 220234, PR China
| | - Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Qijun Meng
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering
Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm SE1004, Sweden
| | - Anisha Vyas
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Pi-Hui Liang
- College
of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yane-Shih Wang
- Institute
of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- Division
of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences
in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE10691, Sweden
- School
of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taiwan
Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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6
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Mariette A, Kang HS, Heazlewood JL, Persson S, Ebert B, Lampugnani ER. Not Just a Simple Sugar: Arabinose Metabolism and Function in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1791-1812. [PMID: 34129041 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth, development, structure as well as dynamic adaptations and remodeling processes in plants are largely controlled by properties of their cell walls. These intricate wall structures are mostly made up of different sugars connected through specific glycosidic linkages but also contain many glycosylated proteins. A key plant sugar that is present throughout the plantae, even before the divergence of the land plant lineage, but is not found in animals, is l-arabinose (l-Ara). Here, we summarize and discuss the processes and proteins involved in l-Ara de novo synthesis, l-Ara interconversion, and the assembly and recycling of l-Ara-containing cell wall polymers and proteins. We also discuss the biological function of l-Ara in a context-focused manner, mainly addressing cell wall-related functions that are conferred by the basic physical properties of arabinose-containing polymers/compounds. In this article we explore these processes with the goal of directing future research efforts to the many exciting yet unanswered questions in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Mariette
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Hee Sung Kang
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Center (CPSC), University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Berit Ebert
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
| | - Edwin R Lampugnani
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3170, Australia
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7
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Steck J, Kaufhold L, Bunzel M. Structural Profiling of Xyloglucans from Food Plants by High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography with Parallel Pulsed Amperometric and Mass Spectrometric Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:8838-8849. [PMID: 34339210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucans are the dominant hemicelluloses in the primary cell wall of dicotyledonous plants, fulfilling numerous functions. However, routine methods of cell wall analytical chemistry such as methylation analysis are time-consuming and often not adequate to capture the structural diversity of xyloglucans. Here, a xyloglucan profiling method based on the enzymatic release of xyloglucan oligosaccharides by a xyloglucan-specific endo-β-(1→4)-glucanase and subsequent analysis of these oligosaccharides by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) with parallel pulsed amperometric and mass spectrometric detection was developed. For this purpose, a set of 23 authentic xyloglucan oligosaccharides was generated, structurally characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy, and established as analytical standard compounds. Coupling of HPAEC with parallel electrochemical and MS detection was demonstrated to be an excellent tool to analyze xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. The applicability of the method was demonstrated by characterizing the xyloglucan architecture from a set of nine economically relevant food plants from the botanical orders Caryophyllales (rhubarb, buckwheat, amaranth, and quinoa), Cucurbitales (Hokkaido squash), Laurales (avocado), Myrtales (pomegranate), and Sapindales (mango and orange) for the first time. In future studies, this method can ideally be used to monitor structural alterations of xyloglucans as a result of genetic engineering, plant/tissue maturation, and processing of plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Steck
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Larissa Kaufhold
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
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8
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Cai D, Bian Y, Wu S, Ding K. Conformation-Controlled Hydrogen-Bond-Mediated Aglycone Delivery Method for α-Xylosylation. J Org Chem 2021; 86:9945-9960. [PMID: 34292734 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Xylosylated glycans and xylosyl derivatives are biomedically important molecules which show numerous bioactivities against infection, cancer, inflammation, and so on. Lacking an efficient α-xylosylation method, the synthesis of α-xyloside-containing molecules was full of challenges. Herein, a robust method is presented for selective α-xylosylation via combination of a rare conformation-controlled strategy and the hydrogen-bond-mediated aglycone delivery method. Various native branched α-xyloside structures necessitate an orthogonally protected xyloside, and a three-pot preparation method of the xylosyl donor was developed for this novel α-xylosylation method, which was further applied in the first synthesis of the side chain N of xyloglucan. This work provides an efficient α-xylosylation method which would make various α-xyloside structures achievable. The conformation-controlled strategy also has important reference to the chemistry of five-carbon pyranose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqin Cai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ya Bian
- Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,Interdisciplinary Science Research Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shengjie Wu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kan Ding
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Glycochemistry and Glycobiology Lab, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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9
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Ancient origin of fucosylated xyloglucan in charophycean green algae. Commun Biol 2021; 4:754. [PMID: 34140625 PMCID: PMC8211770 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02277-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The charophycean green algae (CGA or basal streptophytes) are of particular evolutionary significance because their ancestors gave rise to land plants. One outstanding feature of these algae is that their cell walls exhibit remarkable similarities to those of land plants. Xyloglucan (XyG) is a major structural component of the cell walls of most land plants and was originally thought to be absent in CGA. This study presents evidence that XyG evolved in the CGA. This is based on a) the identification of orthologs of the genetic machinery to produce XyG, b) the identification of XyG in a range of CGA and, c) the structural elucidation of XyG, including uronic acid-containing XyG, in selected CGA. Most notably, XyG fucosylation, a feature considered as a late evolutionary elaboration of the basic XyG structure and orthologs to the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes are shown to be present in Mesotaenium caldariorum.
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10
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Chavan RR, Singh AP, Azizan A, Harris PJ. Heteromannans are the predominant hemicelluloses in the gametophytic stem of the umbrella moss Hypnodendron menziesii and occur in the walls of all cell types. PLANTA 2021; 254:2. [PMID: 34085144 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heteromannans are the predominant hemicelluloses in the gametophytic stem of the moss Hypnodendron menziesii and occur in the walls of all cell types Little is known about the cell-wall polysaccharides of mosses. Monosaccharide analysis of cell walls isolated from the stem of the umbrella moss Hypnodendron menziesii was consistent with heteromannans, probably galactoglucomannans, being the predominant hemicellulosic polysaccharides in the walls. Immunofluorescence and immunogold microscopy with the monoclonal antibody LM21, specific for heteromannans, showed that these polysaccharides were present in the walls of all stem cell types. These cell types, except the hydroids, have secondary walls. Experiments in which sections were pre-treated with 0.1 M sodium carbonate and with the enzyme pectate lyase indicated that the heteromannans have O-acetyl groups that limit LM21 binding and the cell walls contain pectic homogalacturonan that masks detection of heteromannans using LM21. Therefore, to fully detect heteromannans in the cell walls, it was essential to use these pre-treatments to remove the O-acetyl groups from the heteromannans and pectic homogalacturonan from the cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy experiments with a second monoclonal antibody, LM22, also specific for heteromannans, showed similar results, but the binding was considerably weaker than with LM21, possibly as a result of subtle structural differences in the epitopes of the two antibodies. Although heteromannans occur abundantly in the cell walls of many species in basal lineages of tracheophytes, prior to the present study, research on the distribution of these polysaccharides in the walls of different cell types in mosses was confined to the model species Physcomitrium patens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh R Chavan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Adya P Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Awanis Azizan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Applied Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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11
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Arabinogalactan-proteins from non-coniferous gymnosperms have unusual structural features. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117831. [PMID: 33766335 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), important signalling molecules of the plant cell wall, are structurally extensively investigated in angiosperms, but information on AGPs in gymnosperms is still limited. We characterized AGPs from the gymnosperms Ginkgo biloba, Ephedra distachya, Encephalartos longifolius and Cycas revoluta. The protein contents are comparable to that of angiosperm AGPs. Hydroxyproline is the site of linking the carbohydrate part and was detected in all AGPs with highest concentration in Cycas AGP (1.1 % of the AGP). Interestingly, with the exception of Cycas, all AGPs contained the monosaccharide 3-O-methylrhamnose not present in angiosperm polysaccharides. The carbohydrate moieties of Cycas and Ephredra showed the main components 1,3,6-linked galactose and terminal arabinose typical of angiosperm AGPs, whereas that of Ginkgo AGP was unique with 1,4-linked galactose as dominant structural element. Bioinformatic search for glycosyltransferases in Ginkgo genome also revealed a lower number of galactosyltransferases responsible for biosynthesis of the 1,3-Gal/1,6-Gal AGP backbone.
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12
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Mahmoud Hamdy AEA, Mohamed Salah K. Antiviral and Antinematodal potentials of chitosan: Review. JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE AND PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 4:055-059. [DOI: 10.29328/journal.jpsp.1001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
For many years, chemical pesticides have been performed to control different pests and diseases and this may be due to their broad spectrum of action, easy of application and the relatively low cost. But these chemicals have environmental risks, thus alternative control agents are needed. Chitosan is one of the novel suggested solutions to reduce the economic losses associated with chemical pesticides. Chitosan is naturally-occurring compound, as well as safe and biodegradable which obtained from certain natural sources. Chitosan have unique properties which help to control viruses, bacteria, fungi, insects, plant nematodes and other pests locally and systemically.
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13
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Abstract
D- and most L-enantiomers of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing compounds occur naturally in plants and other organisms. These enantiomers play many important roles in plants including building up biomass, defense against pathogens, herbivory, abiotic stress, and plant nutrition. Carbohydrate enantiomers are also precursors of many plant compounds that significantly contribute to plant aroma. Microorganisms, insects, and other animals utilize both types of carbohydrate enantiomers, but their biomass and excrements are dominated by D-enantiomers. The aim of this work was to review the current knowledge about carbohydrate enantiomers in ecosystems with respect to both their metabolism in plants and occurrence in soils, and to identify critical knowledge gaps and directions for future research. Knowledge about the significance of D- versus L-enantiomers of carbohydrates in soils is rare. Determining the mechanism of genetic regulation of D- and L-carbohydrate metabolism in plants with respect to pathogen and pest control and ecosystem interactions represent the knowledge gaps and a direction for future research.
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Zavyalov AV, Rykov SV, Lunina NA, Sushkova VI, Yarotsky SV, Berezina OV. Plant Polysaccharide Xyloglucan and Enzymes That Hydrolyze It (Review). RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019070148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Dehors J, Mareck A, Kiefer-Meyer MC, Menu-Bouaouiche L, Lehner A, Mollet JC. Evolution of Cell Wall Polymers in Tip-Growing Land Plant Gametophytes: Composition, Distribution, Functional Aspects and Their Remodeling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:441. [PMID: 31057570 PMCID: PMC6482432 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During evolution of land plants, the first colonizing species presented leafy-dominant gametophytes, found in non-vascular plants (bryophytes). Today, bryophytes include liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. In the first seedless vascular plants (lycophytes), the sporophytic stage of life started to be predominant. In the seed producing plants, gymnosperms and angiosperms , the gametophytic stage is restricted to reproduction. In mosses and ferns, the haploid spores germinate and form a protonema, which develops into a leafy gametophyte producing rhizoids for anchorage, water and nutrient uptakes. The basal gymnosperms (cycads and Ginkgo) reproduce by zooidogamy. Their pollen grains develop a multi-branched pollen tube that penetrates the nucellus and releases flagellated sperm cells that swim to the egg cell. The pollen grain of other gymnosperms (conifers and gnetophytes) as well as angiosperms germinates and produces a pollen tube that directly delivers the sperm cells to the ovule (siphonogamy). These different gametophytes, which are short or long-lived structures, share a common tip-growing mode of cell expansion. Tip-growth requires a massive cell wall deposition to promote cell elongation, but also a tight spatial and temporal control of the cell wall remodeling in order to modulate the mechanical properties of the cell wall. The growth rate of these cells is very variable depending on the structure and the species, ranging from very slow (protonemata, rhizoids, and some gymnosperm pollen tubes), to a slow to fast-growth in other gymnosperms and angiosperms. In addition, the structural diversity of the female counterparts in angiosperms (dry, semi-dry vs wet stigmas, short vs long, solid vs hollow styles) will impact the speed and efficiency of sperm delivery. As the evolution and diversity of the cell wall polysaccharides accompanied the diversification of cell wall structural proteins and remodeling enzymes, this review focuses on our current knowledge on the biochemistry, the distribution and remodeling of the main cell wall polymers (including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, callose, arabinogalactan-proteins and extensins), during the tip-expansion of gametophytes from bryophytes, pteridophytes (lycophytes and monilophytes), gymnosperms and the monocot and eudicot angiosperms.
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16
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Plancot B, Gügi B, Mollet JC, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Ramasandra Govind S, Lerouge P, Follet-Gueye ML, Vicré M, Alfonso C, Nguema-Ona E, Bardor M, Driouich A. Desiccation tolerance in plants: Structural characterization of the cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharides in three Selaginella species. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 208:180-190. [PMID: 30658789 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drought-induced dehydration of vegetative tissues in lycopods affects growth and survival. Different species of Selaginella have evolved a series of specialized mechanisms to tolerate desiccation in vegetative tissues in response to water stress. In the present study, we report on the structural characterization of the leaf cell wall of the desiccation-tolerant species S. involvens and two desiccation-sensitive species, namely S. kraussiana and S. moellendorffii. Isolated cell walls from hydrated and desiccated leaves of each species were fractionated and the resulting oligosaccharide fragments were analyzed to determine their structural features. Our results demonstrate that desiccation induces substantial modifications in the cell wall composition and structure. Altogether, these data highlight the fact that structural remodeling of cell wall hemicellulosic polysaccharides including XXXG-rich xyloglucan, arabinoxylan and acetylated galactomannan is an important process in order to mitigate desiccation stress in Selaginella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Plancot
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mollet
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | | | - Patrice Lerouge
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Carlos Alfonso
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, CNRS UMR 6014, COBRA, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Univ, UniRouen, Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), 76000, Rouen, France; Fédération de Recherche "Normandie-Végétal"-FED 4277, 76000, Rouen, France
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17
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Metagenomics reveals functional synergy and novel polysaccharide utilization loci in the Castor canadensis fecal microbiome. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2757-2769. [PMID: 30013164 PMCID: PMC6193987 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The North American beaver (Castor canadensis) has long been considered an engineering marvel, transforming landscapes and shaping biological diversity through its dam building behavior. While the beaver possesses conspicuous morphological features uniquely adapted for the use of woody plants as construction materials and dietary staples, relatively little is known about the specialized microorganisms inhabiting the beaver gastrointestinal tract and their functional roles in determining host nutrition. Here we use a combination of shotgun metagenomics, functional screening and carbohydrate biochemistry to chart the community structure and metabolic power of the beaver fecal microbiome. We relate this information to the metabolic capacity of other wood feeding and hindgut fermenting organisms and profile the functional repertoire of glycoside hydrolase (GH) families distributed among and between population genome bins. Metagenomic screening revealed novel mechanisms of xylan oligomer degradation involving GH43 enzymes from uncharacterized subfamilies and divergent polysaccharide utilization loci, indicating the potential for synergistic biomass deconstruction. Together, these results open a functional metagenomic window on less conspicuous adaptations enabling the beaver microbiome to efficiently convert woody plants into host nutrition and point toward rational design of enhanced enzyme mixtures for biorefining process streams.
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Zhu L, Dama M, Pauly M. Identification of an arabinopyranosyltransferase from Physcomitrella patens involved in the synthesis of the hemicellulose xyloglucan. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00046. [PMID: 31245712 PMCID: PMC6508525 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The hemicellulose xyloglucan consists of a backbone of a β-1,4 glucan substituted with xylosyl moieties and many other, diverse side chains that are important for its proper function. Many, but not all glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of xyloglucan have been identified. Here, we report the identification of an hitherto elusive xyloglucan:arabinopyranosyltransferase. This glycosyltransferase was isolated from the moss Physcomitrella patens, where it acts as a xyloglucan "D"-side chain transferase (XDT). Heterologous expression of PpXDT in the Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant mur3.1 xlt2, where xyloglucan consists of a xylosylated glucan without further glycosyl substituents, results in the production of the arabinopyranose-containing "D" side chain as characterized by oligosaccharide mass profiling, glycosidic linkage analysis, and NMR analysis. In addition, expression of a related Physcomitrella glycosyltransferase ortholog of PpXLT2 leads to the production of the galactose-containing "L" side chain. The presence of the "D" and "L" xyloglucan side chains in the Arabidopsis double mutant Atmur3.1 xlt2 expressing PpXDT and PpXLT2, respectively, rescues the dwarfed phenotype of untransformed Atmur3.1 xlt2 mutants to nearly wild-type height. Expression of PpXDT and PpXLT2 in the Atmur3.1 xlt2 mutant also enhanced root growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Murali Dama
- Institute of Plant Cell and BiotechnologyUniversity of DusseldorfDusseldorfGermany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell and BiotechnologyUniversity of DusseldorfDusseldorfGermany
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19
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Wang D, Aarstad OA, Li J, McKee LS, Sætrom GI, Vyas A, Srivastava V, Aachmann FL, Bulone V, Hsieh YS. Preparation of 4-Deoxy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose Uronic Acid (DEH) and Guluronic Acid Rich Alginate Using a Unique exo-Alginate Lyase from Thalassotalea crassostreae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1435-1443. [PMID: 29363310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Marine multicellular algae are considered promising crops for the production of sustainable biofuels and commodity chemicals. However, their commercial exploitation is currently limited by a lack of appropriate and efficient enzymes for converting alginate into metabolizable building blocks, such as 4-deoxy-L-erythro-5-hexoseulose uronic acid (DEH). Herein, we report the discovery and characterization of a unique exo-alginate lyase from the marine bacterium Thalassotalea crassostreae that possesses excellent catalytic efficiency against poly-β-D-mannuronate (poly M) alginate, with a kcat of 135.8 s-1, and a 5-fold lower kcat of 25 s-1 against poly-α-L-guluronate (poly G alginate). We propose that this preference for poly M is due to a structural feature of the protein's active site. The mode of action and specificity of this enzyme has made it possible to design an effective and environmentally friendly process for the production of DEH and low molecular weight guluronate-enriched alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damao Wang
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olav A Aarstad
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology , N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Lauren S McKee
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerd Inger Sætrom
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology , N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anisha Vyas
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology , N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yves Sy Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Center , Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) , SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Wang D, Li J, Wong ACY, Aachmann FL, Hsieh YSY. A colorimetric assay to rapidly determine the activities of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:215. [PMID: 30083228 PMCID: PMC6071379 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1211-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMOs) are enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of polysaccharides in biomass and have excellent potential for biorefinery applications. However, their activities are relatively low, and methods to measure these activities are costly, tedious or often reflect only an apparent activity to the polysaccharide substrates. Here, we describe a new method we have developed that is simple to use to determine the activities of type-1 (C1-oxidizing) LPMOs. The method is based on quantifying the ionic binding of cations to carboxyl groups formed by the action of type-1 LPMOs on polysaccharides. It allows comparisons to be made of activities under different conditions. RESULTS Based on the colorimetric detection and quantification of the pyrocatechol violet (PV)-Ni2+ complex, we have developed an assay to reliably detect and quantify carboxylate moieties introduced by type-1 LPMOs. Conditions were optimized for determining the activities of specific LPMOs. Comparisons were made of the activities against cellulose and chitin of a novel AA10 LPMO and a recently reported family AA11 LPMO. Activities of both LPMOs were boosted by hydrogen peroxide in the 1st hour of the reaction, with a 16-fold increase for the family AA11 LPMO, and up to a 34-fold increase for the family AA10 LPMO. CONCLUSIONS We developed a versatile colorimetric cation-based assay to determine the activities of type-1 LPMOs. The assay is quick, low cost and could be adapted for use in industrial biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damao Wang
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jing Li
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann C. Y. Wong
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Finn L. Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yves S. Y. Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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22
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Pauly M, Keegstra K. Biosynthesis of the Plant Cell Wall Matrix Polysaccharide Xyloglucan. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:235-59. [PMID: 26927904 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a matrix polysaccharide that is present in the cell walls of all land plants. It consists of a β-1,4-linked glucan backbone that is further substituted with xylosyl residues. These xylosyl residues can be further substituted with other glycosyl and nonglycosyl substituents that vary depending on the plant family and specific tissue. Advances in plant mutant isolation and characterization, functional genomics, and DNA sequencing have led to the identification of nearly all transferases and synthases necessary to synthesize XyG. Thus, in terms of the molecular mechanisms of plant cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis, XyG is the most well understood. However, much remains to be learned about the molecular mechanisms of polysaccharide assembly and the regulation of these processes. Knowledge of the XyG biosynthetic machinery allows the XyG structure to be tailored in planta to ascertain the functions of this polysaccharide and its substituents in plant growth and interactions with the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Kenneth Keegstra
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, DOE Plant Research Laboratory, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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Marcotuli I, Hsieh YSY, Lahnstein J, Yap K, Burton RA, Blanco A, Fincher GB, Gadaleta A. Structural Variation and Content of Arabinoxylans in Endosperm and Bran of Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2883-2892. [PMID: 27018210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans are one group of dietary fiber components in cereal grains, and specific health benefits have been linked with their molecular fine structures and hence with physicochemical properties such as solubility in aqueous media. To characterize the fiber quality for functional foods, starchy endosperm and bran fractions from 11 durum wheat lines were analyzed for total and water-soluble arabinoxylans, (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, and bound ferulic acid. The arabinoxylan contents ranged from 11 to 16.4% (w/w) in bran and from 1.5 to 1.8% in the starchy endosperm. Of the starchy endosperm arabinoxylans, 37% was soluble in water. No correlation was found between arabinoxylan content and bound ferulic acid in bran, although a relatively high level of this antioxidant was found in endosperm (38.3 μg/g endosperm flour). Enzymatic fingerprinting was performed to define the major fine structural features of arabinoxylans from both regions of the grain. Five major oligosaccharides released by xylanase hydrolysis were identified and characterized in the 11 durum lines. In addition, DP5, DP6, and DP7 oligosaccharides containing five, six, and seven pentosyl residues, respectively, were purified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marcotuli
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, Section of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Yves S-Y Hsieh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre , Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Kuok Yap
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Rachel Anita Burton
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Antonio Blanco
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre , Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Geoffrey Bruce Fincher
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide , Waite Campus, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Agata Gadaleta
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro' , Via G. Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Liu L, Paulitz J, Pauly M. The presence of fucogalactoxyloglucan and its synthesis in rice indicates conserved functional importance in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:549-60. [PMID: 25869654 PMCID: PMC4453794 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The predominant structure of the hemicellulose xyloglucan (XyG) found in the cell walls of dicots is a fucogalactoXyG with an XXXG core motif, whereas in the Poaceae (grasses and cereals), the structure of XyG is less xylosylated (XXGGn core motif) and lacks fucosyl residues. However, specialized tissues of rice (Oryza sativa) also contain fucogalactoXyG. Orthologous genes of the fucogalactoXyG biosynthetic machinery of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) are present in the rice genome. Expression of these rice genes, including fucosyl-, galactosyl-, and acetyltransferases, in the corresponding Arabidopsis mutants confirmed their activity and substrate specificity, indicating that plants in the Poaceae family have the ability to synthesize fucogalactoXyG in vivo. The data presented here provide support for a functional conservation of XyG structure in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Liu
- Energy Biosciences Institute (L.L., J.P., M.P.) andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jonathan Paulitz
- Energy Biosciences Institute (L.L., J.P., M.P.) andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Markus Pauly
- Energy Biosciences Institute (L.L., J.P., M.P.) andDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology (M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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25
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Mansoori N, Schultink A, Schubert J, Pauly M. Expression of heterologous xyloglucan xylosyltransferases in Arabidopsis to investigate their role in determining xyloglucan xylosylation substitution patterns. PLANTA 2015; 241:1145-1158. [PMID: 25604050 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Putative XyG xylosyltransferases from Tropaeolum majus (nasturtium) and Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) homologous to characterized Arabidopsis genes were identified and shown to functionally complement Arabidopsis mutants lacking xyloglucan demonstrating they represent xyloglucan xylosyltransferases. Xyloglucan is a major hemicellulose in the plant cell wall and is important for the structural organization of the wall. The fine structure of xyloglucan can vary dependent on plant species and tissue type. Most vascular seed-bearing plants including Arabidopsis thaliana and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) have a xyloglucan structure, in which three out of four backbone glucosyl-residues are substituted with xylosyl-residues. In contrast, the xyloglucan found in plants of the Solanaceae family, which includes tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), is typically less xylosylated with only two of the four backbone glucosyl-residues substituted with xylosyl-residues. To investigate the genetics of xyloglucan xylosylation, candidate xyloglucan xylosyltransferase genes (XXTs) homologous to known A. thaliana XXTs were cloned from nasturtium and tomato. These candidate XXTs were expressed in the A. thaliana xxt1/2 double and xxt1/2/5 triple mutant, whose walls lack detectable xyloglucan. Expression of the orthologs of XXT5 resulted in no detectable xyloglucan in the transgenic A. thaliana plants, consistent with a lack of xyloglucan in the A. thaliana xxt1/2 double mutant. However, transformation of both the tomato and nasturtium orthologs of AtXXT1 and AtXXT2 resulted in the production of xyloglucan with a xylosylation pattern similar to wild type A. thaliana indicating that both SlXXT2 and TmXXT2 likely have xylosyltransferase activity. As the expression of the SlXXT2 did not result in xyloglucan with a decreased xylosylation frequency found in tomato, this gene is not responsible for the unique xylosylation pattern found in the solanaceous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Mansoori
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
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Kong Y, Peña MJ, Renna L, Avci U, Pattathil S, Tuomivaara ST, Li X, Reiter WD, Brandizzi F, Hahn MG, Darvill AG, York WS, O'Neill MA. Galactose-depleted xyloglucan is dysfunctional and leads to dwarfism in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1296-306. [PMID: 25673778 PMCID: PMC4378170 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is a polysaccharide that has important roles in the formation and function of the walls that surround growing land plant cells. Many of these plants synthesize xyloglucan that contains galactose in two different side chains (L and F), which exist in distinct molecular environments. However, little is known about the contribution of these side chains to xyloglucan function. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants devoid of the F side chain galactosyltransferase MURUS3 (MUR3) form xyloglucan that lacks F side chains and contains much less galactosylated xylose than its wild-type counterpart. The galactose-depleted xyloglucan is dysfunctional, as it leads to mutants that are dwarfed with curled rosette leaves, short petioles, and short inflorescence stems. Moreover, cell wall matrix polysaccharides, including xyloglucan and pectin, are not properly secreted and instead accumulate within intracellular aggregates. Near-normal growth is restored by generating mur3 mutants that produce no detectable amounts of xyloglucan. Thus, cellular processes are affected more by the presence of the dysfunctional xyloglucan than by eliminating xyloglucan altogether. To identify structural features responsible for xyloglucan dysfunction, xyloglucan structure was modified in situ by generating mur3 mutants that lack specific xyloglucan xylosyltransferases (XXTs) or that overexpress the XYLOGLUCAN L-SIDE CHAIN GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASE2 (XLT2) gene. Normal growth was restored in the mur3-3 mutant overexpressing XLT2 and in mur3-3 xxt double mutants when the dysfunctional xyloglucan was modified by doubling the amounts of galactosylated side chains. Our study assigns a role for galactosylation in normal xyloglucan function and demonstrates that altering xyloglucan side chain structure disturbs diverse cellular and physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhen Kong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Maria J Peña
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Luciana Renna
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Sami T Tuomivaara
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Xuemei Li
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Wolf-Dieter Reiter
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Michael G Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Alan G Darvill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - William S York
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
| | - Malcolm A O'Neill
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center (Y.K., M.J.P., U.A., S.P., S.T.T., M.G.H., A.G.D., W.S.Y., M.A.O.), Department of Plant Biology (M.G.H.), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (A.G.D., W.S.Y.), University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602;Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China (Y.K.);United States Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory (L.R., F.B.) and United States Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (F.B.), Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; andDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 (X.L., W.-D.R.)
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Leroux O, Sørensen I, Marcus SE, Viane RLL, Willats WGT, Knox JP. Antibody-based screening of cell wall matrix glycans in ferns reveals taxon, tissue and cell-type specific distribution patterns. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:56. [PMID: 25848828 PMCID: PMC4351822 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it is kno3wn that complex tissues with specialized functions emerged during land plant evolution, it is not clear how cell wall polymers and their structural variants are associated with specific tissues or cell types. Moreover, due to the economic importance of many flowering plants, ferns have been largely neglected in cell wall comparative studies. RESULTS To explore fern cell wall diversity sets of monoclonal antibodies directed to matrix glycans of angiosperm cell walls have been used in glycan microarray and in situ analyses with 76 fern species and four species of lycophytes. All major matrix glycans were present as indicated by epitope detection with some variations in abundance. Pectic HG epitopes were of low abundance in lycophytes and the CCRC-M1 fucosylated xyloglucan epitope was largely absent from the Aspleniaceae. The LM15 XXXG epitope was detected widely across the ferns and specifically associated with phloem cell walls and similarly the LM11 xylan epitope was associated with xylem cell walls. The LM5 galactan and LM6 arabinan epitopes, linked to pectic supramolecules in angiosperms, were associated with vascular structures with only limited detection in ground tissues. Mannan epitopes were found to be associated with the development of mechanical tissues. We provided the first evidence for the presence of MLG in leptosporangiate ferns. CONCLUSIONS The data sets indicate that cell wall diversity in land plants is multifaceted and that matrix glycan epitopes display complex spatio-temporal and phylogenetic distribution patterns that are likely to relate to the evolution of land plant body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Leroux
- />Pteridology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, B-9000 Belgium
| | - Iben Sørensen
- />Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
- />Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Susan E Marcus
- />Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Ronnie LL Viane
- />Pteridology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent, B-9000 Belgium
| | - William GT Willats
- />Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Copenhagen University, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg, 1871 Denmark
| | - J Paul Knox
- />Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
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Structural Diversity and Function of Xyloglucan Sidechain Substituents. PLANTS 2014; 3:526-42. [PMID: 27135518 PMCID: PMC4844278 DOI: 10.3390/plants3040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XyG) is a hemicellulose found in the cell walls of all land plants including early-divergent groups such as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The basic structure of XyG, a xylosylated glucan, is similar in all of these plants but additional substituents can vary depending on plant family, tissue, and developmental stage. A comprehensive list of known XyG sidechain substituents is assembled including their occurrence within plant families, thereby providing insight into the evolutionary origin of the various sidechains. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have enabled comparative genomics approaches for the identification of XyG biosynthetic enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana as well as in non-model plant species. Characterization of these biosynthetic genes not only allows the determination of their substrate specificity but also provides insights into the function of the various substituents in plant growth and development.
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29
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Generation and structural validation of a library of diverse xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides, including an update on xyloglucan nomenclature. Carbohydr Res 2014; 402:56-66. [PMID: 25497333 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucans are structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides that are involved in cell growth and expansion, energy metabolism, and signaling. Determining the structure-function relationships of xyloglucans would benefit from the availability of a comprehensive and structurally diverse collection of rigorously characterized xyloglucan oligosaccharides. Here, we present a workflow for the semi-preparative scale generation and purification of neutral and acidic xyloglucan oligosaccharides using a combination of enzymatic and chemical treatments and size-exclusion chromatography. Twenty-six of these oligosaccharides were purified to near homogeneity and their structures validated using a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, high-performance anion exchange chromatography, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Mass spectrometry and analytical chromatography were compared as methods for xyloglucan oligosaccharide quantification. 1H chemical shifts were assigned using two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy. A comprehensive update of the nomenclature describing xyloglucan side-chain structures is provided for reference.
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30
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Ade CP, Bemm F, Dickson JMJ, Walter C, Harris PJ. Family 34 glycosyltransferase (GT34) genes and proteins in Pinus radiata (radiata pine) and Pinus taeda (loblolly pine). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:305-318. [PMID: 24517843 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Using a functional genomics approach, four candidate genes (PtGT34A, PtGT34B, PtGT34C and PtGT34D) were identified in Pinus taeda. These genes encode CAZy family GT34 glycosyltransferases that are involved in the synthesis of cell-wall xyloglucans and heteromannans. The full-length coding sequences of three orthologs (PrGT34A, B and C) were isolated from a xylem-specific cDNA library from the closely related Pinus radiata. PrGT34B is the ortholog of XXT1 and XXT2, the two main xyloglucan (1→6)-α-xylosyltransferases in Arabidopsis thaliana. PrGT34C is the ortholog of XXT5 in A. thaliana, which is also involved in the xylosylation of xyloglucans. PrGT34A is an ortholog of a galactosyltransferase from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) that is involved in galactomannan synthesis. Truncated coding sequences of the genes were cloned into plasmid vectors and expressed in a Sf9 insect cell-culture system. The heterologous proteins were purified, and in vitro assays showed that, when incubated with UDP-xylose and cellotetraose, cellopentaose or cellohexaose, PrGT34B showed xylosyltransferase activity, and, when incubated with UDP-galactose and the same cello-oligosaccharides, PrGT34B showed some galactosyltransferase activity. The ratio of xylosyltransferase to galactosyltransferase activity was 434:1. Hydrolysis of the galactosyltransferase reaction products using galactosidases showed the linkages formed were α-linkages. Analysis of the products of PrGT34B by MALDI-TOF MS showed that up to three xylosyl residues were transferred from UDP-xylose to cellohexaose. The heterologous proteins PrGT34A and PrGT34C showed no detectable enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten P Ade
- Scion Research, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Paque S, Mouille G, Grandont L, Alabadí D, Gaertner C, Goyallon A, Muller P, Primard-Brisset C, Sormani R, Blázquez MA, Perrot-Rechenmann C. AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 links cell wall remodeling, auxin signaling, and cell expansion in arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:280-95. [PMID: 24424095 PMCID: PMC3963575 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell expansion is an increase in cell size and thus plays an essential role in plant growth and development. Phytohormones and the primary plant cell wall play major roles in the complex process of cell expansion. In shoot tissues, cell expansion requires the auxin receptor AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN1 (ABP1), but the mechanism by which ABP1 affects expansion remains unknown. We analyzed the effect of functional inactivation of ABP1 on transcriptomic changes in dark-grown hypocotyls and investigated the consequences of gene expression on cell wall composition and cell expansion. Molecular and genetic evidence indicates that ABP1 affects the expression of a broad range of cell wall-related genes, especially cell wall remodeling genes, mainly via an SCF(TIR/AFB)-dependent pathway. ABP1 also functions in the modulation of hemicellulose xyloglucan structure. Furthermore, fucosidase-mediated defucosylation of xyloglucan, but not biosynthesis of nonfucosylated xyloglucan, rescued dark-grown hypocotyl lengthening of ABP1 knockdown seedlings. In muro remodeling of xyloglucan side chains via an ABP1-dependent pathway appears to be of critical importance for temporal and spatial control of cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Paque
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Grégory Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Laurie Grandont
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - David Alabadí
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cyril Gaertner
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Goyallon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Muller
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Primard-Brisset
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Saclay Plant Sciences, INRA Centre de Versailles-Grignon, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Miguel A. Blázquez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Planta, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Catherine Perrot-Rechenmann
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, UPR2355, CNRS, Saclay Plant Sciences, 91198 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
- Address correspondence to
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