1
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Figueiredo L, Santos RB, Figueiredo A. The grapevine aspartic protease gene family: characterization and expression modulation in response to Plasmopara viticola. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:501-515. [PMID: 35426578 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-022-01390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine aspartic proteases gene family is characterized and five VviAPs appear to be involved in grapevine defense against downy mildew. Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. However, it is highly susceptible to the downy mildew disease caused by Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & Curt.) Berl. & De Toni. To minimize the use of fungicides used to control P. viticola, it is essential to gain a deeper comprehension on this pathosystem and proteases have gained particular interest in the past decade. Proteases were shown to actively participate in plant-pathogen interactions, not only in the processes that lead to plant cell death, stress responses and protein processing/degradation but also as components of the recognition and signalling pathways. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the aspartic proteases (APs) involvement in grapevine defense against P. viticola. A genome-wide search and bioinformatics characterization of the V. vinifera AP gene family was conducted and a total of 81 APs proteins, coded by 65 genes, were found. VviAPs proteins can be divided into three categories, similar to those previously described for other plants. Twelve APs coding genes were selected, and expression analysis was conducted at several time-points after inoculation in both compatible and incompatible interactions. Five grapevine APs may be involved in grapevine tolerance against P. viticola. Our findings provide an overall understanding of the VviAPs gene family and establish better groundwork to further describe the roles of VviAPs in defense against P. viticola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Figueiredo
- BioISI - Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita B Santos
- BioISI - Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- BioISI - Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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Zhao X, Ma X, Dupius JH, Qi R, Tian JJ, Chen J, Ou X, Qian Z, Liang D, Wang P, Yada RY, Wang S. Negatively charged phospholipids accelerate the membrane fusion activity of the plant-specific insert domain of an aspartic protease. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101430. [PMID: 34801553 PMCID: PMC8683733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various plants use antimicrobial proteins/peptides to resist phytopathogens. In the potato, Solanum tuberosum, the plant-specific insert (PSI) domain of an aspartic protease performs this role by disrupting phytopathogen plasma membranes. However, the mechanism by which PSI selects target membranes has not been elucidated. Here, we studied PSI-induced membrane fusion, focusing on the effects of lipid composition on fusion efficiency. Membrane fusion by the PSI involves an intermediate state whereby adjacent liposomes share their bilayers. We found that increasing the concentration of negatively charged phosphatidylserine (PS) phospholipids substantially accelerated PSI-mediated membrane fusion. NMR data demonstrated that PS did not affect the binding between the PSI and liposomes but had seminal effects on the dynamics of PSI interaction with liposomes. In PS-free liposomes, the PSI underwent significant motion, which was suppressed on PS-contained liposomes. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the PSI binds to PS-containing membranes with a dominant angle ranging from −31° to 30°, with respect to the bilayer, and is closer to the membrane surfaces. In contrast, PSI is mobile and exhibits multiple topological states on the surface of PS-free membranes. Taken together, our data suggested that PS lipids limit the motion of the anchored PSI, bringing it closer to the membrane surface and efficiently bridging different liposomes to accelerate fusion. As most phytopathogens have a higher content of negatively charged lipids as compared with host cells, these results indicate that the PSI selectively targets negatively charged lipids, which likely represents a way of distinguishing the pathogen from the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - John H Dupius
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ruxi Qi
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jenny Jingxin Tian
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyuan Ou
- MOH Key Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Qian
- MOH Key Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Dehai Liang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Shenlin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Cross-Tolerance and Autoimmunity as Missing Links in Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses in Plants: A Perspective toward Secondary Metabolic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111945. [PMID: 34769374 PMCID: PMC8584326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants employ a diversified array of defense activities when they encounter stress. Continuous activation of defense pathways that were induced by mutation or altered expression of disease resistance genes and mRNA surveillance mechanisms develop abnormal phenotypes. These plants show continuous defense genes' expression, reduced growth, and also manifest tissue damage by apoptosis. These macroscopic abrasions appear even in the absence of the pathogen and can be attributed to a condition known as autoimmunity. The question is whether it is possible to develop an autoimmune mutant that does not fetch yield and growth penalty and provides enhanced protection against various biotic and abiotic stresses via secondary metabolic pathways' engineering. This review is a discussion about the common stress-fighting mechanisms, how the concept of cross-tolerance instigates propitious or protective autoimmunity, and how it can be achieved by engineering secondary metabolic pathways.
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4
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Folgado A, Abranches R. Tobacco BY2 cells expressing recombinant cardosin B as an alternative for production of active milk clotting enzymes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14501. [PMID: 34262119 PMCID: PMC8280186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cynara cardunculus L. or cardoon is a plant that is used as a source of milk clotting enzymes during traditional cheese manufacturing. This clotting activity is due to aspartic proteases (APs) found in the cardoon flower, named cyprosins and cardosins. APs from cardoon flowers display a great degree of heterogeneity, resulting in variable milk clotting activities and directly influencing the final product. Producing these APs using alternative platforms such as bacteria or yeast has proven challenging, which is hampering their implementation on an industrial scale. We have developed tobacco BY2 cell lines as an alternative plant-based platform for the production of cardosin B. These cultures successfully produced active cardosin B and a purification pipeline was developed to obtain isolated cardosin B. The enzyme displayed proteolytic activity towards milk caseins and milk clotting activity under standard cheese manufacturing conditions. We also identified an unprocessed form of cardosin B and further investigated its activation process. The use of protease-specific inhibitors suggested a possible role for a cysteine protease in cardosin B processing. Mass spectrometry analysis identified three cysteine proteases containing a granulin-domain as candidates for cardosin B processing. These findings suggest an interaction between these two groups of proteases and contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms behind the regulation and processing of plant APs. This work also paves the way for the use of tobacco BY2 cells as an alternative production system for active cardosins and represents an important advancement towards the industrial production of cardoon APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Folgado
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rita Abranches
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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5
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Figueiredo L, Santos RB, Figueiredo A. Defense and Offense Strategies: The Role of Aspartic Proteases in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:75. [PMID: 33494266 PMCID: PMC7909840 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant aspartic proteases (APs; E.C.3.4.23) are a group of proteolytic enzymes widely distributed among different species characterized by the conserved sequence Asp-Gly-Thr at the active site. With a broad spectrum of biological roles, plant APs are suggested to undergo functional specialization and to be crucial in developmental processes, such as in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Over the last decade, an increasing number of publications highlighted the APs' involvement in plant defense responses against a diversity of stresses. In contrast, few studies regarding pathogen-secreted APs and AP inhibitors have been published so far. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of aspartic proteases from plant and pathogenic origins, focusing on their relevance and participation in defense and offense strategies in plant-pathogen interactions.
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6
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Zhu Y, Guo MJ, Song JB, Zhang SY, Guo R, Hou DR, Hao CY, An HL, Huang X. Roles of Endogenous Melatonin in Resistance to Botrytis cinerea Infection in an Arabidopsis Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683228. [PMID: 34234798 PMCID: PMC8256269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an important bioactive molecule in plants. Two synthetases, N-acetylserotonin methyltransferase (ASMT) and serotonin N-acetyltransferase (SNAT) are involved in the final two steps of melatonin synthesis. Melatonin participates in responses to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants, but few studies have addressed the roles of endogenous melatonin in pathogen resistance. We investigated the role of endogenous melatonin in resistance to Botrytis cinerea infection in an Arabidopsis thaliana model system. Plant lines that overexpressed ASMT or SNAT through genetic manipulation showed upregulated expression of resistance genes PR1 and PR5, transcription factor gene WRKY33, and jasmonic acid (JA) defense pathway marker gene PDF1.2, and downregulated transcription factor gene MYC2 in JA signaling pathway. Higher melatonin content also enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), increased JA content, reduced plant disease symptoms, and reduced lesion size in leaves. These findings indicate that endogenous melatonin enhances plant resistance to B. cinerea infection. In contrast, ASMT and SNAT gene silencing lines showed opposite results and were more susceptible to B. cinerea. Thus, it can be demonstrated that melatonin functions as an effective regulator of plant stress resistance at the genetic level. A schematic model is presented for its role in resistance to B. cinerea infection. Our findings also helped to elucidate the associated signal transduction pathways and interactions between melatonin and other plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Miao-Jie Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jian-Bo Song
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dai-Ru Hou
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Cheng-Ying Hao
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hong-Li An
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Hong-Li An,
| | - Xuan Huang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shaanxi, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Huang,
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7
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Hackett JC. PSI relieves the pressure of membrane fusion. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14563-14564. [PMID: 33097646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.h120.016038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Some plant proteases contain a latent sequence known as the plant-specific insert (PSI) that, upon release from the full protease sequence, initiates membrane fusion to defend from pathogens. However, the mechanism by which it exerts its effects has been unclear. Zhao et al. report an elegant integration of biophysical experiments and molecular dynamics simulations to reveal events leading up to PSI-mediated membrane fusion. Their results demonstrate a pH-dependent monomer-to-dimer transition, clear evidence of membrane association, and probable structures of prefusion intermediates. These data expand our understanding of the elusive PSIs and may provide new directions for antimicrobial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hackett
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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8
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Zhao X, Tian JJ, Yu H, Bryksa BC, Dupuis JH, Ou X, Qian Z, Song C, Wang S, Yada RY. Insights into the mechanism of membrane fusion induced by the plant defense element, plant-specific insert. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14548-14562. [PMID: 32651232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, many natural defense mechanisms include cellular membrane fusion as a way to resist infection by external pathogens. Several plant proteins mediate membrane fusion, but the detailed mechanism by which they promote fusion is less clear. Understanding this process could provide valuable insights into these proteins' physiological functions and guide bioengineering applications (i.e. the design of antimicrobial proteins). The plant-specific insert (PSI) from Solanum tuberosum can help reduce certain pathogen attack via membrane fusion. To gain new insights into the process of PSI-induced membrane fusion, a combined approach of NMR, FRET, and in silico studies was used. Our results indicate that (i) under acidic conditions, the PSI experiences a monomer-dimer equilibrium, and the dimeric PSI induces membrane fusion below a certain critical pH; (ii) after fusion, the PSI resides in a highly dehydrated environment with limited solvent accessibility, suggesting its capability in reducing repulsive dehydration forces between liposomes to facilitate fusion; and (iii) as shown by molecular dynamics simulations, the PSI dimer can bind stably to membrane surfaces and can bridge liposomes in close proximity, a critical step for the membrane fusion. In summary, this study provides new and unique insights into the mechanisms by which the PSI and similar proteins induce membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jenny Jingxin Tian
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hua Yu
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Brian C Bryksa
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John H Dupuis
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiuyuan Ou
- MOH Key Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Qian
- MOH Key Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Song
- Center for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shenlin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering and Beijing NMR Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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9
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Cheung LKY, Dupuis JH, Dee DR, Bryksa BC, Yada RY. Roles of Plant-Specific Inserts in Plant Defense. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:682-694. [PMID: 32526173 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitously expressed in plants, the plant-specific insert (PSI) of typical plant aspartic proteases (tpAPs) has been associated with plant development, stress response, and defense processes against invading pathogens. Despite sharing high sequence identity, structural studies revealed possible different mechanisms of action among species. The PSI induces signaling pathways of defense hormones in vivo and demonstrates broad-spectrum activity against phytopathogens in vitro. Recent characterization of the PSI-tpAP relationship uncovered novel, nonconventional intracellular protein transport pathways and improved tpAP production yields for industrial applications. In spite of research to date, relatively little is known about the structure-function relationships of PSIs. A comprehensive understanding of their biological roles may benefit plant protection strategies against virulent phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennie K Y Cheung
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - John H Dupuis
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Derek R Dee
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Brian C Bryksa
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Rickey Y Yada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. @ubc.ca
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10
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Sebastián D, Fernando FD, Raúl DG, Gabriela GM. Overexpression of Arabidopsis aspartic protease APA1 gene confers drought tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110406. [PMID: 32005402 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Drought is an environmental stress that severely affects plant growth and crop production. Different studies have focused on drought responses but the molecular bases that regulate these mechanisms are still unclear. We report the participation of Aspartic Protease (APA1) in drought tolerance. Overexpressing APA1 Arabidopsis plants (OE-APA1), showed a phenotype more tolerant to drought compared with WT. On the contrary, apa1 insertional lines were more sensitive to this stress compared to WT plants. Morphological and physiological differences related with the water loss were observed between leaves of OE- APA1 and WT plants. OE-APA1 leaves showed lower stomata index and stomata density as well as a smaller of the stomatic aperture compared to WT plants. qPCR analysis in OE-APA1 leaves, showed higher expression levels of genes related to ABA signaling and synthesis. Analysis of plant lines expressing APA1 promoter fused to GUS showed that APA1 is expressed in epidermal and stomata cells. In summary, this work suggests that APA1 is involved in ABA-dependent response that its overexpression confers drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D'Ippólito Sebastián
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Fiol Diego Fernando
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Daleo Gustavo Raúl
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina
| | - Guevara María Gabriela
- Biological Research Institute, National Council of Scientific and Technique Research (CONICET), University of Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (UNMDP), Argentina.
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11
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Folgado A, Abranches R. Plant Aspartic Proteases for Industrial Applications: Thistle Get Better. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E147. [PMID: 31979230 PMCID: PMC7076372 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteases have a number of applications in industrial processes including cheese manufacturing. The flower of the cardoon plant (Cynara cardunculus L.) is traditionally used as a milk-clotting agent in protected designation of origin cheeses made from goat and sheep milk. Plant-derived rennets are of particular importance to consumers who wish to eat cheeses that are produced without harming any animals. In this review, we have highlighted the importance of plant proteases, particularly aspartic proteases, in industrial processes, as well as exploring more fundamental aspects of their synthesis. We have also reviewed and discussed the production of these enzymes using sustainable and cost-effective alternative platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rita Abranches
- Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
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12
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Vieira V, Peixoto B, Costa M, Pereira S, Pissarra J, Pereira C. N-Linked Glycosylation Modulates Golgi-Independent Vacuolar Sorting Mediated by the Plant Specific Insert. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8090312. [PMID: 31480247 PMCID: PMC6784193 DOI: 10.3390/plants8090312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In plant cells, the conventional route to the vacuole involves the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi and the prevacuolar compartment. However, over the years, unconventional sorting to the vacuole, bypassing the Golgi, has been described, which is the case of the Plant-Specific Insert (PSI) of the aspartic proteinase cardosin A. Interestingly, this Golgi-bypass ability is not a characteristic shared by all PSIs, since two related PSIs showed to have different sensitivity to ER-to-Golgi blockage. Given the high sequence similarity between the PSI domains, we sought to depict the differences in terms of post-translational modifications. In fact, one feature that draws our attention is that one is N-glycosylated and the other one is not. Using site-directed mutagenesis to obtain mutated versions of the two PSIs, with and without the glycosylation motif, we observed that altering the glycosylation pattern interferes with the trafficking of the protein as the non-glycosylated PSI-B, unlike its native glycosylated form, is able to bypass ER-to-Golgi blockage and accumulate in the vacuole. This is also true when the PSI domain is analyzed in the context of the full-length cardosin. Regardless of opening exciting research gaps, the results obtained so far need a more comprehensive study of the mechanisms behind this unconventional direct sorting to the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Vieira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Mónica Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Susana Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - José Pissarra
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/nº, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Center, Campus de Vairão, Rua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vila do Conde, Portugal.
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13
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Soares A, Ribeiro Carlton SM, Simões I. Atypical and nucellin-like aspartic proteases: emerging players in plant developmental processes and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2059-2076. [PMID: 30715463 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Members of the pepsin-like family (A1) of aspartic proteases (APs) are widely distributed in plants. A large number of genes encoding putative A1 APs are found in different plant genomes, the vast majority of which exhibit distinct features when compared with the so-called typical APs (and, therefore, grouped as atypical and nucellin-like APs). These features include the absence of the plant-specific insert; an unusually high number of cysteine residues; the nature of the amino acids preceding the first catalytic aspartate; and unexpected localizations. The over-representation of atypical and nucellin-like APs in plants is suggestive of greater diversification of protein functions and a more regulatory role for these APs, as compared with the housekeeping function generally attributed to typical APs. New functions have been uncovered for non-typical APs, with proposed roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses, chloroplast metabolism, and reproductive development, clearly suggesting functional specialization and tight regulation of activity. Furthermore, unusual enzymatic properties have also been documented for some of these proteases. Here, we give an overview of the current knowledge on the distinctive features and functions of both atypical and nucellin-like APs, and discuss this emerging pattern of functional complexity and specialization among plant pepsin-like proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Soares
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Isaura Simões
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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