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Hunt L, Klem K, Lhotáková Z, Vosolsobě S, Oravec M, Urban O, Špunda V, Albrechtová J. Light and CO 2 Modulate the Accumulation and Localization of Phenolic Compounds in Barley Leaves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:385. [PMID: 33807526 PMCID: PMC7999350 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) accumulates phenolic compounds (PhCs), which play a key role in plant defense against environmental stressors as antioxidants or UV screening compounds. The influence of light and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on the accumulation and localization of PhCs in barley leaves was examined for two varieties with different tolerances to oxidative stress. PhC localization was visualized in vivo using fluorescence microscopy. Close relationships were found between fluorescence-determined localization of PhCs in barley leaves and PhC content estimated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy detection. Light intensity had the strongest effect on the accumulation of PhCs, but the total PhC content was similar at elevated [CO2], minimizing the differences between high and low light. PhCs localized preferentially near the surfaces of leaves, but under low light, an increasing allocation of PhCs in deeper mesophyll layers was observed. The PhC profile was significantly different between barley varieties. The relatively tolerant variety accumulated significantly more hydroxycinnamic acids, indicating that these PhCs may play a more prominent role in oxidative stress prevention. Our research presents novel evidence that [CO2] modulates the accumulation of PhCs in barley leaves. Mesophyll cells, rather than epidermal cells, were most responsive to environmental stimuli in terms of PhC accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
| | - Zuzana Lhotáková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
| | - Michal Oravec
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 4a, 60300 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.K.); (M.O.); (O.U.); (V.Š.)
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Dvořákova 7, 70103 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 12844 Praha, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (Z.L.); (S.V.)
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Foliage Biophysical Trait Prediction from Laboratory Spectra in Norway Spruce Is More Affected by Needle Age Than by Site Soil Conditions. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13030391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Scaling leaf-level optical signals to the canopy level is essential for airborne and satellite-based forest monitoring. In evergreen trees, biophysical and optical traits may change as foliage ages. This study aims to evaluate the effect of age in Norway spruce needle on biophysical trait-prediction based on laboratory leaf-level spectra. Mature Norway spruce trees were sampled at forest stands in ten headwater catchments with different soil properties. Foliage biophysical traits (pigments, phenolics, lignin, cellulose, leaf mass per area, water, and nitrogen content) were assessed for three needle-age classes. Complementary samples for needle reflectance and transmittance were measured using an integrating sphere. Partial least square regression (PLSR) models were constructed for predicting needle biophysical traits from reflectance—separating needle age classes and assessing all age classes together. The ten study sites differed in soil properties rather than in needle biophysical traits. Optical properties consistently varied among age classes; however, variation related to the soil conditions was less pronounced. The predictive power of PLSR models was needle-age dependent for all studied traits. The following traits were predicted with moderate accuracy: needle pigments, phenolics, leaf mass per area and water content. PLSR models always performed better if all needle age classes were included (rather than individual age classes separately). This also applied to needle-age independent traits (water and lignin). Thus, we recommend including not only current but also older needle traits as a ground truth for evergreen conifers with long needle lifespan.
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Fernández de Simón B, Sanz M, Sánchez-Gómez D, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Rising [CO 2] effect on leaf drought-induced metabolome in Pinus pinaster Aiton: Ontogenetic- and genotypic-specific response exhibit different metabolic strategies. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 149:201-216. [PMID: 32078898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) together with water deficit can influence ecological interactions of trees through an array of chemically driven changes in plant leaves. In four drought stressed Pinus pinaster genotypes, grown under two levels of atmospheric [CO2] (ambient (aCO2) and enriched (eCO2)) the metabolome of adult and juvenile needles was analyzed to know if the metabolic responses to this environmental situation could be genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. Drought had the highest incidence, followed by needle ontogeny, being lower the eCO2 effect. The eCO2 reduced, eliminated or countered the 50 (adult needles) - 44% (juvenile) of the drought-induced changes, suggesting that CO2-enriched plants could perceived less oxidative stress under drought, and proving that together, these two abiotic factors triggered a metabolic response different from that under single factors. Genotype drought tolerance and ontogenetic stage determined the level of metabolite accumulation and the plasticity to eCO2 under drought, which was mainly reflected in antioxidant levels and tree chemical defense. At re-watering, previously water stressed plants showed both, reduced C and N metabolism, and a "drought memory effect", favoring antioxidants and osmolyte storage. This effect showed variations regarding genotype drought-tolerance, needle ontogeny and [CO2], with remarkable contribution of terpenoids. Chemical defense and drought tolerance were somehow linked, increasing chemical defense during recovery in the most drought-sensitive individuals. The better adaptation of trees to drought under eCO2, as well as their ability to recover better from water stress, are essential for the survival of forest trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miriam Sanz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Bl 17 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - David Sánchez-Gómez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación, Desarrollo Agroalimentario y Forestal de Castilla-La Mancha (IRIAF), Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albadalejito (CIAF), Carretera Toledo-Cuenca, km 174, 16194, Cuenca, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de la Coruña Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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Albrechtová J, Kubínová Z, Soukup A, Janáček J. Image Analysis: Basic Procedures for Description of Plant Structures. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1992:109-119. [PMID: 31148034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9469-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This chapter gives examples of basic procedures of quantification of plant structures with use of image analysis, which are commonly employed to describe differences among experimental treatments or phenotypes of plant material. Tasks are demonstrated with the use of ImageJ, a widely used public domain Java image processing program. Principles of sampling design based on systematic uniform random sampling for quantitative studies of anatomical parameters are given to obtain their unbiased estimations and simplified "rules of thumb" are presented. The basic procedures mentioned in the text are: (1) sampling, (2) calibration, (3) manual length measurement, (4) leaf surface area measurement, (5) estimation of particle density demonstrated on an example of stomatal density, and (6) analysis of epidermal cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Albrechtová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Kubínová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Soukup
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Janáček
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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de Simón BF, Cadahía E, Aranda I. Metabolic response to elevated CO 2 levels in Pinus pinaster Aiton needles in an ontogenetic and genotypic-dependent way. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:202-212. [PMID: 30216778 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Global climate changes involve elevated atmospheric [CO2], fostering the carbon allocation to tree sink tissues, partitioning it into metabolic pathways. We use metabolomics analysis in adult and juvenile needles of four Pinus pinaster genotypes exposed to two levels of growth [CO2]: ambient (400 μmol mol-1) and enriched (800 μmol mol-1), to know if the metabolic responses are genotype-dependent and vary according to the stage of needle ontogeny. The eCO2-induced changes in the needle metabolomes are more significant in secondary metabolism pathways and especially meaningful in juvenile needles. The heteroblasty has important consequences in the expression of the metabolome, and on the plasticity to CO2, determining the level of specific metabolite accumulation, showing an interdependence between adult and juvenile needles. The P. pinaster needle metabolomes also show clear quantitative differences linked to genotype, as well as regarding the metabolic response to eCO2, showing both, common and genotype-specific biochemical responses. Thus, the changes in flavonol levels are mainly genotype-independent, while those in terpenoid and free fatty acids are mainly genotype-dependent, ratifying the importance of genotype to determine the metabolic response to eCO2. To understand the adaptation mechanisms that tree species can develop to cope with eCO2 it is necessary to know the genetically distinct responses within a species to recognize the CO2-induced changes from the divergent approaches, what can facilitate knowing also the possible interrelation of the physiological and metabolic responses. That could explain the controversial effects of eCO2 on the carbon-based metabolite in conifers, at the inter- and intra-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida Fernández de Simón
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Estrella Cadahía
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ismael Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, O.A., M.P. (INIA), Centro de Investigación Forestal, Carretera de La Coruña Km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía Del Agua (INAGEA), Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain.
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Imaging and Spectroscopy of Natural Fluorophores in Pine Needles. PLANTS 2018; 7:plants7010010. [PMID: 29393922 PMCID: PMC5874599 DOI: 10.3390/plants7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many plant tissues fluoresce due to the natural fluorophores present in cell walls or within the cell protoplast or lumen. While lignin and chlorophyll are well-known fluorophores, other components are less well characterized. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of fresh or fixed vibratome-cut sections of radiata pine needles revealed the presence of suberin, lignin, ferulate, and flavonoids associated with cell walls as well as several different extractive components and chlorophyll within tissues. Comparison of needles in different physiological states demonstrated the loss of chlorophyll in both chlorotic and necrotic needles. Necrotic needles showed a dramatic change in the fluorescence of extractives within mesophyll cells from ultraviolet (UV) excited weak blue fluorescence to blue excited strong green fluorescence associated with tissue browning. Comparisons were made among fluorophores in terms of optimal excitation, relative brightness compared to lignin, and the effect of pH of mounting medium. Fluorophores in cell walls and extractives in lumens were associated with blue or green emission, compared to the red emission of chlorophyll. Autofluorescence is, therefore, a useful method for comparing the histology of healthy and diseased needles without the need for multiple staining techniques, potentially aiding visual screening of host resistance and disease progression in needle tissue.
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Spectral Properties of Coniferous Forests: A Review of In Situ and Laboratory Measurements. REMOTE SENSING 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/rs10020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Confocal stereology: an efficient tool for measurement of microscopic structures. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:13-28. [PMID: 25743691 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of geometric forms or counting of objects in microscopic specimens is an essential tool in studies of microstructure. Confocal stereology represents a contemporary approach to the evaluation of microscopic structures by using a combination of stereological methods and confocal microscopy. 3-D images acquired by confocal microscopy can be used for the estimation of geometrical characteristics of microscopic structures by stereological methods, based on the evaluation of optical sections within a thick slice and using computer-generated virtual test probes. Such methods can be used for estimating volume, number, surface area and length using relevant spatial probes, which are generated by specific software. The interactions of the probes with the structure under study are interactively evaluated. An overview of the methods of confocal stereology developed during the past 30 years is presented. Their advantages and pitfalls in comparison with other methods for measurement of geometrical characteristics of microscopic structures are discussed.
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