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Cifuente JO, Colleoni C, Kalscheuer R, Guerin ME. Architecture, Function, Regulation, and Evolution of α-Glucans Metabolic Enzymes in Prokaryotes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4863-4934. [PMID: 38606812 PMCID: PMC11046441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier O. Cifuente
- Instituto
Biofisika (UPV/EHU, CSIC), University of
the Basque Country, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Christophe Colleoni
- University
of Lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF -Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale
et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rainer Kalscheuer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcelo E. Guerin
- Structural
Glycobiology Laboratory, Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park, c/Baldiri Reixac 4-8, Tower R, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Wang C, Niu D, Mchunu NP, Zhang M, Singh S, Wang Z. Secretory expression of amylosucrase in Bacillus licheniformis through twin-arginine translocation pathway. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuae004. [PMID: 38253396 PMCID: PMC10849164 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Amylosucrase (EC 2.4.1.4) is a versatile enzyme with significant potential in biotechnology and food production. To facilitate its efficient preparation, a novel expression strategy was implemented in Bacillus licheniformis for the secretory expression of Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase (NpAS). The host strain B. licheniformis CBBD302 underwent genetic modification through the deletion of sacB, a gene responsible for encoding levansucrase that synthesizes extracellular levan from sucrose, resulting in a levan-deficient strain, B. licheniformis CBBD302B. Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase was successfully expressed in B. licheniformis CBBD302B using the highly efficient Sec-type signal peptide SamyL, but its extracellular translocation was unsuccessful. Consequently, the expression of NpAS via the twin-arginine translocation (TAT) pathway was investigated using the signal peptide SglmU. The study revealed that NpAS could be effectively translocated extracellularly through the TAT pathway, with the signal peptide SglmU facilitating the process. Remarkably, 62.81% of the total expressed activity was detected in the medium. This study marks the first successful secretory expression of NpAS in Bacillus species host cells, establishing a foundation for its future efficient production. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Amylosucrase was secreted in Bacillus licheniformis via the twin-arginine translocation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhe Wang
- Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dandan Niu
- Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Nokuthula Peace Mchunu
- National Research Foundation, PO Box 2600 Pretoria 0001, South Africa
- School of Life Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Zhengxiang Wang
- Department of Biological Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin 300457, China
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3
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Sun J, Zhang Z, Zhang S, Dan Y, Sun H, Wu Y, Luan G, Lu X. Engineering Cyanobacterial Cell Factories for Photosynthetic Production of Fructose. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:3008-3019. [PMID: 37728873 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Fructose is an important monosaccharide product widely applied in the food, medicine, and chemical industries. Currently, fructose is mainly manufactured with plant biomass-sourced polysaccharides through multiple steps of digestion, conversion, separation, and purification. The development of cyanobacterial metabolic engineering provides an attractive alternative route for the one-step direct production of fructose utilizing carbon dioxide and solar energy. In this work, we developed a paradigm for engineering cyanobacterial chassis cells into efficient cell factories for the photosynthetic production of fructose. In a representative cyanobacterial strain, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, knockout of fructokinase effectively activated the synthesis and secretion of fructose in hypersaline conditions, independent of any heterologous transporters. The native sucrose synthesis pathway was identified as playing a primary role in fructose synthesis. Through combinatory optimizations on the levels of metabolism, physiology, and cultivation, the fructose yield of the Synechococcus cell factories was stepwise improved to 3.9 g/L. Such a paradigm was also adopted to engineer another Synechococcus strain, the marine species Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, and facilitated an even higher fructose yield of over 6 g/L. Finally, the fructose synthesized and secreted by the cyanobacterial photosynthetic cell factories was successfully extracted and prepared from the culture broth in the form of products with 86% purity through multistep separation-purification operations. This work demonstrated a paradigm for systematically engineering cyanobacteria for photosynthetic production of desired metabolites, and it also confirmed the feasibility and potential of cyanobacterial photosynthetic biomanufacturing as a simple and efficient route for fructose production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yu Dan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Huili Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Guodong Luan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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Jiang W, Chen J, Duan X, Li Y, Tao Z. Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Two WRKY Transcription Factors Positively Regulating Polysaccharide Biosynthesis in Polygonatum cyrtonema. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12943. [PMID: 37629123 PMCID: PMC10454705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonatum cyrtonema (P. cyrtonema) is a valuable rhizome-propagating traditional Chinese medical herb. Polysaccharides (PCPs) are the major bioactive constituents in P. cyrtonema. However, the molecular basis of PCP biosynthesis in P. cyrtonema remains unknown. In this study, we measured the PCP contents of 11 wild P. cyrtonema germplasms. The results showed that PCP content was the highest in Lishui Qingyuan (LSQY, 11.84%) and the lowest in Hangzhou Lin'an (HZLA, 7.18%). We next analyzed the transcriptome profiles of LSQY and HZLA. Through a qRT-PCR analysis of five differential expression genes from the PCP biosynthesis pathway, phosphomannomutase, UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (galE), and GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase were determined as the key enzymes. A protein of a key gene, galE1, was localized in the chloroplast. The PCP content in the transiently overexpressed galE1 tobacco leaves was higher than in the wild type. Moreover, luciferase and Y1H assays indicated that PcWRKY31 and PcWRKY34 could activate galE1 by binding to its promoter. Our research uncovers the novel regulatory mechanism of PCP biosynthesis in P. cyrtonema and is critical to molecular-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Jiadong Chen
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaojing Duan
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Yaping Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Zhengming Tao
- Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China; (W.J.); (J.C.); (X.D.)
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5
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Li J, Li Z, Gong H, Ma M, Li S, Yang H, Zhang H, Liu J. Identification and characterization of a novel high-activity amylosucrase from Salinispirillum sp. LH10-3-1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1725-1736. [PMID: 36795143 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel high-activity amylosucrase from Salinispirillum sp. LH10-3-1 (SaAS) was identified and characterized. The recombinant enzyme was determined as a monomer with a molecular mass of 75 kDa. SaAS protein exhibited the maximum total and polymerization activities at pH 9.0 and maximum hydrolysis activity at pH 8.0. The optimum temperature for total, polymerization, and hydrolysis activities were 40, 40, and 45 °C, respectively. Under the optimal pH and temperature, SaAS had a specific activity of 108.2 U/mg. SaAS also showed excellent salt tolerance and could retain 77.4% of its original total activity at 4.0 M NaCl. The addition of Mg2+, Ba2+, and Ca2+ enhanced the total activity of SaAS. When the conversion of 0.1 M and 1.0 M sucrose was catalyzed at pH 9.0 and 40 °C for 24 h, the ratios of hydrolysis, polymerization, and isomerization reactions were 11.9:77.4:10.7 and 15.3:53.5:31.2, respectively. The α-arbutin yield of 60.3% was achieved from 20 mM sucrose and 5 mM hydroquinone catalyzed by SaAS. KEY POINTS: • A novel amylosucrase from Salinispirillum sp. LH10-3-1 (SaAS) was characterized. • SaAS has the highest specific enzyme activity among all known amylosucrase. • SaAS has hydrolysis, polymerization, isomerization, and glucosyltransferase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Mengyi Ma
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Shuolei Li
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China.
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6
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Santos-Merino M, Yun L, Ducat DC. Cyanobacteria as cell factories for the photosynthetic production of sucrose. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1126032. [PMID: 36865782 PMCID: PMC9971976 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1126032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofuels and other biologically manufactured sustainable goods are growing in popularity and demand. Carbohydrate feedstocks required for industrial fermentation processes have traditionally been supplied by plant biomass, but the large quantities required to produce replacement commodity products may prevent the long-term feasibility of this approach without alternative strategies to produce sugar feedstocks. Cyanobacteria are under consideration as potential candidates for sustainable production of carbohydrate feedstocks, with potentially lower land and water requirements relative to plants. Several cyanobacterial strains have been genetically engineered to export significant quantities of sugars, especially sucrose. Sucrose is not only naturally synthesized and accumulated by cyanobacteria as a compatible solute to tolerate high salt environments, but also an easily fermentable disaccharide used by many heterotrophic bacteria as a carbon source. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of the endogenous cyanobacterial sucrose synthesis and degradation pathways. We also summarize genetic modifications that have been found to increase sucrose production and secretion. Finally, we consider the current state of synthetic microbial consortia that rely on sugar-secreting cyanobacterial strains, which are co-cultivated alongside heterotrophic microbes able to directly convert the sugars into higher-value compounds (e.g., polyhydroxybutyrates, 3-hydroxypropionic acid, or dyes) in a single-pot reaction. We summarize recent advances reported in such cyanobacteria/heterotroph co-cultivation strategies and provide a perspective on future developments that are likely required to realize their bioindustrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Santos-Merino
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Lisa Yun
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Daniel C. Ducat
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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7
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Li D, Wang Q, Chen S, Liu H, Pan K, Li J, Luo C, Wang H. De novo assembly and analysis of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and identification of genes involved in polysaccharide and saponin biosynthesis. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:195. [PMID: 35272619 PMCID: PMC8915509 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of molecular mechanisms involved in polysaccharides and saponin metabolism is critical for genetic engineering of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua to raise major active ingredient content. Up to now, the transcript sequences are available for different tissues of P. cyrtonema, a wide range scanning about temporal transcript at different ages’ rhizomes was still absent in P. cyrtonema. Results Transcriptome sequencing for rhizomes at different ages was performed. Sixty-two thousand six hundred thirty-five unigenes were generated by assembling transcripts from all samples. A total of 89 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis and 56 unigenes encoding key enzymes involved in saponin biosynthesis. The content of total polysaccharide and total saponin was positively correlated with the expression patterns of mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (MPI), GDP-L-fucose synthase (TSTA3), UDP-apiose/xylose synthase (AXS), UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH), Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA synthase (HMGS), Mevalonate kinase (MVK), 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (ispF), (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl-diphosphate synthase (ispG), 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (ispH), Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS). Finally, a number of key genes were selected and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to validate the transcriptome analysis results. Conclusions These results create the link between polysaccharides and saponin biosynthesis and gene expression, provide insight for underlying key active substances, and reveal novel candidate genes including TFs that are worth further exploration for their functions and values. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08421-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Construction Service Center of Wudang District Agricultural Science and Technology Zone, Wudang, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550018, P. R. China
| | - Songshu Chen
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hongchang Liu
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Keqin Pan
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Jinling Li
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Luo
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China
| | - Hualei Wang
- Agronomy College, Guizhou University, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China. .,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Propagation and Cultivation on Medicinal Plants, Huaxi, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550025, P. R. China.
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Freshwater Cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 Adapts to an Environment with Salt Stress via Ion-Induced Enzymatic Balance of Compatible Solutes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02904-19. [PMID: 31953341 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02904-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most important abiotic factors in various natural habitats of microbes. Cyanobacteria are the most widely distributed family of photosynthetic microorganisms in environments with fluctuating salinity. In response to salt stress, many cyanobacteria de novo synthesize compatible solutes to maintain osmotic balance in the cell. However, the regulation of intracellular accumulation of these compounds is still not well understood. The freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (Syn7942) exclusively accumulates sucrose as a compatible solute upon salt stress and is thus an ideal model microorganism for studying the metabolism of compatible solute dynamics. Here, we focused on elucidating the regulatory mechanisms involved in salt-induced sucrose accumulation in Syn7942. Using a series of physiological and biochemical experiments, we showed that the ionic effect of salt stress plays an important role in inducing sucrose synthesis, whereby elevated ion concentration directly activates the sucrose-synthesizing enzyme sucrose-phosphate synthase and simultaneously inhibits the sucrose-degrading enzyme invertase, resulting in a rapid sucrose accumulation. Thus, we propose a novel mechanism for cyanobacterial adaption to salt stress and fluctuating salinity, i.e., the ion-induced synergistic modulation of the enzymes synthesizing and degrading compatible solutes. These findings greatly enhance our current understanding of microbial adaptation to salt.IMPORTANCE Most microbes de novo synthesize compatible solutes for adaptation to salt stress or fluctuating salinity environments. However, to date, one of the core questions involved in these physiological processes, i.e., the regulation of salt-induced compatible solute biosynthesis, is still not well understood. Here, this issue was systematically investigated by employing the model freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. A novel mechanism for cyanobacterial adaption to salt stress and fluctuating salinity, i.e., the ion-induced synergistic modulation of key synthesizing and degrading enzymes of compatible solutes, is proposed. Because the ion-induced activation/inhibition of enzymes is a fast and efficient process, it may represent a common strategy of microbes for adaptation to environments with fluctuating salinity.
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9
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Seo DH, Yoo SH, Choi SJ, Kim YR, Park CS. Versatile biotechnological applications of amylosucrase, a novel glucosyltransferase. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1-16. [PMID: 31976122 PMCID: PMC6949346 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylosucrase (AS; EC 2.4.1.4) is an enzyme that has great potential in the biotechnology and food industries, due to its multifunctional enzyme activities. It can synthesize α-1,4-glucans, like amylose, from sucrose as a sole substrate, but importantly, it can also utilize various other molecules as acceptors. In addition, AS produces sucrose isomers such as turanose and trehalulose. It also efficiently synthesizes modified starch with increased ratios of slow digestive starch and resistant starch, and glucosylated functional compounds with increased water solubility and stability. Furthermore, AS produces turnaose more efficiently than other carbohydrate-active enzymes. Amylose synthesized by AS forms microparticles and these can be utilized as biocompatible materials with various bio-applications, including drug delivery, chromatography, and bioanalytical sciences. This review not only compares the gene and enzyme characteristics of microbial AS, studied to date, but also focuses on the applications of AS in the biotechnology and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ho Seo
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Yoo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rok Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon-Seok Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Institute of Life Science and Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
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10
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Yuan Y, Zhang J, Kallman J, Liu X, Meng M, Lin J. Polysaccharide biosynthetic pathway profiling and putative gene mining of Dendrobium moniliforme using RNA-Seq in different tissues. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:521. [PMID: 31775630 PMCID: PMC6882186 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrobium moniliforme (Linnaeus) Swartz is a well-known plant used in traditional Chinese medicine due to bioactive constituents. Polysaccharides are the main medicinal ingredients, yet no studies have been published on polysaccharide biosynthesis in D. moniliforme. To comprehensively investigate the polysaccharide at the transcription level, we performed de novo transcriptome sequencing for the first time to produce a comprehensive transcriptome of D. moniliforme. RESULTS In our study, a database of 562,580 unigenes (average length = 1115.67 bases) was generated by performing transcriptome sequencing. Based on the gene annotation of the transcriptome, we identified 1204 carbohydrate-active related unigenes against CAZy database, including 417 glycosyltransferase genes (GTs), 780 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 19 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 75 carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs), and 44 polysaccharide lyases (PLs). In the cellulose synthase family, 21 differential expression genes (DEGs) related to polysaccharide were identified. Subsequently, the tissue-specific expression patterns of the genes involved in polysaccharide pathway were investigated, which provide understanding of the biosynthesis and regulation of DMP at the molecular level. The two key enzyme genes (Susy and SPS) involved in the polysaccharide pathway were identified, and their expression patterns in different tissues were further analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS We determined the content of polysaccharides from Dendrobium moniliforme under different tissues, and we obtained a large number of differential genes by transcriptome sequencing. This database provides a pool of candidate genes involved in biosynthesis of polysaccharides in D. moniliforme. Furthermore, the comprehensive analysis and characterization of the significant pathways are expected to give a better insight regarding the diversity of chemical composition, synthetic characteristics, and the regulatory mechanism which operate in this medical herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Yuan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Jinchi Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | | | - Xin Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Miaojing Meng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
| | - Jie Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Restoration, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037 China
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11
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Kirsch F, Klähn S, Hagemann M. Salt-Regulated Accumulation of the Compatible Solutes Sucrose and Glucosylglycerol in Cyanobacteria and Its Biotechnological Potential. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2139. [PMID: 31572343 PMCID: PMC6753628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are prokaryotes that can assimilate inorganic carbon via oxygenic photosynthesis, which results in the formation of organic compounds essentially from CO2, water, and light. Increasing concerns regarding the increase in atmospheric CO2 due to fossil energy usage fueled the idea of a photosynthesis-driven and CO2-neutral, i.e., cyanobacteria-based biotechnology. The ability of various cyanobacteria to tolerate high and/or fluctuating salinities attenuates the requirement of freshwater for their cultivation, which makes these organisms even more interesting regarding a sustainable utilization of natural resources. However, those applications require a detailed knowledge of the processes involved in salt acclimation. Here, we review the current state of our knowledge on the regulation of compatible solute accumulation in cyanobacteria. The model organism Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 responds to increasing salinities mainly by the accumulation of glucosylglycerol (GG) and sucrose. After exposure toward increased salt concentrations, the accumulation of the main compatible solute GG is achieved by de novo synthesis. The key target of regulation is the enzyme GG-phosphate synthase (GgpS) and involves transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and biochemical mechanisms. Recently, the GG-degrading enzyme GG hydrolase A (GghA) was identified, which is particularly important for GG degradation during exposure to decreasing salinities. The inversely ion-regulated activities of GgpS and GghA could represent the main model for effectively tuning GG steady state levels according to external salinities. Similar to GG, the intracellular amount of sucrose is also salt-regulated and seems to be determined by the balance of sucrose synthesis via sucrose-phosphate synthase (Sps) and its degradation via invertase (Inv). In addition to their role as stress protectants, both compatible solutes also represent promising targets for biotechnology. Hence, the increasing knowledge on the regulation of compatible solute accumulation not only improves our understanding of the stress physiology of cyanobacteria but will also support their future biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Kirsch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Klähn
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Hagemann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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12
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Tian Y, Xu W, Guang C, Zhang W, Mu W. Thermostable Amylosucrase from Calidithermus timidus DSM 17022: Insight into Its Characteristics and Tetrameric Conformation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:9868-9876. [PMID: 31389242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amylosucrase (EC 2.4.1.4, ASase), a typical carbohydrate-active enzyme, can catalyze 5 types of reactions and recognize more than 50 types of glycosyl acceptors. However, most ASases are unstable even at 50 °C, which limits their practical industrial applications. In this study, an extremely thermostable ASase was discovered from Calidithermus timidus DSM 17022 (CT-ASase) with an optimal activity temperature of 55 °C, half-life of 1.09 h at 70 °C, and melting temperature of 74.47 °C. The recombinant CT-ASase was characterized as the first tetrameric ASase, and a structure-based truncation mutation was conducted to confirm the effect of tetrameric conformation on its thermostability. In addition, α-1,4-glucan was found to be the predominant product of CT-ASase at pH 6.0-8.0 and 30-60 °C.
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13
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Agarwal N, Narnoliya LK, Singh SP. Characterization of a novel amylosucrase gene from the metagenome of a thermal aquatic habitat, and its use in turanose production from sucrose biomass. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 131:109372. [PMID: 31615660 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Turanose is a natural isomer of sucrose. It is an emerging functional sweetener of the next generation. Turanose is catalytically synthesized from the sucrose biomass by employing amylosucrase enzyme. In this study, a novel gene encoding amylosucrase (Asmet) has been identified from the metagenome of a thermal aquatic habitat. Asmet exhibits 37-55% identity at the protein level with the known amylosucrases characterized till date. Asmet was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, followed by protein purification, and characterization. Asmet protein exhibited the maximum total activity at 9.0 pH and 60 °C temperature, whereas, 8.0 pH and 50 °C temperature were found optimum for transglycosylation activity. Asmet showed fairly high thermal tolerance at 50 °C. The conjugation of Asmet protein with functionalized iron nanoparticles significantly improved its thermal tolerance, showing hardly any loss in the enzyme's activity even after 72 h of heat (50 °C) exposure. The turanose yield of about 47% was achieved from 1.5 M sucrose, containing 0.5 M fructose in the reaction. Turanose was purified (˜95%) via a bio-physical process, and characterized by TLC, HPLC, and NMR. The novel amylosucrase gene was demonstrated to be a potential candidate for turanose production, utilizing various sucrose containing feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neera Agarwal
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, S.A.S. Nagar, Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140 306, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Narnoliya
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, S.A.S. Nagar, Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140 306, India
| | - Sudhir P Singh
- Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, S.A.S. Nagar, Sector-81 (Knowledge City), Mohali, 140 306, India.
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14
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Wang C, Peng D, Zhu J, Zhao D, Shi Y, Zhang S, Ma K, Wu J, Huang L. Transcriptome analysis of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua: identification of genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:65. [PMID: 31289459 PMCID: PMC6593569 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (P. cyrtonema) is one of the most important herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. Polysaccharides in P. cyrtonema plants comprise a class of important secondary metabolites and exhibit a broad range of pharmacological functions. RESULTS In order to identify genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, we performed RNA sequencing analysis of leaf, root, and rhizome tissues of P. cyrtonema. A total of 164,573 unigenes were obtained by assembling transcripts from all three tissues and 86,063 of these were annotated in public databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined based on expression profile analysis, and DEG levels in rhizome tissues were then compared with their counterparts in leaf and root tissues. This analysis revealed numerous genes that were either up-regulated or uniquely expressed in the rhizome. Multiple genes encoding important enzymes, such as UDP glycosyltransferases (UGTs), or transcription factors involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis were identified and further analyzed, while a few genes encoding key enzymes were experimentally validated using quantitative real-time PCR. CONCLUSION Our results substantially expand the public transcriptome dataset of P. cyrtonema and provide valuable clues for the identification of candidate genes involved in metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Wang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230012 China
| | - Jinhang Zhu
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
| | - Derui Zhao
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Shengxiang Zhang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
| | - Kelong Ma
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Clinical College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei, 230012 China
| | - Luqi Huang
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine and Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038 China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Kim KT, Rha CS, Jung YS, Kim YJ, Jung DH, Seo DH, Park CS. Comparative study on amylosucrases derived from Deinococcus species and catalytic characterization and use of amylosucrase derived from Deinococcus wulumuqiensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/amylase-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Amylosucrase (ASase; EC 2.4.1.4), a versatile enzyme, exhibits three characteristic activities: hydrolysis, isomerization, and transglycosylation. In this study, a novel ASase derived from Deinococcus wulumuquiensis (DWAS) was identified and expressed in Escherichia coli. The optimal reaction temperature and pH for the sucrose hydrolysis activity of DWAS were determined to be 45 °C and 9.0, respectively. DWAS displays relatively high thermostability compared with other ASases, as demonstrated by half-life of 96.7 and 4.7 min at 50 °C and 55 °C, respectively. DWAS fused with 6×His was successfully purified to apparent homogeneity with a molecular mass of approximately 72 kDa by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and confirmed by SDS-PAGE. DWAS transglycosylation activity can be used to modify isovitexin, a representative flavone C-glucoside contained in buckwheat sprouts to increase its limited bioavailability, which is due to its low absorption rate and unstable structure in the human body. Using isovitexin as a substrate, the major transglycosylation product of DWAS was found to be isovitexin monoglucoside. The comparison of transglycosylation reaction products of DWAS with those of other ASases derived from Deinococcus species revealed that the low sequence homology of loop 8 in ASases may affect the acceptor specificity of ASases and result in a distinctive acceptor specificity of DWAS.
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16
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Biochemical characterization of a highly thermostable amylosucrase from Truepera radiovictrix DSM 17093. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 116:744-752. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Kirsch F, Luo Q, Lu X, Hagemann M. Inactivation of invertase enhances sucrose production in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2018; 164:1220-1228. [PMID: 30113304 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose is naturally synthesized by many cyanobacteria under high salt conditions, which can be applied to produce this widely used feedstock. To improve sucrose production with the moderate halo-tolerant cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we identified and biochemically characterized the sucrose-degrading invertase. Inactivating the invertase encoding gene sll0626 (inv) significantly increased cellular sucrose levels; interestingly sucrose over-accumulation was also observed under NaCl-free conditions. The subsequent inactivation of inv in the mutant ΔggpS, which cannot synthesize the major compatible solute glucosylglycerol, resulted in further enhanced sucrose accumulation in the presence of 1.5 % NaCl. Then, inv mutation was introduced into the previously obtained sucrose-producing strain WD25 (Du W, Liang F, Duan Y, Tan X, Lu X. Metab Eng 2013;19:17-25), which resulted in almost 40 % higher sucrose accumulation. These findings show that invertase is an interesting target in obtaining efficient sucrose production in cyanobacterial host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Kirsch
- 1Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Quan Luo
- 2Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- 2Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao 266101, PR China.,3Marine biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Rd 1, Aoshanwei, Qingdao, PR China
| | - Martin Hagemann
- 4Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany.,1Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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18
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Tian Y, Xu W, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Amylosucrase as a transglucosylation tool: From molecular features to bioengineering applications. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1540-1552. [PMID: 29935268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Amylosucrase (EC 2.4.1.4, ASase), an outstanding sucrose-utilizing transglucosylase in the glycoside hydrolase family 13, can produce glucans with only α-1,4 linkages. Generally, on account of a double-displacement mechanism, ASase can catalyze polymerization, isomerization, and hydrolysis reactions with sucrose as the sole substrate, and has transglycosylation capacity to attach glucose molecules from sucrose to extra glycosyl acceptors. Based on extensive enzymology research, this review presents the characteristics of various ASases, including their microbial metabolism, preparation, and enzymatic properties, and exhibits structure-based strategies in the improvement of activity, specificity, and thermostability. As a vital transglucosylation tool of producing sugars, carbohydrate-based bioactive compounds, and materials, the bioengineering applications of ASases are also systematically summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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19
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Liu YW, Hui HY, Tan ZJ. Regulatory effect of Qiwei Baizhu powder on intestinal microecology in patients with dysbacteria associated diarrhea. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2018; 26:1022-1028. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v26.i17.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is a common clinical symptom in children. The main factor responsible for diarrhea is intestinal microecological imbalance. The effect of Qiwei Baizhu powder on infantile diarrhea is remarkable. Intestinal microecology is the hot topic in current research. It is of great significance to elucidate the curative effect of Chinese medicine and the pathogenesis of diarrhea. According to the connotation of microecology and by searching the literature, this article reviews the progress in research of intestinal microbial community structure, intestinal enzyme activity, and intestinal microbial metabolism. It is shown that Qiwei Baizhu powder can repair the intestinal mucosal barrier, inhibit the propagation of harmful bacteria in the intestine, adjust intestinal flora, and improve intestinal enzyme activity by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut, especially the activity of intestinal lactase. Qiwei Baizhu powder can regulate the levels of enzyme activity and production. These results can be used to reveal the mechanism of diarrhea to promote the clinical application of Qiwei Baizhu powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Hu'nan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hu'nan Province, China
| | - Hua-Ying Hui
- Department of Microbiology, Hu'nan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hu'nan Province, China
| | - Zhou-Jin Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Hu'nan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hu'nan Province, China
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20
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Cui X, Wang S, Cao H, Guo H, Li Y, Xu F, Zheng M, Xi X, Han C. A Review: The Bioactivities and Pharmacological Applications of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23051170. [PMID: 29757991 PMCID: PMC6099637 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been widely used in China and is regarded as the most important therapeutic. Polygonatum sibiricum (PS), a natural plant used in traditional Chinese medicine, has various functions associated with a number of its components. There are many compositions in PS including polysaccharides, steroids, anthraquinone, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, lignin, vitamins, various acids, and so on. Of these, polysaccharides play a significant role in PS-based therapeutics. This article summarizes Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSP) have many pharmacological applications and biological activities, such as their antioxidant activity, anti-aging activity, an anti-fatigue effect, immunity enhancement effect, antibacterial effect, anti-inflammatory effect, hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects, anti-osteoporosis effect, liver protection, treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM), anti-cancer effect, and may help prevent Alzheimer’s disease, and so on. This review summarized the extraction method, purification method, compositions, pharmacological applications, biological activities, biosynthesis, and prospects of PSP, providing a basis for further study of PS and PSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Shiyuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Hong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Yujuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Fangxue Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Mengmeng Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Xiaozhi Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Chunchao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
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21
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Vergès A, Barbe S, Cambon E, Moulis C, Tranier S, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Engineering of anp efficient mutant of Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase for the synthesis of controlled size maltooligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:403-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wang S, Wang B, Hua W, Niu J, Dang K, Qiang Y, Wang Z. De Novo Assembly and Analysis of Polygonatum sibiricum Transcriptome and Identification of Genes Involved in Polysaccharide Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091950. [PMID: 28895881 PMCID: PMC5618599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharides (PSPs) are used to improve immunity, alleviate dryness, promote the secretion of fluids, and quench thirst. However, the PSP biosynthetic pathway is largely unknown. Understanding the genetic background will help delineate that pathway at the molecular level so that researchers can develop better conservation strategies. After comparing the PSP contents among several different P. sibiricum germplasms, we selected two groups with the largest contrasts in contents and subjected them to HiSeq2500 transcriptome sequencing to identify the candidate genes involved in PSP biosynthesis. In all, 20 kinds of enzyme-encoding genes were related to PSP biosynthesis. The polysaccharide content was positively correlated with the expression patterns of β-fructofuranosidase (sacA), fructokinase (scrK), UDP-glucose 4-epimerase (GALE), Mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (GMPP), and UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (UGDH), but negatively correlated with the expression of Hexokinase (HK). Through qRT-PCR validation and comprehensive analysis, we determined that sacA, HK, and GMPP are key genes for enzymes within the PSP metabolic pathway in P. sibiricum. Our results provide a public transcriptome dataset for this species and an outline of pathways for the production of polysaccharides in medicinal plants. They also present more information about the PSP biosynthesis pathway at the molecular level in P. sibiricum and lay the foundation for subsequent research of gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Wenping Hua
- College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Shaanxi XueQian Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Junfeng Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Kaikai Dang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yi Qiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Moulis C, André I, Remaud-Simeon M. GH13 amylosucrases and GH70 branching sucrases, atypical enzymes in their respective families. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2661-79. [PMID: 27141938 PMCID: PMC11108324 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Amylosucrases and branching sucrases are α-retaining transglucosylases found in the glycoside-hydrolase families 13 and 70, respectively, of the clan GH-H. These enzymes display unique activities in their respective families. Using sucrose as substrate and without mediation of nucleotide-activated sugars, amylosucrase catalyzes the formation of an α-(1 → 4) linked glucan that resembles amylose. In contrast, the recently discovered branching sucrases are unable to catalyze polymerization of glucosyl units as they are rather specific for dextran branching through α-(1 → 2) or α-(1 → 3) branching linkages depending on the enzyme regiospecificity. In addition, GH13 amylosucrases and GH70 branching sucrases are naturally promiscuous and can glucosylate different types of acceptor molecules including sugars, polyols, or flavonoids. Amylosucrases have been the most investigated glucansucrases, in particular to control product profiles or to successfully develop tailored α-transglucosylases able to glucosylate various molecules of interest, for example, chemically protected carbohydrates that are planned to enter in chemoenzymatic pathways. The structural traits of these atypical enzymes will be described and compared, and an overview of the potential of natural or engineered enzymes for glycodiversification and chemoenzymatic synthesis will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Moulis
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400, Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Simeon
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France.
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400, Toulouse, France.
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400, Toulouse, France.
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24
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Kolman MA, Salerno GL. Sucrose in bloom-forming cyanobacteria: loss and gain of genes involved in its biosynthesis. Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:439-49. [PMID: 26913819 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bloom-forming cyanobacteria are widely distributed in freshwater ecosystems. To cope with salinity fluctuations, cyanobacteria synthesize compatible solutes, such as sucrose, to maintain the intracellular osmotic balance. The screening of cyanobacterial genomes revealed that homologues to sucrose metabolism-related genes only occur in few bloom-forming strains, mostly belonging to Nostocales and Stigonematales orders. Remarkably, among Chroococcales and Oscillatoriales strains, homologues were only found in M. aeruginosa PCC 7806 and Leptolyngbya boryana PCC 6306, suggesting a massive loss of sucrose metabolism in bloom-forming strains of these orders. After a complete functional characterization of sucrose genes in M. aeruginosa PCC 7806, we showed that sucrose metabolism depends on the expression of a gene cluster that defines a transcriptional unit, unique among all sucrose-containing cyanobacteria. It was also demonstrated that the expression of the encoding genes of sucrose-related proteins is stimulated by salt. In view of its ancestral origin in cyanobacteria, the fact that most bloom-forming strains lack sucrose metabolism indicates that the genes involved might have been lost during evolution. However, in a particular strain, like M. aeruginosa PCC 7806, sucrose synthesis genes were probably regained by horizontal gene transfer, which could be hypothesized as a response to salinity fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Kolman
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
| | - Graciela L Salerno
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET), Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes 3103, Mar del Plata, 7600, Argentina
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25
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Matt J, Duchêne M. Molecular and biochemical characterization of Entamoeba histolytica fructokinase. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1939-47. [PMID: 25700717 PMCID: PMC4412284 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery and liver abscess. The medium for its axenic culture contains glucose as energy source, and we addressed the question whether E. histolytica can also use fructose instead. As the amoebic hexokinases do not phosphorylate fructose, a separate fructokinase is essential. The genome project revealed a single candidate gene encoding an E. histolytica homolog of bacterial fructokinases. This gene was cloned, and the recombinant enzyme had a magnesium-dependent fructose 6-kinase activity (EC 2.7.1.4) with a Km for fructose of 0.156 mM and a Vmax of 131 U/mg protein. Recombinant fructokinase also showed a much weaker mannokinase activity, but no activity with glucose or galactose. The amoebae could be switched from glucose to fructose medium without any detectable consequence on doubling time. Fructokinase messenger RNA (mRNA) was modestly but significantly upregulated in amoebae switched to fructose medium as well as in fructose-adapted E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Matt
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Sucrose metabolism in halotolerant methanotroph Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z. Arch Microbiol 2015; 197:471-80. [PMID: 25577257 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sucrose accumulation has been observed in some methylotrophic bacteria utilizing methane, methanol, or methylated amines as a carbon and energy source. In this work, we have investigated the biochemical pathways for sucrose metabolism in the model halotolerant methanotroph Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z. The genes encoding sucrose-phosphate synthase (Sps), sucrose-phosphate phosphatase (Spp), fructokinase (FruK), and amylosucrase (Ams) were co-transcribed and displayed similar expression levels. Functional Spp and Ams were purified after heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. Recombinant Spp exhibited high affinity for sucrose-6-phosphate and stayed active at very high levels of sucrose (K i = 1.0 ± 0.6 M). The recombinant amylosucrase obeyed the classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics in the reactions of sucrose hydrolysis and transglycosylation. As a result, the complete metabolic network for sucrose biosynthesis and re-utilization in the non-phototrophic organism was reconstructed for the first time. Comparative genomic studies revealed analogous gene clusters in various Proteobacteria, thus indicating that the ability to produce and metabolize sucrose is widespread among prokaryotes.
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Sucrose in cyanobacteria: from a salt-response molecule to play a key role in nitrogen fixation. Life (Basel) 2015; 5:102-26. [PMID: 25569239 PMCID: PMC4390843 DOI: 10.3390/life5010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the biosphere, sucrose is mainly synthesized in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, green algae and land plants, as part of the carbon dioxide assimilation pathway. Even though its central position in the functional biology of plants is well documented, much less is known about the role of sucrose in cyanobacteria. In those prokaryotes, sucrose accumulation has been associated with salt acclimation, and considered as a compatible solute in low-salt tolerant strains. In the last years, functional characterizations of sucrose metabolizing enzymes, metabolic control analysis, cellular localization of gene expressions, and reverse genetic experiments have revealed that sucrose metabolism is crucial in the diazotrophic growth of heterocystic strains, and besides, that it can be connected to glycogen synthesis. This article briefly summarizes the current state of knowledge of sucrose physiological functions in modern cyanobacteria and how they might have evolved taking into account the phylogenetic analyses of sucrose enzymes.
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