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Zhu Y, Wu C, Deng Y, Yuan W, Zhang T, Lu J. Recent advances in virulence of a broad host range plant pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: a mini-review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1424130. [PMID: 38962122 PMCID: PMC11220166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1424130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a typical necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus, which has a wide host range and can cause a variety of diseases, leading to serious loss of agricultural production around the world. It is difficult to control and completely eliminate the characteristics, chemical control methods is not ideal. Therefore, it is very important to know the pathogenic mechanism of S. sclerotiorum for improving host living environment, relieving agricultural pressure and promoting economic development. In this paper, the life cycle of S. sclerotiorum is introduced to understand the whole process of S. sclerotiorum infection. Through the analysis of the pathogenic mechanism, this paper summarized the reported content, mainly focused on the oxalic acid, cell wall degrading enzyme and effector protein in the process of infection and its mechanism. Besides, recent studies reported virulence-related genes in S. sclerotiorum have been summarized in the paper. According to analysis, those genes were related to the growth and development of the hypha and appressorium, the signaling and regulatory factors of S. sclerotiorum and so on, to further influence the ability to infect the host critically. The application of host-induced gene silencing (HIGS)is considered as a potential effective tool to control various fungi in crops, which provides an important reference for the study of pathogenesis and green control of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Junxing Lu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Adaptations, College of Life Science, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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John E, Chau MQ, Hoang CV, Chandrasekharan N, Bhaskar C, Ma LS. Fungal Cell Wall-Associated Effectors: Sensing, Integration, Suppression, and Protection. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:196-210. [PMID: 37955547 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-23-0142-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall (CW) of plant-interacting fungi, as the direct interface with host plants, plays a crucial role in fungal development. A number of secreted proteins are directly associated with the fungal CW, either through covalent or non-covalent interactions, and serve a range of important functions. In the context of plant-fungal interactions many are important for fungal development in the host environment and may therefore be considered fungal CW-associated effectors (CWAEs). Key CWAE functions include integrating chemical/physical signals to direct hyphal growth, interfering with plant immunity, and providing protection against plant defenses. In recent years, a diverse range of mechanisms have been reported that underpin their roles, with some CWAEs harboring conserved motifs or functional domains, while others are reported to have novel features. As such, the current understanding regarding fungal CWAEs is systematically presented here from the perspective of their biological functions in plant-fungal interactions. An overview of the fungal CW architecture and the mechanisms by which proteins are secreted, modified, and incorporated into the CW is first presented to provide context for their biological roles. Some CWAE functions are reported across a broad range of pathosystems or symbiotic/mutualistic associations. Prominent are the chitin interacting-effectors that facilitate fungal CW modification, protection, or suppression of host immune responses. However, several alternative functions are now reported and are presented and discussed. CWAEs can play diverse roles, some possibly unique to fungal lineages and others conserved across a broad range of plant-interacting fungi. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan John
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Minh-Quang Chau
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cuong V Hoang
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | | | - Chibbhi Bhaskar
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Lay-Sun Ma
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Wei J, Yao C, Zhu Z, Gao Z, Yang G, Pan Y. Nitrate reductase is required for sclerotial development and virulence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1096831. [PMID: 37342142 PMCID: PMC10277653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1096831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) on more than 450 plant species, is a notorious fungal pathogen. Nitrate reductase (NR) is required for nitrate assimilation that mediates the reduction of nitrate to nitrite and is the major enzymatic source for NO production in fungi. To explore the possible effects of nitrate reductase SsNR on the development, stress response, and virulence of S. sclerotiorum, RNA interference (RNAi) of SsNR was performed. The results showed that SsNR-silenced mutants showed abnormity in mycelia growth, sclerotia formation, infection cushion formation, reduced virulence on rapeseed and soybean with decreased oxalic acid production. Furthermore SsNR-silenced mutants are more sensitive to abiotic stresses such as Congo Red, SDS, H2O2, and NaCl. Importantly, the expression levels of pathogenicity-related genes SsGgt1, SsSac1, and SsSmk3 are down-regulated in SsNR-silenced mutants, while SsCyp is up-regulated. In summary, phenotypic changes in the gene silenced mutants indicate that SsNR plays important roles in the mycelia growth, sclerotia development, stress response and fungal virulence of S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Wei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Chuanchun Yao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zonghe Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhimou Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Guogen Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuemin Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Gao X, Dang X, Yan F, Li Y, Xu J, Tian S, Li Y, Huang K, Lin W, Lin D, Wang Z, Wang A. ANGUSTIFOLIA negatively regulates resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via modulation of PTI and JA signalling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1091-1106. [PMID: 35426480 PMCID: PMC9276947 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating pathogen that infects a broad range of host plants. The mechanism underlying plant defence against fungal invasion is still not well characterized. Here, we report that ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN), a CtBP family member, plays a role in the defence against S. sclerotiorum attack. Arabidopsis an mutants exhibited stronger resistance to S. sclerotiorum at the early stage of infection than wild-type plants. Accordingly, an mutants exhibited stronger activation of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) responses, including mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, reactive oxygen species accumulation, callose deposition, and the expression of PTI-responsive genes, upon treatment with PAMPs/microbe-associated molecular patterns. Moreover, Arabidopsis lines overexpressing AN were more susceptible to S. sclerotiorum and showed defective PTI responses. Our luminometry, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, coimmunoprecipitation, and in vitro pull-down assays indicate that AN interacts with allene oxide cyclases (AOC), essential enzymes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, negatively regulating JA biosynthesis in response to S. sclerotiorum infection. This work reveals AN is a negative regulator of the AOC-mediated JA signalling pathway and PTI activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xie Dang
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Fengting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shifu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yaling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Deshu Lin
- Haixia Institute of Science and TechnologyFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology CenterInstitute of OceanographyMinjiang UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Airong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsCollege of Plant ProtectionFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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Khairi MHF, Nor Muhammad NA, Bunawan H, Abdul Murad AM, Ramzi AB. Unveiling the Core Effector Proteins of Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense via Pan-Secretome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080793. [PMID: 36012782 PMCID: PMC9409662 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense is the major causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm, causing the progressive rot of the basal part of the stem. Despite its prominence, the key pathogenicity determinants for the aggressive nature of hemibiotrophic infection remain unknown. In this study, genome sequencing and the annotation of G. boninense T10 were carried out using the Illumina sequencing platform, and comparative genome analysis was performed with previously reported G. boninense strains (NJ3 and G3). The pan-secretome of G. boninense was constructed and comprised 937 core orthogroups, 243 accessory orthogroups, and 84 strain-specific orthogroups. In total, 320 core orthogroups were enriched with candidate effector proteins (CEPs) that could be classified as carbohydrate-active enzymes, hydrolases, and non-catalytic proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed an upregulation of five CEP genes that was linked to the suppression of PTI signaling cascade, while the downregulation of four CEP genes was linked to the inhibition of PTI by preventing host defense elicitation. Genome architecture analysis revealed the one-speed architecture of the G. boninense genome and the lack of preferential association of CEP genes to transposable elements. The findings obtained from this study aid in the characterization of pathogenicity determinants and molecular biomarkers of BSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hazwan Fikri Khairi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8921-4546; Fax: +603-8921-3398
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Yang M, Zhang W, Lv Z, Shi L, Zhang K, Ge B. Evaluation of the Inhibitory Effects of Wuyiencin, a Secondary Metabolite of Streptomyces albulus CK-15, Against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum In Vitro. PLANT DISEASE 2022; 106:156-164. [PMID: 34184553 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-21-0987-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, a destructive fungal pathogen with an extensive host range, causes various diseases with the potential to cause huge economic losses to crops worldwide. Streptomyces species produce secondary metabolites with variable structures and biological activities that offer possible control methods for crop diseases. Herein, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of wuyiencin, a secondary metabolite of Streptomyces albulus CK-15, against S. sclerotiorum. The results showed that wuyiencin markedly inhibited mycelial growth and germination and the formation of sclerotia. It also increased cell membrane permeability, resulting in leakage of intracellular substances in pathogen mycelia. Wuyiencin markedly decreased oxalic acid content and the activities of polygalacturonase and pectin methyl-galacturonic enzymes. Moreover, it downregulated Nox1, ITL, pph1, Caf1, and sca1, all genes related to growth and infection. Lesions were smaller and less pronounced on soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaves pretreated with wuyiencin in vitro, and the inhibition rate reached 78.36%. The results suggest that wuyiencin holds promise for the management of diseases caused by S. sclerotiorum, and the findings provide clues on the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Liming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Kecheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Beibei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
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7
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Lv Z, He Z, Hao L, Kang X, Ma B, Li H, Luo Y, Yuan J, He N. Genome Sequencing Analysis of Scleromitrula shiraiana, a Causal Agent of Mulberry Sclerotial Disease With Narrow Host Range. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:603927. [PMID: 33519746 PMCID: PMC7840784 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.603927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleromitrula shiraiana is a necrotrophic fungus with a narrow host range, and is one of the main causal pathogens of mulberry sclerotial disease. However, its molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we report a 39.0 Mb high-quality genome sequence for S. shiraiana strain SX-001. The S. shiraiana genome contains 11,327 protein-coding genes. The number of genes and genome size of S. shiraiana are similar to most other Ascomycetes. The cross-similarities and differences of S. shiraiana with the closely related Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea indicated that S. shiraiana differentiated earlier from their common ancestor. A comparative genomic analysis showed that S. shiraiana has fewer genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) and effector proteins than that of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea, as well as many other Ascomycetes. This is probably a key factor in the weaker aggressiveness of S. shiraiana to other plants. S. shiraiana has many species-specific genes encoding secondary metabolism core enzymes. The diversity of secondary metabolites may be related to the adaptation of these pathogens to specific ecological niches. However, melanin and oxalic acid are conserved metabolites among many Sclerotiniaceae fungi, and may be essential for survival and infection. Our results provide insights into the narrow host range of S. shiraiana and its adaptation to mulberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwen He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongshun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiwei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianglian Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Baroni F, Gallo M, Pazzagli L, Luti S, Baccelli I, Spisni A, Pertinhez TA. A mechanistic model may explain the dissimilar biological efficiency of the fungal elicitors cerato-platanin and cerato-populin. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129843. [PMID: 33444726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among their various functions, the members of the cerato-platanin family can stimulate plants' defense responses and induce resistance against microbial pathogens. Recent results suggest that conserved loops, also involved in chitin binding, might be a structural motif central for their eliciting activity. Here, we focus on cerato-platanin and its orthologous cerato-populin, searching for a rationale of their diverse efficiency to elicit plants' defense and to interact with oligosaccharides. A 3D model of cerato-populin has been generated by homology modeling using the NMR-derived cerato-platanin structure as template, and it has been validated by fitting with residual dipolar couplings. Loops β1-β2 and β2-β3 have been indicated as important for some CPPs members to express their biological function. When compared to cerato-platanin, in cerato-populin they present two mutations and an insertion that significantly modify their electrostatic surface. NMR relaxation experiments point to a reduced conformational plasticity of cerato-populin loops with respect to the ones of cerato-platanin. The different electrostatic surface of the loops combined with a distinct network of intra-molecular interactions are expected to be factors that, by leading to a diverse spatial organization and dissimilar collective motions, can regulate the eliciting efficacy of the two proteins and their affinity for oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Baroni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Mariana Gallo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luigia Pazzagli
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Simone Luti
- Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alberto Spisni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Singh KP, Kumari P, Rai PK. Current Status of the Disease-Resistant Gene(s)/QTLs, and Strategies for Improvement in Brassica juncea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617405. [PMID: 33747001 PMCID: PMC7965955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea is a major oilseed crop in tropical and subtropical countries, especially in south-east Asia like India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The widespread cultivation of genetically similar varieties tends to attract fungal pathogens which cause heavy yield losses in the absence of resistant sources. The conventional disease management techniques are often expensive, have limited efficacy, and cause additional harm to the environment. A substantial approach is to identify and use of resistance sources within the Brassica hosts and other non-hosts to ensure sustainable oilseed crop production. In the present review, we discuss six major fungal pathogens of B. juncea: Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae), White rust (Albugo candida), Downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora parasitica), Powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum), and Blackleg (Leptoshaeria maculans). From discussing studies on pathogen prevalence in B. juncea, the review then focuses on highlighting the resistance sources and quantitative trait loci/gene identified so far from Brassicaceae and non-filial sources against these fungal pathogens. The problems in the identification of resistance sources for B. juncea concerning genome complexity in host subpopulation and pathotypes were addressed. Emphasis has been laid on more elaborate and coordinated research to identify and deploy R genes, robust techniques, and research materials. Examples of fully characterized genes conferring resistance have been discussed that can be transformed into B. juncea using advanced genomics tools. Lastly, effective strategies for B. juncea improvement through introgression of novel R genes, development of pre-breeding resistant lines, characterization of pathotypes, and defense-related secondary metabolites have been provided suggesting the plan for the development of resistant B. juncea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Pratap Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India
- *Correspondence: Kaushal Pratap Singh,
| | - Preetesh Kumari
- Genetics Division, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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10
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Wei W, Pierre-Pierre N, Peng H, Ellur V, Vandemark GJ, Chen W. The D-galacturonic acid catabolic pathway genes differentially regulate virulence and salinity response in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 145:103482. [PMID: 33137429 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes white mold disease on a wide range of economically important crops such as soybean, canola, tomato, pea and sunflower. As one of the most successful plant pathogens, S. sclerotiorum has the unique ability of adapting to various environmental conditions and effectively suppressing or evading plant defense. Notably, S. sclerotiorum secretes an array of plant cell-wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) to macerate host cell wall and utilizes the liberated monosaccharides and oligosaccharides as nutrients. One of the major plant cell wall constituents is polygalacturonic acid in pectin, with D-galacturonic acid being the most abundant component. In this research, we identified four S. sclerotiorum genes that encode the enzymes for the D-galacturonic acid catabolism, namely Ssgar1, Ssgar2, Sslgd1 and Sslga1. Gene-knockout mutants were created for all four catabolic genes. When cultured on pectin as the alternative carbon source, Sslgd1- and Sslga1-deletion mutants and Ssgar1/Ssgar2 double deletion mutants exhibited significantly reduced growth. The D-galacturonic acid catabolic genes are transcriptionally induced by either polygalacturonic acid in the culture media or during host infection. Virulence tests of the knockout mutants revealed that Ssgar2, Sslgd1 and Sslga1 all facilitated the effective colonization of S. sclerotiorum to the leaves of soybean and pea, but not of tomato which has the lowest D-galacturonic acid contents in its leaves. In addition to their positive roles in virulence, all four enzymes negatively affect S. sclerotiorum tolerance to salt stress. SsGAR2 has an additional function in tolerance to Congo Red, suggesting a potential role in cell wall stability of S. sclerotiorum. This study is the first report revealing the versatile functions of D-galacturonic acid catabolic genes in S. sclerotiorum virulence, salinity response and cell wall integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | | | - Hao Peng
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Vishnutej Ellur
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - George J Vandemark
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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11
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Sun M, Jing Y, Zhao X, Teng W, Qiu L, Zheng H, Li W, Han Y. Genome-wide association study of partial resistance to sclerotinia stem rot of cultivated soybean based on the detached leaf method. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233366. [PMID: 32421759 PMCID: PMC7233537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is a devastating fungal disease that causes severe yield losses of soybean worldwide. In the present study, a representative population of 185 soybean accessions was selected and utilized to identify the quantitative trait nucleotide (QTN) of partial resistance to soybean SSR via a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 22,048 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies (MAF) > 5% and missing data < 3% were used to assess linkage disequilibrium (LD) levels. Association signals associated with SSR partial resistance were identified by two models, including compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) and multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model (mrMLM). Finally, seven QTNs with major effects (a known locus and six novel loci) via CMLM and nine novel QTNs with minor effects via mrMLM were detected in relation to partial resistance to SSR, respectively. One of all the novel loci (Gm05:14834789 on Chr.05), which was co-located by these two methods, might be a stable one that showed high significance in SSR partial resistance. Additionally, a total of 71 major and 85 minor candidate genes located in the 200-kb genomic region of each peak SNP detected by CMLM and mrMLM were found, respectively. By using a gene-based association, a total of six SNPs from three major effects genes and eight SNPs from four minor effects genes were identified. Of them, Glyma.18G012200 has been characterized as a significant element in controlling fungal disease in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Journal Press of Agricultural Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Jing
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Weili Teng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- Institute of Crop Science, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI) Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongkun Zheng
- Bioinformatics Division, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingpeng Han
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology in Chinese Ministry of Education (key Laboratory of Soybean Biology and Breeding/Genetics of Chinese Agriculture Ministry), Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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12
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Luti S, Sella L, Quarantin A, Pazzagli L, Baccelli I. Twenty years of research on cerato-platanin family proteins: clues, conclusions, and unsolved issues. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Zhao H, Zhou T, Xie J, Cheng J, Jiang D, Fu Y. Host Transcriptional Response of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Induced by the Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:183. [PMID: 32117180 PMCID: PMC7026392 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoparasite Coniothyrium minitans parasitizes specifically the mycelia or sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, a worldwidely spread plant fungal pathogen causing serious diseases on crops. The interaction of C. minitans with S. sclerotiorum remains reciprocal and complex and little is known, especially on the side of the host (S. sclerotiorum). In this study, the early transcriptional response of S. sclerotiorum to the mycoparasitism by C. minitans was explored and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed. Based on GO ontology, KEGG pathway and fungal categories database, 887 up-regulated DEGs were enriched in the growth related function (i.e., rRNA processing, ribosome biogenesis, binding and transport), while the 546 down-regulated DEGs were enriched in the stress-related functions (i.e., oxidoreductase, response to stress and heat and the chorismate biosynthetic process). The expression of shikimate pathway and the biosynthesis of phenylalanine involving genes was significantly suppressed. Furthermore, 581 unenriched DEGs were explored in the parasitizing process and were mapped on the Pfam domains of redox enzymes, Alpha/Beta hydrolase, haloacid dehalogenase, and other universal conserved domain containing proteins. Thirty-two DEGs encoding candidate effectors, with 16 up-regulated and 16 down-regulated, were observed with diverse function. SS1G_11912 (encoding SsNEP2) was significantly up-regulated and may function in the parasitism. The involving of the shikimate pathway of phenylalanine biosynthesis and effector candidates were discussed. The results provide a basal understand on the interaction of S. sclerotiorum and C. minitans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiatao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiasen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanping Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Xia S, Xu Y, Hoy R, Zhang J, Qin L, Li X. The Notorious Soilborne Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: An Update on Genes Studied with Mutant Analysis. Pathogens 2019; 9:pathogens9010027. [PMID: 31892134 PMCID: PMC7168625 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascomycete Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is one of the most damaging soilborne fungal pathogens affecting hundreds of plant hosts, including many economically important crops. Its genomic sequence has been available for less than a decade, and it was recently updated with higher completion and better gene annotation. Here, we review key molecular findings on the unique biology and pathogenesis process of S. sclerotiorum, focusing on genes that have been studied in depth using mutant analysis. Analyses of these genes have revealed critical players in the basic biological processes of this unique pathogen, including mycelial growth, appressorium establishment, sclerotial formation, apothecial and ascospore development, and virulence. Additionally, the synthesis has uncovered gaps in the current knowledge regarding this fungus. We hope that this review will serve to build a better current understanding of the biology of this under-studied notorious soilborne pathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitou Xia
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (X.L.)
| | - Yan Xu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ryan Hoy
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
| | - Julia Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
| | - Lei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; (Y.X.); (R.H.)
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.X.); (X.L.)
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15
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Liu D, Li K, Hu J, Wang W, Liu X, Gao Z. Biocontrol and Action Mechanism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus subtilis in Soybean Phytophthora Blight. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2908. [PMID: 31207889 PMCID: PMC6628291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the improper application of fungicides, Phytophthora sojae begins to develop resistance to fungicides, and biological control is one of the potential ways to control it. We screened two strains of Bacillus; Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JDF3 and Bacillus subtilis RSS-1, which had an efficient inhibitory effect on P. sojae. They could inhibit mycelial growth, the germination of the cysts, and the swimming of the motile zoospores. To elucidate the response of P. sojae under the stress of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis, and the molecular mechanism of biological control, comparative transcriptome analysis was applied. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression gene of P. sojae showed significant changes, and a total of 1616 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. They participated in two major types of regulation, namely "specificity" regulation and "common" regulation. They might inhibit the growth of P. sojae mainly by inhibiting the activity of ribosome. A pot experiment indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens and B. subtilis enhanced the resistance of soybean to P. sojae, and their control effects of them were 70.7% and 65.5%, respectively. In addition, B. amyloliquefaciens fermentation broth could induce an active oxygen burst, NO production, callose deposition, and lignification. B. subtilis could also stimulate the systemic to develop the resistance of soybean by lignification, and phytoalexin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- College of plant protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- School of life sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Anqing Vocational and Technical College, 99 North of Tianzhushan Road, Anqing 246003, Anhui, China.
| | - Kunyuan Li
- College of plant protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Jiulong Hu
- College of plant protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Weiyan Wang
- College of plant protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of plant protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Zhimou Gao
- College of plant protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West of Changjiang Road, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
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16
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Mousavi-Derazmahalleh M, Chang S, Thomas G, Derbyshire M, Bayer PE, Edwards D, Nelson MN, Erskine W, Lopez-Ruiz FJ, Clements J, Hane JK. Prediction of pathogenicity genes involved in adaptation to a lupin host in the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum via comparative genomics. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:385. [PMID: 31101009 PMCID: PMC6525431 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Narrow-leafed lupin is an emerging crop of significance in agriculture, livestock feed and human health food. However, its susceptibility to various diseases is a major obstacle towards increased adoption. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea – both necrotrophs with broad host-ranges - are reported among the top 10 lupin pathogens. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics are useful tools to discover genes responsible for interactions between pathogens and their hosts. Results Genomes were assembled for one isolate of B. cinerea and two isolates of S. sclerotiorum, which were isolated from either narrow-leafed or pearl lupin species. Comparative genomics analysis between lupin-derived isolates and others isolated from alternate hosts was used to predict between 94 to 98 effector gene candidates from among their respective non-conserved gene contents. Conclusions Detection of minor differences between relatively recently-diverged isolates, originating from distinct regions and with hosts, may highlight novel or recent gene mutations and losses resulting from host adaptation in broad host-range fungal pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5774-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mousavi-Derazmahalleh
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Steven Chang
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Geoff Thomas
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - Mark Derbyshire
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Phillip E Bayer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Matthew N Nelson
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Natural Capital and Plant Health, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Wakehurst Place, Ardingly, West Sussex, RH17 6TN, UK.,Current address: Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
| | - William Erskine
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Francisco J Lopez-Ruiz
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Jon Clements
- Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, WA, 6151, Australia
| | - James K Hane
- Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia. .,Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.
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17
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Hitzenhammer E, Büschl C, Sulyok M, Schuhmacher R, Kluger B, Wischnitzki E, Schmoll M. YPR2 is a regulator of light modulated carbon and secondary metabolism in Trichoderma reesei. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:211. [PMID: 30866811 PMCID: PMC6417087 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5574-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi have evolved to succeed in nature by efficient growth and degradation of substrates, but also due to the production of secondary metabolites including mycotoxins. For Trichoderma reesei, as a biotechnological workhorse for homologous and heterologous protein production, secondary metabolite secretion is of particular importance for industrial application. Recent studies revealed an interconnected regulation of enzyme gene expression and carbon metabolism with secondary metabolism. RESULTS Here, we investigated gene regulation by YPR2, one out of two transcription factors located within the SOR cluster of T. reesei, which is involved in biosynthesis of sorbicillinoids. Transcriptome analysis showed that YPR2 exerts its major function in constant darkness upon growth on cellulose. Targets (direct and indirect) of YPR2 overlap with induction specific genes as well as with targets of the carbon catabolite repressor CRE1 and a considerable proportion is regulated by photoreceptors as well. Functional category analysis revealed both effects on carbon metabolism and secondary metabolism. Further, we found indications for an involvement of YPR2 in regulation of siderophores. In agreement with transcriptome data, mass spectrometric analyses revealed a broad alteration in metabolite patterns in ∆ypr2. Additionally, YPR2 positively influenced alamethicin levels along with transcript levels of the alamethicin synthase tex1 and is essential for production of orsellinic acid in darkness. CONCLUSIONS YPR2 is an important regulator balancing secondary metabolism with carbon metabolism in darkness and depending on the carbon source. The function of YPR2 reaches beyond the SOR cluster in which ypr2 is located and happens downstream of carbon catabolite repression mediated by CRE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hitzenhammer
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Büschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kluger
- Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Wischnitzki
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Monika Schmoll
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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18
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Wang Z, Ma LY, Cao J, Li YL, Ding LN, Zhu KM, Yang YH, Tan XL. Recent Advances in Mechanisms of Plant Defense to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1314. [PMID: 31681392 PMCID: PMC6813280 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is an unusual pathogen which has the broad host range, diverse infection modes, and potential double feeding lifestyles of both biotroph and necrotroph. It is capable of infecting over 400 plant species found worldwide and more than 60 names have agriculturally been used to refer to diseases caused by this pathogen. Plant defense to S. sclerotiorum is a complex biological process and exhibits a typical quantitative disease resistance (QDR) response. Recent studies using Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants have obtained new advances in mechanisms used by plants to cope with S. sclerotiorum infection. In this review, we focused on our current understanding on plant defense mechanisms against this pathogen, and set up a model for the defense process including three stages: recognition of this pathogen, signal transduction and defense response. We also have a particular interest in defense signaling mediated by diverse signaling molecules. We highlight the current challenges and unanswered questions in both the defense process and defense signaling. Essentially, we discussed candidate resistance genes newly mapped by using high-throughput experiments in important crops, and classified these potential gene targets into different stages of the defense process, which will broaden our understanding of the genetic architecture underlying quantitative resistance to S. sclerotiorum. We proposed that more powerful mapping population(s) will be required for accurate and reliable QDR gene identification.
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Wang W, An B, Feng L, He C, Luo H. A Colletotrichum gloeosporioides cerato-platanin protein, CgCP1, contributes to conidiation and plays roles in the interaction with rubber tree. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:826-834. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides is the causal agent of rubber tree anthracnose and leads to serious losses of natural rubber production. The pathogenesis of C. gloeosporioides on rubber tree remains unknown. Cerato-platanin proteins are small, secreted cysteine-rich proteins that contribute to virulence and function in plant–fungal interactions. A gene encoding cerato-platanin protein, CgCP1, was identified in C. gloeosporioides. In silico analysis indicated that CgCP1 belongs to a new branch of the cerato-platanin protein family. The CgCP1 knockout mutants (ΔCgCP1) and complementary strain (Res-ΔCgCP1) were generated to investigate its biological function. The results showed that the speed of growth of aerial hyphae was not significantly different among the wild-type (WT), ΔCgCP1, and Res-ΔCgCP1 strains, but conidiation of ΔCgCP1 significantly decreased in comparison with the WT. The pathogenicity test proved that the severity of symptoms caused by ΔCgCP1 was reduced significantly compared with those caused by the Res-ΔCgCP1 and WT strains. Additionally, CgCP1 induced necrosis-like cell death on tobacco leaf and accumulation of reactive oxygen species in rubber tree mesophyll protoplasts. Altogether, these data indicate the involvement of C. gloeosporioides CgCP1 in conidiation and the interaction with rubber tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Bang An
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Liping Feng
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chaozu He
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongli Luo
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, Hainan University, 58 Renming Road, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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20
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Xu L, Li G, Jiang D, Chen W. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: An Evaluation of Virulence Theories. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:311-338. [PMID: 29958073 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid production in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has long been associated with virulence. Research involving UV-induced, genetically undefined mutants that concomitantly lost oxalate accumulation, sclerotial formation, and pathogenicity supported the conclusion that oxalate is an essential pathogenicity determinant of S. sclerotiorum. However, recent investigations showed that genetically defined mutants that lost oxalic acid production but accumulated fumaric acid could cause disease on many plants and substantiated the conclusion that acidic pH, not oxalic acid per se, is the necessary condition for disease development. Critical evaluation of available evidence showed that the UV-induced mutants harbored previously unrecognized confounding genetic defects in saprophytic growth and pH responsiveness, warranting reevaluation of the conclusions about virulence based on the UV-induced mutants. Furthermore, analyses of the evidence suggested a hypothesis for the existence of an unrecognized regulator responsive to acidic pH. Identifying the unknown pH regulator would offer a new avenue for investigating pH sensing/regulation in S. sclerotiorum and novel targets for intervention in disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daohong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Grain Legume Genetics and Physiology Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
- Departments of Plant Pathology and Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA;
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