Triterpenes from the exudate of Gardenia urvillei

Ternifoliasaponin, a new triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Gardenia ternifolia Schumach & Thonn (Rubiaceae)

A new triterpenoid saponin, Ternifoliasaponin (1), together with four known compounds (2-5) chikusetsusaponin IVa (2), chikusetsusaponin IVa methyl ester (3), bonushenricoside B (4) and Dianoside C (5) were isolated from roots of Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn (Rubiaceae). The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. The antibacterial activities of compounds (3), and (4) were performed by the Muller-Hinton agar diffusion method. The antimicrobial activities of the compounds were studied on Salmonella typhi (Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa microorganisms. Compound (3) at 25 mg/mL, showed moderately sensitive effect (8.0 ˂ DIZ ˂14.0 mm) on S. typhi, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Compound (4) at 25 mg/mL and compound (3) at 12.5 mg/mL exhibited moderately sensitive effect on S. typhi and S. aureus. Compound (4) inhibited moderately sensitive the S. typhi and P. aeruginosa colonies at 12.5 mg/mL.

Secondary metabolites related to the resistance of Psidium spp. against the nematode Meloidogyneenterolobii

The guava tree (Psidium guajava) is a tropical species native to South America and is recognized as the 11th most economically important fruit tree in Brazil. However, the presence of the nematode Meloidogyne enterolobii and the fungus Fusarium solani in the roots of guava plants leads to the development of root galls, causing significant damage. In contrast, the species P. guineense and P. cattleianum have been identified as resistant and immune to the nematode, respectively. In this study, the researchers aimed to compare the metabolomic profiles of infected and uninfected roots of P. guajava, P. cattleianum, and P. guineense using mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography (LC-MS). The goal was to identify secondary metabolites that could potentially be utilized as biochemical resources for nematode control. The findings of the study demonstrated that the plant metabolism of all three species undergoes alterations in response to the phytopathogen inoculation. By employing molecular networks, the researchers identified that the secondary metabolites affected by the infection, whether produced or suppressed, are primarily of a polar chemical nature. Further analysis of the database confirmed the polar nature of the regulated substances after infection, specifically hydrolysable tannins and lignans in P. guineense and P. cattleianum. Interestingly, a group of non-polar substances belonging to the terpene class was also identified in the resistant and immune species. This suggests that these terpenes may act as inhibitors of M. enterolobii, working as repellents or as molecules that can reduce oxidative stress during the infection process, thus enhancing the guava resistance to the nematode. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the metabolic alterations occurring in different Psidium spp. in response to M. enterolobii infection. The identification of specific secondary metabolites, particularly terpenes, opens up new possibilities for developing effective strategies to control the nematode and enhance guava resistance.

Iridoid glycosides and lignans from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Eills

Four previously undescribed iridoid glycosides, including two bis-iridoid glycosides, and three undescribed lignans, together with 16 known analogues, were isolated from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Eills. Their structures were elucidated on basis of spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configurations of three of the unknown compounds were determined by interpretation of their electronic circular dichroic (ECD) and [α] [Formula: see text] data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds were evaluated and all the compounds exhibited slightly inhibitory activity with the values of IC₅₀ greater than 50 μM.

Renoprotective Mono- and Triterpenoids from the Fruit of Gardenia jasminoides

This paper describes the isolation and characterization of 17 new and 12 known terpenoids from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides. The structures of eight new triterpenoids and nine new monoterpenoids, including their absolute configurations, were defined by spectroscopic analysis in combination of quantum chemical electronic circular dichroism (ECD), vibrational circular dichroism (VCD), and gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculations. The cytoprotective effects of the isolated compounds against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis in normal rat kidney tubule epithelioid (NRK 52e) cells were investigated in vitro. Compounds 10, 18, 20, 21, 24, and 26 exhibited significant protective effects with EC₅₀ values from 14.2 nM to 1.6 μM.

The Chemical Structure and Bioactivity of Cycloartane-type Compounds

:

For decades now, compounds in the cycloartane-type series have been shown to have versatile pharmacological activities. However, no extensive review has been written to summarize these health-beneficial activities. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to systematically highlight the biological activities of these compounds, including their antitumor and anti-osteoporosis effects, their effects on receptors, cytokine release, and chronic renal failure, as well as their tyrosinase inhibitory, anticomplement, anti-parasite, anti-HIV, and antituberculosis activities. In this review, we have summarized the structures of over 200 compounds based on their characteristics and described their structureactivity relationships (SARs), and potential mechanisms of action.

Plant triterpenoids with bond-missing skeletons: biogenesis, distribution and bioactivity

Covering: up to December 2018 The polycyclic ABCD(E) framework of triterpenoids can miss a single endocyclic C-C bond as a result of a modification of the cyclization cascade that triggers their formation (interrupted- or diverted cascades), or can be the result of post-cyclization ring cleavage by late-stage oxidative modifications (seco-triterpenoids). Because of mechanistic and biogenetic differences, ring opening associated with loss of a skeletal fragment, as in nor-seco-triterpenoids (limonoids, quassinoids), will not be covered, nor will compounds where ring opening is part of a fragmentation cascade or of a multiple diversion from it. Even with these limitations, 342 bond-missing triterpenoids could be retrieved from the literature, with transversal distribution in the plant kingdom. Their structural diversity translates into a variety of biological targets, with dominance of potential applications in the realm of cancer, neuroprotection, and anti-infective therapy. In addition to the bioactivity and chemotaxonomic relevance of bond-missing triterpenoids, current knowledge on the genetic basis of interrupted- and diverted oxidosqualene cyclases will be summarized. This untapped source of enzymes could be useful to selectively modify triterpenoids by metabolic engineering, circumventing the bottlenecks of their isolation (poor yield or inadequate supply chain) to explore new areas of their chemical space.

Two new dammarane triterpenes isolated from Cleome khorassanica Bunge & Bien with cytotoxicity against DU-145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines

From the aerial parts of Cleome khorassanica Bunge & Bien, a new 3-oxo-4-oxa-A-homo-25,26,27-trinordammarano-24,20-lactone triterpene (1), a new natural product 20,25-dihydroxy-3-oxodammarane triterpene (2), together with known 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,8,3',4',5'-heptamethoxyflavone (3), have been isolated and characterized. The chemical structure of the new compounds was determined by 1D and 2D NMR and HR tandem MS measurements. All three compounds were subjected to biological tests for evaluation of their cytotoxicity against prostate (DU-145 and LNCaP) cancer cells. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 showed cell growth inhibition in a dose dependent manner against DU-145 and LNCaP cells.

Plant triterpenoid saponins: biosynthesis, in vitro production, and pharmacological relevance

The saponins are a diverse class of natural products, with a broad scale distribution across different plant species. Chemically characterized as triterpenoid glycosides, they posses a 30C oxidosqualene precursor-based aglycone moiety (sapogenin), to which glycosyl residues are subsequently attached to yield the corresponding saponin. Based on the chemically distinct aglycone moieties, broadly, they are divided into triterpenoid saponins (dammaranes, ursanes, oleananes, lupanes, hopanes, etc.) and the sterol glycosides. This review aims to present in detail the biosynthesis patterns of the different aglycones from a common precursor and their glycosylation patterns to yield the functionally active glycoside. The review also presents recent advances in the pharmacological activities of these saponins, particularly as potent anti-neoplastic pharmacophores, antioxidants, or anti-viral/antibacterial agents. Since alternate production pedestals for these pharmacologically important triterpenes via cell and tissue cultures are an attractive option for their sustainable production, recent trends in the variety and scale of in vitro production of plant triterpenoids have also been discussed.

Erythrosaponins A-J, triterpene saponins from the roots and stem bark of Gardenia erythroclada

Ten undescribed triterpene saponins, named erythrosaponins A-J, along with one known analogue were isolated from the roots and stem bark of Gardenia erythroclada. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive 1D and 2D NMR analyses. Absolute structure of erythrosaponin A was unequivocally affirmed by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines (KB and HeLa S-3) and their anti-inflammatory activity based on the inhibition of NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Erythrosaponin D showed moderate cytotoxicity against KB and HeLa S-3 cells with IC₅₀ values of 25.8 and 29.5 μM, respectively. Erythrosaponins D, F, G, I and J showed moderate anti-inflammatory with IC₅₀ values in the range of 63.0-81.4 μM.

Three new 3,4-seco-cycloartane triterpenes from Gardenia sootepensis

The plants in the genus Gardenia (Rubiaceae) have long been used as traditional medicines in China. In this study, two new 3,4-seco-cycloartane triterpenes, sootepin J (1) and sootepin K (2), and a novel nor-3,4-seco-cycloartane triterpenes, sootepin L (3), together with two known compounds (4-5), were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves and twigs of Gardenia sootepensis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by combinations of 1D, 2D NMR experiments and HR-MS data, while the known compounds were identified by comparison of the NMR data with previously published data.

Plant Resources, (13)C-NMR Spectral Characteristic and Pharmacological Activities of Dammarane-Type Triterpenoids

Dammarane-type triterpenoids (DTT) widely distribute in various medicinal plants. They have generated a great amount of interest in the field of new drug research and development. Generally, DTT are the main bioactive ingredients abundant in Araliaceae plants, such as Panax ginseng, P. japonicas, P. notoginseng, and P. quinquefolium. Aside from Araliaceae, DTT also distribute in other families, including Betulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Meliaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. Until now, about 136 species belonging to 46 families have been reported to contain DTT. In this article, the genus classifications of plant sources of the botanicals that contain DTT are reviewed, with particular focus on the NMR spectral features and pharmacological activities based on literature reports, which may be benefit for the development of new drugs or food additives.