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Li ZW, Song M, Huang L, Wang FX, Wang ZQ, Ye WC, Zhang YW, Wang L, Zhang XQ. Alstomaphylines A-K, monoterpenoid bisindole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla with AChE inhibitory activity and cytotoxicity. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107664. [PMID: 39079392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/30/2024]
Abstract
Eleven undescribed monoterpenoid bisindole alkaloids, alstomaphyines A-K (1-11), along with three known analogues were isolated from the leaves and stem bark of the Alstonia macrophylla. Compounds 1-3 were unprecedented dimerization alkaloids incorporating a macroline-type motif with an ajmaline-type motif via a C-C linkage. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation, and CD exciton chirality method. Compounds 1-3 displayed potential inhibitory bioactivity against AChE with IC50 values of 4.44 ± 0.35, 3.59 ± 0.18, and 3.71 ± 0.23 μM, respectively. Enzyme kinetic study revealed compounds 1-3 as mixed competitive AChE inhibitors. Besides, compounds 8 and 12-14 exhibited better cytotoxicity against human cancer cell line HT-29 than cisplatin. Flow cytometry data revealed that compounds 8, 13, and 14 significantly induced the HT-29 cells arrest in G0/G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Modernization of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of TCM, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Lan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Modernization of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Fang-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Modernization of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of TCM, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zi-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Modernization of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of TCM, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Modernization of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of TCM, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yong-Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Modernization of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of TCM, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Molecules and Druggability Assessment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Center for Bioactive Natural Molecules and Innovative Drugs Research, and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Modernization of TCM, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM & New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of TCM, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Li S, Luo RC, Liang ZZ, Zhang BD, Wei YL, Wen HY, Dong J, Li XY, Guo LL, Hao XJ, Li N, Zhang Y. Corydecusines A-H, new phthalideisoquinoline hemicetal alkaloids from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens inhibit Tau pathology by activating autophagy mediated by AMPK-ULK1 pathway. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107166. [PMID: 38308998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Twelve phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids including eight new ones (1-8) and one natural alkaloid characterized by an aziridine moiety with unassigned NMR data (9), were isolated and identified from the bulbs of Corydalis decumbens. Their structures were established by comprehensive analyses of HRESIMS, NMR, X-ray crystallography, and ECD analyses. The unambiguously established structures of the phthalideisoquinoline hemiacetal alkaloids indicated that the absolute configurations of C-1, C-9, and C-7' were confusable only relied on coupling constants. A summary of their ECD spectra was concluded and provided an insight for C-1, C-9, and C-7' absolute configuration assignment. These new compounds were evaluated to induce autophagy flux through flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, compounds 2 and 6 could significantly induce autophagy and inhibit Tau pathology by AMPK-ULK1 pathway activation, which provided an avenue for anti-AD lead compounds discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Can Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, and KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, and Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Bo-Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Yin-Ling Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Yan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling-Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Innovative Traditional Chinese Medicine for Major Chronic Diseases of Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory for TCM Material Basis Study and Innovative Drug Development of Shenyang City, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China.
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Li X, Li X, Chen L, Deng Y, Zheng Z, Ming Y. Tabersonine Induces the Apoptosis of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma In vitro and In vivo. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:764-772. [PMID: 38465429 PMCID: PMC11327752 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206286612240303172230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tabersonine, a natural indole alkaloid derived from Apocynaceae plants, exhibits antiinflammatory and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, among other pharmacological effects. However, its anti-tumor properties and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain underexplored. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to investigate the anti-tumor effects of tabersonine and its mechanisms in inducing apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS The inhibitory effects of tabersonine on the viability and proliferation of liver cancer cells were evaluated using MTT assay and colony formation assay. AO/EB, Hoechst, and Annexin V-FITC/ PI staining techniques were employed to observe cell damage and apoptosis. JC-1 staining was used to detect changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis was conducted to study the anti-tumor mechanism of tabersonine on liver cancer cells. Additionally, a xenograft model using mice hepatoma HepG2 cells was established to assess the anti-tumor potency of tabersonine in vivo. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Our findings revealed that tabersonine significantly inhibited cell viability and proliferation, inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cells. Treatment with tabersonine inhibited Akt phosphorylation, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, promoted cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, and increased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2. These findings suggested that tabersonine induces apoptosis in liver cancer cells through the mitochondrial pathway. Furthermore, tabersonine treatment activated the death receptor pathway of apoptosis. In vivo studies demonstrated that tabersonine significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to demonstrate that tabersonine induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells through both mitochondrial and death receptor apoptotic pathways, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent candidate for hepatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Mice
- Indole Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Indole Alkaloids/chemistry
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Molecular Structure
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemical synthesis
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Hep G2 Cells
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
| | - Xudan Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of new target drugs (Xiamen University), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lianghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Physiology and Biochemistry of Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, 361006, China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Physiology and Biochemistry of Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, 361006, China
| | - Zhizhong Zheng
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Fuzhou Institute of Technology, Fuzhou, 350506, China
| | - Yanlin Ming
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province for Physiology and Biochemistry of Subtropical Plant, Fujian Institute of Subtropical Botany, Xiamen, 361006, China
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Yu Y, Wu J, Bao MF, Schinnerl J, Cai XH. Diverse aspidosperma-type alkaloids from the leaves of Tabernaemontana bovina with anti-hepatoma activity. Fitoterapia 2023; 169:105588. [PMID: 37336417 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen undescribed Aspidosperma-type alkaloids (ASPs), along with nine known ones were isolated from the leaves of Tabernaemontana bovina. Taberbovermines A and B were assigned to tabersonine-type with a contracted A- and E-ring, respectively. Taberbovermine C was attributed to tabersonine without D ring. These structures of the ASPs were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data, electronic circular dichroism calculations and X-ray diffraction. The summaries of structure-activity relationship of tabersonine class were discussed based on hepatoma cells screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Mei-Fen Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Johann Schinnerl
- Chemodiversity Research Group, Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiang-Hai Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.
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Coon A, Musah RA. Investigation of Small-Molecule Constituents in Voacanga africana Seeds and Mapping of Their Spatial Distributions Using Laser Ablation Direct Analysis in Real-Time Imaging-Mass Spectrometry (LADI-MS). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27190-27205. [PMID: 37546641 PMCID: PMC10399170 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant seeds are a renewable resource that can furnish access to medicinal natural products that can only otherwise be isolated from aerial or root parts, the harvest of which may be destructive to the plant or threaten its viability. However, optimization of the isolation of such compounds from seeds would be greatly assisted if the spatial distribution of the molecules of interest within the plant tissue were known. For example, iboga alkaloids that hold promise for the treatment of opioid use disorder are typically isolated from the leaves, bark, or roots of Tabernanthe or Voacanga spp. trees, but it would be more environmentally sustainable to isolate such compounds from their seeds. Here, we leveraged the unique capabilities of the ambient mass spectral imaging technique termed laser ablation direct analysis in real-time imaging-mass spectrometry (LADI-MS) to reveal the spatial distributions of a range of molecules, including alkaloids within V. africana seeds. In addition to six compounds previously reported in these seeds, namely, tetradecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid, (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid, octadecanoic acid, and Δ14-vincamine, an additional 31 compounds were newly identified in V. africana seeds. The compound classes included alkaloids, terpenes, and fatty acids. The ion images showed that the fatty acids were localized in the embryo of the seed. The alkaloids, which were mainly localized in the seed endosperm, included strictamine, akuammidine, polyneruidine, vobasine, and Δ14-vincamine. This information can be exploited to enhance the efficiency of secondary metabolite isolation from V. africana seeds while eliminating the destruction of other plant parts.
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Chang Y, Bai M, Zhang X, Shen S, Hou JY, Yao GD, Huang XX, Song SJ. Neuroprotective and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of alkaloids from Solanum lyratum Thunb.: An in vitro and in silico analyses. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 209:113623. [PMID: 36842735 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The n-BuOH extract from the herb of Solanum lyratum Thunb. (Solanaceae) was purified by various chromatographic methods, which led to the isolation of seven undescribed alkaloids ((-)-(7'S)-N-feruloyltyramine A, (+)-(7'R)-N-feruloyltyramine A, (+)-(7'S)-N-solanamide A, (-)-(7'R)-N-solanamide A, 7'S-perillascens, solanpyrrole A, and (Z)-asmurratetra A) and 13 known alkaloids, including four pairs of enantiomers. Extensive spectroscopic data and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations were applied to determine the structures of the undescribed compounds. In in vitro biological activity assays, (-)-(7'S)-N-feruloyltyramine A and (+)-(7'R)-N-feruloyltyramine A exhibited pronounced neuroprotective effects against SH-SY5Y cell damage with survival rates of 75.98% and 76.61%, respectively, at 50 μM. Additionally, (-)-(7'S)-N-feruloyltyramine A and N-cis-feruloyl-3'-methoxy-tyramine displayed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 7.41 ± 1.76 μM and 9.21 ± 0.89 μM, respectively. Molecular docking simulations revealed that (-)-(7'S)-N-feruloyltyramine A had a binding site for AChE. These findings reveal the structural diversity of the bioactive compounds in S. lyratum and provides insights into the use of this information for the production of functional components in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jiao-Yang Hou
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province, Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Zuo Y, Zhang CZ, Ren Q, Chen Y, Li X, Yang JR, Li HX, Tang WT, Ho HM, Sun C, Li MM, Ren B, Deng Y, Wang ML, Lu J. Activation of mitochondrial-associated apoptosis signaling pathway and inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by voacamine suppress breast cancer progression. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 99:154015. [PMID: 35278901 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest morbidity and mortality rate. Numerous efficient anti-breast cancer drugs are being derived from the development of natural products. Voacamine (VOA), a bisindole alkaloid isolated from Voacanga africana Stapf, possesses various pharmacological and biological activities. PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the efficacy of VOA against breast cancer cells and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1 were used to study the underlying anti-cancer mechanisms of VOA. The proliferation was detected by MTT, colony formation, cell proliferation and wound-healing migration assays. Flow cytometry was utilized to determine the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cell-cycle, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential. The target proteins were analyzed by Western blot. Molecular docking was performed and scored by AutoDock. Subcutaneous cancer models in mice were established to evaluate the anticancer effects in vivo. RESULT Our results demonstrated that VOA selectively suppressed breast cancer MCF-7 and 4T1 cells proliferation with IC50 values of 0.99 and 1.48 μM, and significantly inhibited the migration and colony formation of tumor cells. Furthermore, the cell cycle was arrested in the S phase with the decreased expression levels of CDK2, Cyclin A and Cyclin E. Additionally, exposure to VOA dose-dependently brought about dose-dependently the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and amassment of reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in the initiation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Western blot analysis unveiled that VOA significantly activated mitochondrial-associated apoptosis and obviously suppress the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway via modulation of related protein expression levels in both tumor cell lines. In tumor-bearing mouse models, administration of VOA dose-dependently inhibited the tumor growth without causing apparent toxicities. CONCLUSION These findings revealed the novel properties of VOA in promoting apoptosis of breast cancer cells by activating mitochondrial-associated apoptosis signaling pathway and inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and significantly decreasing tumor size without detecting appreciable toxicity. In summary, the present results demonstrated VOA could be an encouraging drug candidate to cure breast cancer, exhibiting an effective method to exploit unique drugs from natural components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Chao-Zheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qing Ren
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Ji-Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wen-Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Hing-Man Ho
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mei-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Mao-Lin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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Fouotsa H, Mkounga P, Lannang AM, Vanheuverzwijn J, Zhou Z, Leblanc K, Rharrabti S, Nkengfack AE, Gallard JF, Fontaine V, Meyer F, Poupon E, Le Pogam P, Beniddir MA. Pyrrovobasine, hybrid alkylated pyrraline monoterpene indole alkaloid pseudodimer discovered using a combination of mass spectral and NMR-based machine learning annotations. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:98-105. [PMID: 34596204 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01791h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new vobasine-tryptamine-based monoterpene indole alkaloid pseudodimer was isolated from the stem bark of Voacanga africana. As a minor constituent occurring in a thoroughly investigated plant, this molecule was targeted based on a molecular networking strategy and a rational MS2-guided phytochemical investigation led to its isolation. Its structure was formally established based on HRMS, 1D/2D NMR data, and the application of the tool Small Molecule Accurate Recognition Technology (SMART 2.0). Its absolute configuration was assigned by the exciton chirality method and TD-DFT ECD calculations. Besides featuring an unprecedented intermonomeric linkage in the small group of vobasine/tryptamine hybrids, pyrrovobasine also represents the first pyrraline-containing representative in the whole monoterpene indole alkaloids group. Biosynthetic hypotheses possibly underpinning these structural oddities are proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Fouotsa
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, Po Box 1050, Belgium.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Mkounga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alain Meli Lannang
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Jérôme Vanheuverzwijn
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, Po Box 1050, Belgium
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, Po Box 1050, Belgium
| | - Karine Leblanc
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Somia Rharrabti
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Augustin Ephrem Nkengfack
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, Po Box 1050, Belgium
| | - Franck Meyer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, Po Box 1050, Belgium
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Mehdi A Beniddir
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Fouotsa H, Le Pogam P, Mkounga P, Lannang AM, Bernadat G, Vanheuverzwijn J, Zhou Z, Leblanc K, Rharrabti S, Nkengfack AE, Gallard JF, Fontaine V, Meyer F, Poupon E, Beniddir MA. Voatriafricanines A and B, Trimeric Vobasine-Aspidosperma-Aspidosperma Alkaloids from Voacanga africana. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2755-2761. [PMID: 34569237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Voatriafricanines A and B (1 and 2), the first examples of vobasine-aspidosperma-aspidosperma monoterpene trisindole alkaloids, were isolated from the stem barks of Voacanga africana, guided by a molecular networking strategy. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and ECD calculations. Compounds 1 and 2 possess intramolecular hydrogen bonding, sufficiently robust to transfer homonuclear and heteronuclear magnetizations. Compound 1 exhibited potent antimycobacterial activity with no discernible cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Fouotsa
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, PO Box 1050, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Pierre Le Pogam
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pierre Mkounga
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Alain Meli Lannang
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teachers Training College, University of Maroua, P.O. Box 55, Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Guillaume Bernadat
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jérôme Vanheuverzwijn
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, PO Box 1050, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Zhiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, PO Box 1050, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Karine Leblanc
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Somia Rharrabti
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Augustin Ephrem Nkengfack
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean-François Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, ICSN UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, PO Box 1050, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Franck Meyer
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine-CP 206/04, Boulevard du Triomphe, ACC.2, PO Box 1050, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Erwan Poupon
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Mehdi A Beniddir
- Équipe "Chimie des Substances Naturelles" Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, BioCIS, 5 Rue J.-B. Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Euphorfistrines A-G, cytotoxic and AChE inhibiting triterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105395. [PMID: 34628224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven new triterpenoids including two cycloartanes (1-2), a lanostane (3), a tirucallane (4), a dammarane (5), an ursane (6), and an oleanane (7), along with nineteen known triterpenoids (8-26), have been obtained from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana. Their structures were established by NMR, HRESIMS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, Mosher's method, NMR calculations, ECD analysis, and comparison with structurally related known analogues. Among them, compounds 1 and 8 were a pair of cycloartane-type triterpenoids epimers. Our bioassays have established that compounds 1-5 and 10 displayed moderate cytotoxic effects, and the structure-activity relationships of cycloartane-type triterpenoids (CTTs) were further examined. Notably, some triterpenoids displayed moderate inhibitory effects against AChE by an in vitro screened experiment. Triterpenoid 7 (Euphorfistrine G, ETG) displayed the potent inhibitory effect with IC50 = 2.45 and Ki = 2.30 μM (inhibition kinetic). And, in silico docking analyses have been performed to investigate the inhibitory mechanism of compound 7.
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Wei JC, Zhang XY, Gao YN, Wang DD, He XL, Gao XX, Hu GS, Wang AH, Jia JM. Euphorfinoids E-L: Diterpenoids from the roots of Euphorbia fischeriana with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112867. [PMID: 34304117 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eight undescribed diterpenoids, euphorfinoids E-L, together with twelve known analogues, were isolated from the roots of wild Euphorbia fischeriana. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by a combination of NMR, MS, ECD, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The plausible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was also proposed. The isolated compounds displayed moderate inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) with 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) values of 6.23-192.38 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Chun Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ning Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Lai He
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Sheng Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Hua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing-Ming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu WT, Chen C, Zhao Q, Han LL, Yang M, Hao XJ, Zhang Y. Isolation and structure elucidation of tabercetimines A-D, four new quaternary monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana divaricata. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Babiaka SB, Simoben CV, Abuga KO, Mbah JA, Karpoormath R, Ongarora D, Mugo H, Monya E, Cho-Ngwa F, Sippl W, Loveridge EJ, Ntie-Kang F. Alkaloids with Anti-Onchocercal Activity from Voacanga africana Stapf (Apocynaceae): Identification and Molecular Modeling. Molecules 2020; 26:E70. [PMID: 33375687 PMCID: PMC7795662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new iboga-vobasine-type isomeric bisindole alkaloid named voacamine A (1), along with eight known compounds-voacangine (2), voacristine (3), coronaridine (4), tabernanthine (5), iboxygaine (6), voacamine (7), voacorine (8) and conoduramine (9)-were isolated from the stem bark of Voacangaafricana. The structures of the compounds were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. Compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 were found to inhibit the motility of both the microfilariae (Mf) and adult male worms of Onchocerca ochengi, in a dose-dependent manner, but were only moderately active on the adult female worms upon biochemical assessment at 30 μM drug concentrations. The IC50 values of the isolates are 2.49-5.49 µM for microfilariae and 3.45-17.87 µM for adult males. Homology modeling was used to generate a 3D model of the O. ochengi thioredoxin reductase target and docking simulation, followed by molecular dynamics and binding free energy calculations attempted to offer an explanation of the anti-onchocercal structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the isolated compounds. These alkaloids are new potential leads for the development of antifilarial drugs. The results of this study validate the traditional use of V. africana in the treatment of human onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smith B. Babiaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea CM-00237, Cameroon;
- AgroEco Health Platform, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Cotonou, Abomey-Calavi BEN-00229, Benin
| | - Conrad V. Simoben
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (C.V.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Kennedy O. Abuga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676–00202, Kenya; (K.O.A.); (D.O.); (H.M.)
| | - James A. Mbah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea CM-00237, Cameroon;
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Dennis Ongarora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676–00202, Kenya; (K.O.A.); (D.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Hannington Mugo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 19676–00202, Kenya; (K.O.A.); (D.O.); (H.M.)
| | - Elvis Monya
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea CM-00237, Cameroon; (E.M.); (F.C.-N.)
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea CM-00237, Cameroon; (E.M.); (F.C.-N.)
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (C.V.S.); (W.S.)
| | - Edric Joel Loveridge
- Department of Chemistry, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63, Buea CM-00237, Cameroon;
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle, Germany; (C.V.S.); (W.S.)
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden, 01217 Dresden, Germany
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