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Chen Y, Huang B, Liang H, Ji H, Wang Z, Song X, Zhu H, Song S, Yuan W, Wu Q, Miao M. Gestational organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure in association with placental DNA methylation levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) signaling pathway-related genes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174569. [PMID: 38977092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) exposure could affect offspring health. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well documented. OBJECTIVES Based on a birth cohort study, we aimed to investigate the associations among gestational OPEs exposure, placental DNA methylation levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway-related genes, and fetal growth. METHODS We measured the concentrations of eight OPE metabolites in maternal urine samples and neonatal anthropometric measurements in 733 mother-child pairs. In 327 placental samples, we assessed the DNA methylation levels of 14 genes which were involved in the PPARs signaling pathway and expressed in placenta. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations of OPEs exposure with placental DNA methylation, and of OPEs and placental DNA methylation with neonatal anthropometric measurements. Causal mediation analyses were conducted to examine the potential mediating role of placental DNA methylation in the pathway between OPEs exposure and fetal growth. RESULTS We observed a general pattern of OPEs exposure being associated with hypermethylation of candidate genes, with statistically significant associations identified for several OPEs with RXRA, ACAA1, ACADL, ACADM, PLTP, and NR1H3 methylation. Further, gestational exposure to BCIPP, DPP, BBOEP, ∑NCl-OPEs, and ∑OPEs tended to be associated with lower anthropometric measurements, with more significant associations observed on arm circumference, and abdominal and back skinfold thickness. Notably, RXRA, ACAA1, ACOX1, CPT2, ACADM, and NR1H3 methylation tended to be associated with lower neonatal anthropometric measurements, especially for abdominal and back skinfold thickness. Moreover, mediation analyses showed that 19.42 % of the total effect of DPP on the back skinfold thickness was mediated by changes in RXRA methylation, and there was a significant indirect effect of RXRA methylation. CONCLUSIONS Gestational OPEs exposure could disrupt the placental DNA methylation levels of PPAR signaling pathway-related genes, which might contribute to the effect of OPEs on fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Chen
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Baoqin Huang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Hong Liang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglei Ji
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiuxia Song
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Haijun Zhu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shujuan Song
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Qihan Wu
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Maohua Miao
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation, Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Chang C, Chen YL, Wang YW, Chen HW, Hsu CW, Lin KC, Ou YC, Liu T, Chen WL, Chu CA, Ho CL, Lee CT, Chow NH. Aberrant trophoblastic differentiation in human cancer: An emerging novel therapeutic target (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 51:43. [PMID: 38240107 PMCID: PMC10823338 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Various types of human cancer may develop aberrant trophoblastic differentiation, including histological changes and altered expression of β‑human chorionic gonadotropin (β‑hCG). Aberrant trophoblastic differentiation in epithelial cancer is usually associated with poor differentiation, tumor metastasis, unfavorable prognosis and treatment resistance. Since β‑hCG‑targeting vaccines have failed in an early phase II trial, it is crucial to obtain a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of trophoblastic differentiation in human cancer. The present review summarizes the clinical and translational research on this topic with the aim of accelerating the development of an effective targeted therapy. Ectopic expression of β‑hCG promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, vasculogenesis and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro, and enhances metastatic and tumorigenic capabilities in vivo. Signaling cascades modulated by β‑hCG include the TGF‑β receptor pathway, EMT‑related pathways, the c‑MET receptor tyrosine kinase and mitogen‑activated protein kinase/ERK pathways, and the SMAD2/4 pathway. Taken together, these findings indicated that TGF‑β receptors, c‑MET and ERK1/2 are potential therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, further investigation on the molecular basis of aberrant trophoblastic differentiation is mandatory to improve the design of precision therapy for this aggressive type of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chang
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Medicine Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Wen Wang
- Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Che-Wei Hsu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kun-Che Lin
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yin-Chien Ou
- Department of Urology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsunglin Liu
- The Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Bioinformatics Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Li Chen
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-An Chu
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Liang Ho
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Medicine Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Nan-Haw Chow
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Medicine Core Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan, R.O.C
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, R.O.C
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The Potential Role of PPARs in the Fetal Origins of Adult Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213474. [PMID: 36359869 PMCID: PMC9653757 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis holds that events during early development have a profound impact on one’s risk for the development of future adult disease. Studies from humans and animals have demonstrated that many diseases can begin in childhood and are caused by a variety of early life traumas, including maternal malnutrition, maternal disease conditions, lifestyle changes, exposure to toxins/chemicals, improper medication during pregnancy, and so on. Recently, the roles of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in FOAD have been increasingly appreciated due to their wide variety of biological actions. PPARs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor subfamily, consisting of three distinct subtypes: PPARα, β/δ, and γ, highly expressed in the reproductive tissues. By controlling the maturation of the oocyte, ovulation, implantation of the embryo, development of the placenta, and male fertility, the PPARs play a crucial role in the transition from embryo to fetus in developing mammals. Exposure to adverse events in early life exerts a profound influence on the methylation pattern of PPARs in offspring organs, which can affect development and health throughout the life course, and even across generations. In this review, we summarize the latest research on PPARs in the area of FOAD, highlight the important role of PPARs in FOAD, and provide a potential strategy for early prevention of FOAD.
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Rs868058 in the Homeobox Gene HLX Contributes to Early-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030447. [PMID: 35336820 PMCID: PMC8945724 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition that characterizes fetuses as too small for their gestational age, with an estimated fetal weight (EFW) below the 10th percentile and abnormal Doppler parameters and/or with EFW below the 3rd percentile. We designed our study to demonstrate the contribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from DLX3 (rs11656951, rs2278163, and rs10459948), HLX (rs2184658, and 868058), ANGPT2 (−35 G > C), and ITGAV (rs3911238, and rs3768777) genes in maternal blood in FGR. A cohort of 380 women with singleton pregnancies consisted of 190 pregnancies with FGR and 190 healthy full-term controls. A comparison of the pregnancies with an early-onset FGR and healthy subjects showed that the AT heterozygotes in HLX rs868058 were significantly associated with an approximately two-fold increase in disease risk (p ≤ 0.050). The AT heterozygotes in rs868058 were significantly more frequent in the cases with early-onset FGR than in late-onset FGR in the overdominant model (OR 2.08 95% CI 1.11−3.89, p = 0.022), and after being adjusted by anemia, in the codominant model (OR 2.45 95% CI 1.23−4.90, p = 0.034). In conclusion, the heterozygous AT genotype in HLX rs868058 can be considered a significant risk factor for the development of early-onset FGR, regardless of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women.
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Maternal high-fat diet during pregnancy with concurrent phthalate exposure leads to abnormal placentation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16602. [PMID: 34400704 PMCID: PMC8368193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a synthetic chemical commonly used for its plasticizing capabilities. Because of the extensive production and use of DEHP, humans are exposed to this chemical daily. Diet is a significant exposure pathway and fatty food contain the highest level of phthalates. The impact on pregnancy following DEHP exposure and the associated interaction of high fat (HF) diet remains unknown. Here we report that exposure of pregnant mice to an environmentally relevant level of DEHP did not affect pregnancy. In contrast, mice fed a HF diet during gestation and exposed to the same level of DEHP display marked impairment in placental development, resulting in poor pregnancy outcomes. Our study further reveals that DEHP exposure combined with a HF diet interfere with the signaling pathway controlled by nuclear receptor PPARγ to adversely affect differentiation of trophoblast cells, leading to compromised vascularization and glucose transport in the placenta. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that maternal diet during pregnancy is a critical factor that determines whether exposure to an environmental toxicant results in impaired placental and fetal development, causing intrauterine growth restriction, fetal morbidity, and mortality.
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Burkova EE, Sedykh SE, Nevinsky GA. Human Placenta Exosomes: Biogenesis, Isolation, Composition, and Prospects for Use in Diagnostics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042158. [PMID: 33671527 PMCID: PMC7926398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are 40–100 nm nanovesicles participating in intercellular communication and transferring various bioactive proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs, and lipids. During pregnancy, the placenta releases exosomes into the maternal circulation. Placental exosomes are detected in the maternal blood even in the first trimester of pregnancy and their numbers increase significantly by the end of pregnancy. Exosomes are necessary for the normal functioning of the placenta and fetal development. Effects of exosomes on target cells depend not only on their concentration but also on their intrinsic components. The biochemical composition of the placental exosomes may cause various complications of pregnancy. Some studies relate the changes in the composition of nanovesicles to placental dysfunction. Isolation of placental exosomes from the blood of pregnant women and the study of protein, lipid, and nucleic composition can lead to the development of methods for early diagnosis of pregnancy pathologies. This review describes the biogenesis of exosomes, methods of their isolation, analyzes their biochemical composition, and considers the prospects for using exosomes to diagnose pregnancy pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya E. Burkova
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.E.S.); (G.A.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(383)-363-51-27
| | - Sergey E. Sedykh
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.E.S.); (G.A.N.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A. Nevinsky
- SB RAS Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.E.S.); (G.A.N.)
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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7
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Peoc'h K, Puy V, Fournier T. Haem oxygenases play a pivotal role in placental physiology and pathology. Hum Reprod Update 2020; 26:634-649. [PMID: 32347305 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haem oxygenases (HO) catabolise haem, which is the prosthetic group of numerous haemoproteins. Thus, multiple primary cellular pathways and functions rely on haem availability. HO exists in two isoforms, both expressed in the placenta, namely HO-1 and HO-2, the first being inducible. Haem oxygenases, particularly HO-1, have garnered specific interest in the field of physiological and pathological placental function. These enzymes mediate haem degradation by cleaving the alpha methene bridge to produce biliverdin, which is subsequently converted to bilirubin, carbon monoxide and iron. HO-1 has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. SEARCH METHODS An initial literature analysis was performed using PubMed on 3 October 2018 using key terms such as 'haem oxygenase and pregnancy', 'haem oxygenase and placenta', 'HO-1 and pregnancy', 'HO-1 and placenta', 'HO and placenta', 'HO and pregnancy', 'genetic variant and HO', 'CO and pregnancy', 'CO and placenta', 'Bilirubin and pregnancy', 'Iron and pregnancy' and 'PPAR and Haem', selecting consensus conferences, recommendations, meta-analyses, practical recommendations and reviews. A second literature analysis was performed, including notable miscarriages, foetal loss and diabetes mellitus, on 20 December 2019. The three authors studied the publications independently to decipher whether they should be included in the manuscript. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review aimed to summarise current pieces of knowledge of haem oxygenase location, function and regulation in the placenta, either in healthy pregnancies or those associated with miscarriages and foetal loss, pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction and diabetes mellitus. OUTCOMES HO-1 exerts some protective effects on the placentation, probably by a combination of factors, including its interrelation with the PGC-1α/PPAR pathway and the sFlt1/PlGF balance, and through its primary metabolites, notably carbon monoxide and bilirubin. Its protective role has been highlighted in numerous pregnancy conditions, including pre-eclampsia, foetal growth restriction, gestational diabetes mellitus and miscarriages. WIDER IMPLICATIONS HO-1 is a crucial enzyme in physiological and pathological placentation. This protective enzyme is currently considered a potential therapeutic target in various pregnancy diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katell Peoc'h
- Université de Paris, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM U1149, UFR de Médecine Bichat, 75018 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, APHP Nord, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Puy
- Reproductive Biology Unit CECOS, Paris-Saclay University, Antoine Béclère Hospital, APHP, Clamart 92140, France
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, UMRE008 Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, Université de Paris, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR-S 1139, 3PHM, F-75006, Paris, France
- Fondation PremUp, F-75014, Paris, France
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Qamar AY, Mahiddine FY, Bang S, Fang X, Shin ST, Kim MJ, Cho J. Extracellular Vesicle Mediated Crosstalk Between the Gametes, Conceptus, and Female Reproductive Tract. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:589117. [PMID: 33195625 PMCID: PMC7661581 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.589117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediated intracellular communication plays an imperative role in the proper completion of different physiological events. Most of the bio-fluids are enriched with several subpopulations of EVs including exosomes and microvesicles (MVs), with the capacity of transferring different functional molecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) to target cells. Recipient cells upon receiving the signal molecules undergo different changes that positively affect the structural and functional integrity of the cells. This article was aimed to highlight the role of EVs secreted by gametes, the female reproductive tract, and the growing conceptus in the successful completion of different reproductive events related to gestation. EVs associated with the reproductive system are actively involved in the regulation of different physiological events including gamete maturation, fertilization, and embryo and fetal development. In the reproductive system, EVs mediated intracellular communication is not unidirectional but is rather regulated through crosstalk between the reproductive tract and the growing conceptus. These vesicles are secreted from the ovary, oviductal epithelium, endometrium, developing embryo, and the placenta. The cargo inside these vesicles exerts pleiotropic effects on both maternal and embryonic environments. A better understanding of the EVs-mediated crosstalk will be helpful in the development of useful tools serving both the diagnostic as well as therapeutic needs related to female fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yar Qamar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Sub-Campus University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Feriel Yasmine Mahiddine
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seonggyu Bang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Xun Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang Tae Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongki Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Knöfler M, Haider S, Saleh L, Pollheimer J, Gamage TKJB, James J. Human placenta and trophoblast development: key molecular mechanisms and model systems. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3479-3496. [PMID: 31049600 PMCID: PMC6697717 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal placentation is considered as an underlying cause of various pregnancy complications such as miscarriage, preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction, the latter increasing the risk for the development of severe disorders in later life such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Despite their importance, the molecular mechanisms governing human placental formation and trophoblast cell lineage specification and differentiation have been poorly unravelled, mostly due to the lack of appropriate cellular model systems. However, over the past few years major progress has been made by establishing self-renewing human trophoblast stem cells and 3-dimensional organoids from human blastocysts and early placental tissues opening the path for detailed molecular investigations. Herein, we summarize the present knowledge about human placental development, its stem cells, progenitors and differentiated cell types in the trophoblast epithelium and the villous core. Anatomy of the early placenta, current model systems, and critical key regulatory factors and signalling cascades governing placentation will be elucidated. In this context, we will discuss the role of the developmental pathways Wingless and Notch, controlling trophoblast stemness/differentiation and formation of invasive trophoblast progenitors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Knöfler
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 5Q, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sandra Haider
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 5Q, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leila Saleh
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 5Q, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- Reproductive Biology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 5Q, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Teena K J B Gamage
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna James
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Expression of Homeobox Gene HLX and its Downstream Target Genes are Altered in Placentae From Discordant Twin Pregnancies. Twin Res Hum Genet 2017; 21:42-50. [PMID: 29212571 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2017.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A discordant twin gestation, in which one fetus is significantly growth restricted, compared to the other normal twin, is a unique model that can be used to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which the intrauterine environment affects fetal growth. In many model systems, placental transcription factor genes regulate fetal growth. Transcription factors regulate growth through their activation or repression of downstream target genes that mediate important cell functions. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of the placental HLX homeobox gene transcription factor and its downstream target genes in dizygotic twins with growth discordance. In this cross-sectional study, HLX and its downstream target genes' retinoblastoma 1 (RB1) and cyclin kinase D (CDKN1C) expression levels were determined in placentae obtained from dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies (n = 23) where one of the twins was growth restricted. Fetal growth restriction (FGR) was defined as small for gestational age with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler indices when compared with the normal control co-twin. Homeobox gene HLX expression was significantly decreased at both the mRNA and protein levels in FGR twin placentae compared with the normal control co-twin placentae (p < .05). Downstream target genes CDKN1C and RB1 were also significantly decreased and increased, respectively, at both the mRNA and protein levels in FGR twin placentae compared with normal control co-twin placentae (p < .05). Together, these observations suggest an important association between HLX transcription factor expression and abnormal human placental development in discordant twin pregnancies.
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11
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Nwabuobi C, Arlier S, Schatz F, Guzeloglu-Kayisli O, Lockwood CJ, Kayisli UA. hCG: Biological Functions and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102037. [PMID: 28937611 PMCID: PMC5666719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is produced primarily by differentiated syncytiotrophoblasts, and represents a key embryonic signal that is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. hCG can activate various signaling cascades including mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2 (Smad2), protein kinase C (PKC), and/or protein kinase A (PKA) in several cells types by binding to luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) or potentially by direct/indirect interaction with transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFβR). The molecule displays specialized roles in promoting angiogenesis in the uterine endothelium, maintaining myometrial quiescence, as well as fostering immunomodulation at the maternal-fetal interface. It is a member of the glycoprotein hormone family that includes luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). The α-subunit of hCG displays homologies with TSH, LH, and FSH, whereas the β subunit is 80–85% homologous to LH. The hCG molecule is produced by a variety of organs, exists in various forms, exerts vital biological functions, and has various clinical roles ranging from diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy and pregnancy-related disorders to cancer surveillance. This review presents a detailed examination of hCG and its various clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu Nwabuobi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Sefa Arlier
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Adana Numune Training and Research Hospital, Adana 01370, Turkey.
| | - Frederick Schatz
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Ozlem Guzeloglu-Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Charles Joseph Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Umit Ali Kayisli
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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12
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Hu W, Gao F, Zhang H, Hiromori Y, Arakawa S, Nagase H, Nakanishi T, Hu J. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma and Disruption of Progesterone Synthesis of 2-Ethylhexyl Diphenyl Phosphate in Human Placental Choriocarcinoma Cells: Comparison with Triphenyl Phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4061-4068. [PMID: 28282128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), an organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR), is frequently detected in human blood. In this study, the sensitive dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and molecular docking were used to investigate the activation of EHDPP to human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG). Results show that EHDPP exhibited stronger PPARG activation (EC20: 2.04 μM) than triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) (EC20: 2.78 μM). EHDPP upregulated the gene expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (3β-HSD1) in human placental choriocarcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner, and the lowest observable effective concentration was 10 μM, lower than that of TPhP (20 μM). EHDPP significantly altered progesterone secretion at a lower concentration (10 μM) than that of TPhP (20 μM), and both EHDPP and TPhP significantly promoted human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) production at 20 μM. Furthermore, inactivation of PPARG by either a pharmacological inhibitor (GW9662) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the change in progesterone secretion and gene expression in the cells exposed to EHDPP, suggesting that the PPARG signaling pathway plays a role in the upregulation of progesterone by the two OPFRs. This is the first report to show that OPFRs can alter the biosynthesis of progesterone in the placenta, which could affect female reproduction and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fumei Gao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Youhei Hiromori
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science 3500-3, Minamitamagaki, Suzuka, Mie 513-8670, Japan
| | - Shuhei Arakawa
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Hisamitsu Nagase
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University , 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Jianying Hu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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13
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Comptour A, Rouzaire M, Belville C, Bouvier D, Gallot D, Blanchon L, Sapin V. Nuclear retinoid receptors and pregnancy: placental transfer, functions, and pharmacological aspects. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3823-37. [PMID: 27502420 PMCID: PMC11108506 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of vitamin A (retinol) deficiency have highlighted its crucial role in reproduction and placentation, whereas an excess of retinoids (structurally or functionally related entities) can cause toxic and teratogenic effects in the embryo and foetus, especially in the first trimester of human pregnancy. Knock-out experimental strategies-targeting retinoid nuclear receptors RARs and RXRs have confirmed that the effects of vitamin A are mediated by retinoic acid (especially all-trans retinoic acid) and that this vitamin is essential for the developmental process. All these data show that the vitamin A pathway and metabolism are as important for the well-being of the foetus, as they are for that of the adult. Accordingly, during this last decade, extensive research on retinoid metabolism has yielded detailed knowledge on all the actors in this pathway, spurring the development of antagonists and agonists for therapeutic and research applications. Natural and synthetic retinoids are currently used in clinical practice, most often on the skin for the treatment of acne, and as anti-oncogenic agents in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. However, because of the toxicity and teratogenicity of retinoids during pregnancy, their pharmacological use needs a sound knowledge of their metabolism, molecular aspects, placental transfer, and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Comptour
- EA7281, Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Rouzaire
- EA7281, Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Belville
- EA7281, Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- GReD, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Bouvier
- EA7281, Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denis Gallot
- EA7281, Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Blanchon
- EA7281, Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- EA7281, Retinoids, Reproduction Developmental Diseases, School of Medicine, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, 4R3, Faculté de Médecine, 28 Place Henri-Dunant, BP38, 63001, Clermont-Ferrand Cedex, France.
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14
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Svobodová I, Korabečná M, Calda P, Břešťák M, Pazourková E, Pospíšilová Š, Krkavcová M, Novotná M, Hořínek A. Differentially expressed miRNAs in trisomy 21 placentas. Prenat Diagn 2016; 36:775-84. [PMID: 27323694 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Molecular pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS) is still incompletely understood. Epigenetic mechanisms, including miRNAs gene expression regulation, belong to potential influencing factors. The aims of this study were to compare miRNAs expressions in placentas with normal and trisomic karyotype and to associate differentially expressed miRNAs with concrete biological pathways. METHODS A total of 80 CVS samples - 41 with trisomy 21 and 39 with normal karyotype - were included in our study. Results obtained in the pilot study using real-time PCR technology and TaqMan Human miRNA Array Cards were subsequently validated on different samples using individual TaqMan miRNA Assays. RESULTS Seven miRNAs were verified as upregulated in DS placentas (miR-99a, miR-542-5p, miR-10b, miR-125b, miR-615, let-7c and miR-654); three of these miRNAs are located on chromosome 21 (miR-99a, miR-125b and let-7c). Many essential biological processes, transcriptional regulation or apoptosis, were identified as being potentially influenced by altered miRNA levels. Moreover, miRNAs overexpressed in DS placenta apparently regulate genes involved in placenta development (GJA1, CDH11, EGF, ERVW-1, ERVFRD-1, LEP or INHA). CONCLUSION These findings suggest the possible participation of miRNAs in Down syndrome impaired placentation and connected pregnancy pathologies. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iveta Svobodová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Korabečná
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Calda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Břešťák
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Screening Center ProfiG2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pazourková
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Pospíšilová
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Michaela Novotná
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Hořínek
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,3rd Medical Department of Internal Medicine of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Lendvai Á, Deutsch MJ, Plösch T, Ensenauer R. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors under epigenetic control in placental metabolism and fetal development. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E797-810. [PMID: 26860983 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00372.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The placental metabolism can adapt to the environment throughout pregnancy to both the demands of the fetus and the signals from the mother. Such adaption processes include epigenetic mechanisms, which alter gene expression and may influence the offspring's health. These mechanisms are linked to the diversity of prenatal environmental exposures, including maternal under- or overnutrition or gestational diabetes. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors that contribute to the developmental plasticity of the placenta by regulating lipid and glucose metabolism pathways, including lipogenesis, steroidogenesis, glucose transporters, and placental signaling pathways, thus representing a link between energy metabolism and reproduction. Among the PPAR isoforms, PPARγ appears to be the main modulator of mammalian placentation. Certain fatty acids and lipid-derived moieties are the natural activating PPAR ligands. By controlling the amounts of maternal nutrients that go across to the fetus, the PPARs play an important regulatory role in placenta metabolism, thereby adapting to the maternal nutritional status. As demonstrated in animal studies, maternal nutrition during gestation can exert long-term influences on the PPAR methylation pattern in offspring organs. This review underlines the current state of knowledge on the relationship between environmental factors and the epigenetic regulation of the PPARs in placenta metabolism and offspring development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Lendvai
- Center for Liver, Digestive, and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel J Deutsch
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Ensenauer
- Research Center, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany; Experimental Pediatrics, Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Cardiology, and Neonatology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany
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16
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Chen CY, Chan CH, Chen CM, Tsai YS, Tsai TY, Wu Lee YH, You LR. Targeted inactivation of murine Ddx3x: essential roles of Ddx3x in placentation and embryogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:2905-2922. [PMID: 27179789 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 (DDX3X) is a multifunctional protein that has been implicated in gene regulation, cell cycle control, apoptosis, and tumorigenesis. However, the precise physiological function of Ddx3x during development remains unknown. Here, we show that loss of Ddx3x results in an early post-implantation lethality in male mice. The size of the epiblast marked by Oct3/4 is dramatically reduced in embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5) Ddx3x-/Y embryos. Preferential paternal X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in extraembryonic tissues of Ddx3x heterozygous (Ddx3x-/+) female mice with a maternally inherited null allele leads to placental abnormalities and embryonic lethality during development. In the embryonic tissues, Ddx3x exhibits developmental- and tissue-specific differences in escape from XCI. Targeted Ddx3x ablation in the epiblast leads to widespread apoptosis and abnormal growth, which causes embryonic lethality in the Sox2-cre/+;Ddx3xflox/Y mutant around E11.5. The observation of significant increases in γH2AX and p-p53Ser15 indicates DNA damage, which suggests that loss of Ddx3x leads to higher levels of genome damage. Significant upregulation of p21WAF1/Cip1 and p15Ink4b results in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Ddx3x-deficient cells. These results have uncovered that mouse Ddx3x is essential for both embryo and extraembryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun-Ming Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences.,VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yan-Hwa Wu Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology .,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ru You
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology .,VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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17
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Murthi P, Brouillet S, Pratt A, Borg A, Kalionis B, Goffin F, Tsatsaris V, Munaut C, Feige JJ, Benharouga M, Fournier T, Alfaidy N. An EG-VEGF-Dependent Decrease in Homeobox Gene NKX3.1 Contributes to Cytotrophoblast Dysfunction: A Possible Mechanism in Human Fetal Growth Restriction. Mol Med 2015. [PMID: 26208047 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic fetal growth restriction (FGR) is frequently associated with placental insufficiency. Previous reports have provided evidence that endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (EG-VEGF), a placental secreted protein, is expressed during the first trimester of pregnancy, controls both trophoblast proliferation and invasion, and its increased expression is associated with human FGR. In this study, we hypothesize that EG-VEGF-dependent changes in placental homeobox gene expressions contribute to trophoblast dysfunction in idiopathic FGR. The changes in EG-VEGF-dependent homeobox gene expressions were determined using a homeobox gene cDNA array on placental explants of 8-12 wks gestation after stimulation with EG-VEGF in vitro for 24 h. The homeobox gene array identified a greater-than-five-fold increase in HOXA9, HOXC8, HOXC10, HOXD1, HOXD8, HOXD9 and HOXD11, while NKX 3.1 showed a greater-than-two-fold decrease in mRNA expression compared with untreated controls. Homeobox gene NKX3.1 was selected as a candidate because it is a downstream target of EG-VEGF and its expression and functional roles are largely unknown in control and idiopathic FGR-affected placentae. Real-time PCR and immunoblotting showed a significant decrease in NKX3.1 mRNA and protein levels, respectively, in placentae from FGR compared with control pregnancies. Gene inactivation in vitro using short-interference RNA specific for NKX3.1 demonstrated an increase in BeWo cell differentiation and a decrease in HTR-8/SVneo proliferation. We conclude that the decreased expression of homeobox gene NKX3.1 downstream of EG-VEGF may contribute to the trophoblast dysfunction associated with idiopathic FGR pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padma Murthi
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophie Brouillet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France.,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Hôpital Couple-Enfant, Centre Clinique et Biologique d'Assistance Médicale à la Procréation, La Tronche, France
| | - Anita Pratt
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Borg
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Perinatal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital and The University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Frederic Goffin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Cochin, Maternité Port-Royal, Université Rene Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Carine Munaut
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Feige
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
| | - Mohamed Benharouga
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5249, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, U1139; Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139; and PremUp Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1036, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique (CEA), iRTSV-Biology of Cancer and Infection, Grenoble, France
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18
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Li Y, Parast MM. BMP4 regulation of human trophoblast development. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2015; 58:239-46. [PMID: 25023690 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.130341mp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since the derivation of human embryonic stem cells, and the subsequent generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, there has been much excitement about the ability to model and evaluate human organ development in vitro. The finding that these cells, when treated with BMP4, are able to generate the extraembryonic cell type, trophoblast, which is the predominant functional epithelium in the placenta, has not been widely accepted. This review evaluates this model, providing comparison to early known events during placentation in both human and mouse and addresses specific challenges. Keeping in mind the ultimate goal of understanding human placental development and pregnancy disorders, our aim here is two-fold: to distinguish gaps in our knowledge arising from mis- or over-interpretation of data, and to recognize the limitations of both mouse and human models, but to work within those limitations towards the ultimate goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchun Li
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Fournier T, Guibourdenche J, Evain-Brion D. Review: hCGs: different sources of production, different glycoforms and functions. Placenta 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S60-5. [PMID: 25707740 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is the first hormonal message from the placenta to the mother. It is detectable in maternal blood two days after implantation and behaves like an agonist of LH stimulating progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. hCG has also a role in quiescence of the myometrium and local immune tolerance. Specific to humans, hCG is a complex glycoprotein composed of two glycosylated subunits. The α-subunit is identical to the pituitary gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH, TSH), contains two N-glycosylation sites, and is encoded by a single gene (CGA). By contrast the β-subunits are distinct in each of the hormones and confer receptor and biological specificity. The hCG β-subunit contains two sites of N-glycosylation and four sites of O-glycosylation and is encoded by a cluster of genes (CGB). In this review, we will stress the importance of hCG glycosylation state, which varies with the stage of pregnancy, its source of production and in the pathology. It is well established that hCG is mainly secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast into maternal blood where it peaks around 8-10 weeks of gestation (WG). The invasive extravillous trophoblast also secretes hCG, and in particular like choriocarcinoma cells, hyperglycosylated forms of hCG (hCG-H). In maternal blood hCG-H is high during early first trimester. In addition to its endocrine role, hCG has autocrine and paracrine roles. It promotes formation of the syncytiotrophoblast and angiogenesis through LHCG receptor. In contrast, hCG-H stimulates trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis by interacting with the TGFβ receptor 2. hCG is largely used in antenatal screening and hCG-H represents a serum marker of early trophoblast invasion. Other abnormally glycosylated hCG are described in aneuploidies. In conclusion, hCG is the major pregnancy glycoprotein hormone, whose maternal concentration and glycan structure change all along pregnancy. Depending on its source of production, glycoforms of hCG display different biological activities and functions that are essential for pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fournier
- INSERM, U1139, Paris, F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; PremUP Foundation, Paris, F-75006, France.
| | - J Guibourdenche
- INSERM, U1139, Paris, F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; PremUP Foundation, Paris, F-75006, France; Biologie Hormonale, Cochin, Paris, F-75006, France
| | - D Evain-Brion
- INSERM, U1139, Paris, F-75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S1139, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, F-75006, France; PremUP Foundation, Paris, F-75006, France
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20
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Soncin F, Natale D, Parast MM. Signaling pathways in mouse and human trophoblast differentiation: a comparative review. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:1291-302. [PMID: 25430479 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is often used as a model for understanding human placentation and offers multiple advantages, including the ability to manipulate gene expression in specific compartments and to derive trophoblast stem cells, which can be maintained or differentiated in vitro. Nevertheless, there are numerous differences between the mouse and human placentas, only the least of which are structural. This review aims to compare mouse and human placentation, with a focus on signaling pathways involved in trophoblast lineage-specific differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Soncin
- Department of Pathology, Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0695, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,
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21
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Record M. Intercellular communication by exosomes in placenta: a possible role in cell fusion? Placenta 2014; 35:297-302. [PMID: 24661568 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles released from viable cells and have attracted increasing interest due to their role in intercellular communication and biological functions. More recently exosomes have been shown to be released by trophoblasts and to carry molecules involved in placental physiology. This involves proteins such as fibronectin, syncytin, Wnt/βcatenin-related molecules, galectin-3, and HLA-G, but also bioactive lipids such as the immunosuppressive PGE2, the PPARγ ligand 15d-PGJ2, or microRNAs that appear as immunomodulators in pregnancy and are able to confer viral resistance. Exosome trafficking within the placental micro-environment potentially links these nanovesicles to the organization of the placental interface, fetal tolerance, viral protection, and possibly mother-fetus communication. Because of the presence of immunocompetent exosomes in breast-milk, they appear as an essential component in reproduction. Several aspects of the "exosome pathway" are described in the review, from general aspects related to their origin, their characteristics and their ability to vectorize material between cells, to more specific functions involved in placental physiology such as their putative role in triggering cell fusion required for syncytiotrophoblast formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Record
- INSERM-UMR 1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Team« Sterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovation in Oncology », BP3028, CHU Purpan, Toulouse F-31300, France; Institut Claudius Regaud, 20-24 Rue du Pont Saint-Pierre, Toulouse Cedex 31052, France; Université Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse, France.
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Zhang Y, Hu L, Cui Y, Qi Z, Huang X, Cai L, Zhang T, Yin Y, Lu Z, Xiang J. Roles of PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87343. [PMID: 24489901 PMCID: PMC3906154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most prevalent pregnancy specific liver disease. However, the pathogenesis and etiology of ICP is poorly understood. Aim To assess the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγ (PPARγ) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in placenta and HTR-8/SVneo cell, and evaluate the serum levels of cytokines, bile acids, hepatic function and lipids in control and ICP patients and the fetal outcome, in order to explore the role of PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway in the possible mechanism of ICP. Methods Clinical data of the pregnant women were collected and serum levels of cytokines, bile acids, hepatic function and lipids were measured. Expressions of PPARγ and NF-κB in placenta and HTR-8/SVneo cell were determined. The new-born information was collected to demonstrate the relationship between PPARγ/NF-κB signaling pathway and ICP. Results The serum levels of bile acids, hepatic function, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α in ICP group were significantly increased (P<0.01), and serum level of IL-4 was significantly decreased (P<0.01). PPARγ and NF-κB staining were found in the membrane and cytoplasm of placental trophoblast cell. The expression of PPARγ and NF-κB were significantly higher in ICP group and taurocholate acid (TCA) treated HTR-8/SVneo cell (P<0.01). The new-born information in severe ICP group were significantly different as compared to that in control group (P<0.05), and part of information in mild ICP group were also difference to that in control group (P<0.05). Conclusions The higher expressions of PPARγ and NF-κB in ICP placenta and TCA treated HTR-8/SVneo cell, together with the abnormal serum levels of cytokines, might induced by the imbalance of inflammatory and immune reaction, and then disturb placental bile acid and serum lipids transportation, finally result in fatal cholestasis which probably be one of the mechanism of ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JX)
| | - Lingqing Hu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhigang Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Wuxi People’s Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyi Cai
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongxiang Yin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyi Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wuxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingying Xiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (YZ); (JX)
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