1
|
Jiang L, Liu K, Zhang T, Chen J, Zhao S, Cui Y, Zhou W, Yu Y, Chen S, Wang C, Zhang C. The RhWRKY33a-RhPLATZ9 regulatory module delays petal senescence by suppressing rapid reactive oxygen species accumulation in rose flowers. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1425-1442. [PMID: 36951178 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis in plant cells is critical for maintaining normal growth and development because reactive oxygen species (ROS) can function as signaling molecules or toxic compounds. However, how plants fine-tune redox homeostasis during natural or stress-induced senescence remains unclear. Cut roses (Rosa hybrida), an economically important ornamental product worldwide, often undergo stress-induced precocious senescence at the post-harvest bud stage. Here, we identified RhPLATZ9, an age- and dehydration-induced PLATZ (plant AT-rich sequence and zinc-binding) protein, and determined that it functions as a transcriptional repressor in rose flowers during senescence. We also showed that RhWRKY33a regulates RhPLATZ9 expression during flower senescence. RhPLATZ9-silenced flowers and RhWRKY33a-silenced flowers showed accelerated senescence, with higher ROS contents than the control. By contrast, overexpression of RhWRKY33a or RhPLATZ9 delayed flower senescence, and overexpression in rose calli showed lower ROS accumulation than the control. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that apoplastic NADPH oxidase genes (RhRbohs) were enriched among the upregulated differentially expressed genes in RhPLATZ9-silenced flowers compared to wild-type flowers. Yeast one-hybrid assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, dual luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR confirmed that the RhRbohD gene is a direct target of RhPLATZ9. These findings suggest that the RhWRKY33a-RhPLATZ9-RhRbohD regulatory module acts as a brake to help maintain ROS homeostasis in petals and thus antagonize age- and stress-induced precocious senescence in rose flowers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Jiang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siqi Zhao
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yusen Cui
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wentong Zhou
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siyu Chen
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Caiyuan Wang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
State of the Art of the Molecular Biology of the Interaction between Cocoa and Witches’ Broom Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065684. [PMID: 36982760 PMCID: PMC10057015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant scientific advances to elucidate the Moniliophthora perniciosa pathosystem have been achieved in recent years, but the molecular biology of this pathogen-host interaction is still a field with many unanswered questions. In order to present insights at the molecular level, we present the first systematic review on the theme. All told, 1118 studies were extracted from public databases. Of these, 109 were eligible for the review, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that understanding the transition from the biotrophic-necrotrophic phase of the fungus is crucial for control of the disease. Proteins with strong biotechnological potential or that can be targets for pathosystem intervention were identified, but studies regarding possible applications are still limited. The studies identified revealed important genes in the M. perniciosa-host interaction and efficient molecular markers in the search for genetic variability and sources of resistance, with Theobroma cacao being the most common host. An arsenal of effectors already identified and not explored in the pathosystem were highlighted. This systematic review contributes to the understanding of the pathosystem at the molecular level, offering new insights and proposing different paths for the development of new strategies to control witches’ broom disease.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li J, Zhang J, Wu T, Liu P, Li P, Yao X, Liu H, Ciren Y. Multi Omics Analysis Revealed a Resistance Mechanism of Tibetan Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L., Qingke) Infected by Ustilago hordei. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:157. [PMID: 36616285 PMCID: PMC9824760 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tibetan barley (Hordeum vulgare L., qingke) is the principal cereal cultivated on Tibet. Ustilago hordei causing covered smut is a serious disease that limits the yield of qingke. Here, based on multi omics study including metabolome, proteome and transcriptome, we show that during infection, primary metabolisms such as carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipids were significantly changed. Jasmonic acid, which perform as a biotic stress signaler, was significantly repressed, and related genes or proteins also showed different expression in infected qingke. In addition, other defense-related compounds such as riboflavin, ascorbic acid, and protease inhibitors were also detected in omics data. Our results revealed a preliminary biological profile of qingke infected by U. hordei and provide a resource for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Pu Li
- Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610011, China
| | - Xiaobo Yao
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850031, China
| | - Hechun Liu
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850031, China
| | - Yangla Ciren
- Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa 850031, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Bi B, Tian G, Li Z, Wang W, Ma F, Shi H, Liu W. Crystal idioblasts are involved in the anther dehiscence of Nicotiana tabacum. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13753. [PMID: 36004735 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In Nicotiana tabacum, the degeneration of connective tissue and stomium tissue (the stomium and circular cell cluster [CCC]) is essential for anther dehiscence. Both connective cells and CCC cells are crystal idioblasts, and these cells will undergo degeneration after accumulating calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. However, detailed data concerning this process are minimal. Therefore, this study used cellular biological and physiological methods to illustrate this relationship. Results demonstrated that tobacco anther dehiscence is a series of timed programmed cell death (PCD) processes that include the CCC, connective tissue, and stomium. The degenerating crystal idioblasts of the tobacco anther were found to possess two hallmark characteristics that distinguished them from normal PCD cells, namely dynamic changes in CaOx crystals and the appearance of numerous peroxisomes. The accumulation of CaOx and the production of H2 O2 occurred simultaneously or successively before PCD. The peak H2 O2 content was found to appear after the insoluble oxalate. Further, CeCl3 cytochemistry staining was used to detect subcellular H2 O2 , and the precipitate of H2 O2 was primarily present in peroxisomes and around CaOx crystals. These results show that anther dehiscence in N. tabacum is a PCD process in which crystal idioblasts play a vital role in CaOx degradation and H2 O2 production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- School of Life Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Baoxia Bi
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guanghua Tian
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weirui Wang
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fang Ma
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Ethnic Preparatory, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hongyong Shi
- School of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- School of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo Z, Sun X, Qin L, Dong L, Xiong L, Xie F, Qin D, Chen Y. Identification of Golovinomyces artemisiae Causing Powdery Mildew, Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters, and Antioxidant Levels in Artemisia selengensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:876050. [PMID: 35720542 PMCID: PMC9204253 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.876050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia selengensis Turcz. is a valuable edible and medicinal vegetable crop widely cultivated in Northeast China. Powdery mildew (PM) disease occurs during field and greenhouse cultivation, resulting in production losses and quality deterioration. The pathogen in A. selengensis was Golovinomyces artemisiae identified using optical microscopic and scanning electron microscopic observations, morphological identification, and molecular biological analyses. Parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and antioxidant system responses as well as callose and lignin contents in A. selengensis were analyzed with inoculating G. artemisiae. Obvious of PM-infected leaves were confirmed with significantly lower values in electron transport rate (ETR), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), photochemical quenching (qP), and actual photochemical efficiency [Y(II)], but higher values in non-adjusting energy dissipation yield [Y(NO)], supposed that maximal photosystem II quantum yield (Fv/Fm) value and images could be used to monitor PM degree on infectedA. selengensis. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion (O2 -), callose, lignin contents, and peroxidase (POD) activity increased, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and ascorbic acid (AsA) content decreased significantly in infected leaves compared to mock-inoculated leaves, indicated that lignin and protective enzymes are the key indicators for detecting PM resistant in A. selengensis. These results suggest that PM caused by G. artemisiae disrupted the photosynthetic capacity and induced imbalance of antioxidant system inA. selengensis. The findings were of great significance for designing a feasible approach to effectively prevent and control the PM disease in A. selengensis as well as in other vegetable crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Guo
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Ligang Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Dong
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Liangbing Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Fuchun Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dong Qin
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- College of Horticulture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Baruah IK, Ali SS, Shao J, Lary D, Bailey BA. Changes in Gene Expression in Leaves of Cacao Genotypes Resistant and Susceptible to Phytophthora palmivora Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:780805. [PMID: 35211126 PMCID: PMC8861199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.780805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Black pod rot, caused by Phytophthora palmivora, is a devastating disease of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) leading to huge losses for farmers and limiting chocolate industry supplies. To understand resistance responses of cacao leaves to P. palmivora, Stage 2 leaves of genotypes Imperial College Selection 1 (ICS1), Colección Castro Naranjal 51 (CCN51), and Pound7 were inoculated with zoospores and monitored for symptoms up to 48 h. Pound7 consistently showed less necrosis than ICS1 and CCN51 48 h after inoculation. RNA-Seq was carried out on samples 24 h post inoculation. A total of 24,672 expressed cacao genes were identified, and 2,521 transcripts showed induction in at least one P. palmivora-treated genotype compared to controls. There were 115 genes induced in the P. palmivora-treated samples in all three genotypes. Many of the differentially expressed genes were components of KEGG pathways important in plant defense signal perception (the plant MAPK signaling pathway, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant pathogen interactions), and plant defense metabolite biosynthesis (phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, α-linolenic acid metabolism, ethylene biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis). A search of putative cacao resistance genes within the cacao transcriptome identified 89 genes with prominent leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, 170 protein kinases encoding genes, 210 genes with prominent NB-ARC domains, 305 lectin-related genes, and 97 cysteine-rich RK genes. We further analyzed the cacao leaf transcriptome in detail focusing on gene families-encoding proteins important in signal transduction (MAP kinases and transcription factors) and direct plant defense (Germin-like, ubiquitin-associated, lectin-related, pathogenesis-related, glutathione-S-transferases, and proteases). There was a massive reprogramming of defense gene processes in susceptible cacao leaf tissue after infection, which was restricted in the resistant genotype Pound7. Most genes induced in Pound7 were induced in ICS1/CCN51. The level of induction was not always proportional to the infection level, raising the possibility that genes are responding to infection more strongly in Pound7. There were also defense-associated genes constitutively differentially expressed at higher levels in specific genotypes, possibly providing a prepositioned defense. Many of the defense genes occur in blocks where members are constitutively expressed at different levels, and some members are induced by Ppal infection. With further study, the identified candidate genes and gene blocks may be useful as markers for breeding disease-resistant cacao genotypes against P. palmivora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrani K. Baruah
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Shahin S. Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Shao
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - David Lary
- Department of Physics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bryan A. Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, Beltsville, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
do Amaral M, Freitas ACO, Santos AS, Dos Santos EC, Ferreira MM, da Silva Gesteira A, Gramacho KP, Marinho-Prado JS, Pirovani CP. TcTI, a Kunitz-type trypsin inhibitor from cocoa associated with defense against pathogens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:698. [PMID: 35027639 PMCID: PMC8758671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are important biotechnological tools of interest in agriculture. Usually they are the first proteins to be activated in plant-induced resistance against pathogens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize a Theobroma cacao trypsin inhibitor called TcTI. The ORF has 740 bp encoding a protein with 219 amino acids, molecular weight of approximately 23 kDa. rTcTI was expressed in the soluble fraction of Escherichia coli strain Rosetta [DE3]. The purified His-Tag rTcTI showed inhibitory activity against commercial porcine trypsin. The kinetic model demonstrated that rTcTI is a competitive inhibitor, with a Ki value of 4.08 × 10-7 mol L-1. The thermostability analysis of rTcTI showed that 100% inhibitory activity was retained up to 60 °C and that at 70-80 °C, inhibitory activity remained above 50%. Circular dichroism analysis indicated that the protein is rich in loop structures and β-conformations. Furthermore, in vivo assays against Helicoverpa armigera larvae were also performed with rTcTI in 0.1 mg mL-1 spray solutions on leaf surfaces, which reduced larval growth by 70% compared to the control treatment. Trials with cocoa plants infected with Mp showed a greater accumulation of TcTI in resistant varieties of T. cacao, so this regulation may be associated with different isoforms of TcTI. This inhibitor has biochemical characteristics suitable for biotechnological applications as well as in resistance studies of T. cacao and other crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena do Amaral
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Camila Oliveira Freitas
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ariana Silva Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Everton Cruz Dos Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20230-130, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau [CEPEC/CEPLAC] Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Km 22 Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45600-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km - 16, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45662-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pandey C, Großkinsky DK, Westergaard JC, Jørgensen HJL, Svensgaard J, Christensen S, Schulz A, Roitsch T. Identification of a bio-signature for barley resistance against Pyrenophora teres infection based on physiological, molecular and sensor-based phenotyping. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111072. [PMID: 34763864 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic and chlorotic symptoms induced during Pyrenophora teres infection in barley leaves indicate a compatible interaction that allows the hemi-biotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres to colonise the host. However, it is unexplored how this fungus affects the physiological responses of resistant and susceptible cultivars during infection. To assess the degree of resistance in four different cultivars, we quantified visible symptoms and fungal DNA and performed expression analyses of genes involved in plant defence and ROS scavenging. To obtain insight into the interaction between fungus and host, we determined the activity of 19 key enzymes of carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism. The pathogen impact was also phenotyped non-invasively by sensor-based multireflectance and -fluorescence imaging. Symptoms, regulation of stress-related genes and pathogen DNA content distinguished the cultivar Guld as being resistant. Severity of net blotch symptoms was also strongly correlated with the dynamics of enzyme activities already within the first day of infection. In contrast to the resistant cultivar, the three susceptible cultivars showed a higher reflectance over seven spectral bands and higher fluorescence intensities at specific excitation wavelengths. The combination of semi high-throughput physiological and molecular analyses with non-invasive phenotyping enabled the identification of bio-signatures that discriminates the resistant from susceptible cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandana Pandey
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominik K Großkinsky
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jesper Cairo Westergaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans J L Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Svensgaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, CAS, Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mora-Ocampo IY, Pirovani CP, Luz EDMN, Rêgo APB, Silva EMA, Rhodes-Valbuena M, Corrêa RX. Ceratocystis cacaofunesta differentially modulates the proteome in xylem-enriched tissue of cocoa genotypes with contrasting resistance to Ceratocystis wilt. PLANTA 2021; 254:94. [PMID: 34642817 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Decreased accumulation of polyphenol oxidase, H2O2 accumulation, effective regulation of programmed cell death, and a protein predicted as allergenic can play key roles in cacao defense against Ceratocystis cacaofunesta. Ceratocystis wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, has destroyed millions of Theobroma cacao trees in several countries of the Americas. Through proteomics, systems biology, and enzymatic analyses of infected stems, it was possible to infer mechanisms used by resistant (TSH1188) and susceptible (CCN51) cacao genotypes during infection. Protein extraction from xylem-enriched tissue of stems inoculated with the fungus and their controls 1 day after inoculation was carried out, followed by separation through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identification by mass spectrometry. Enzyme activity was determined at 1, 3, 7 and 15 days after inoculation. A total of 50 differentially accumulated distinct proteins were identified in the treatments of both genotypes and were classified into 10 different categories. An interaction network between homologous proteins from Arabidospsis thaliana was generated for each genotype, using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. Primary metabolism processes were apparently repressed in both genotypes. The resistance factors suggested for genotype TSH1188 were: H2O2 accumulation, effective regulation of programmed cell death, production of phytoalexins derived from tryptophan and furanocoumarins, and participation of a predicted allergenic protein with probable ribonuclease function inhibiting the germination and propagation of the fungus. In the susceptible genotype, it is possible that its recognition and signaling mechanism through proteins from the SEC14 family is easily overcome by the pathogen. Our results will help to better understand the interaction between cacao and one of its most aggressive pathogens, to create disease control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irma Y Mora-Ocampo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos P Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Edna D M N Luz
- Comissão Executiva de Planejamento da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), Itabuna, BA, 45600-919, Brazil
| | - Angra P B Rêgo
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Edson M A Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Mateo Rhodes-Valbuena
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ronan X Corrêa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Martins Alves AM, Pereira Menezes Reis S, Peres Gramacho K, Micheli F. The glutathione peroxidase family of Theobroma cacao: Involvement in the oxidative stress during witches' broom disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3698-3708. [PMID: 32882281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The glutathione peroxidases (GPXs) are enzymes which are part of the cell antioxidant system inhibiting the ROS-induced damages of membranes and proteins. In cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) genome, five GPX genes were identified. Cysteine insertion codons (UGU) were found in TcPHGPX, TcGPX2, TcGPX4, TcGPX6 and tryptophan insertion codon (UGG) in TcGPX8. Multiple alignments revealed conserved domains between TcGPXs and other plants and human GPXs. Homology modeling was performed using the Populus trichocarpa GPX5 structure as template, and the molecular modeling showed that TcGPXs have affinity with selenometionine in their active site. In silico analysis of the TcGPXs promoter region revealed the presence of conserved cis-elements related to biotic stresses and hormone responsiveness. The expression analysis of TcGPXs in cacao plantlet meristems infected by M. perniciosa showed that TcGPXs are most expressed in susceptible variety than in resistant one, mainly in disease stages in which oxidative stress and programmed cell death occurred. This data, associated with phylogenetic and location analysis suggested that TcGPXs may play a role in protecting cells from oxidative stress as a try of disease progression reduction. To our knowledge, this is the first study of the overall GPX family from T. cacao.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akyla Maria Martins Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira Menezes Reis
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Karabourniotis G, Horner HT, Bresta P, Nikolopoulos D, Liakopoulos G. New insights into the functions of carbon-calcium inclusions in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:845-854. [PMID: 32583442 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-calcium inclusions (CCaI) either as calcium oxalate crystals (CaOx) or amorphous calcium carbonate cystoliths are spread among most photosynthetic organisms. They represent dynamic structures with a significant construction cost and their appearance during evolution indicates an ancient origin. Both types of inclusions share some similar functional characteristics providing adaptive advantages such as the regulation of Ca levels, and the release of CO2 and water molecules upon decomposition. The latter seems to be essential under drought conditions and explains the intense occurrence of these structures in plants thriving in dry climates. It seems, however, that for plants CaOx may represent a more prevalent storage system compared with CaCO3 due to the multifunctionality of oxalate. This compound participates in a number of important soil biogeochemical processes, creates endosymbiosis with beneficial bacteria and provides tolerance against a combination of abiotic (nutrient deprivation, metal toxicity) and biotic (pathogens, herbivores) stress factors. We suggest a re-evaluation of the roles of these fascinating plant structures under a new and holistic approach that could enhance our understanding of carbon sequestration at the whole plant level and provide future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Karabourniotis
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Harry T Horner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Panagiota Bresta
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Dimosthenis Nikolopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Georgios Liakopoulos
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, 11855, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singh RR, Verstraeten B, Siddique S, Tegene AM, Tenhaken R, Frei M, Haeck A, Demeestere K, Pokhare S, Gheysen G, Kyndt T. Ascorbate oxidation activates systemic defence against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4271-4284. [PMID: 32242224 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) is the major antioxidant buffer produced in the shoot tissue of plants. Previous studies on root-knot nematode (RKN; Meloidogyne graminicola)-infected rice (Oryza sativa) plants showed differential expression of AA-recycling genes, although their functional role was unknown. Our results confirmed increased dehydroascorbate (DHA) levels in nematode-induced root galls, while AA mutants were significantly more susceptible to nematode infection. External applications of ascorbate oxidase (AO), DHA, or reduced AA, revealed systemic effects of ascorbate oxidation on rice defence versus RKN, associated with a primed accumulation of H2O2 upon nematode infection. To confirm and further investigate these systemic effects, a transcriptome analysis was done on roots of foliar AO-treated plants, revealing activation of the ethylene (ET) response and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathways in roots, which was confirmed by hormone measurements. Activation of these pathways by methyl-JA, or ethephon treatment can complement the susceptibility phenotype of the rice Vitamin C (vtc1) mutant. Experiments on the jasmonate signalling (jar1) mutant or using chemical JA/ET inhibitors confirm that the effects of ascorbate oxidation are dependent on both the JA and ET pathways. Collectively, our data reveal a novel pathway in which ascorbate oxidation induces systemic defence against RKNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA, USA
| | | | - Raimund Tenhaken
- Department of Bio Sciences; Plant Physiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Michael Frei
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Crop Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ashley Haeck
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Research Group EnVOC, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Somnath Pokhare
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Molecular Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Tina Kyndt
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mohapatra C, Chand R, Tiwari JK, Singh AK. Effect of heat stress during flowering and pod formation in pea ( Pisum sativum L.). PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1119-1125. [PMID: 32549677 PMCID: PMC7266882 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major constraint of yield in grain legumes including peas. Increasing global warming and human population now urge to develop climate resilient varieties. The present experiment was conducted over 2 years to evaluate the heat tolerance of 211 pea genotypes. In the present study, the field pea genotypes showed a wide variation for reproductive stage heat stress (RSHS) quantitative traits. Significant positive correlations were found between no. of seeds per plant and no. of pods per plant; seed diameter (mm) and 25-seed weight (g) in heat tolerant as well as heat susceptible genotypes. Principal component analysis revealed two major principal components contributed approximately 91% of total variations and heat tolerant and susceptible genotypes separately formed two major clusters. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that no. of seeds per plant was the best predictor for no. of pods per plant. On the basis of four RSHS traits, the most prominent heat tolerant pea genotypes identified in the present study JP-625, IARI-2877, PMR-38 II, EC-318760, EC-328758 and IARI-2904 would better combat RSHS and provide yield stability under changing climatic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramesh Chand
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 005 India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Tiwari
- Raj Mohini Devi College of Agriculture and Research Station, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh 497 001 India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- College of Agriculture and Research Station, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Korea, Chhattisgarh 497 335 India
- Present Address: Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221 005 India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
dos Santos EC, Pirovani CP, Correa SC, Micheli F, Gramacho KP. The pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa promotes differential proteomic modulation of cacao genotypes with contrasting resistance to witches´ broom disease. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:1. [PMID: 31898482 PMCID: PMC6941324 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Witches' broom disease (WBD) of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), caused by Moniliophthora perniciosa, is the most important limiting factor for the cacao production in Brazil. Hence, the development of cacao genotypes with durable resistance is the key challenge for control the disease. Proteomic methods are often used to study the interactions between hosts and pathogens, therefore helping classical plant breeding projects on the development of resistant genotypes. The present study compared the proteomic alterations between two cacao genotypes standard for WBD resistance and susceptibility, in response to M. perniciosa infection at 72 h and 45 days post-inoculation; respectively the very early stages of the biotrophic and necrotrophic stages of the cacao x M. perniciosa interaction. RESULTS A total of 554 proteins were identified, being 246 in the susceptible Catongo and 308 in the resistant TSH1188 genotypes. The identified proteins were involved mainly in metabolism, energy, defense and oxidative stress. The resistant genotype showed more expressed proteins with more variability associated with stress and defense, while the susceptible genotype exhibited more repressed proteins. Among these proteins, stand out pathogenesis related proteins (PRs), oxidative stress regulation related proteins, and trypsin inhibitors. Interaction networks were predicted, and a complex protein-protein interaction was observed. Some proteins showed a high number of interactions, suggesting that those proteins may function as cross-talkers between these biological functions. CONCLUSIONS We present the first study reporting the proteomic alterations of resistant and susceptible genotypes in the T. cacao x M. perniciosa pathosystem. The important altered proteins identified in the present study are related to key biologic functions in resistance, such as oxidative stress, especially in the resistant genotype TSH1188, that showed a strong mechanism of detoxification. Also, the positive regulation of defense and stress proteins were more evident in this genotype. Proteins with significant roles against fungal plant pathogens, such as chitinases, trypsin inhibitors and PR 5 were also identified, and they may be good resistance markers. Finally, important biological functions, such as stress and defense, photosynthesis, oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism were differentially impacted with M. perniciosa infection in each genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everton Cruz dos Santos
- Department of Biological Science (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45652-900 Brazil
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Department of Biological Science (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45652-900 Brazil
| | - Stephany Cristiane Correa
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Center (CEMO), National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Department of Biological Science (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45652-900 Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Karina Peres Gramacho
- Department of Biological Science (DCB), Center of Biotechnology and Genetics (CBG), State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna km 16, Ilhéus, Bahia 45652-900 Brazil
- Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Cocoa Research Center (CEPEC), CEPLAC, Km 22 Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia 45600-970 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mares JH, Gramacho KP, Santana JO, Oliveira de Souza A, Alvim FC, Pirovani CP. Hydrosoluble phylloplane components of Theobroma cacao modulate the metabolism of Moniliophthora perniciosa spores during germination. Fungal Biol 2019; 124:73-81. [PMID: 31892379 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The surface of plants forms a defense barrier that directly inhibits the first point of contact of microorganisms with the host. To understand this defense mechanism in Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction with Theobroma cacao cv Catongo, the aim of this study was to compare the changes in protein expression in basidiospores of the fungus M. perniciosa in response the leaf water washes (LWW) of two contrasting cocoa varieties for resistance to witches' broom disease. A total of 8.1 × 108 basidiospores were used for each treatment containing washed leaf material. Germinated basidiospores in the absence of LWW were used as control. The proteomic analysis was performed by the 2D-PAGE technique combined with mass spectrometry (MS). Protein extraction was based on the SDS-dense method followed by sonication for cell disruption and phenol extraction. Sixty-four proteins had accumulation of variation when compared to the control (no LWW). Proteins were identified associated with energy (ATP synthase) and protein (BiP) metabolism, whose accumulation was reduced by basidiospores germinated in leaf wash from Catongo cocoa. The reduction in ATP synthase of the basidiospores germinated the Catongo LWW suggests a shift from aerobic to fermentative metabolism of the fungus in response to components of the LWW. Furthermore, proteins involved in virulence were identified along with fungal resistance to polyketide cyclase, glycoside hydrolase, multidrug transporter protein (SFM) and proteins related to oxidative stress and fermentation, such as catalase A and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The data showed an effect of cocoa phylloplane substances on the germination of fungal basidiospores through differences in protein expression patterns in the presence of LWW of the CCN51 and Catongo genotypes. These results may reveal mechanisms of resistance, host susceptibility and pathogen virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joise Hander Mares
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliano Oliveira Santana
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Fátima Cerqueira Alvim
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Centro de Botecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martins Alves AM, Pereira Menezes S, Matos Lima E, Peres Gramacho K, Silva Andrade B, Macêdo Ferreira M, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. The selenium-binding protein of Theobroma cacao: A thermostable protein involved in the witches' broom disease resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:472-481. [PMID: 31430675 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The selenium-binding proteins are known to be inducers of apoptosis in human and animals, and have been studied as target for the treatment of various types of cancer. In plants, SBP expression has been related to abiotic and biotic stress resistance. The SBP from Theobroma cacao (TcSBP) was first identified from a cocoa-Moniliophthora perniciosa cDNA library. The present study provides details on the TcSBP gene and protein structure. Multiple alignments revealed conserved domains between SBP from plants, human and archea. Homology modeling and molecular docking were performed and showed that the TcSBP has affinity to selenite in the active CSSC site. This result was confirmed by circular dichroism of the recombinant TcSBP, which also presented thermostable behavior. RT-qPCR analysis showed that TcSBP was differentially expressed in resistant vs susceptible cacao varieties inoculated by M. perniciosa and its expression was probably due to hormone induction via cis-regulating elements present in its promotor. The presence of the CSSC domain suggested that TcSBP acted by altering oxidation/reduction of proteins during H2O2 production and programmed cell death in the final stages of the witches' broom disease. To our knowledge, this is the first in silico and in vitro analysis of the SBP from cacao.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akyla Maria Martins Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira Menezes
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Eline Matos Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-190, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moretti-Almeida G, Thomazella DPT, Pereira GAG, Monteiro G. Heterologous expression of an alternative oxidase from Moniliophthora perniciosa in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Antioxidant function and in vivo platform for the study of new drugs against witches' broom disease. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 126:50-55. [PMID: 30794952 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease (WBD), one of the most devastating diseases of cacao, the chocolate tree. Many strategies to control WBD have been tested so far, including the use of agrochemicals such as the strobilurins. Strobilurins are fungicides of the QoI family, and they are used in the control of a wide array of fungal diseases in many different crops, including cereals, field crops, fruits, tree nuts, and vegetables. These drugs act by specifically inhibiting fungal respiration at the Qo site of complex III, which is a component of the main mitochondrial respiratory chain. However, M. perniciosa is resistant to this family of chemicals. It has been postulated that this resistant phenotype is, at least in part, a result of the strong ability of this fungus to counteract the oxidative stress generated by the impairment of the main mitochondrial respiratory chain, through the activation of an alternative oxidase (Mp-AOX). To test this hypothesis, we expressed functional mitochondria-localized Mp-AOX in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We demonstrated that heterologous expression of Mp-AOX strongly inhibits hydrogen peroxide production by mitochondria. It also diminishes the total cell amount of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), resulting in a fifty-fold higher GSH/GSSG ratio in cells expressing Mp-AOX than in wild type cells. In addition, Mp-AOX activity decreases yeast growth rate and leads to low biomass production. Therefore, we propose the use of this heterologous expression system to direct the development of new inhibitors of fungal AOX by comparing the differences in optical density of Mp-AOX-expressing cells in the presence and absence of potential AOX inhibitors. Together, our results confirm the antioxidant role of Mp-AOX and provide an in vivo platform to be used in the screening of new fungicides based on Mp-AOX inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Moretti-Almeida
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Industrial de Microrganismos, Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - D P T Thomazella
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil; Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - G A G Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - G Monteiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia Industrial de Microrganismos, Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bailey BA, Evans HC, Phillips‐Mora W, Ali SS, Meinhardt LW. Moniliophthora roreri, causal agent of cacao frosty pod rot. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1580-1594. [PMID: 29194910 PMCID: PMC6638017 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomy: Moniliophthora roreri (Cif.) H.C. Evans et al. ; Phylum Basidiomycota; Class Agaricomycetes; Order Agaricales; Family Marasmiaceae; Genus Moniliophthora. Biology: Moniliophthora roreri attacks Theobroma and Herrania species causing frosty pod rot. Theobroma cacao (cacao) is the host of major economic concern. Moniliophthora roreri is a hemibiotroph with a long biotrophic phase (45-90 days). Spore masses, of apparent asexual origin, are produced on the pod surface after initiation of the necrotrophic phase. Spores are spread by wind, rain and human activity. Symptoms of the biotrophic phase can include necrotic flecks and, in some cases, pod malformation, but pods otherwise remain asymptomatic. Relationship to Moniliophthora perniciosa: Moniliophthora roreri and Moniliophthora perniciosa, causal agent of witches' broom disease of cacao, are closely related. Their genomes are similar, including many of the genes they carry which are considered to be important in the disease process. Moniliophthora perniciosa, also a hemibiotroph, has a typical basidiomycete lifestyle and morphology, forming clamp connections and producing mushrooms. Basidiospores infect meristematic tissues including flower cushions, stem tips and pods. Moniliophthora roreri does not form clamp connections or mushrooms and infects pods only. Both pathogens are limited to the Western Hemisphere and are a threat to cacao production around the world. Agronomic importance: Disease losses caused by frosty pod rot can reach 90% and result in field abandonment. Moniliophthora roreri remains in the invasive phase in the Western Hemisphere, not having reached Brazil, some islands within the Caribbean and a few specific regions within otherwise invaded countries. DISEASE MANAGEMENT The disease can be managed by a combination of cultural (for example, maintenance of tree height and removal of infected pods) and chemical methods. These methods benefit from regional application, but can be cost prohibitive. Breeding for disease resistance offers the greatest potential for frosty pod rot management and new tolerant materials are becoming available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A. Bailey
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceBeltsvilleMD 20705USA
| | | | - Wilbert Phillips‐Mora
- Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE)Turrialba 7170Costa Rica
| | - Shahin S. Ali
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceBeltsvilleMD 20705USA
| | - Lyndel W. Meinhardt
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceBeltsvilleMD 20705USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Silva Monteiro de Almeida D, Oliveira Jordão do Amaral D, Del-Bem LE, Bronze dos Santos E, Santana Silva RJ, Peres Gramacho K, Vincentz M, Micheli F. Genome-wide identification and characterization of cacao WRKY transcription factors and analysis of their expression in response to witches' broom disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187346. [PMID: 29084273 PMCID: PMC5662177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation, led by transcription factors (TFs) such as those of the WRKY family, is a mechanism used by the organism to enhance or repress gene expression in response to stimuli. Here, we report on the genome-wide analysis of the Theobroma cacao WRKY TF family and also investigate the expression of WRKY genes in cacao infected by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. In the cacao genome, 61 non-redundant WRKY sequences were found and classified in three groups (I to III) according to the WRKY and zinc-finger motif types. The 61 putative WRKY sequences were distributed on the 10 cacao chromosomes and 24 of them came from duplication events. The sequences were phylogenetically organized according to the general WRKY groups. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that subgroups IIa and IIb are sister groups and share a common ancestor, as well as subgroups IId and IIe. The most divergent groups according to the plant origin were IIc and III. According to the phylogenetic analysis, 7 TcWRKY genes were selected and analyzed by RT-qPCR in susceptible and resistant cacao plants infected (or not) with M. perniciosa. Some TcWRKY genes presented interesting responses to M. perniciosa such as Tc01_p014750/Tc06_p013130/AtWRKY28, Tc09_p001530/Tc06_p004420/AtWRKY40, Tc04_p016130/AtWRKY54 and Tc10_p016570/ AtWRKY70. Our results can help to select appropriate candidate genes for further characterization in cacao or in other Theobroma species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne Silva Monteiro de Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Jordão do Amaral
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Luiz-Eduardo Del-Bem
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Emily Bronze dos Santos
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Raner José Santana Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | | | - Michel Vincentz
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Scotton DC, Azevedo MDS, Sestari I, Da Silva JS, Souza LA, Peres LEP, Leal GA, Figueira A. Expression of the Theobroma cacao Bax-inhibitor-1 gene in tomato reduces infection by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1101-1112. [PMID: 27454588 PMCID: PMC6638249 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a key role in plant responses to pathogens, determining the success of infection depending on the pathogen lifestyle and on which participant of the interaction triggers cell death. The hemibiotrophic basidiomycete Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches' broom disease of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao), a serious constraint for production in South America and the Caribbean. It has been hypothesized that M. perniciosa pathogenesis involves PCD, initially as a plant defence mechanism, which is diverted by the fungus to induce necrosis during the dikaryotic phase of the mycelia. Here, we evaluated whether the expression of a cacao anti-apoptotic gene would affect the incidence and severity of M. perniciosa infection using the 'Micro-Tom' (MT) tomato as a model. The cacao Bax-inhibitor-1 (TcBI-1) gene, encoding a putative basal attenuator of PCD, was constitutively expressed in MT to evaluate function. Transformants expressing TcBI-1, when treated with tunicamycin, an inducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress, showed a decrease in cell peroxidation. When the same transformants were inoculated with the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Botrytis cinerea, a significant reduction in infection severity was observed, confirming TcBI-1 function. After inoculation with M. perniciosa, TcBI-1 transformant lines showed a significant reduction in disease incidence compared with MT. The overexpression of TcBI-1 appears to affect the ability of germinating spores to penetrate susceptible tissues, restoring part of the non-host resistance in MT against the S-biotype of M. perniciosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Camargo Scotton
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Mariana Da Silva Azevedo
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Ivan Sestari
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Jamille Santos Da Silva
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura ‘Luiz de Queiroz’, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13418‐900Brazil
| | - Lucas Anjos Souza
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
- Present address:
Instituto Federal GoianoCampus Rio Verde, Rio VerdeGO 75901-970Brazil
| | | | - Gildemberg Amorim Leal
- Centro de Estudos Agrários, Universidade Federal de AlagoasBR 104, Km 85 Norte, Rio LargoAL57100‐00Brazil
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São PauloPiracicabaSP13400‐970Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boubakri H, Gargouri M, Mliki A, Brini F, Chong J, Jbara M. Vitamins for enhancing plant resistance. PLANTA 2016; 244:529-43. [PMID: 27315123 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2552-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview on vitamins with inducing activities in plants, the molecular and cellular mechanisms implicated, and the hormonal signalling-network regulating this process. Moreover, it reports how vitamins might be part of the molecular events linked to induced resistance by the conventional elicitors. Induced resistance (IR), exploiting the plant innate-defense system is a sustainable strategy for plant disease control. In the last decade, vitamins have been proven to act as inducers of disease resistance, and these findings have received an important attention owing to their safety and cost effectiveness. Vitamins, including thiamine (TH, vitamin B1), riboflavin (RF, vitamin B2), menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB, vitamin K3), Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, vitamin Bx), and folic acid (FA, vitamin B9) provided an efficient protection against a wide range of pathogens through the modulation of specific host-defense facets. However, other vitamins, such as ascorbic acid (AA, vitamin C) and tocopherols (vitamin E), have been shown to be a part of the molecular mechanisms associated to IR. The present review is the first to summarize what vitamins are acting as inducers of disease resistance in plants and how could they be modulated by the conventional elicitors. Thus, this report provides an overview on the protective abilities of vitamins and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying their activities. Moreover, it describes the hormonal-signalling network regulating vitamin-signal transduction during IR. Finally, a biochemical model describing how vitamins are involved in the establishment of IR process is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Boubakri
- Laboratory of Leguminous, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Mahmoud Gargouri
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Mliki
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Faiçal Brini
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Route Sidi-Mansour, BP.1177, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Julie Chong
- Laboratoire Vigne, Biotechnologies et Environnement (LVBE, EA3991), Université de Haute Alsace, 33 rue de Herrlisheim, 68000, Colmar, France
| | - Moez Jbara
- Laboratory of Leguminous, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Royaert S, Jansen J, da Silva DV, de Jesus Branco SM, Livingstone DS, Mustiga G, Marelli JP, Araújo IS, Corrêa RX, Motamayor JC. Identification of candidate genes involved in Witches' broom disease resistance in a segregating mapping population of Theobroma cacao L. in Brazil. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:107. [PMID: 26865216 PMCID: PMC4750280 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Witches’ broom disease (WBD) caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa is responsible for considerable economic losses for cacao producers. One of the ways to combat WBD is to plant resistant cultivars. Resistance may be governed by a few genetic factors, mainly found in wild germplasm. Results We developed a dense genetic linkage map with a length of 852.8 cM that contains 3,526 SNPs and is based on the MP01 mapping population, which counts 459 trees from a cross between the resistant ‘TSH 1188’ and the tolerant ‘CCN 51’ at the Mars Center for Cocoa Science in Barro Preto, Bahia, Brazil. Seven quantitative trait loci (QTL) that are associated with WBD were identified on five different chromosomes using a multi-trait QTL analysis for outbreeders. Phasing of the haplotypes at the major QTL region on chromosome IX on a diversity panel of genotypes clearly indicates that the major resistance locus comes from a well-known source of WBD resistance, the clone ‘SCAVINA 6’. Various potential candidate genes identified within all QTL may be involved in different steps leading to disease resistance. Preliminary expression data indicate that at least three of these candidate genes may play a role during the first 12 h after infection, with clear differences between ‘CCN 51’ and ‘TSH 1188’. Conclusions We combined the information from a large mapping population with very distinct parents that segregate for WBD, a dense set of mapped markers, rigorous phenotyping capabilities and the availability of a sequenced genome to identify several genomic regions that are involved in WBD resistance. We also identified a novel source of resistance that most likely comes from the ‘CCN 51’ parent. Thanks to the large population size of the MP01 population, we were able to pick up QTL and markers with relatively small effects that can contribute to the creation and selection of more tolerant/resistant plant material. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2415-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Royaert
- Mars Center for Cocoa Science, CP 55, Itajuípe, BA, CEP 45.630-000, Brazil.
| | - Johannes Jansen
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 100, 6700 AC, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniela Viana da Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45.662-900, Brazil.
| | - Samuel Martins de Jesus Branco
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45.662-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Guiliana Mustiga
- Mars, Incorporated, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, 33158, USA.
| | | | - Ioná Santos Araújo
- Departamento de Ciências Vegetais, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Arido, BR 110 - Km 47, Bairro Pres. Costa e Silva, Mossoró, RN, CEP 59.625-900, Brazil.
| | - Ronan Xavier Corrêa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Km 16, Bairro Salobrinho, Ilhéus, BA, CEP 45.662-900, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Santana JO, Freire L, de Sousa AO, Fontes Soares VL, Gramacho KP, Pirovani CP. Characterization of the legumains encoded by the genome of Theobroma cacao L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 98:162-170. [PMID: 26691061 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Legumains are cysteine proteases related to plant development, protein degradation, programmed cell death, and defense against pathogens. In this study, we have identified and characterized three legumains encoded by Theobroma cacao genome through in silico analyses, three-dimensional modeling, genetic expression pattern in different tissues and as a response to the inoculation of Moniliophthora perniciosa fungus. The three proteins were named TcLEG3, TcLEG6, and TcLEG9. Histidine and cysteine residue which are part of the catalytic site were conserved among the proteins, and they remained parallel in the loop region in the 3D modeling. Three-dimensional modeling showed that the propeptide, which is located in the terminal C region of legumains blocks the catalytic cleft. Comparing dendrogram data with the relative expression analysis, indicated that TcLEG3 is related to the seed legumain group, TcLEG6 is related with the group of embryogenesis activities, and protein TcLEG9, with processes regarding the vegetative group. Furthermore, the expression analyses proposes a significant role for the three legumains during the development of Theobroma cacao and in its interaction with M. perniciosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laís Freire
- Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Biotechnology and Genetics Center, State University of Santa Cruz, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jajic I, Sarna T, Strzalka K. Senescence, Stress, and Reactive Oxygen Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:393-411. [PMID: 27135335 PMCID: PMC4844410 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the earliest responses of plant cells to various biotic and abiotic stresses. ROS are capable of inducing cellular damage by oxidation of proteins, inactivation of enzymes, alterations in the gene expression, and decomposition of biomembranes. On the other hand, they also have a signaling role and changes in production of ROS can act as signals that change the transcription of genes that favor the acclimation of plants to abiotic stresses. Among the ROS, it is believed that H₂O₂ causes the largest changes in the levels of gene expression in plants. A wide range of plant responses has been found to be triggered by H₂O₂ such as acclimation to drought, photooxidative stress, and induction of senescence. Our knowledge on signaling roles of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) has been limited by its short lifetime, but recent experiments with a flu mutant demonstrated that singlet oxygen does not act primarily as a toxin but rather as a signal that activates several stress-response pathways. In this review we summarize the latest progress on the signaling roles of ROS during senescence and abiotic stresses and we give a short overview of the methods that can be used for their assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jajic
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
| | - Kazimierz Strzalka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 7, Krakow 30-387, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Freitas ACO, Souza CF, Monzani PS, Garcia W, de Almeida AAF, Costa MGC, Pirovani CP. The activity of TcCYS4 modified by variations in pH and temperature can affect symptoms of witches' broom disease of cocoa, caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121519. [PMID: 25830226 PMCID: PMC4382335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytocystatins regulate various physiological processes in plants, including responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, mainly because they act as inhibitors of cysteine proteases. In this study, we have analyzed four cystatins from Theobroma cacao L. previously identified in ESTs libraries of the interaction with the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa and named TcCYS1, TcCYS2, TcCYS3 and TcCYS4. The recombinant cystatins were purified and subjected to the heat treatment, at different temperatures, and their thermostabilities were monitored using their ability to inhibit papain protease. TcCYS1 was sensitive to temperatures above 50°C, while TcCYS2, TcCYS3, and TcCYS4 were thermostable. TcCYS4 presented a decrease of inhibitory activity when it was treated at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, with the greater decrease occurring at 65°C. Analyses by native gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography showed that TcCYS4 forms oligomers at temperatures between 60 and 70°C, condition where reduction of inhibitory activity was observed. TcCYS4 oligomers remain stable for up to 20 days after heat treatment and are undone after treatment at 80°C. TcCYS4 presented approximately 90% of inhibitory activity at pH values between 5 and 9. This protein treated at temperatures above 45°C and pH 5 presented reduced inhibitory activity against papain, suggesting that the pH 5 enhances the formation of TcCYS4 oligomers. A variation in the titratable acidity was observed in tissues of T. cacao during the symptoms of witches’ broom disease. Our findings suggest that the oligomerization of TcCYS4, favored by variations in pH, is an endergonic process. We speculate that this process can be involved in the development of the symptoms of witches’ broom disease in cocoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Ferreira Souza
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Monzani
- Centro de Biologia e Ciêncais da Saúde, Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wanius Garcia
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas (CCNH), Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Teixeira PJPL, Thomazella DPDT, Reis O, do Prado PFV, do Rio MCS, Fiorin GL, José J, Costa GGL, Negri VA, Mondego JMC, Mieczkowski P, Pereira GAG. High-resolution transcript profiling of the atypical biotrophic interaction between Theobroma cacao and the fungal pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:4245-69. [PMID: 25371547 PMCID: PMC4277218 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.130807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Witches' broom disease (WBD), caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, is one of the most devastating diseases of Theobroma cacao, the chocolate tree. In contrast to other hemibiotrophic interactions, the WBD biotrophic stage lasts for months and is responsible for the most distinctive symptoms of the disease, which comprise drastic morphological changes in the infected shoots. Here, we used the dual RNA-seq approach to simultaneously assess the transcriptomes of cacao and M. perniciosa during their peculiar biotrophic interaction. Infection with M. perniciosa triggers massive metabolic reprogramming in the diseased tissues. Although apparently vigorous, the infected shoots are energetically expensive structures characterized by the induction of ineffective defense responses and by a clear carbon deprivation signature. Remarkably, the infection culminates in the establishment of a senescence process in the host, which signals the end of the WBD biotrophic stage. We analyzed the pathogen's transcriptome in unprecedented detail and thereby characterized the fungal nutritional and infection strategies during WBD and identified putative virulence effectors. Interestingly, M. perniciosa biotrophic mycelia develop as long-term parasites that orchestrate changes in plant metabolism to increase the availability of soluble nutrients before plant death. Collectively, our results provide unique insight into an intriguing tropical disease and advance our understanding of the development of (hemi)biotrophic plant-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo José Pereira Lima Teixeira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela Paula de Toledo Thomazella
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Reis
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Paula Favoretti Vital do Prado
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Scatolin do Rio
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lorencini Fiorin
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Juliana José
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Gilson Lacerda Costa
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Victor Augusti Negri
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Jorge Maurício Costa Mondego
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Recursos Genéticos Vegetais, Instituto Agronômico, Campinas SP 13001-970, Brazil
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pereira Menezes S, de Andrade Silva EM, Matos Lima E, Oliveira de Sousa A, Silva Andrade B, Santos Lima Lemos L, Peres Gramacho K, da Silva Gesteira A, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. The pathogenesis-related protein PR-4b from Theobroma cacao presents RNase activity, Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) dependent-DNase activity and antifungal action on Moniliophthora perniciosa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:161. [PMID: 24920373 PMCID: PMC4079191 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-14-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) in plants in response to biotic or abiotic stresses is well known and is considered as a crucial mechanism for plant defense. A pathogenesis-related protein 4 cDNA was identified from a cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction cDNA library and named TcPR-4b. RESULTS TcPR-4b presents a Barwin domain with six conserved cysteine residues, but lacks the chitin-binding site. Molecular modeling of TcPR-4b confirmed the importance of the cysteine residues to maintain the protein structure, and of several conserved amino acids for the catalytic activity. In the cacao genome, TcPR-4b belonged to a small multigene family organized mainly on chromosome 5. TcPR-4b RT-qPCR analysis in resistant and susceptible cacao plants infected by M. perniciosa showed an increase of expression at 48 hours after infection (hai) in both cacao genotypes. After the initial stage (24-72 hai), the TcPR-4b expression was observed at all times in the resistant genotypes, while in the susceptible one the expression was concentrated at the final stages of infection (45-90 days after infection). The recombinant TcPR-4b protein showed RNase, and bivalent ions dependent-DNase activity, but no chitinase activity. Moreover, TcPR-4b presented antifungal action against M. perniciosa, and the reduction of M. perniciosa survival was related to ROS production in fungal hyphae. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of a PR-4 showing simultaneously RNase, DNase and antifungal properties, but no chitinase activity. Moreover, we showed that the antifungal activity of TcPR-4b is directly related to RNase function. In cacao, TcPR-4b nuclease activities may be related to the establishment and maintenance of resistance, and to the PCD mechanism, in resistant and susceptible cacao genotypes, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira Menezes
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Edson Mario de Andrade Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Eline Matos Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Aurizângela Oliveira de Sousa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia 45206-190, Brazil
| | | | | | - Abelmon da Silva Gesteira
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s/n°, CEP44380-000 Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Camillo LR, Filadelfo CR, Monzani PS, Corrêa RX, Gramacho KP, Micheli F, Pirovani CP. Tc-cAPX, a cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase of Theobroma cacao L. engaged in the interaction with Moniliophthora perniciosa, the causing agent of witches' broom disease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 73:254-265. [PMID: 24161755 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in plants signalizes the induction of several genes, including that of ascorbate peroxidase (APX-EC 1.11.1.11). APX isoenzymes play a central role in the elimination of intracellular H2O2 and contribute to plant responses to diverse stresses. During the infection process in Theobroma cacao by Moniliophthora perniciosa oxidative stress is generated and the APX action recruited from the plant. The present work aimed to characterize the T. cacao APX involved in the molecular interaction of T. cacao-M. perniciosa. The peroxidase activity was analyzed in protein extracts from cocoa plants infected by M. perniciosa and showed the induction of peroxidases like APX in resistant cocoa plants. The cytosolic protein of T. cacao (GenBank: ABR68691.2) was phylogenetically analyzed in relation to other peroxidases from the cocoa genome and eight genes encoding APX proteins with conserved domains were also analyzed. The cDNA from cytosolic APX was cloned in pET28a and the recombinant protein expressed and purified (rTc-cAPX). The secondary structure of the protein was analyzed by Circular Dichroism (CD) displaying high proportion of α-helices when folded. The enzymatic assay shows stable activity using ascorbate and guaiacol as an electron donor for H2O2 reduction. The pH 7.5 is the optimum for enzyme activity. Chromatographic analysis suggests that rTc-cAPX is a homodimer in solution. Results indicate that the rTc-cAPX is correctly folded, stable and biochemically active. The purified rTc-cAPX presented biotechnological potential and is adequate for future structural and functional studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Rodrigues Camillo
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz - UESC, Rodovia Jorge Amado Km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
da Hora Junior BT, Poloni JDF, Lopes MA, Dias CV, Gramacho KP, Schuster I, Sabau X, Cascardo JCDM, Mauro SMZD, Gesteira ADS, Bonatto D, Micheli F. Transcriptomics and systems biology analysis in identification of specific pathways involved in cacao resistance and susceptibility to witches' broom disease. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1507-19. [PMID: 22373587 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb05421c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study reports on expression analysis associated with molecular systems biology of cacao-Moniliophthora perniciosa interaction. Gene expression data were obtained for two cacao genotypes (TSH1188, resistant; Catongo, susceptible) challenged or not with the fungus M. perniciosa and collected at three time points through disease. Using expression analysis, we identified 154 and 227 genes that are differentially expressed in TSH1188 and Catongo, respectively. The expression of some of these genes was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Physical protein-protein interaction (PPPI) networks of Arabidopsis thaliana orthologous proteins corresponding to resistant and susceptible interactions were obtained followed by cluster and gene ontology analyses. The integrated analysis of gene expression and systems biology allowed designing a general scheme of major mechanisms associated with witches' broom disease resistance/susceptibility. In this sense, the TSH1188 cultivar shows strong production of ROS and elicitors at the beginning of the interaction with M. perniciosa followed by resistance signal propagation and ROS detoxification. On the other hand, the Catongo genotype displays defense mechanisms that include the synthesis of some defense molecules but without success in regards to elimination of the fungus. This phase is followed by the activation of protein metabolism which is achieved with the production of proteasome associated with autophagy as a precursor mechanism of PCD. This work also identifies candidate genes for further functional studies and for genetic mapping and marker assisted selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braz Tavares da Hora Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética-CBG, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas-DCB, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900 Ilhéus-BA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|