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Garassino F, Wijfjes RY, Boesten R, Reyes Marquez F, Becker FFM, Clapero V, van den Hatert I, Holmer R, Schranz ME, Harbinson J, de Ridder D, Smit S, Aarts MGM. The genome sequence of Hirschfeldia incana, a new Brassicaceae model to improve photosynthetic light-use efficiency. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1298-1315. [PMID: 36239071 PMCID: PMC10100226 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a key process in sustaining plant and human life. Improving the photosynthetic capacity of agricultural crops is an attractive means to increase their yields. While the core mechanisms of photosynthesis are highly conserved in C3 plants, these mechanisms are very flexible, allowing considerable diversity in photosynthetic properties. Among this diversity is the maintenance of high photosynthetic light-use efficiency at high irradiance as identified in a small number of exceptional C3 species. Hirschfeldia incana, a member of the Brassicaceae family, is such an exceptional species, and because it is easy to grow, it is an excellent model for studying the genetic and physiological basis of this trait. Here, we present a reference genome of H. incana and confirm its high photosynthetic light-use efficiency. While H. incana has the highest photosynthetic rates found so far in the Brassicaceae, the light-saturated assimilation rates of closely related Brassica rapa and Brassica nigra are also high. The H. incana genome has extensively diversified from that of B. rapa and B. nigra through large chromosomal rearrangements, species-specific transposon activity, and differential retention of duplicated genes. Duplicated genes in H. incana, B. rapa, and B. nigra that are involved in photosynthesis and/or photoprotection show a positive correlation between copy number and gene expression, providing leads into the mechanisms underlying the high photosynthetic efficiency of these species. Our work demonstrates that the H. incana genome serves as a valuable resource for studying the evolution of high photosynthetic light-use efficiency and enhancing photosynthetic rates in crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raúl Y. Wijfjes
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Present address:
Faculty of BiologyLudwig Maximilian University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - René Boesten
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | | | - Frank F. M. Becker
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Vittoria Clapero
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
- Present address:
Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant PhysiologyGolmGermany
| | | | - Rens Holmer
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - M. Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory of BiophysicsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Sandra Smit
- Bioinformatics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
| | - Mark G. M. Aarts
- Laboratory of GeneticsWageningen University & ResearchWageningenNetherlands
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Sohn SI, Thamilarasan SK, Pandian S, Oh YJ, Kang HJ, Shin EK. Characteristics and Fitness Analysis through Interspecific Hybrid Progenies of Transgenic Brassica napus and B. rapa L. ssp. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810512. [PMID: 36142426 PMCID: PMC9506035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization between transgenic crops and their wild relatives is a major concern for transgene dispersal in the environment. Under controlled conditions, artificial hand pollination experiments were performed in order to assess the hybridization potential and the fitness of interspecific hybrids between Brassica rapa and genetically modified (GM) Brassica napus. Initially, six subspecies of B. rapa were hybridized with GM B. napus through hand pollination. In the resulting F1 hybrids, the combination of B. rapa ssp. narinosa (♀) × GM B. napus (♂) had the highest crossability index (16.9 ± 2.6). However, the F1 selfing progenies of B. rapa ssp. rapa (♀) × GM B. napus were found to be more effective in producing viable future generations with the highest crossability index (1.6 ± 0.69) compared to other subspecies. Consequently, they were used for the generation of F2 and F3 progenies. The 18 different morphological characteristics among the parental cross-combinations and F1 hybrid progenies were measured and visualized through hierarchical clustering. Different generations were found to be grouped based on their different morphological characteristics. The chromosome numbers among the interspecific hybrids ranged from 2n = 29 to 2n = 40. Furthermore, the SSR markers revealed the presence of genomic portions in the hybrids in comparison with their parental lines. There is a high possibility of transgene flow between GM B. napus and B. rapa. The study concluded that the interspecific hybrids between B. napus and B. rapa can be viable and can actively hybridize up to F3 generations and more. This suggests that the GM B. napus can disperse the transgene into B. rapa, and that it can pass through for several generations by hand pollination in a greenhouse environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-In Sohn
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-063-238-4712
| | - Senthil Kumar Thamilarasan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Young-Ju Oh
- Institute for Future Environment Ecology Co., Ltd., Jeonju 54883, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jung Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea
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Wang X, Yao Z, Huang H, Liang Y, Liu Y. The long-term persistence of transgenic volunteers in wild mustard and rice populations. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 186:252-256. [PMID: 35930937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The undesired presence of GM plants outside of cultivation is one of main concerns for the ecological risk assessment and regulation of GM plants, and how long transgenic volunteers can persist in the nature remains unknown. We conducted two long-term coexistence experiments of Bt-transgenic insect-resistant crops in populations of their wild relatives, using Bt-transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in wild mustard (B. juncea) populations from 2012 to 2019, and Bt-transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) in wild rice (O. rufipogon and O. minuta) populations from 2013 to 2019. Transgenic oilseed rape volunteers survived only in the 2012 winter, because it is a spring variety and not be resistant to cold climate and competition from weeds. Transgenic rice was not survived because of its low competitive ability compared to wild rice, but survived five years in one population of wild rice O. minuta who could not tolerant to cold temperature. Our results indicated that transgenic volunteers can persist in the wild populations under natural conditions, but the fate of transgenic volunteers in the nature depends on whether the growth environment is favorable, and they could not disperse over its niche or "tolerance zone".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Functional Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zhi Yao
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Functional Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Hai Huang
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Functional Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yuyong Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China.
| | - Yongbo Liu
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Ecological Process and Functional Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Mullins E, Bresson JL, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Naegeli H, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Ardizzone M, De Sanctis G, Federici S, Fernandez Dumont A, Gennaro A, Gomez Ruiz JA, Goumperis T, Lanzoni A, Lenzi P, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Raffaello T, Streissl F. Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape MON 94100 for food and feed uses, under regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2020-169). EFSA J 2022; 20:e07411. [PMID: 35898295 PMCID: PMC9305391 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape MON 94100 was developed to confer tolerance to dicamba herbicide. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences in the agronomic/phenotypic and compositional characteristics tested between oilseed rape MON 94100 and its conventional counterpart needs further assessment, except for the levels of carbohydrates, calcium and ADF in seeds, which do not raise nutritional and safety concerns. The GMO Panel does not identify safety concerns regarding the toxicity and allergenicity of the dicamba mono‐oxygenase (DMO) protein as expressed in oilseed rape MON 94100. The GMO Panel finds no evidence that the genetic modification impacts the overall safety of oilseed rape MON 94100. In the context of this application, the consumption of food and feed from oilseed rape MON 94100 does not represent a nutritional concern in humans and animals. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape MON 94100 is as safe as the conventional counterpart and non‐GM oilseed rape reference varieties tested, and no post‐market monitoring of food/feed is considered necessary. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape MON 94100 seeds into the environment, this would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post‐market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of oilseed rape MON 94100. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape MON 94100 is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the tested non‐GM oilseed rape reference varieties with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.
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A Review of the Unintentional Release of Feral Genetically Modified Rapeseed into the Environment. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121264. [PMID: 34943179 PMCID: PMC8698283 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary With the advent of genetic engineering technology, the development and cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has increased. They were mainly developed for high yielding, herbicide resistance, and tolerance against different biotic and abiotic stresses. Rapeseed, also known as canola, was developed mainly for herbicide resistance and to increase the production of canola oil. Since it forms weedy, feral populations and has a proven ability to hybridize with its close relatives, it is important to manage the GM crops’ cultivation and spread, especially the rapeseed. Several studies have reported that the spread of GM rapeseed in non-GM fields and road verges is possible due to transport and agronomic practices, and it may become a weed. Hence, in this review, we summarized the cases of unintentional spread of feral GM rapeseed in the fields and road verges. In addition, we made recommendations for the effective management of feral GM and non-GM rapeseed in agricultural fields and along roads. Abstract Globally, the cultivation area of genetically modified (GM) crops is increasing dramatically. Despite their well-known benefits, they may also pose many risks to agriculture and the environment. Among the various GM crops, GM rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated, mainly for oil production. At the same time, B. napus possesses a number of characteristics, including the ability to form feral populations and act as small-seeded weeds, and has a high potential for hybridization with other species. In this review, we provide an overview of the commercialization, approval status, and cultivation of GM rapeseed, as well as the status of the feral rapeseed populations. In addition, we highlight the case studies on the unintentional environmental release of GM rapeseed during transportation in several countries. Previous studies suggest that the main reason for the unintentional release is seed spillage during transport/importing of rapeseed in both GM rapeseed-cultivating and -non-cultivating countries. Despite the fact that incidents of unintentional release have been recorded often, there have been no reports of serious detrimental consequences. However, since rapeseed has a high potential for hybridization, the possibilities of gene flow within the genus, especially with B. rapa, are relatively significant, and considering their weedy properties, effective management methods are needed. Hence, we recommend that specific programs be used for the effective monitoring of environmental releases of GM rapeseed as well as management to avoid environmental and agricultural perturbations.
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Song X, Yan J, Zhang Y, Li H, Zheng A, Zhang Q, Wang J, Bian Q, Shao Z, Wang Y, Qiang S. Gene Flow Risks From Transgenic Herbicide-Tolerant Crops to Their Wild Relatives Can Be Mitigated by Utilizing Alien Chromosomes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670209. [PMID: 34177986 PMCID: PMC8231706 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Integration of a transgene into chromosomes of the C-genomes of oilseed rape (AACC, 2n = 38) may affect their gene flow to wild relatives, particularly Brassica juncea (AABB, 2n = 36). However, no empiric evidence exists in favor of the C-genome as a safer candidate for transformation. In the presence of herbicide selections, the first- to fourth-generation progenies of a B. juncea × glyphosate-tolerant oilseed rape cross [EPSPS gene insertion in the A-genome (Roundup Ready, event RT73)] showed more fitness than a B. juncea × glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape cross [PAT gene insertion in the C-genome (Liberty Link, event HCN28)]. Karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization-bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC-FISH) analyses showed that crossed progenies from the cultivars with transgenes located on either A- or C- chromosome were mixoploids, and their genomes converged over four generations to 2n = 36 (AABB) and 2n = 37 (AABB + C), respectively. Chromosome pairing of pollen mother cells was more irregular in the progenies from cultivar whose transgene located on C- than on A-chromosome, and the latter lost their C-genome-specific markers faster. Thus, transgene insertion into the different genomes of B. napus affects introgression under herbicide selection. This suggests that gene flow from transgenic crops to wild relatives could be mitigated by breeding transgenic allopolyploid crops, where the transgene is inserted into an alien chromosome.
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7
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Ardizzone M, Devos Y, Federici S, Dumont AF, Gennaro A, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Paraskevopoulos K, Lanzoni A. Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape 73496 for food and feed uses, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-NL-2012-109). EFSA J 2021; 19:e06610. [PMID: 34178155 PMCID: PMC8209597 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape 73496 was developed to confer tolerance to the herbicidal active substance glyphosate through the expression of the glyphosate acetyltransferase protein GAT4621. The molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses identify no issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences between oilseed rape 73496 and its conventional counterpart in the agronomic/phenotypic endpoints tested needs further assessment. Differences identified in seed composition of oilseed rape 73496 as compared to its conventional counterpart raise no safety and nutritional concerns in the context of the scope of this application. No safety concerns are identified regarding toxicity and allergenicity of the GAT4621 protein as expressed in oilseed rape 73496. No evidence is found that the genetic modification would change the overall allergenicity of oilseed rape 73496. Based on the outcome of the comparative and nutritional assessments, the consumption of oilseed rape 73496 does not represent any nutritional concern, in the context of the scope of this application. The implementation of a post-market monitoring plan is recommended to confirm the predicted consumption data and to verify that the conditions of use are those considered during the pre-market risk assessment. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape 73496 seeds into the environment, oilseed rape 73496 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the intended uses of oilseed rape 73496. The GMO Panel concludes that oilseed rape 73496, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and the non-genetically modified oilseed rape reference varieties tested with respect to potential effects on human and animal health and the environment.
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8
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Yook MJ, Park HR, Zhang CJ, Lim SH, Jeong SC, Chung YS, Kim DS. Environmental risk assessment of glufosinate-resistant soybean by pollen-mediated gene flow under field conditions in the region of the genetic origin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143073. [PMID: 33189381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Pollen-mediated gene flow of genetically modified crops to their wild relatives can facilitate the spread of transgenes into the ecosystem and alter the fitness of the consequential progeny. A two-year field study was conducted to quantify the gene flow from glufosinate-ammonium resistant (GR) soybean (Glycinemax) to its wild relative, wild soybean (G. soja), and assess the potential weed risk of hybrids resulting from the gene flow during their entire life cycle under field conditions in Korea, where wild soybean is the natural inhabitant. Pollen-mediated gene flow from GR soybeans to wild soybeans ranged from 0.292% (mixed planting) to 0.027% at 8 m distance. The log-logistic model described the gene flow rate with increasing distance from GR soybean to wild soybean; the estimated effective isolation distance for 0.01% gene flow between GR and wild soybeans was 37.7 m. The F1 and F2 hybrids exhibited the intermediate characteristics of their parental soybeans in their vegetative and reproductive stages. Canopy height and stem length of hybrids were close to those of wild soybean, which shows an indeterminate growth; the numbers of flowers, pods, and seeds per hybrid plant were close to those of wild soybean and significantly higher than those of GR soybean. Seed longevity of F2 hybrid plants was also intermediate but significantly greater than that of GR soybean due to high seed dormancy. Our results suggest that transgenes of the GR soybean might disperse into wild populations and persist in the agroecosystem of the genetic origin regions due to the pollen-mediated gene flow and the relatively high fitness of the hybrid progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Yook
- Department of Plant Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Park
- Department of Plant Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Soo-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Chun Jeong
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soo Chung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Soon Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Poveda J, Francisco M, Cartea ME, Velasco P. Development of Transgenic Brassica Crops Against Biotic Stresses Caused by Pathogens and Arthropod Pests. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9121664. [PMID: 33261092 PMCID: PMC7761317 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Brassica genus includes one of the 10 most agronomically and economically important plant groups in the world. Within this group, we can find examples such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, turnip or rapeseed. Their cultivation and postharvest are continually threatened by significant stresses of biotic origin, such as pathogens and pests. In recent years, numerous research groups around the world have developed transgenic lines within the Brassica genus that are capable of defending themselves effectively against these enemies. The present work compiles all the existing studies to date on this matter, focusing in a special way on those of greater relevance in recent years, the choice of the gene of interest and the mechanisms involved in improving plant defenses. Some of the main transgenic lines developed include coding genes for chitinases, glucanases or cry proteins, which show effective results against pathogens such as Alternaria brassicae, Leptosphaeria maculans or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, or pests such as Lipaphis erysimi or Plutella xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-85-48-00 (ext. 232)
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Nam KH, Kim DY, Pack IS, Kim CG. Compositional differences in hybrids between protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide-resistant transgenic rice and weedy rice accessions. Food Chem 2020; 344:128584. [PMID: 33199119 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We characterized the metabolites in grains of transgenic protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase-inhibiting herbicide-resistant rice and weedy accessions using GC-MS and examined whether the chemical composition of their hybrids differed from that of the parents. We found that the metabolite profiles of transgenic rice and weedy rice were clearly separated. Although the metabolite profiles of F2 progeny were partially separated from their parents, zygosity did not affect the profiles. The F2 progeny had similar or intermediate levels of most major nutritional components compared with their parents. However, levels of galactopyranose, trehalose, xylofuranose, mannitol, and benzoic acid were higher in the F2 progeny. Some fatty acids and organic acids also showed prominent quantitative differences between the F2 progeny and the parents. Changes in the metabolite levels of transgenic crop-weed hybrids compared to their parents might influence not only the ecological consequences of the hybrids, but also the nutritional quality and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Hee Nam
- LMO Research Team, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do Young Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soon Pack
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gi Kim
- Bio-Evaluation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea.
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Torres Carbonell F, Ureta S, Pandolfo C, Presotto A. Molecular characterization of imidazolinone-resistant Brassica rapa × B. napus hybrids. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:746. [PMID: 33145668 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08711-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivation in our country entails the risk of gene transfer to related wild species. One of these species is the wild turnip (B. rapa), an important weed of winter crops widely distributed in the Pampas region. Despite hybridization risks, Clearfield ® oilseed rape is available in Argentina. In 2008, a B. rapa population, which was sympatric to an imidazolinone-resistant and a conventional oilseed rape cultivar, was located on a farm in the main cropping area of the country. Herbicide-resistant individuals were found in the progeny of this population in a herbicide screening test. Therefore, a molecular characterization using cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was conducted on these plants to determine their hybrid nature and to establish the origin of the imidazolinone resistance trait. The results of this study, along with information of field records, confirmed that the resistant plants were first generation interspecific hybrids. Imidazolinone resistance had been effectively transferred from the herbicide-resistant oilseed rape, even in the particular situation of pollen competition. Oilseed rape resistant cultivars are becoming more common in the country. So, considering that seed loss and crop volunteers are common in these species, it is crucial to avoid the dispersion of new resistant weed biotypes as they reduce the effectiveness of chemical control technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Torres Carbonell
- Dpto. Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Soledad Ureta
- Dpto. Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudio Pandolfo
- Dpto. Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CERZOS, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Presotto
- Dpto. Agronomía, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), San Andrés 800, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CERZOS, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, 8000, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Meftaul IM, Venkateswarlu K, Dharmarajan R, Annamalai P, Asaduzzaman M, Parven A, Megharaj M. Controversies over human health and ecological impacts of glyphosate: Is it to be banned in modern agriculture? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114372. [PMID: 32203845 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate, introduced by Monsanto Company under the commercial name Roundup in 1974, became the extensively used herbicide worldwide in the last few decades. Glyphosate has excellent properties of fast sorption in soil, biodegradation and less toxicity to nontarget organisms. However, glyphosate has been reported to increase the risk of cancer, endocrine-disruption, celiac disease, autism, effect on erythrocytes, leaky-gut syndrome, etc. The reclassification of glyphosate in 2015 as 'probably carcinogenic' under Group 2A by the International Agency for Research on Cancer has been broadly circulated by anti-chemical and environmental advocacy groups claiming for restricted use or ban of glyphosate. In contrast, some comprehensive epidemiological studies involving farmers with long-time exposure to glyphosate in USA and elsewhere coupled with available toxicological data showed no correlation with any kind of carcinogenic or genotoxic threat to humans. Moreover, several investigations confirmed that the surfactant, polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA), contained in the formulations of glyphosate like Roundup, is responsible for the established adverse impacts on human and ecological health. Subsequent to the evolution of genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops and the extensive use of glyphosate over the last 45 years, about 38 weed species developed resistance to this herbicide. Consequently, its use in the recent years has been either restricted or banned in 20 countries. This critical review on glyphosate provides an overview of its behaviour, fate, detrimental impacts on ecological and human health, and the development of resistance in weeds and pathogens. Thus, the ultimate objective is to help the authorities and agencies concerned in resolving the existing controversies and in providing the necessary regulations for safer use of the herbicide. In our opinion, glyphosate can be judiciously used in agriculture with the inclusion of safer surfactants in commercial formulations sine POEA, which is toxic by itself is likely to increase the toxicity of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Md Meftaul
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Rajarathnam Dharmarajan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Prasath Annamalai
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Md Asaduzzaman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Pine Gully Road, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Aney Parven
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Marotti I, Whittaker A, Benedettelli S, Dinelli G, Bosi S. Evaluation of the propensity of interspecific hybridization between oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to wild-growing black mustard (Brassica nigra L.) displaying mixoploidy. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 296:110493. [PMID: 32540012 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Potential gene flow from transgenic Brassica napus to widely-distributed, cross-compatible weedy relatives has received significant attention. All previous, albeit scarce, research has shown little to no success in producing viable F1 hybrids between B. napus (n = 38) and B. nigra (n = 16). The present study tested the working premise that the propensity for interspecific hybridization is significantly higher between B. napus and wild-growing, B. nigra displaying mixoploidy (n = 32). Controlled hybridization was performed using local, wild-growing B. nigra (♀) x transgenic (Bt Cry1Ac) B. napus (♂). Spontaneous hybridization was performed using the same B. nigra (♀) population x non-transgenic B. napus (♂) under sympatric open-field and greenhouse conditions. The total hybridization frequency, determined by the functional expression of the Bt Cry1Ac endotoxin, was 1.8 % of the F1 hybrids (n = 35). Gene flow from non-transgenic B. napus to B. nigra ranged from 4 to 29 % in F1 hybrids, with combined wind- and wild-insect-mediated pollen dispersal being the most effective. Successful interspecific hybridization is significantly enhanced using mixoploid B. nigra progenitor material. Gene flow rates in F1 hybrids were equivalent to those previously reported between B. napus with B. rapa and B. juncea, respectively, which are at the forefront of risk assessment concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marotti
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anne Whittaker
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedettelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Forestry Science and Technology, University of Firenze, Italy
| | - Giovanni Dinelli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Bosi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Naegeli H, Bresson J, Dalmay T, Dewhurst IC, Epstein MM, Firbank LG, Guerche P, Hejatko J, Moreno FJ, Mullins E, Nogué F, Rostoks N, Sánchez Serrano JJ, Savoini G, Veromann E, Veronesi F, Álvarez F, Ardizzone M, De Sanctis G, Devos Y, Fernandez‐Dumont A, Gennaro A, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Lanzoni A, Neri FM, Papadopoulou N, Paraskevopoulos K. Assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape MS11 for food and feed uses, import and processing, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (application EFSA-GMO-BE-2016-138). EFSA J 2020; 18:e06112. [PMID: 37649511 PMCID: PMC10464701 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape MS11 has been developed to confer male sterility and tolerance to glufosinate-ammonium-containing herbicides. Based on the information provided in the application and in line with the scope of application EFSA-GMO-BE-2016-138, the genetically modified organism (GMO) Panel concludes that the molecular characterisation data and bioinformatic analyses do not identify issues requiring food/feed safety assessment. None of the identified differences in the agronomic/phenotypic characteristics tested between oilseed rape MS11 and its conventional counterpart needs further assessment. No conclusions can be drawn for the compositional analysis due to the lack of an appropriate compositional data set. No toxicological or allergenicity concerns are identified for the Barnase, Barstar and PAT/bar proteins expressed in oilseed rape MS11. Owing to the incompleteness of the compositional analysis, the toxicological, allergenicity and nutritional assessment of oilseed rape MS11 cannot be completed. In the case of accidental release of viable oilseed rape MS11 seeds into the environment, oilseed rape MS11 would not raise environmental safety concerns. The post-market environmental monitoring plan and reporting intervals are in line with the scope of the application. Since oilseed rape MS11 is designed to be used only for the production of hybrid seed, it is not expected to be commercialised as a stand-alone product for food/feed uses. Thus, seeds harvested from oilseed rape MS11 are not expected to enter the food/feed chain, except accidentally. In this context, the GMO Panel notes that, oilseed rape MS11 would not pose risk to humans and animals, while the scale of environmental exposure will be substantially reduced compared to a stand-alone product.
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Liu Y, Luo Z. Neighbouring crop diversity mediates the effect of Bt cotton on insect community and leaf damage in fields. Transgenic Res 2019; 28:357-367. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-019-00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mir ZA, Ali S, Shivaraj SM, Bhat JA, Singh A, Yadav P, Rawat S, Paplao PK, Grover A. Genome-wide identification and characterization of Chitinase gene family in Brassica juncea and Camelina sativa in response to Alternaria brassicae. Genomics 2019; 112:749-763. [PMID: 31095998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitinases belong to the group of Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins that provides protection against fungal pathogens. This study presents the, genome-wide identification and characterization of chitinase gene family in two important oilseed crops B. juncea and C. sativa belonging to family Brassicaceae. We have identified 47 and 79 chitinase genes in the genomes of B. juncea and C. sativa, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of chitinases in both the species revealed four distinct sub-groups, representing different classes of chitinases (I-V). Microscopic and biochemical study reveals the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes in disease resistance of B. juncea and C. sativa. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed that expression of chitinases in both B. juncea and C. sativa was significantly induced after Alternaria brassicae infection. However, the fold change in chitinase gene expression was considerably higher in C. sativa compared to B. juncea, which further proves their role in C. sativa disease resistance to A. brassicae. This study provides comprehensive analysis on chitinase gene family in B. juncea and C. sativa and in future may serve as a potential candidate for improving disease resistance in B. juncea through transgenic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, NRCPB, New Delhi, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, India
| | - Sajad Ali
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, NRCPB, New Delhi, India; Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Apekshita Singh
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Noida, India
| | - Prashant Yadav
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, NRCPB, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Rawat
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, NRCPB, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anita Grover
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, NRCPB, New Delhi, India.
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Zhang CJ, Yook MJ, Park HR, Lim SH, Kim JW, Nah G, Song HR, Jo BH, Roh KH, Park S, Kim DS. Assessment of potential environmental risks of transgene flow in smallholder farming systems in Asia: Brassica napus as a case study in Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:688-695. [PMID: 29870945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops has raised many questions regarding their environmental risks, particularly about their ecological impact on non-target organisms, such as their closely-related relative species. Although evaluations of transgene flow from GM crops to their conventional crops has been conducted under large-scale farming system worldwide, in particular in North America and Australia, few studies have been conducted under smallholder farming systems in Asia with diverse crops in co-existence. A two-year field study was conducted to assess the potential environmental risks of gene flow from glufosinate-ammonium resistant (GR) Brassica napus to its conventional relatives, B. napus, B. juncea, and Raphanus sativus under simulated smallholder field conditions in Korea. Herbicide resistance and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify the hybrids. Hybridization frequency of B. napus × GR B. napus was 2.33% at a 2 m distance, which decreased to 0.007% at 75 m. For B. juncea, it was 0.076% at 2 m and decreased to 0.025% at 16 m. No gene flow was observed to R. sativus. The log-logistic model described hybridization frequency with increasing distance from GR B. napus to B. napus and B. juncea and predicted that the effective isolation distances for 0.01% gene flow from GR B. napus to B. napus and B. juncea were 122.5 and 23.7 m, respectively. Results suggest that long-distance gene flow from GR B. napus to B. napus and B. juncea is unlikely, but gene flow can potentially occur between adjacent fields where the smallholder farming systems exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Yook
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Park
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Lim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Won Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoungju Nah
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Ryong Song
- Division of Conservation Ecology, Bureau of Ecological Conservation Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Choongnam 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Ho Jo
- Division of Conservation Ecology, Bureau of Ecological Conservation Research, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon-gun, Choongnam 33657, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Roh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Academy, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyoung Park
- Department of Horticultural Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Soon Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Liu Y, Neal Stewart C, Li J, Wei W. One species to another: sympatric Bt transgene gene flow from Brassica napus alters the reproductive strategy of wild relative Brassica juncea under herbivore treatment. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:617-625. [PMID: 29878055 PMCID: PMC6153478 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Since pollen flow or seed dispersal can contribute to transgene persistence in the environment, the sympatric presence of transgenic crops with their wild relatives is an ecological concern. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that proximate growth of a herbivore-resistant Bt crop and wild relatives coupled with the presence of herbivores can increase relative frequency of crop-to-wild transgene flow persistence outside of cultivation. METHODS We conducted a field experiment using insect enclosures with and without herbivores with cultivated Bt-transgenic Brassica napus (Bt OSR) and wild brown mustard (Brassica juncea) in pure and mixed stands. Low-density diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) caterpillar infestation treatments were applied and transgene flow and reproductive organs were measured. KEY RESULTS Bt-transgenic B. napus produced more ovules and pollen than wild mustard, but the pollen to ovule (P/O) ratio in the two species was not significantly different. Low-level herbivory had no effects on fitness parameters of Bt OSR or wild brown mustard or on the transgene flow frequency. All progeny from wild brown mustard containing the Bt transgene came from mixed stands, with a gene flow frequency of 0.66 %. In mixed stands, wild brown mustard produced less pollen and more ovules than in pure stands of brown mustard. This indicates a decreased P/O ratio in a mixed population scenario. CONCLUSIONS Since a lower P/O ratio indicates a shift in sex allocation towards relatively greater female investment and a higher pollen transfer efficiency, the presence of transgenic plants in wild populations may further increase the potential transgene flow by altering reproductive allocation of wild species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Dong JJ, Zhang MG, Wei W, Ma KP, Wang YH. GIS assessment of the risk of gene flow from Brassica napus to its wild relatives in China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:405. [PMID: 29907889 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-6753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Risk of gene flow from canola (Brassica napus) to species of wild relatives was used as an example to evaluate the risk of gene flow of transgenic crops. B. juncea and B. rapa were the most common weedy Brassica species in China, which were both sexually compatible with canola. Data on canola cultivation in China were collected and analyzed using geographic information system (GIS), and the distribution of its wild relatives was predicted by MaxEnt species distribution model. Based on biological and phenological evidence, our results showed that gene flow risk exists in most parts of the country, especially in places with higher richness of wild Brassica species. However, risk in dominant canola cultivation regions is relatively low owing to the reduced distribution density of wild species in these regions. Three regions of higher risk of gene flow had been identified. Risk of gene flow is relatively high in certain areas. China has been assumed to be the original center of B. juncea and B. rapa, and gene flow may lead to negative effects on the conservation of biodiversity of local species. Strategies had been proposed to reduce the possibility of gene flow either by monitoring introgression from crops to wild relatives in the areas of high adoption of the crop or by taking measures to limit the releasing of new crops or varieties in the areas with abundant wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shandong Agriculture and Engineering University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming-Gang Zhang
- Institute of Loess Plateau, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ke-Ping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Liu Y, Jiang W, Liang Y, Zhao C, Li J. No effect of Bt-transgenic rice litter on the meiobenthos community in field ditches. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1213-1219. [PMID: 27717164 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-target effect of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins in aquatic ecosystems is crucial to improve the present assessment of Bt-transgenic plants, particularly where crops are cultivated near aquatic ecosystems. We conducted decomposition experiments during two growing seasons to determine the effects of Bt-transgenic rice litter with and without insecticide application on the meiobenthos communities in a field ditch. RESULTS The community composition of meiobenthos colonised on leaf litter was not significantly different between Bt and non-Bt rice. The abundance of meiobenthos colonising leaves differed between insecticide application and control, and this insecticide effect interacted with rice type. No Bt toxin was detected in field ditch water. Leaf decomposition and nutrient content were comparable for both Bt and non-Bt rice with or without insecticide application. CONCLUSION Bt-transgenic rice litter had no effect on the meiobenthos community composition in field ditches, but the chronic persistence of transgenic litter in nature needs to be taken into account at large scales in aquatic ecosystems. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanxiang Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, Shandong, China
| | - Yuyong Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, China
| | - Caiyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Gene Introgression in Weeds Depends on Initial Gene Location in the Crop: Brassica napus- Raphanus raphanistrum Model. Genetics 2017; 206:1361-1372. [PMID: 28533439 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.201715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of gene location within a crop genome on its transfer to a weed genome remains an open question for gene flow assessment. To elucidate this question, we analyzed advanced generations of intergeneric hybrids, derived from an initial pollination of known oilseed rape varieties (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n = 38) by a local population of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum, RrRr, 2n = 18). After five generations of recurrent pollination, 307 G5 plants with a chromosome number similar to wild radish were genotyped using 105 B. napus specific markers well distributed along the chromosomes. They revealed that 49.8% of G5 plants carried at least one B. napus genomic region. According to the frequency of B. napus markers (0-28%), four classes were defined: Class 1 (near zero frequency), with 75 markers covering ∼70% of oilseed rape genome; Class 2 (low frequency), with 20 markers located on 11 genomic regions; Class 3 (high frequency), with eight markers on three genomic regions; and Class 4 (higher frequency), with two adjacent markers detected on A10. Therefore, some regions of the oilseed rape genome are more prone than others to be introgressed into wild radish. Inheritance and growth of plant progeny revealed that genomic regions of oilseed rape could be stably introduced into wild radish and variably impact the plant fitness (plant height and seed number). Our results pinpoint that novel technologies enabling the targeted insertion of transgenes should select genomic regions that are less likely to be introgressed into the weed genome, thereby reducing gene flow.
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Liu Y, Liu F, Wang C, Quan Z, Li J. Effects of Bt-transgenic rice cultivation on planktonic communities in paddy fields and adjacent ditches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:690-697. [PMID: 27219503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-target effects of transgenic plants are issues of concern; however, their impacts in cultivated agricultural fields and adjacent natural aquatic ecosystems are poorly understood. We conducted field experiments during two growing seasons to determine the effects of cultivating Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-transgenic rice on the phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in a paddy field and an adjacent ditch. Bt toxin was detected in soil but not in water. Water quality was not significantly different between non-Bt and Bt rice fields, but varied among up-, mid- and downstream locations in the ditch. Cultivation of Bt-transgenic rice had no effects on zooplankton communities. Phytoplankton abundance and biodiversity were not significantly different between transgenic and non-transgenic rice fields in 2013; however, phytoplankton were more abundant in the transgenic rice field than in the non-transgenic rice field in 2014. Water quality and rice type explained 65.9% and 12.8% of this difference in 2014, respectively. Phytoplankton and zooplankton were more abundant in mid- and downstream, than upstream, locations in the ditch, an effect that we attribute to water quality differences. Thus, the release of Bt toxins into field water during the cultivation of transgenic crops had no direct negative effects on plankton community composition, but indirect effects that alter environmental conditions should be taken into account during the processes of management planning and policymaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Zhanjun Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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23
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Merotto A, Goulart ICGR, Nunes AL, Kalsing A, Markus C, Menezes VG, Wander AE. Evolutionary and social consequences of introgression of nontransgenic herbicide resistance from rice to weedy rice in Brazil. Evol Appl 2016; 9:837-46. [PMID: 27468302 PMCID: PMC4947146 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have expressed concerns about the effects of gene flow from transgenic herbicide-resistant crops to their wild relatives, but no major problems have been observed. This review describes a case study in which what has been feared in transgenics regarding gene flow has actually changed biodiversity and people's lives. Nontransgenic imidazolinone-resistant rice (IMI-rice) cultivars increased the rice grain yield by 50% in southern Brazil. This increase was beneficial for life quality of the farmers and also improved the regional economy. However, weedy rice resistant to imidazolinone herbicides started to evolve three years after the first use of IMI-rice cultivars. Population genetic studies indicate that the herbicide-resistant weedy rice was mainly originated from gene flow from resistant cultivars and distributed by seed migration. The problems related with herbicide-resistant weedy rice increased the production costs of rice that forced farmers to sell or rent their land. Gene flow from cultivated rice to weedy rice has proven to be a large agricultural, economic, and social constraint in the use of herbicide-resistant technologies in rice. This problem must be taken into account for the development of new transgenic or nontransgenic rice technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Merotto
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Ives C G R Goulart
- Brasilian Agriculture Research Corporation-EMBRAPA Forestry Colombo PR Brazil
| | | | | | - Catarine Markus
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | - Alcido E Wander
- Brasilian Agriculture Research Corporation-EMBRAPA Rice and Beans Santo Antônio de Goias GO Brazil
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Sánchez MA, Cid P, Navarrete H, Aguirre C, Chacón G, Salazar E, Prieto H. Outcrossing potential between 11 important genetically modified crops and the Chilean vascular flora. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:625-637. [PMID: 26052925 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity is one of the main concerns in an environmental risk assessment (ERA). The likelihood of outcrossing and pollen-mediated gene flow from GM crops and non-GM crops are explained by the same principles and depend primarily on the biology of the species. We conducted a national-scale study of the likelihood of outcrossing between 11 GM crops and vascular plants in Chile by use of a systematized database that included cultivated, introduced and native plant species in Chile. The database included geographical distributions and key biological and agronomical characteristics for 3505 introduced, 4993 native and 257 cultivated (of which 11 were native and 246 were introduced) plant species. Out of the considered GM crops (cotton, soya bean, maize, grape, wheat, rice, sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato), only potato and tomato presented native relatives (66 species total). Introduced relative species showed that three GM groups were formed having: a) up to one introduced relative (cotton and soya bean), b) up to two (rice, grape, maize and wheat) and c) from two to seven (sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato). In particular, GM crops presenting introduced noncultivated relative species were canola (1 relative species), alfalfa (up to 4), rice (1), tomato (up to 2) and potato (up to 2). The outcrossing potential between species [OP; scaled from 'very low' (1) to 'very high' (5)] was developed, showing medium OPs (3) for GM-native relative interactions when they occurred, low (2) for GMs and introduced noncultivated and high (4) for the grape-Vitis vinifera GM-introduced cultivated interaction. This analytical tool might be useful for future ERA for unconfined GM crop release in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sánchez
- Asociación Gremial ChileBio CropLife, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cid
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Navarrete
- Molecular Fruit Phytopathology Laboratory, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Aguirre
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Chacón
- Computer Sciences Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erika Salazar
- Genetic Resources Unit and Germplasm Bank, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Humberto Prieto
- Biotechnology Laboratory, La Platina Research Station, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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Schulze J, Brodmann P, Oehen B, Bagutti C. Low level impurities in imported wheat are a likely source of feral transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in Switzerland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16936-16942. [PMID: 26109224 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4903-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In Switzerland, the cultivation of genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and the use of its seeds for food and feed are not permitted. Nevertheless, the GM oilseed rape events GT73, MS8×RF3, MS8 and RF3 have recently been found in the Rhine port of Basel, Switzerland. The sources of GM oilseed rape seeds have been unknown. The main agricultural good being imported at the Rhine port of Basel is wheat and from 2010 to 2013, 19% of all Swiss wheat imports originated from Canada. As over 90% of all oilseed rape grown in Canada is GM, we hypothesised that imports of Canadian wheat may contain low level impurities of GM oilseed rape. Therefore, waste fraction samples gathered during the mechanical cleaning of Canadian wheat from two Swiss grain mills were analysed by separating oilseed rape seeds from waste fraction samples and testing DNA of pooled seeds for the presence of transgenes by real-time PCR. Furthermore, oilseed rape seeds from each grain mill were sown in a germination experiment, and seedling DNA was tested for the presence of transgenes by real-time PCR. GT73, MS8×RF3, MS8 and RF3 oilseed rape was detected among seed samples and seedlings of both grain mills. Based on this data, we projected a mean proportion of 0.005% of oilseed rape in wheat imported from Canada. Besides Canadian wheat, the Rhine port of Basel does not import any other significant amounts of agricultural products from GM oilseed rape producing countries. We therefore conclude that Canadian wheat is the major source of unintended introduction of GM oilseed rape seeds into Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juerg Schulze
- Biosafety Laboratory, State Laboratory Basel-City, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brodmann
- Biosafety Laboratory, State Laboratory Basel-City, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernadette Oehen
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagutti
- Biosafety Laboratory, State Laboratory Basel-City, Basel, Switzerland.
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Liu Y, Zhang YX, Song SQ, Li J, Neal Stewart C, Wei W, Zhao Y, Wang WQ. A proteomic analysis of seeds from Bt-transgenic Brassica napus and hybrids with wild B. juncea. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15480. [PMID: 26486652 PMCID: PMC4614387 DOI: 10.1038/srep15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgene insertions might have unintended side effects on the transgenic host, both crop and hybrids with wild relatives that harbor transgenes. We employed proteomic approaches to assess protein abundance changes in seeds from Bt-transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and its hybrids with wild mustard (B. juncea). A total of 24, 15 and 34 protein spots matching to 23, 13 and 31 unique genes were identified that changed at least 1.5 fold (p < 0.05, Student’s t-test) in abundance between transgenic (tBN) and non-transgenic (BN) oilseed rape, between hybrids of B. juncea (BJ) × tBN (BJtBN) and BJ × BN (BJBN) and between BJBN and BJ, respectively. Eight proteins had higher abundance in tBN than in BN. None of these proteins was toxic or nutritionally harmful to human health, which is not surprising since the seeds are not known to produce toxic proteins. Protein spots varying in abundance between BJtBN and BJBN seeds were the same or homologous to those in the respective parents. None of the differentially-accumulated proteins between BJtBN and BJBN were identical to those between tBN and BN. Results indicated that unintended effects resulted from transgene flow fell within the range of natural variability of hybridization and those found in the native host proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying-Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Song-Quan Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Liu Y, Li J, Neal Stewart C, Luo Z, Xiao N. The effects of the presence of Bt-transgenic oilseed rape in wild mustard populations on the rhizosphere nematode and microbial communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 530-531:263-270. [PMID: 26047860 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The adventitious presence of transgenic crops in wild plant populations is of ecological and regulatory concern. In this context, their effects on non-target, below-ground organisms are not well understood. Here, we introduced, at various frequencies, Bt-transgenic oilseed rape (OSR, Brassica napus) into wild mustard (Brassica juncea) populations in the presence and absence of the target herbivore (Plutella xylostella). The impacts on soil nematode and microbial communities were assessed in this system. There were no significant changes on the number of nematode genera and abundance in proportions of OSR with mustard. Nonetheless, the Shannon-Wiener and Pielou evenness index was lowest in plant stands containing 50% of Bt-transgenic OSR. Among treatments, there was no significant variation for culturable soil microbes. There was a positive association between foliar herbivory and the abundance of plant parasitic (PP) and cp-3 nematodes, whereas there was no association between herbivory and soil microbial populations. There was no direct effects of the presence of Bt-transgenic OSR in wild mustard populations on the rhizosphere nematode and microbial communities, whereas its indirect effects via aboveground herbivory might be important to consider for biosafety assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996-4561, USA
| | - Zunlan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Nengwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Liu Y, Stewart CN, Li J, Huang H, Zhang X. The presence of Bt-transgenic oilseed rape in wild mustard populations affects plant growth. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:1043-53. [PMID: 26338267 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adventitious presence of transgenic plants in wild plant populations is of ecological and regulatory concern, but the consequences of adventitious presence are not well understood. Here, we introduced Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac (Bt)-transgenic oilseed rape (Bt OSR, Brassica napus) with various frequencies into wild mustard (Brassica juncea) populations. We sought to better understand the adventitious presence of this transgenic insecticidal crop in a wild-relative plant population. We assessed the factors of competition, resource availability and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) infestation on plant population dynamics. As expected, Bt OSR performed better than wild mustard in mixed populations under herbivore attack in habitats with enough resources, whereas wild mustard had higher fitness when Bt OSR was rarer in habitats with limited resources. Results suggest that the presence of insect-resistant transgenic plants could decrease the growth of wild mustard and Bt OSR plants and their populations, especially under high herbivore pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - C Neal Stewart
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, 2431 Joe Johnson Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-4561, USA
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xitao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100012, China
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Liu Y, Ge F, Liang Y, Wu G, Li J. Characterization of competitive interactions in the coexistence of Bt-transgenic and conventional rice. BMC Biotechnol 2015; 15:27. [PMID: 25928331 PMCID: PMC4409737 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-015-0141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transgene flow through pollen and seeds leads to transgenic volunteers and feral populations in the nature, and consumer choice and economic incentives determine whether transgenic crops will be cultivated in the field. Transgenic and non-transgenic plants are likely to coexist in the field and natural habitats, but their competitive interactions are not well understood. METHODS Field experiments were conducted in an agricultural ecosystem with insecticide spraying and a natural ecosystem, using Bt-transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) and its non-transgenic counterpart in pure and mixed stands with a replacement series. RESULTS Insect damage and competition significantly decreased plant growth and reproduction under the coexistence of transgenic and conventional rice. Insect-resistant transgenic rice was not competitively superior to its counterpart under different densities in both agricultural and natural ecosystems, irrespective of insect infection. Fitness cost due to Bt-transgene expression occurred only in an agroecosystem, where the population yield decreased with increasing percentage of transgenic rice. The population yield fluctuated in a natural ecosystem, with slight differences among pure and mixed stands under plant competition or insect pressure. The presence of Chilo suppressalis infection increased the number of non-target insects. CONCLUSIONS Plant growth and reproduction patterns, relative competition ability and population yield indicate that Bt-transgenic and non-transgenic rice can coexist in agroecosystems, whereas in more natural habitats, transgenic rice is likely to outcompete non-transgenic rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 8 Dayangfang, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Yuyong Liang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang, 330200, China.
| | - Gang Wu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Junsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Trumbo JL, Zhang B, Stewart CN. Manipulating microRNAs for improved biomass and biofuels from plant feedstocks. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:337-54. [PMID: 25707745 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum-based fuels are nonrenewable and unsustainable. Renewable sources of energy, such as lignocellulosic biofuels and plant metabolite-based drop-in fuels, can offset fossil fuel use and reverse environmental degradation through carbon sequestration. Despite these benefits, the lignocellulosic biofuels industry still faces many challenges, including the availability of economically viable crop plants. Cell wall recalcitrance is a major economic barrier for lignocellulosic biofuels production from biomass crops. Sustainability and biomass yield are two additional, yet interrelated, foci for biomass crop improvement. Many scientists are searching for solutions to these problems within biomass crop genomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in almost all biological and metabolic process in plants including plant development, cell wall biosynthesis and plant stress responses. Because of the broad functions of their targets (e.g. auxin response factors), the alteration of plant miRNA expression often results in pleiotropic effects. A specific miRNA usually regulates a biologically relevant bioenergy trait. For example, relatively low miR156 overexpression leads to a transgenic feedstock with enhanced biomass and decreased recalcitrance. miRNAs have been overexpressed in dedicated bioenergy feedstocks such as poplar and switchgrass yielding promising results for lignin reduction, increased plant biomass, the timing of flowering and response to harsh environments. In this review, we present the status of miRNA-related research in several major biofuel crops and relevant model plants. We critically assess published research and suggest next steps for miRNA manipulation in feedstocks for increased biomass and sustainability for biofuels and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lynn Trumbo
- Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; Department of Plant Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Hooftman DAP, Bullock JM, Morley K, Lamb C, Hodgson DJ, Bell P, Thomas J, Hails RS. Seed bank dynamics govern persistence of Brassica hybrids in crop and natural habitats. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:147-157. [PMID: 25452253 PMCID: PMC4284111 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gene flow from crops to their wild relatives has the potential to alter population growth rates and demography of hybrid populations, especially when a new crop has been genetically modified (GM). This study introduces a comprehensive approach to assess this potential for altered population fitness, and uses a combination of demographic data in two habitat types and mathematical (matrix) models that include crop rotations and outcrossing between parental species. METHODS Full life-cycle demographic rates, including seed bank survival, of non-GM Brassica rapa × B. napus F1 hybrids and their parent species were estimated from experiments in both agricultural and semi-natural habitats. Altered fitness potential was modelled using periodic matrices including crop rotations and outcrossing between parent species. KEY RESULTS The demographic vital rates (i.e. for major stage transitions) of the hybrid population were intermediate between or lower than both parental species. The population growth rate (λ) of hybrids indicated decreases in both habitat types, and in a semi-natural habitat hybrids became extinct at two sites. Elasticity analyses indicated that seed bank survival was the greatest contributor to λ. In agricultural habitats, hybrid populations were projected to decline, but with persistence times up to 20 years. The seed bank survival rate was the main driver determining persistence. It was found that λ of the hybrids was largely determined by parental seed bank survival and subsequent replenishment of the hybrid population through outcrossing of B. rapa with B. napus. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid persistence was found to be highly dependent on the seed bank, suggesting that targeting hybrid seed survival could be an important management option in controlling hybrid persistence. For local risk mitigation, an increased focus on the wild parent is suggested. Management actions, such as control of B. rapa, could indirectly reduce hybrid populations by blocking hybrid replenishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny A P Hooftman
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - James M Bullock
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Kathryn Morley
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Caroline Lamb
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Philippa Bell
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Jane Thomas
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
| | - Rosemary S Hails
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn TR10 9EZ, UK and National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EL, UK
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Schulze J, Frauenknecht T, Brodmann P, Bagutti C. Unexpected diversity of feral genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) despite a cultivation and import ban in Switzerland. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114477. [PMID: 25464509 PMCID: PMC4252112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite cultivation and seed import bans of genetically modified (GM) oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), feral GM plants were found growing along railway lines and in port areas at four sites in Switzerland in 2011 and 2012. All GM plants were identified as glyphosate-resistant GM event GT73 (Roundup Ready, Monsanto). The most affected sites were the Rhine port of Basel and the St. Johann freight railway station in Basel. To assess the distribution and intra- and interspecific outcrossing of GM oilseed rape in more detail, we monitored these two sites in 2013. Leaves and seed pods of feral oilseed rape plants, their possible hybridization partners and putative hybrid plants were sampled in monthly intervals and analysed for the presence of transgenes by real-time PCR. Using flow cytometry, we measured DNA contents of cell nuclei to confirm putative hybrids. In total, 2787 plants were sampled. The presence of GT73 oilseed rape could be confirmed at all previously documented sampling locations and was additionally detected at one new sampling location within the Rhine port. Furthermore, we found the glufosinate-resistant GM events MS8xRF3, MS8 and RF3 (all traded as InVigor, Bayer) at five sampling locations in the Rhine port. To our knowledge, this is the first time that feral MS8xRF3, MS8 or RF3 plants were detected in Europe. Real-time PCR analyses of seeds showed outcrossing of GT73 into two non-GM oilseed rape plants, but no outcrossing of transgenes into related wild species was observed. We found no hybrids between oilseed rape and related species. GM plants most frequently occurred at unloading sites for ships, indicating that ship cargo traffic is the main entry pathway for GM oilseed rape. In the future, it will be of major interest to determine the source of GM oilseed rape seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juerg Schulze
- State Laboratory Basel-City, Biosafety Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tina Frauenknecht
- State Laboratory Basel-City, Biosafety Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Brodmann
- State Laboratory Basel-City, Biosafety Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Bagutti
- State Laboratory Basel-City, Biosafety Laboratory, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Statement on a conceptual framework for the risk assessment of certain food additives re‐evaluated under Commission Regulation (EU) No 257/2010. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Scientific Opinion on application (EFSA‐GMO‐BE‐2011‐101) for the placing on the market of herbicide‐tolerant genetically modified oilseed rape MON 88302 for food and feed uses, import and processing under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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A stochastic cellular model with uncertainty analysis to assess the risk of transgene invasion after crop-wild hybridization: Oilseed rape and wild radish as a case study. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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