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Mazzotta S, Rositano V, Senaldi L, Bernardi A, Allegrini P, Appendino G. Scalemic natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1647-1671. [PMID: 37439042 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00014a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2022The area of scalemic natural products is often enigmatic from a mechanistic standpoint, since low optical purity is observed in compounds having multiple contiguous stereogenic centers resulting from mechanistically distinct biogenetic steps. A scalemic state is rarely the result of a sloppy enzymatic activity, rather resulting from the expression of antipodal enzymes/directing proteins or from the erosion of optical purity by enzymatic or spontaneous reactions. Evidence for these processes is critically reviewed, identifying the mechanisms most often associated to the enzymatic generation of scalemic natural products and also discussing analytical exploitations of natural products' scalemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mazzotta
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rositano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Luca Senaldi
- Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20049 Settala, MI, Italy
| | - Anna Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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2
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Vollheyde K, Dudley QM, Yang T, Oz MT, Mancinotti D, Fedi MO, Heavens D, Linsmith G, Chhetry M, Smedley MA, Harwood WA, Swarbreck D, Geu‐Flores F, Patron NJ. An improved Nicotiana benthamiana bioproduction chassis provides novel insights into nicotine biosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:302-317. [PMID: 37488711 PMCID: PMC10952274 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The model plant Nicotiana benthamiana is an increasingly attractive organism for the production of high-value, biologically active molecules. However, N. benthamiana accumulates high levels of pyridine alkaloids, in particular nicotine, which complicates the downstream purification processes. Here, we report a new assembly of the N. benthamiana genome as well as the generation of low-nicotine lines by CRISPR/Cas9-based inactivation of berberine bridge enzyme-like proteins (BBLs). Triple as well as quintuple mutants accumulated three to four times less nicotine than the respective control lines. The availability of lines without functional BBLs allowed us to probe their catalytic role in nicotine biosynthesis, which has remained obscure. Notably, chiral analysis revealed that the enantiomeric purity of nicotine was fully lost in the quintuple mutants. In addition, precursor feeding experiments showed that these mutants cannot facilitate the specific loss of C6 hydrogen that characterizes natural nicotine biosynthesis. Our work delivers an improved N. benthamiana chassis for bioproduction and uncovers the crucial role of BBLs in the stereoselectivity of nicotine biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Vollheyde
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen1871 FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Ting Yang
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen1871 FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mehmet T. Oz
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UZUK
| | - Davide Mancinotti
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen1871 FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
| | | | - Darren Heavens
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UZUK
| | - Gareth Linsmith
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UZUK
| | - Monika Chhetry
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UHUK
| | - Mark A. Smedley
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UHUK
| | | | - David Swarbreck
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research ParkNorwichNorfolkNR4 7UZUK
| | - Fernando Geu‐Flores
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen1871 FrederiksbergCopenhagenDenmark
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3
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Zhang J, Zhao T, Sheng K, Sun Y, Han Y, Chen Y, E Z, Zhu S, Chen J. Root Illumination Promotes Seedling Growth and Inhibits Gossypol Biosynthesis in Upland Cotton. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:728. [PMID: 35336610 PMCID: PMC8950488 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, a terpenoid compound mainly synthesized in the cotton roots, acts as a phytoalexin in protecting the plants from biotic stress. Roots are critical for both the secondary metabolism and the growth of the plant. Light plays an important role in plant growth and material metabolism, however, the effect of root illumination (RI) on the cotton seedling growth and gossypol metabolism remains unclear. In the present study, the cotton genetic standard line TM-1 and four pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) were used as materials to study the impact of RI on cotton seedlings. Results showed that, compared with the cotton seedlings cultivated without RI, the photosynthetic rate, leaf area, and dry weight of roots and leaves were significantly increased, while the gossypol content in leaves and roots was significantly reduced in seedlings cultivated with RI. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with and without RI both indicated that photosynthesis and terpenoid biosynthesis-related GO terms and pathways were significantly enriched, the expression profile confirmed that RI positively regulated the photosynthesis system and negatively affected the gossypol biosynthesis pathway in roots. This study revealed the effects of RI on seedlings' growth and gossypol biosynthesis in upland cotton, and provided important insights for the engineering of cotton with low gossypol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Tianlun Zhao
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Kuang Sheng
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yifei Han
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Yiran Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zhiying E
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jinhong Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (T.Z.); (K.S.); (Y.S.); (Y.H.); (Y.C.); (Z.E.); (S.Z.)
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572025, China
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4
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Alani ML, Younkin GC, Mirzaei M, Kumar P, Jander G. Acropetal and basipetal cardenolide transport in Erysimum cheiranthoides (wormseed wallflower). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112965. [PMID: 34610557 PMCID: PMC8655687 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites are often subject to within-plant transport and have tissue-specific distribution patterns. Among plants in the Brassicaceae, the genus Erysimum is unique in producing not only glucosinolates but also cardenolides. Ten cardenolides were detected with varying abundance in different tissues of Erysimum cheiranthoides L (Brassicaceae; wormseed wallflower). As is predicted by the optimal defense theory, cardenolides were most abundant in young leaves and reproductive tissues. The lowest concentrations were observed in senescing leaves and roots. Crosses between wildtype E. cheiranthoides and a mutant line with an altered cardenolide profile showed that the seed cardenolide phenotype is determined entirely by the maternal genotype. Prior to the development of the first true leaves, seedling cotyledons also had the maternal cardenolide profile. Hypocotyl grafting experiments showed that the root cardenolide profile is determined entirely by the aboveground plant genotype. In further grafting experiments, there was no evidence of cardenolide transport into the leaves, but a mixed cardenolide profile was observed in the stems and inflorescences of plants that had been grafted at vegetative and flowering growth stages, respectively. Together, these results indicate that E. cheiranthoides leaves are a site of cardenolide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon C Younkin
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA; Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Cai K, Zhao H, Yin R, Lin Y, Lei B, Wang A, Pan W, Cai B, Gao W, Wang F. Chiral determination of nornicotine, anatabine and anabasine in tobacco by achiral gas chromatography with (1S)-(-)-camphanic chloride derivatization: Application to enantiomeric profiling of cultivars and curing processes. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461361. [PMID: 32797840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The alkaloid enantiomers are well-known to have different physiological and pharmacological effects, and to play an important role in enantioselectivity metabolism with enzymes catalysis in tobacco plants. Here, we developed an improved method for simultaneous and high-precision determination of the individual enantiomers of nornicotine, anatabine and anabasine in four tobacco matrices, based on an achiral gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detector (GCNPD) with commonly available Rtx-200 column using (1S)-(-)-camphanic chloride derivatization. The method development consists of the optimization of extraction and derivatization, screening of achiral column, analysis of the fragmentation mechanisms and evaluation of matrix effect (ME). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the current method exhibited excellent detection capability for the alkaloid enantiomers, with coefficients of determination (R2) > 0.9989 and normality test of residuals P > 0.05 in linear regression parameters. The ME can be neglected for the camphanic derivatives. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranged from 0.087 to 0.24 μg g - 1 and 0.29 to 0.81 μg g - 1, respectively. The recoveries and within-laboratory relative standard deviations (RSDR) were 94.3%~104.2% and 0.51%~3.89%, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to determine the enantiomeric profiling of cultivars and curing processes. Tobacco cultivars had a significant impact on the nornicotine, anatabine, anabasine concentration and enantiomeric fraction (EF) of (R)-nornicotine, whereas the only significant change induced by the curing processes was an increase in the EF of (R)-anabasine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China; College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huina Zhao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Runsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 55081, China
| | - Yechun Lin
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Anping Wang
- Key Laboratory for Information System of Mountainous Area and Protection of Ecological, Environment of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Wenjie Pan
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Bin Cai
- Haikou Cigar Research Institute, Hainan Provincial Branch of China National Tobacco Corporation, Haikou 571100, China
| | - Weichang Gao
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China.
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6
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Gao YL, Yao XF, Li WZ, Song ZB, Wang BW, Wu YP, Shi JL, Liu GS, Li YP, Liu CM. An efficient TILLING platform for cultivated tobacco. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:165-180. [PMID: 30697931 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) is a powerful reverse-genetics tool that enables high-throughput screening of genomic variations in plants. Although TILLING has been developed for many diploid plants, the technology has been used in very few polyploid species due to their genomic complexity. Here, we established an efficient capillary electrophoresis-based TILLING platform for allotetraploid cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) using an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population of 1,536 individuals. We optimized the procedures for endonuclease preparation, leaf tissue sampling, DNA extraction, normalization, pooling, PCR amplification, heteroduplex formation, and capillary electrophoresis. In a test screen using seven target genes with eight PCR fragments, we obtained 118 mutants. The mutation density was estimated to be approximately one mutation per 106 kb on average. Phenotypic analyses showed that mutations in two heavy metal transporter genes, HMA2S and HMA4T, led to reduced accumulation of cadmium and zinc, which was confirmed independently using CRISPR/Cas9 to generate knockout mutants. Our results demonstrate that this powerful TILLING platform (available at http://www.croptilling.org) can be used in tobacco to facilitate functional genomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Long Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Xue-Feng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Zhong-Bang Song
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Bing-Wu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Jun-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Guan-Shan Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, the Chinese Agriculture Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yong-Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Chun-Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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7
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Salicylic Acid-Producing Endophytic Bacteria Increase Nicotine Accumulation and Resistance against Wildfire Disease in Tobacco Plants. Microorganisms 2019; 8:microorganisms8010031. [PMID: 31877906 PMCID: PMC7022923 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria (EB) are both a novel source of bioactive compounds that confer phytopathogen resistance and inducers of secondary metabolites in host plants. Twenty-seven EB isolated from various parts of Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Ginkgo biloba, Taxus brevifolia, Pinus densiflora, Salix babylonica, and S. chaenomeloides could produce salicylic acid (SA). The highest producers were isolates EB-44 and EB-47, identified as Pseudomonas tremae and Curtobacterium herbarum, respectively. Nicotiana benthamiana grown from EB-44-soaked seeds exhibited a 2.3-fold higher endogenous SA concentration and increased resistance against P. syringae pv. tabaci, the causative agent of tobacco wildfire disease, than plants grown from water-soaked seeds. N benthamiana and N. tabacum grown from EB-44-treated seeds developed 33% and 54% disease lesions, respectively, when infected with P. syringae pv. tabaci, and showed increased height and weight, in addition to 4.6 and 1.4-fold increases in nicotine accumulation, respectively. The results suggest that SA-producing EB-44 can successfully colonize Nicotiana spp., leading to increased endogenous SA production and resistance to tobacco wildfire disease. The newly isolated EB can offer an efficient and eco-friendly solution for controlling wildfire disease and nicotine accumulation in Nicotiana, with additional application for other important crops to increase both productivity and the generation of bioactive compounds.
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Startek JB, Voets T, Talavera K. To flourish or perish: evolutionary TRiPs into the sensory biology of plant-herbivore interactions. Pflugers Arch 2018; 471:213-236. [PMID: 30229297 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between plants and their herbivores are highly complex systems generating on one side an extraordinary diversity of plant protection mechanisms and on the other side sophisticated consumer feeding strategies. Herbivores have evolved complex, integrative sensory systems that allow them to distinguish between food sources having mere bad flavors from the actually toxic ones. These systems are based on the senses of taste, olfaction and somatosensation in the oral and nasal cavities, and on post-ingestive chemosensory mechanisms. The potential ability of plant defensive chemical traits to induce tissue damage in foragers is mainly encoded in the latter through chemesthetic sensations such as burning, pain, itch, irritation, tingling, and numbness, all of which induce innate aversive behavioral responses. Here, we discuss the involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in the chemosensory mechanisms that are at the core of complex and fascinating plant-herbivore ecological networks. We review how "sensory" TRPs are activated by a myriad of plant-derived compounds, leading to cation influx, membrane depolarization, and excitation of sensory nerve fibers of the oronasal cavities in mammals and bitter-sensing cells in insects. We also illustrate how TRP channel expression patterns and functionalities vary between species, leading to intriguing evolutionary adaptations to the specific habitats and life cycles of individual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Campus Gasthuisberg O&N1 bus 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Ji H, Wang W, Liu J, Wang F, Xie F, Yu Y, Qin Y, Wang X. Metabolic profiling of tobacco leaves at different growth stages or different stalk positions by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2018; 116:46-55. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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10
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Liedschulte V, Schwaar JD, Laparra H, Vuarnoz A, Philippon B, Bakaher N, Sierro N, Bovet L, Lang G, Goepfert S. Identification of CYP82E21 as a functional nicotine N-demethylase in tobacco flowers. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 131:9-16. [PMID: 27596288 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In the tobacco plant, nicotine N-demethylase enzymes (NND) belonging to the cytochrome P450 family catalyse the conversion of nicotine to nornicotine, the precursor of the carcinogenic tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine, N-nitrosonornicotine. To date three demethylase genes, namely CYP82E4, CYP82E5 and CYP82E10, have been shown to be involved in this process, while the related CYP82E2 and CYP82E3 genes are not functional. We have identified a further gene named CYP82E21 encoding a putative nicotine N-demethylase closely related to the CYP82E genes. The CYP82E21 gene was found in all Nicotiana tabacum cultivars analysed and originates from the tobacco ancestor Nicotiana tomentosiformis. We show that, in contrast to all other previously characterized NND genes, CYP82E21 is not expressed in green or senescent leaves, but in flowers, more specifically in ovaries. The nicotine N-demethylase activity of CYP82E21 was confirmed by ectopic expression of the coding sequence in a tobacco line lacking functional CYP82E4, CYP82E5 and CYP82E10 genes, resulting in an eightfold increase of nicotine demethylation compared to the control plants. Furthermore, nornicotine formation can be reduced in ovaries by introducing a CYP82E21-specific RNAi construct. Together, our results demonstrate that the CYP82E21 gene encodes a functional ovary-specific nicotine N-demethylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Liedschulte
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Joanne Deborah Schwaar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Hélène Laparra
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Aline Vuarnoz
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Bérangère Philippon
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Bakaher
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Lucien Bovet
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Gerhard Lang
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Simon Goepfert
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products SA, (part of Philip Morris International Group of Companies), Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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11
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Cai B, Ji H, Fannin FF, Bush LP. Contribution of Nicotine and Nornicotine toward the Production of N'-Nitrosonornicotine in Air-Cured Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:754-9. [PMID: 26959866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
N'-Nitrosonornicotine (6) is a potent and organ-specific carcinogen found in tobacco and tobacco smoke in substantial amounts. Nicotine (1) and nornicotine (2) are proposed to be the precursors of 6 in tobacco. Since 1 can be rapidly demethylated to 2 in tobacco, to distinguish between the direct formation of 6 from these potential precursors is difficult. A gas chromatography/thermal energy analyzer method using two columns in series was developed to separate the enantiomers of 6, N'-nitrosoanabasine (7), and N'-nitrosoanatabine (8). Tobacco lines with different combinations of three nicotine demethylases inhibited were grown in the field. Air-cured leaves were analyzed for the enantiomeric composition of four main alkaloids and their corresponding tobacco-specific nitrosamines. The percentage of (R)-6 of total 6 varied from 7% to 69% in mutant lines. The measured 6 had the same enantiomeric composition as 2, rather than 1, even when the level of 2 was reduced to 0.6% of 1 in a triple mutant line. The pattern of the enantiomeric composition of 1, 2, and 6 demonstrated that the direct formation of 6 from 1, if it occurs, is negligible in air-cured tobacco. Since (S)-6 is more highly carcinogenic than its R form, the reduction of (S)-2 should be a priority for the reduction of 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cai
- Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science , Guiyang, Guizhou 550081, People's Republic of China
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
| | - Huihua Ji
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
| | - Franklin F Fannin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
| | - Lowell P Bush
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky , Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0312, United States
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Sun B, Xue SL, Zhang F, Luo ZP, Wu MZ, Chen Q, Tang HR, Lin FC, Yang J. A Quantitative Real-Time PCR-Based Strategy for Molecular Evaluation of Nicotine Conversion in Burley Tobacco. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27422-32. [PMID: 26593897 PMCID: PMC4661896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nornicotine production in Nicotiana tabacum is undesirable because it is the precursor of the carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine. In some individual burley tobacco plants, a large proportion of the nicotine can be converted to nornicotine, and this process of nicotine conversion is mediated primarily by enzymatic N-demethylation of nicotine which is controlled mainly by CYP82E4. Here we report a novel strategy based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method, which analyzed the ratio of nicotine conversion through examining the transcript level of CYP82E4 in burley leaves and do not need ethylene induction before detected. The assay was linear in a range from 1 × 10¹ to 1 × 10⁵ copies/mL of serially diluted standards, and also showed high specificity and reproducibility (93%-99%). To assess its applicability, 55 plants of burley cultivar Ky8959 at leaf maturing stage were analyzed, and the results were in accordance with those from gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Moreover, a linear correlation existed between conversion level and CYP82E4 transcript abundance. Taken together, the quantitative real-time PCR assay is standardized, rapid and reproducible for estimation of nicotine conversion level in vivo, which is expected to shed new light on monitoring of burley tobacco converter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Sheng-Ling Xue
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zhao-Peng Luo
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ming-Zhu Wu
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Qing Chen
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Hao-Ru Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- National Tobacco Gene Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Vogel-Adghough D, Stahl E, Návarová H, Zeier J. Pipecolic acid enhances resistance to bacterial infection and primes salicylic acid and nicotine accumulation in tobacco. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e26366. [PMID: 24025239 PMCID: PMC4091605 DOI: 10.4161/psb.26366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Distinct amino acid metabolic pathways constitute integral parts of the plant immune system. We have recently identified pipecolic acid (Pip), a lysine-derived non-protein amino acid, as a critical regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and basal immunity to bacterial infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, Pip acts as an endogenous mediator of defense amplification and priming. For instance, Pip conditions plants for effective biosynthesis of the phenolic defense signal salicylic acid (SA), accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin, and expression of defense-related genes. Here, we show that tobacco plants respond to leaf infection by the compatible bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tabaci (Pstb) with a significant accumulation of several amino acids, including Lys, branched-chain, aromatic, and amide group amino acids. Moreover, Pstb strongly triggers, alongside the biosynthesis of SA and increases in the defensive alkaloid nicotine, the production of the Lys catabolites Pip and α-aminoadipic acid. Exogenous application of Pip to tobacco plants provides significant protection to infection by adapted Pstb or by non-adapted, hypersensitive cell death-inducing P. syringae pv maculicola. Pip thereby primes tobacco for rapid and strong accumulation of SA and nicotine following bacterial infection. Thus, our study indicates that the role of Pip as an amplifier of immune responses is conserved between members of the rosid and asterid groups of eudicot plants and suggests a broad practical applicability for Pip as a natural enhancer of plant disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elia Stahl
- Department of Biology; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hana Návarová
- Department of Biology; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Department of Biology; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf, Germany
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